PHYSICS PROJECT

​ HANGE IN MAGNETIC STRENGTH

C
DUE TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE

DONE BY ;
 INDEX
● Introduction
● Theory
● Experiment
Aim
Requirement
Theory
Procedure
Observations
● Result
● Bibliography
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“There are times when silence speaks so much more loudly than
words of praise to only as good as belittle a person, whose words do
not express, but only put a veneer over true feelings, which are of
gratitude at this point of time.”

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Principal ​(MRS

CHITRAKALA RAMACHANDRAN),​ Vice Principal ​(MRS
SUCHITRA SANTOSH)​ for their vital support, guidance and
encouragement without which this project ​(EFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON MAGNETIC FIELD )​ wouldn't have come
forth.

I would also like to express my gratitude to the Staff

(MRS.SHAMBAVI) ​of the Department of physics for her support
during the process of​ ​this project.
Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and my team members
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
 INTRODUCTION

A magnet is a material or objects that Produces magnetic field.

This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most
notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other
ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other
magnets.

A magnet is any object that produces a magnetic field. Some

magnets, referred to as permanent, hold their magnetism without
an external electric current.

A magnet of this nature can be created by exposing a piece of metal

containing iron to a number of situations (i.e. repeatedly jarring the
metal, heating to high temperature).
Soft magnets, on the other hand, are those that lose their magnetic
charge properties over time. Additionally, paramagnetic objects are
those that can become magnetic only when in the presence of an
external magnetic field.

A magnetic field is the space surrounding a magnet in which

magnetic force is exerted. The motion of negatively charged
electrons in the magnet determines not only the polarity, but also
the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet).

Magnets are filled with magnetic lines of force. These lines

originate at the north pole of the magnet and continue to the
South Pole. The north pole is positive. Magnetic lines of force
do not intersect one another.

Magnetism is created by the alignment of small domains within a

specific set of metal. These domains function as all atoms do,
thus the temperature affects the movement. The higher the heat,
the greater the energy, and as such the movement of the
particles. In contrast, cold temperature slows the movement
(magnetic Field Strength and Low Temperatures). Slower
movement leads to more fixed directions in terms of the
domains.
 THEORY

A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most
notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other
ferromagnetic materials, such as iron , and attracts or repels other
|magnets.

A pemanent magnet is an object made from a material that is

magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An
everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on
a refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are
also the ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called
ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel,
cobalt, some alloys of rare earth metals, and some naturally
occurring minerals such as lodestone. Although ferromagnetic
(and ferrimagnetic) materials are the only ones attracted to a

magnet strongly enough to be commonly considered magnetic,all

other substances respond weakly to a magnetic field, by one of

several other types of magnetism.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "soft"

materials like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not

tend to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials,

which do. Permanent magnets are made from "hard"

ferromagnetic materials such as alnico and ferrite that are

subjected to special processing in a powerful magnetic field.

During manufacture, to align their internal microcrystalline

structure, making them very hard to demagnetize.

To demagnet a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field

must be applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the

respective material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity,

whereas "soft" materials have low coercivity.

The overall strength of a magnet is measured by its magnetic

moment or, alternatively, the total magnetic flux it produce

local strength of magnetism in a material is measured by its

magnetization.
EXPERIMENT
AIM
To determine the effect of increasing
temperature on strength of magnet.

APPARATUS
● I permanent bar magnet
● Tongs for magnet
● Insulating container
● Three strong bowls
● Buner for heating or oven
● Paper clips( 1000)
 THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field.

This magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most

Notable property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other

ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, and attracts or repels other

magnets.

PROCEDURE
1. Paperclips were placed in a bowl.

2. The magnet was weighed and recorded.

3. The magnet was placed in oven set to highest temperature possible.

4. The magnet was allowed to reach the temperature of the oven.

5. The magnet was then placed in a bowl filled with paperclips.

6.The amount of paper clips attracted by the magnet was

weighed and recorded.

7.The steps 5 and 6 were repeated after setting the oven at

different temperatures and the quantity of paper clips attracted was

weighed.

OBSERVATION
The weight of pins attracted by the magnet at different

temperature is:

Temperature(​o​C) Weight(g) No of pins attracted

by magnet

200 200 134

180 210 140

160 230 153

140 210 141

120 230 151

100 220 146

24 124 82
RESULT
The graph indicates that initially as the temperature decreases,

the number of pins attracted by the magnet also increases but up

to a certain limit.

Later as the temperature decreases, the number of pins attracted

by the magnet also decreases.

CONCLUSION
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between
temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms' inclination to

spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extreme

temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized.

Heat can result in the loss of magnetic properties. In other words,

too much heat can completely ruin a magnet. Excessive heat

causes atoms to move more rapidly, disturbing the magnetic

domains. As the atoms are sped up, the percentage of magnetic

domains spinning in the same direction decreases. This lack of

cohesion weakens the magnetic force and eventually

demagnetizes it entirely.
 PRECAUTIONS
❖ DO NOT TOUCH HOT MAGNET AND BOWL WITH
NAKED HANDS. USE GLOVES.
❖ WEIGHT THE PINS PRECISELY.
❖ DON’T USE PAPERCLIPS OTHER THAN THAT OF IRON.
❖ DO NOT PREHEAT THE OVEN.
❖ DO NOT HEAT THE MAGNET FOR A LONG TIME.IT
MAY LOSE ITS MAGNETIC PROPERTY.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
● NCERT Class XII Textbook
● www.sciencebuddies.com
● www.technopedia.com
● www.slideshare.com
● en.wikipedia.org