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Advanced Mobile Communications Chapter1
Advanced Mobile Communications Chapter1
Advanced Mobile Communications Chapter1
Second-Generation System
In 1983, Europe started to develop GSM6− 9 (the original
name was called Group of Special Mobile then was
changed to Global System for Mobile). GSM is a digital
TDMA system and was first deployed in Germany in 1991.
It was the first digital mobile cellular system In the world.
Then, the North American TDMA (NA-TDMA) was voted
as a digital standard
In 1988 for trying to solve the capacity issue.
In 1989, Qualcomm was starting to develop CDMA with
great assistance from PacTel
In financial, technical, and spectrum issues; the CDMA
system could have a capacity That was 10 times more
than AMPS according to theoretical analysis at that time.
the CDMA IS-95 was the first CDMA system (later called
cdmaOne in 1998) Using 1.25-MHz bandwidth. It was
suggested by PacTel that the operator could give up one
tenth of the spectrum from analog spectrum to create a
CDMA channel and generate at least twice the capacity of
the entire analog system for voice.
4G Systems :
In the past 20 years, wireless networks have evolved from
an analog, single medium (voice),
and low data rate (a few kilobits per second) system to the
digital, multimedia, and high data rate (ten to hundreds of
megabits per second) system of today. Future systems will
be based on user’s demands as the fourth-generation
Modulation schemes
A. Apply to analog systems
1. Single-sideband (SSB), which divides the allocated
frequency band into maximum
numbers of channels.
2. Frequency modulation (FM), which uses frequency
deviation (an early application
of spread spectrum) to reduce the noise.
3. Cellular, which reuses the allocated frequency band in
different geographic locations.
B. Apply to digital systems
1. Frequency shift keying (FSK), Gaussian FSK (GFSK),
minimum FSK (MSK): an abrupt frequency changes at the
symbol transitions.
2. Phase shift keying (PSK), Quadrature PSK (QPSK): an
abrupt phase change at the Symbol transitions.
3. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): a
combination of amplitude (ASK) and Phase shift keying.
4. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM):
consists of a sum of subcarriers That is modulated by
using PSK or QAM.
5. Spread spectrum or frequency-hopped, which
generates many codes over a wide Frequency band.
Antenna configurations: smart antennas
Circuit-Switched Systems
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA:
Voice quality is very hard to judge without subjective tests
for users’ opinions. In this technical area, engineers
cannot decide how to build a system without knowing the
voice quality that will satisfy the users. In military
communications, the situation differs: armed forces
personnel must use the assigned equipment.
Data Quality
There are several ways to measure the data quality such
as bit error rate, chip error rate, Symbol error rate, and
frame error rate. The chip error rate and symbol error rate
are measuring the quality of data along the transmission
path. The frame error rate and the bit Error rate are
measuring the quality of data at the throughput.
Picture/Vision Quality
There are color acuity, depth perception, flicker
perception, motion perception, noise perception,
And visual acuity. The percentage of pixel (picture
element) loss rate can be characterized in vertical
resolution loss and horizontal resolution loss of a pixel.
Service Quality
Three items are required for service quality.
1. Coverage. The system should serve an area as large
as possible. With radio coverage, however, because of
irregular terrain configurations, it is usually not practical to
cover 100 percent of the area for two reasons:
a. The transmitted power would have to be very high to
illuminate weak spots with sufficient reception, a
significant added cost factor.
b. The higher the transmitted power, the harder it
becomes to control interference.
Required grade of service. For a normal start-up system,
the grade of service is specified for a blocking probability
of .02 for initiating calls at the busy hour.
Number of dropped calls. During Q calls in an hour, if a
call is dropped and Q− 1 calls are completed, then the call
drop rate is 1/Q. This drop rate must be kept low. A high
drop rate could be caused by either coverage problems or
handoff problems related to inadequate channel
availability or weak reception.
Special Features
And the distance between the cell site and the mobile unit
is usually 2 km or more, and then the incident angles of
both the direct wave and the reflected wave are very
small, as Fig. 2.4 shows. The incident angle of the direct
wave is θ1, and the incident angle of the reflected wave is
θ2. Θ1 is also called the elevation angle.
The propagation path loss would be 40 dB/dec,4 where
“dec” is an abbreviation of decade, i.e., a period of 10.