A Industrial Oriented mini-Project report

On
POWER BANK FOR SMARTPHONES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
R. SADANAND (16311A04V3)
CH. AMAN PRASAD (16311A04W3)
Y. MUKESH REDDY (16311A04W4)

Under the Guidance of

Dr.CN SUJATHA Mr. Bipin
Professor Professor
Department of ECE NSIC

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

THE NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION
ECIL, HYDERABAD

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 A Industrial Oriented mini-Project report
On
POWER BANK FOR SMARTPHONES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Submitted by
R. SADANAND (16311A04V3)
CH. AMAN PRASAD (16311A04W3)
Y. MUKESH REDDY (16311A04W4)

Under the Guidance of

Dr.CN SUJATHA Mr. Bipin
Professor Professor
Department of ECE NSIC

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Yamnampet (V), Ghatkesar (M), Hyderabad – 501301, A.P.
2019-2020

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 Department Of Electronics and Communication Engineering
SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
Yamnampet (V), Ghatkesar (M), Hyderabad – 501301, A.P.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “POWER BANK FOR SMARTPHONES” is being
submitted by

R. SADANAND (16311A04V3)
CH. AMAN PRASAD (16311A04W3)
Y. MUKESH REDDY (16311A04W4)

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY to

JNTU, Hyderabad. This record is a bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and
supervision. The result embodied in this project report has not been submitted to any other
university or institute for the award of any degree of diploma.

Project Co-ordinator Head of Department

Dr.C.N.Sujatha Dr.S.P.V.Subba Rao
Professor Professor-HOD
Department of ECE Department of ECE

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 DECLARATION

This is to certify that the work reported in the present thesis titled “POWER
BANK FOR SMARTPHONES” is a record work done by me/us in the
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute
of Science and Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar.
No part of the thesis is copied from books/ journals/ internet and wherever the
portion is taken; the same has been duly referred in the text. The report is based on
the project work done entirely by me/ us and not copied from any other source.

R. SADANAND – 16311A04V3
CH. AMAN PRASAD – 16311A04W3
Y. MUKESH REDDY – 16311A04W4

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to
Mr. Bipin, External Guide, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology for allowing us to take
up this project.

We would specially like to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to, Mrs.
C.N. Sujatha, Project Coordinator, Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology for guiding us
throughout the project.

We are very grateful to Dr. S.P.V. Subba Rao, Head of the Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and
Technology for allowing us to take up this project.

We are very grateful to Dr.Ch.Shiva Reddy, Principal of Sreenidhi

Institute of Science and Technology for having provided the opportunity for taking
up this project.

We are very grateful to Dr. P. Narasimha Reddy, Executive Director of

Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology for having provided the opportunity
for taking up this project.

We also extend our sincere thanks to our parents and friends for their moral
support throughout the project work.

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 ABSTRACT

Rechargeable power banks are increasing significantly for extending the operating duration of
portable electronic gadgets and mobile phones which are part of modern life. The in-built battery
in the mobile phone can provide power for a few hours and then dries out with time. Therefore,
the external charger is required to extend the operation of electronic devices e.g. mobile phones.
This paper presents a study of the importance of critical components of power bank to
understand the insight of it. The performance of the power banks for charging characteristic of
the mobile phones at lab scale are discussed.The in-built lithium-ion battery is designed for
compatibility and has limited energy storage to operate smart phones. Thus, these batteries are
providing energy for hours and maximum a day subjected to usage pattern of the mobile phone.
It means that the inbuilt battery is drained out and then need to plug-in for charging the battery.
The charging can be done either through plug-in or by external portable energy sources such as
power banks.

Key Words: Smart phone, Power bank, Lithium-ion battery, Protection circuit, USB, Step-down
and Step-up.

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CONTENTS

Abstract 9

Contents 10

Chapter 1 Introduction 12-13

1.1 Introduction to the project 12
1.2 Aim and Objective 13

Chapter 2 Literature Survey 14-19

Chapter 3 Power Bank 16-12

3.1 What is Power Bank? 16
3.2 Li-ion battery technology 17
3.3 Electrical(Protective) circuit 17
3.4 DC-DC boost converter 19

Chapter 4 HISTORY OF POWER BANK 20-23

4.1 History 20
4.2 Evolution of power bank 20
4.3 Development Journey 21
4.4 Future of Power Bank 22
Chapter 5 CIRCUIT ANALYSIS 24-26
Chapter 6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 27-29

6.1 Components used 27

6.2 Components Desecription 27

Chapter 7 WORKING 30-32

7.1 Working 30
7.2 Construction and Testing 31
7.3 Operational Applications 31

Chapter 8 TESTING AND RESULT 33

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 Chapter 9 APPLICATIONS 34

Chapter 10 ADVANTAGES 35

Chapter 11 CONCLUSION 36
References

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:
The communication system plays a vital role in the present modern society. The size of the
electronic devices has shrunk from macro to micro and then transforming to nanometer scale
with advancement of semiconductor technology . For example, the current mobile phones are
designed compactly and operates with a touch screen based technology. The unique features of
these mobile phones are: data storage, music with audio and video, navigation system,
conference calls, e-commerce, e-learning, etc.which requires large capacity battery system.
The in-builtlithium-ion battery is designed for compatibility and has limited energy storage to
operate smart phones. Thus, these batteries are providing energy for hours and maximum a day
subjected to usage pattern of the mobile phone. It means that the inbuilt battery is drained out
and then need to plug-in for charging the battery. The charging can be done either through plug-
in or by external portable energy sources such as power banks.

Rechargeable power banks are increasing significantly for extending the operating duration of
portable electronic gadgets and mobile phones which are part of modern life. The in-built battery
in the mobile phone can provide power for a few hours and then dries out with time. Therefore,
the external charger is required to extend the operation of electronic devices e.g. mobile phones.
This paper presents a study of the importance of critical components of power bank to
understand the insight of it. The performance of the power banks for charging characteristic of
the mobile phones at lab scale are discussed. HE concept of being able to charge mobile phones
on the go has been a pleasant help to almost everyone in the present times. Ever since the
increasing abilities and the decreasing cost of smart phones, their utility has increased but their
power consumption is high. The present day smart phones have a very large storage capacity and
the parallelism with respect to apps associated with them is increasing rapidly. Running many
applications at a time causes the phones to drain out quickly. Although increased charge
consumption for a host of parallel and quick applications is a good bargain, this also calls for the
phone being charged frequently. As power supply sockets are not available all the time, power
banks come in handy. The power banks available in the market do not have the ability to extend
beyond a fixed number of ports. The design is rigid to a high extent. The cost of these power
banks is comparatively very high as well. Other than that, using the present day power banks, we
cannot do much, other than charging phones. Say, we need to use some other USB device like a
USB light or music player with USB connection. They cannot be done easily with them. In order
to power those devices, we will have to do so separately. The following article describes another
innovative design to construct a power bank that reduces these problems to a great extent. The
major components used in the working of the power bank design are the USB cable, IC 7805 and
the Battery.

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1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE:
This design (Power bank) is an electronic device aimed at achieving the following;
 To construct a power bank that will be able to charge all types of mobile phone devices.
 A device that is capable of supplying 2600mAh current.
 A device with short circuit protection.
 A power bank that as over- charging protection.
 A device that the battery is rechargeable.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Power bank charging equipment specifically designed for the mobile phones of majority of large
power consumption. This device is suitable for the system on all smart phones, such as iOS,
Androids, Blackberry OS and Symbian.
With an increased number of features, mobile devices like smart phones, tablets etc are requiring
more power. To extend their operating life, manufacturing try to use bigger batteries but are
limited because of the weight and size. To provide users additional power when their devices are
running low, many users are learning to relay upon power banks, a portable energy source that
can be carried in a pocket or backpack. Power banks store energy in an internal lithium Ion
battery and can charge the mobile devices.

HISTORY OF POWER BANK:

Power bank previously known as mobile power which comes into existence between (2001 –
2003) as a result of student carrying out practical knowledge on providing another means of
charging their cell phones.
Mobile power (power bank) is essentially a charger, and it first appeared in Las vegas
International Consumer Electronics Show in 2001, a student pieced a control circuit with a few
AA batteries representing the portable external battery charger officially born.
The formation stage of the concept of market (2004-2006): victories put a large amount of
money to launch the engine compartment named mobile power, and this event marked the
untimely the early throes and started their own prototype mobile power by only product concept
info the market concept stage.
The slow market development stage (2006-2009): the representative event was that some capable
of manufacturing enterprises entered the field of mobile power production, which means that
mobile power has finally established its market image as a new product, thereby going into the
track of normal development, and to see the growth rate of the steady expansion of market
capacity.
It became globally recognized in 2004 when some electronic companies produce it as a special
product.

MARKET GROWTH PHASE:

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The popularity of power bank began in 2009, during this period, the domestic e-commerce rises
(i.e. its sales) and also the rise of smart phones marks the event that gradually establishes the
product.

A land mark event from slow growth to the rapid growth was in 2007 when Apple introduced the
Iphone (a style product design, with powerful software features and high power consumption).
Power bank has made a lot of impacts both on economy and people that went on vacation or
tourism so as to keep their mobile device working for longer period of time.

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 CHAPTER 3
POWER BANK

3.1 POWER BANK:These rechargeable power banks are simple, portable and are extensively
used for charging all most all portable electronic gadgets. The mobile phones require high
powered batteries for enhancing the operating duration . Therefore, the power banks with
enhanced capacities ranges from 2000 mAh to 20000 mAh or beyond are in a great demand for
charging mobile phones. Some of the portable electronic gadgets charged by the power bank are
shown in Figure.

The power bank consists of three components such as lithium-ion battery, hardware protection
circuit, and outer case. Among all, the battery is the heart of the power bank and hardware
protection controls the current, voltage and temperature as well.

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3.2 Lithium ion battery technology:

The lithium-ion battery is an apt technology to incorporate with all most all portable consumer
electronic devices including power banks as well. The electrochemical characteristics of the
lithium-ion batteries are well established their superiority among commercial batteries in terms
of operating potential, cycle life, foot print, weight, etc. However, the performance of the
lithium-ion batteries are varied with chemistry to chemistry .

The most prominent chemistries of the Li-ion technologies are Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO),
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), Lithium nickel manganese
cobalt oxide (NMC), Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum oxide (NCA), Lithium Titanium Oxide
(LTO).

The design of the lithium-ion battery are of four types and these are (i) button (iii) cylindrical (iii)
prismatic (iv)pouch. The button type are extensively used for portable electronic devices
including portable health care tool kits such as thermometers, wrist watches, etc. The cylindrical
type of design is the most robust and reliable. The cylindrical 18650 type is economical and are
used in laptops,power banks and other emerging applications e.g. electric-mobility as well.

The prismatic type has a hard outer casing and are in medium and large sizes. Medium size are
mostly used in mobile phones and the larger range are used in electric powertrains etc. The
design of the pouch type is the most flexible, light in weight and compatible with electronic
circuits and are used in large capacity power bank in view of its flexible geometry and light in
weight

3.3 Electrical (Protective) Circuit

A set of lithium-ion cells are used in the moderate power bank and these cells are configured by
connecting in parallel for higher rating.The battery pack is integrated with an electric circuit to
improve the safety of the power bank. The electrical protective circuit is to protect the device by
controlling the operating voltages, currents and also the temperature of the battery .
The protective circuit consists of microcontroller, buck/boost converters and USB connectors.
The microcontroller is programmed to control the voltage, current and temperature of the battery.
The power bank is charged by plug-in and state of charge (SoC) levels are indicated through the
light emitting diode (LED) and converters are also used in the power bank such as:(i) buck and
(ii) boost converters. Thepower bank is charged either by wall charger or laptop and the output
voltage is 5V. The buck converter is used to step down the voltage from 5V to 4.2V to charge the
Li-ion battery in the power bank. The boost converter is to convert battery output voltage 4.2V to
5V in order to charge the load . The step-down and step-up mechanism through micro USB and
USB is represented in Fig..

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 Step-down and Step-up mechanism

Fig. Step-down and Step-up mechanism The power bank input and output are designed to
compatible with universal series bus (USB) and this protects the system from any electrical
surges while plug-in.

The USB connectors are user friendly to connect with any portable electronic devices such as
smartphones, cameras, tabs, etc. [9]. The block diagram of the operation of the power bank with
major and minor components are shown in Fig. .

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 Fig. . The function of major and minor electrical components in the power bank By
understanding the design and operating mechanism, we have made an attempt to demonstrate the
battery and protective circuit to know the insight of the power banks. Also the duration that takes
for charging the power bank and the practical energy available in the power bank for charging
mobile phones of different manufacturers are presented and discussed.

3.4 DC-DC BOOST CONVERTER

A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage
(while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class of
switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and a
transistor) and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in
combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input
(supply-side filter).

Power for the boost converter can come from any suitable DC source, such as batteries, solar
panels, rectifiers, and DC generators. A process that changes one DC voltage to a different DC
voltage is called DC to DC conversion. A boost converter is a DC to DC converter with an
output voltage greater than the source voltage. A boost converter is sometimes called a step-up
converter since it "steps up" the source voltage. Since power must be conserved, the output
current is lower than the source current.

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 CHAPTER 4
HISTORY OF POWER BANK
In a world with smarter Smartphone, notebook, tablet, laptops and other affordable web-enabled
mobile devices and powered by better network coverage, the demand for availability of
mobile printed power banks are only getting stronger. The article conceptualizes the entire
stream of Power Banks Development Journey and beyond.

Mobile phones have become the primary form of telecommunication in all over the world.
Smartphone are rapidly becoming the primary medium to access the internet.

4.1 EVOLUTION OF POWER BANK:

Portable power began to drive explosive growth because the main source in mobile phones and
other digital devices are built-in batteries.

These batteries have limited amount of power, so it is not able to run these devices throughout
the day. Power banks make it easy to charge your devices anywhere anytime.

Just imagine a situation when you have to send an important business mail and your phone goes
off.

Won’t it be amazing if you have an alternative device to fall back on during such times? Comes
with different mAh battery, easy to carry and charge your multiple devices, power banks are just
great for your power needs.

Like all technology, power bank has also developed over time. In the past 15 years, power bank
developed from a simple combination of a control unit to more complex ones with multiple
functions such as WiFi and LED flashlight.

In this blog post, we will look at where power banks have been over the years and what will be
its future.

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4.2 DEVELOPMENT JOURNEY:

The Early stage of power bank (2001-2003):

In 2001, the power bank concept first came into light when it was assembled by a student with a
few AA batteries and control circuit. It first appeared in Las Vegas international Consumer
Electronics show in 2001. At that time battery had a big size and short life cycle.

The phase of market concept (2004-2006):

This was the time when a mobile power bank with name “engine compartment” was launched by
Huaqi. When other brands like Aigo and Anytone came up in the market, it gave a new strength
and energy to power banks industry.

The development in the applicable battery, IC, management circuit and related technologies
eventually made the power bank more advanced and industry more developed.

Developing market (2006-2009):

At this development stage, more and more manufacturing enterprises entered the field of power
banks and the market had become more competitive. Power banks had become more famous till
then.

This was the time when Smartphone entered the market. Many companies started to manufacture
Smartphone but the problem was that they had low power battery.

In 2007 Apple launched iPhone with powerful functions and it failed to provide a strong battery
life and could only work for 4 hours before recharging. Therefore the demand for the custom
mobile power banks had increased.
Growing market (2009-2012):

During this period, power banks market grew to like the wind. More than 500 new brands
became the part of this industry.

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New research and innovation in power banks made this device more popular among people and
made it easy to charge their mobile phones anytime anywhere.

Present scenario:

Nowadays, mobile power banks are being sold like a hot cake. The power bank market is now
competitive and you have the different brands and power options to choose from.

Capacity range from 500 mAh to above 20,000Mah, number of USB port, flashlight, WiFi,
lithium-ION and lithium-polymer batteries, multiple users, power banks enable consumers to
choose their power banks as per their needs and preferences.

4.3 POWER BANKS DEVELOPMENT:THE FUTURE

In the coming years, power market will grow more than 240%. Here are some trends of power
banks you can see in near future.

Small size and easy to carry:

In today’s time, people want to buy things which are small in size but provide a lot of benefits. In
the future, mobile power bank can easily be attached to the mobile phone. Mobile power banks
and mobile phones as a whole is possible if power bank is used as a protective cover or as a
mobile phone shell.

Functional diversity:

These days the main function of the power bank is to charge your device. No doubt, some of the
mobile banks are used as flashlight and WiFi. In the future, power banks will create a variety of
functions.

The diversity of mobile power banks will be the new trend in the future. Someone has already
developed the electronic lighter feature of the power bank. You can see many other advanced
functions in near future.

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Wireless and fast charging

The way you charge your devices has remained the same since the beginning of mobile phones.
However, this is about to change. The future of your mobile charging has no wire and keeping
Smartphone charged will be easier.

The trouble with a power bank is that sometimes there is no power in power bank when you are
on the run. It takes quite a few hours to fully charge the power bank; so how to make power bank
charge fast. Recently, charging 5000mAh battery fully in 5 minutes by power bank has come
true.

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 CHAPTER 5
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
The key principle that drives the boost converter is the tendency of an inductor to resist changes
in current by creating and destroying a magnetic field. In a boost converter, the output voltage is
always higher than the input voltage. A schematic of a boost power stage is shown in Figure 1.
(a) When the switch is closed, current flows through the inductor in clockwise direction and the
inductor stores some energy by generating a magnetic field. Polarity of the left side of the
inductor is positive.
(b) When the switch is opened, current will be reduced as the impedance is higher. The magnetic
field previously created will be destroyed to maintain the current towards the load. Thus the
polarity will be reversed (meaning the left side of the inductor will become negative). As a result,
two sources will be in series causing a higher voltage to charge the capacitor through the diode D.
If the switch is cycled fast enough, the inductor will not discharge fully in between charging
stages, and the load will always see a voltage greater than that of the input source alone when the
switch is opened. Also while the switch is opened, the capacitor in parallel with the load is
charged to this combined voltage. When the switch is then closed and the right hand side is
shorted out from the left hand side, the capacitor is therefore able to provide the voltage and
energy to the load. During this time, the blocking diode prevents the capacitor from discharging
through the switch. The switch must of course be opened again fast enough to prevent the
capacitor from discharging too much.

Fig. 1: Boost converter schematic

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 Fig. 2: The two current paths of a boost converter, depending on the state of the switch S.

The basic principle of a Boost converter consists of 2 distinct states (see figure 2):
● in the On-state, the switch S (see figure 1) is closed, resulting in an increase in the
inductor current;
● in the Off-state, the switch is open and the only path offered to inductor current is
through the flyback diode D, the capacitor C and the load R. This results in
transferring the energy accumulated during the On-state into the capacitor.
● The input current is the same as the inductor current as can be seen in figure 2. So it is
not discontinuous as in the buck converter and the requirements on the input filter are
relaxed compared to a buck converter.
Continuous mode

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Fig. 3: Waveforms of inductor current and voltage in a boost converter operating in
continuous mode.

When a boost converter operates in continuous mode, the current through the inductor never falls to zero.
Figure 3 shows the typical waveforms of inductor current and voltage in a converter operating in this mode.
In the steady state, the DC (average) voltage across the inductor must be zero so that after each cycle the
inductor returns the same state, because voltage across the inductor is proportional to rate of change of current
through it (explained in more detail below). Note in Figure 1 that the left hand side of L is at
{\displaystyle V_{i}}
and the right hand side of L sees the
{\displaystyle V_{s}}
voltage waveform from Figure 3. The average value of
{\displaystyle V_{s}}
is
{\displaystyle (1-D)V_{o}}
where D is the duty cycle of the waveform driving the switch. From this we get the ideal transfer
function:

{\displaystyle V_{i}=(1-D)V_{o}}

or

{\displaystyle V_{o}/V_{i}=1/(1-D)}

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 CHAPTER 6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6.1 COMPONENTS USED:

• Li-ion Battery
• USB
• DC-DC Boost Coverter
• TP4056 IC
• ON/OFF switch
• LEDs
• Bread Board

6.2 Components Description:

Li-ion Battery: Batteries with a lithium iron phosphate positive and graphite negative
electrodes have a nominal open-circuit voltage of 3.2 V and a typical charging voltage of 3.6 V.
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) oxide positives with graphite negatives have a 3.7 V
nominal voltage with a 4.2 V maximum while charging. The charging procedure is performed at
constant voltage with current-limiting circuitry (i.e., charging with constant current until a
voltage of 4.2 V is reached in the cell and continuing with a constant voltage applied until the

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current drops close to zero). Typically, the charge is terminated at 3% of the initial charge
current. In the past, lithium-ion batteries could not be fast-charged and needed at least two hours
to fully charge. Current-generation cells can be fully charged in 45 minutes or less. In 2015
researchers demonstrated a small 600 mAh capacity battery charged to 68 percent capacity in
two minutes and a 3,000 mAh battery charged to 48 percent capacity in five minutes. The latter
battery has an energy density of 620 W·h/L. The device employed heteroatoms bonded to
graphite molecules in the anode.[131]
Performance of manufactured batteries has improved over time. For example, from 1991 to 2005
the energy capacity per price of lithium ion batteries improved more than ten-fold, from 0.3 W·h
per dollar to over 3 W·h per dollar.[132] In the period from 2011-2017, progress has averaged
7.5% annually.
DC-DC Boost Converter:
A boost converter (step-up converter) is a DC-to-DC power converter that steps up voltage
(while stepping down current) from its input (supply) to its output (load). It is a class
of switched-mode power supply (SMPS) containing at least two semiconductors (a diode and
a transistor) and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in
combination. To reduce voltage ripple, filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination
with inductors) are normally added to such a converter's output (load-side filter) and input
(supply-side filter).
TP4056 IC:
The TP4056 is a complete constant-current/constant-voltage linear charger for single
cell lithium-ion batteries. Its SOP package and low external component count make the
TP4056 ideally suited for portable applications. Furthermore, the TP4056 can work within USB
and wall adapter.
No blocking diode is required due to the internal PMOSFET architecture and have prevent
to negative Charge Current Circuit. Thermal feedback regulates the charge current to limit the
die temperature during high power operation or high ambient temperature. The charge voltage
is fixed at 4.2V, and the charge current can be programmed externally with a single resistor.
The TP4056 automatically terminates the charge cycle when the charge current drops to 1/10th
the programmed value after the final float voltage is reached.
TP4056 Other features include current monitor, under voltage lockout, automatic recharge
and two status pin to indicate charge termination and the presence of an input voltage.

Bread Board:
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting
their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where

28
appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connect the holes on
the top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and bottom
rows of holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining holes are
connected vertically.
USB:
Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that establishes specifications for cables and
connectors and protocols for connection, communication and power supply between computers,
peripheral devices and other computers.[3] Released in 1996, the USB standard is currently
maintained by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). There have been four generations of
USB specifications: USB 1.x, USB 2.0, USB 3.x and USB4.
ON/OFF Switch:
A switch is an electrical component that can "make" or "break" an electrical circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.[1][2] The mechanism of a switch
removes or restores the conducting path in a circuit when it is operated. It may be operated
manually, for example, a light switch or a keyboard button, may be operated by a moving object
such as a door, or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. A
switch will have one or more sets of contacts, which may operate simultaneously, sequentially,
or alternately. Switches in high-powered circuits must operate rapidly to prevent destructive
arcing, and may include special features to assist in rapidly interrupting a heavy current. Multiple
forms of actuators are used for operation by hand or to sense position, level, temperature or flow.
Special types are used, for example, for control of machinery, to reverse electric motors, or to
sense liquid level. Many specialized forms exist. A common use is control of lighting, where
multiple switches may be wired into one circuit to allow convenient control of light fixtures.

29
 CHAPTER 7

WORKING

7.1 WORKING: A lithium-ion charger module based on TP4056 IC, rechargeable lithium-ion
battery (Samsung type 18650) and DC-DC converter module based on pulse frequency
modulation (PFM) technology are used.

The battery charger module is designed around a dedicated lithium-ion battery charger TP4056
chip and populated with SMD components. This onboard charge controller chip handles BATT.1
charging operation by processing the 5V DC input supply received through the USB socket (or
through IN+ and IN- terminals). Output terminals (BAT+ and BAT-) can be directly connected
to BATT.1. Two onboard SMD LEDs located on top of the circuit board provide charging-status
indications.

BATT.1 is used as the power reservoir. Since only 3.7V DC supply is available from BATT.1,
DC-DC boost converter is used to cater to the stable 5V DC supply at output. If input voltage of
0.9V to 5V DC is available, this converter gives stable 5V DC output through its USB socket,
with conversion efficiency up to 96 per cent.

Figure 1 TP4056 lithium-ion battery charger module

The DC-DC boost converter module, shown in Fig. 3, is an SMD module with a PFM chip at its
heart. Input DC supply fed through input terminals (+ and -) is processed by this dedicated chip
to give a stable USB standard DC supply via the standard USB socket at its output. An onboard
SMD LED, fitted near the input terminals, works as a power-status indicator. Switch S1 is
included to route DC supply from BATT.1 to the converter.

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7.2 CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING:

Assemble all components of the power bank circuit. Follow the testing operation given below:

 Connect the charger module to CON1 (USB-IN) either through an AC adaptor or provide
5V DC supply through a PC or laptop using a USB cable for charging BATT.1.

 Connect BATT.1 across CON1 for charging. A red-coloured LED will turn on, showing
the charging status of BATT.1. When the battery is fully charged, a blue-coloured LED
will turn on. You may remove the charger connected at USB-IN.

 You can now charge your smartphone by connecting it to the USB socket of the
converter module (USB-OUT) using a USB cable and closing switch S1. A red-coloured
LED of the converter module will turn on, showing the charging status of the smartphone.

7.3 OPERATIONAL APPLICATION:

Almost all smartphones look for signals/levels on D+ and D- of the USB interface that indicate
the charger’s current capability. A full-speed device will use a pull-up resistor attached to D+, to
satisfy itself as a full-speed device. The pull-up resistor at the device end will also be used by the
host or hub to detect the presence of a device connected to its port. Without this resistor logic,
the USB assumes there is nothing connected to the bus.

In case of a charging error, pull down D+ line of the USB output socket (in converter module)
with the help of a 200-kilo-ohm resistor.

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Figure 2 Pull up resistor configuration at D+ and D- pins

Figure 3 Pull down resistor at D+ pins

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 CHAPTER 8
TESTING & RESULT
When the power supply plug is connected to the 240V AC supply and the power
switch is turn ON the red indicator lights up showing that electricity has been
supplied to the circuit and the battery charging module start charging the battery
when the battery has fully charged the relay will trip off thereby preventing the
battery from being over charged.
The power bank has USB connector interface through which the mobile device can
be connected for charging when the phone charging module is turned ON.
The power bank has the ability to charge two mobile devices at the same time
After the overall construction the device (Power bank) was allowed to charge for
some times in other to restore the battery to its fully charged level.

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 CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS
Battery power systems often stack cells in series to achieve higher voltage. However, sufficient
stacking of cells is not possible in many high voltage applications due to lack of space. Boost
converters can increase the voltage and reduce the number of cells. Two battery-powered
applications that use boost converters are used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and lighting
systems.

The NHW20 model Toyota Prius HEV uses a 500 V motor. Without a boost converter, the Prius
would need nearly 417 cells to power the motor. However, a Prius actually uses only 168
cells[citation needed] and boosts the battery voltage from 202 V to 500 V. Boost converters also power
devices at smaller scale applications, such as portable lighting systems. A white LED typically
requires 3.3 V to emit light, and a boost converter can step up the voltage from a single 1.5 V
alkaline cell to power the lamp.

An unregulated boost converter is used as the voltage increase mechanism in the circuit known
as the 'Joule thief'. This circuit topology is used with low power battery applications, and is
aimed at the ability of a boost converter to 'steal' the remaining energy in a battery. This energy
would otherwise be wasted since the low voltage of a nearly depleted battery makes it unusable
for a normal load.

This energy would otherwise remain untapped because many applications do not allow enough
current to flow through a load when voltage decreases. This voltage decrease occurs as batteries
become depleted, and is a characteristic of the ubiquitous alkaline battery. Since the equation for
power is ({\displaystyle P=V^{2}/R}), and R tends to be stable, power available to the load goes
down significantly as voltage decreases.

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 CHAPTER 10
ADVANTAGES
Extendable In this design:, all one has to do to get additional ports is to connect another sub-
circuit shown in the circuit diagram, between Vcc and Ground in the similar fashion as shown
with two sub-circuits. In this way as many as 5 or 6 ports can be connected if needed. Depending
on the number of ports that can be added the hardware design must have slots and the battery
must be varied. [a maximum of only 24 V, 900 mA is needed].
Cost Effective: The overall cost of this circuit is very less and cost of production would also be
very less.
Small in Size: This circuit is very compact, can easily be made and is very small in size and less
in weight.
Simple Design: The design is very simple and not at all complex to use.
Device Compatibility: Not only mobile phones, but any other devices such as LED lamps, or
night lamps to aid in typing for keyboards without RECHARGABLE BATTERY.
Low Power Consumption: The power consumed is very low as compared to other charger
circuits, as, DC power is used.

Flexible Charging of the Bank: Usually a specific charger is needed to charge the power bank.
But, in this case, any charger adapter can be used to charge the battery. Be it any old unused
charger available in our homes or, the phone charger adapter itself, any of these can be used,
with a very little change in the hardware of the device.

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 CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
Power bank has made a lot of impact both on human’s life as a result of the
fact that people find it difficult to do away with their mobile devices switch off or
drained out while they are away from their home or offices or which can be as a
result of outage or interrupted AC power supply.
It has also improved the economy tremendously as more people buy it as a
necessity for the purpose of charging their mobile devices.

REFERENCES
 S.CHAND, (2009). Basic electronics textbook: definition of components,
page 105.
 www.circuitstoday.com,
 www.diy.com
 https://electronicsforu.com/electronics-projects/power-bank-circuit
 U.A. Bakshi and A.P. Godse, “Electronic Devices and Linear Circuits”, pg. 10- 14 to 10-
17, 2008 edition

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