Professional Documents
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Caa Report 2019 by Ahsan Khalil
Caa Report 2019 by Ahsan Khalil
AUTHORITY 2019
AHSAN KHALIL
CAA Pakistan
● Introduction
Radar Section
● Primary surveillance radar (PSR)
● Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)
● Surface moment radar (SMR)
> FIDS
> FDS
> Instrument Landing System (ILS)
● Localizer
● Glide Slope
● Marker Beacons
● Visual information
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Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority( PCAA) is a public sector autonomous body, which controls and
regulates all aspects of civil aviation in Pakistan. PCAA's head office is situated at Jinnah
International Airport in Karachi. PCAA is a member state of the International Civil Aviation
Organization(ICAO). Nearly all civilian airports in Pakistan are owned and operated by the PCAA.
Safety Investigation Board (SIB), is authorized to conduct air safety investigations on directions of
Federal Government.
PCAA not only plays the role of aviation regulator but at the same time performs the service provider
functions of Air Navigation Services and Airport Services. The core functions of PCAA are therefore,
'Regulatory', 'Air Navigation Services' & 'Airport Services'. These core functions are fully supported
by various corporate functions of the organization.
Civil Aviation Training Institute (CATI), Hyderabad works under Civil Aviation Authority. CATI is
accredited by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and is member of ICAO training
programme. The institute was established in 1982 to fulfill training requirement of Pakistan Civil
Aviation Authority and that of the fellow countries of the region.
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The detail of different sections, which are supervised by the PCCA to regulate the flight operation at
airports, efficiently and properly, is given below:
RADAR SECTION
Radar (Radio detection and ranging) is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations. A radar system consists of a transmitter
producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a
receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and
a receiver and processor to determine properties of the objects. Radio waves (pulsed or continuous)
from the transmitter reflect off the object and return to the receiver, giving information about the
object's location and speed.
TYPES OF RADAR:
Mostly there are three types of radar used by CAA for flight operation mechanism:
Operating Frequency:
Frequency range of PSR is from 2700 MHz to 2900 MHz and it is always operated in “S” band.
RANGE:
Usually the range of PSR is about 100 nautical miles.
Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is a radar system used in air traffic control (ATC), that not
only detects and measures the position of aircraft, i.e. bearing and distance, but also requests
additional information from the aircraft itself such as its identity and altitude. Unlike primary
radar systems that measure the bearing and distance of targets using the detected reflections of
radio signals, SSR relies on targets equipped with a radar transponder, that replies to each
interrogation signal by transmitting a response containing encoded data
Monopulse secondary surveillance radar (MSSR), Mode S, TCAS and ADS-B are similar modern
methods of secondary surveillance.
RANGE:
Usually the range of SSR is about 200 nautical miles.
MODE “S”:
In SSR, mode “S” is used. Mode S operates on the principle that interrogations are directed to a
specific aircraft using that aircraft's unique address. This results in a single reply with aircraft range
determined by the time taken to receive the reply and mono-pulse providing an accurate bearing
measurement. In order to interrogate an aircraft its address must be known.
New Radars are ‘S’ mode Radars.
SIGNALS IN SSR:
There are three basic signals in SSR:
1. Sigma
2. Delta
3. Omega
3.SURFACE MOMENT RADAR (SSR):
Its working principle is like of PSR. In low visibility the surface moment can only be detected by
SMR. Its direction is always towards ground.
The SMR features in accordance with the ICAO are:
In Pakistan, Radars are operated under the supervision of civil Aviation Authority in six major cities:
1.Karachi
2.Lahore
3.Islamabad
4.Quetta
5.Passni
6.Rujaan
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FIDS- SECTION
A flight information display system (FIDS) is a computer system used in airports to display flight
information to passengers, in which a computer system controls mechanical or electronic display
boards or TV screens in order to display arrivals and departures flight information in real-time. The
displays are located inside or around an airport terminal. A virtual version of a FIDS can also be
found on most airport websites and teletext systems. In large airports, there are different sets of
FIDS for each terminal or even each major airline. FIDS are used to inform passengers of boarding
gates, departure/arrival times, destinations, notifications of flight delays, flight cancellations.
the airline name/logo and/or its ICAO airline designator (can also include names of arrivals
and departures flights).
the city of origin or destination, and any intermediate points
the expected arrival or departure time and/or the updated time (reflecting any delays)
the gate number
the check-in counter numbers or the name of the airline handling the check-in.
the status of the flight, such as "Landed", "Delayed", "Boarding", etc.
● It also includes:
Mater clock
Public Address system
A fire detection system (FDS) is an alarm system that receives data on, assesses and then
responds to events reported by various fire detectors. Fire detection systems are permanently
installed manual and automatic systems to detect fires at an early stage, warn those affected and
quickly inform the relevant emergency service.
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An Instrument Landing System (ILS) enables pilots to conduct an instrument approach to landing
if they are unable to establish visual contact with the runway.
1.LOCALIZER
2.GLIDE SLOPE
3.MARKER BEACONS
4.VISUAL INFORMATION
Each component is specified for the guidance of the aircraft during landing on runway using a
combination of various signals.
It is used for guidance information in horizontal direction.it is a major component of ILS, providing
runway centerline guidance to Aircraft at touchdown point
A localizer works as a cooperation between the transmitting airport runway and the
receiving cockpit instruments. An older aircraft without ILS receiver cannot take advantage of any
ILS facilities at any runway, and much more importantly, the most modern aircraft have no use of
their ILS instruments at runways which lack ILS facilities.
Localizer (LOC) and glide slope (G/S) carrier frequencies are paired so that the navigation
radio automatically tunes the G/S frequency which corresponds to the selected LOC
frequency.
GLIDE SLOPE:
Glide slope is also a major component of ILS. It gives aircraft an angle of 3(degree) from touchdown
point for landing. It gives the guidance information in vertical direction.
The pilot controls the aircraft so that the glide slope indicator remains centered on the display to
ensure the aircraft is following the glide path of approximately 3° above horizontal (ground level) to
remain above obstructions and reach the runway at the proper touchdown point.
The beam is 1.4(degree) deep: 0.7(degree) below the glide slope centerline and 0.7(degree) above
the glide slope centerline. Tracking a glide slope is identical to tracking a localizer.
MARKER BEACONS:
A marker beacon is a particular type of VHF radio beacon used in aviation, usually in conjunction
with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine position along an
established route to a destination such as a runway
1.OUTER MARKER(BLUE):
The Outer Marker, is normally situated on the same course/track as the localizer and
the runway center-line, four to seven nautical miles before the runway threshold. It is typically
located about 1 NM (1.85 km) inside the point where the glideslope intercepts the intermediate
altitude.
When the aircraft passes over the outer marker antenna, its marker beacon receiver detects the
signal. The system gives the pilot a visual (blinking blue outer marker light) and aural (continuous
series of audio tone morse code-like 'dashes') indication.
A middle marker works on the same principle as an outer marker. It is normally positioned 0.5 to
0.8 nautical miles (1 km) before the runway threshold. When the aircraft is above the middle
marker, the receiver's middle marker light starts blinking, and a repeating pattern of audible
morse code-like dot-dashes at a frequency of 1,300 Hz in the headset.
Similar to the outer and middle markers; located at the beginning (threshold) of the runway on
some ILS approach systems (usually Category II and III) having decision heights of less than
200 feet. Triggers a flashing white light on the same marker beacon receiver used for the outer
and middle markers; also a series of audio tone 'dots' at a frequency of 3,000 Hz in the headset.
On some older marker beacon receivers, instead of the "O", "M" and "I" indicators (outer, middle,
inner), the indicators are labeled "A" (or FM/Z), "O" and "M" (airway or Fan and Z marker, outer,
middle).
VISUAL INFORMATION:
1.Approach lighting:
These lights are normally located at the end points of the runway. These lights assist the pilot to
land the aircraft and to align the Aircraft visually with the Runway centerline. Pilot observation of
the approach lighting system allows the pilot to continue descending towards the runway even if
the runway or its light are not seen.
A precision approach path indicator (PAPI) is a visual aid that provides guidance information
to help a pilot acquire and maintain the correct approach (in the vertical plane) to an airport or an
aerodrome. It is generally located on the left-hand side of the runway approximately 300 meters
beyond the landing threshold of the runway.
WHITE on WHITE - "Check your height" (or "You're gonna fly all night") (too high)
RED on WHITE – "You're all right"
RED on RED – "You're dead" (too low)
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NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Both AMHS and AWOS transmits data to ATIS, where ATIS converts the receiving data in voice
and then broadcasts it in air.
It is basically a CAT-III
It also consists of RVR (Runway visual range), i.e. three sensors on runway.
ECR is basically controlling all the radio frequency communication which is being used at CAA
for the flight information region purpose.
FREQUENCY RANGES:
Azimuth
Course
To-from the VOR station
AZIMUTH:
It is the clockwise angle between magnetic north and the line connecting VOR and
aircraft. In aircraft indication is displayed on “omni bearing indicator”.
COURSE:
VOR provides the centerline to the pilot.
● Operating Frequency:
Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a radio navigation technology that measures the slant
range(distance) between an aircraft and a ground station by timing the propagation delay of radio
signals. Line-of-visibility between the aircraft and ground station is required. An interrogator
(airborne) initiates an exchange by transmitting a pulse pair, on an assigned ‘channel’, to the
transponder ground station. The channel assignment specifies the carrier frequency and the spacing
between the pulses. After a known delay, the transponder replies by transmitting a pulse pair on a
frequency that is offset from the interrogation frequency by 63 MHz and having specified separation.
Operating frequency:
There are four types of non-directional beacons in the aeronautical navigation service:[3]
ADF (Automatic direction finder) equipment on the Aircraft which detects NDB signal.
NDB transmitter.
● When the needle is on the zero degree, it shows that Aircraft follows NDB And when
the Aircraft is away from NDB, needle operates at 180º .
● Location:
1.Lahore
2.Sheikhupura
The primary method of controlling the immediate airport environment is visual observation
from the airport control tower. The tower is a tall, windowed structure located on the airport
grounds. Air traffic controllers are responsible for the separation and efficient movement of
aircraft and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport itself, and aircraft
in the air near the airport, generally 5 to 10 nautical miles (9 to 18 km) depending on the
airport procedures.
Air traffic controllers monitor the location of aircraft in their assigned airspace by radar and
communicate with the pilots by radio. To prevent collisions, ATC enforces traffic
separation rules, which ensure each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space
around it at all times. In many countries, ATC provides services to all private, military, and
commercial aircraft operating within its airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the
class of airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to obey,
or advisories (known as flight information in some countries) that pilots may, at their
discretion, disregard. The pilot in command is the final authority for the safe operation of the
aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC instructions to the extent required to
maintain safe operation of their aircraft.
Surveillance displays are also available to controllers at larger airports to assist with
controlling air traffic. Controllers may use a radar system called secondary surveillance
radar for airborne traffic approaching and departing. These displays include a map of the
area, the position of various aircraft, and data tags that include aircraft identification, speed,
altitude, and other information described in local procedures.
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HF COMMUNICATION
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VHF/UHF SECTION
This section deals with all equipments of VHF/UHF used for the communication between
Air traffic control to the plane or in other words ground to air communication.
The maintenance of all VHF/UHF equipments from all over Pakistan comes under this
department. There are various types of Antennas used in communication of VHF/UHF
like:
Whip Antenna
Long wire Antenna
Umbrella Antenna
Half and full dipole Antenna
VHF extended Antenna
Whereas, the general range of frequencies used in CAA is from 118MHz to 136 MHz.
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