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27
public officers when the matter came up finally 'or public discus-
sion. At present there seemed to be no likelihood that there•
would he any objection. He confessed to disappointment that
the paper had not been more actively criticised. He had ventured
to proclaim opinions which many gentlemen might differ from
very materially. As it happened, those members who had ad-
dressed themselves to the subject had been kind enough to say
that they agreed with him. That left him nothing further to
say.
The PRESIDENT said Colonel Monash and those who had dis-
cussed the paper had left very little to say in summing up. In
regard to building regulations, he thought that all that they de-
sired as engineers was being done.
As to the height of buildings in the wide streets': The fire
brigade authorities desired goft., the Institute of Engineers con-
sidered 'loft. sufficient, and the Architects, he believed, had
fixed upon I2oft. There had been a great deal of discussion, and
probably some height between I loft. and I2oft would be decided
upon. Melbourne's natural advantages in regard to light and air
no doubt might be considered as capital to be fully utilised, but
Melbourne could spread indefinitely, whilst New York, for in-
stance, could not, and the balance of opinion appeared to be in
favour of building generally to medium height rather than having
fewer buildings of a great height.
Discussion closed.
PAPER.
COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR CIRCULAR
ORIFICES.
BY MR. H. J. I. HILTON.
The discharge of circular orifices has been, perhaps, one of the-
most closely investigated subjects in hydraulics, numerous tests
having been made by experimenters all the world over. Never-
theless the information at present available, although sufficiently
approximate for ordinary practical requirements, is contradictory
and uncertain in its details.
It is known that the coefficient of velocity at the contracted
vein is unity within a small fraction of one per cent, i.e., the-
velocity is as nearly as possible equal to the theoretical velocity
./2gH. The coefficient of contraction is usually given as about
.62, i.e., the area of the contracted vein is approximately 8 of
the area of the orifice, varying as the coefficient of dis-
charge. The coefficient of discharge is usually given by the text
books as .62 (the mean of a large number of experiments), But
28 VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS:
TABL E I.
NMI MIN
MIMI MIN
~~IIIIIIIIIIIII~~i~~~1"'!!f'f-,
.212
-TS 80 85 F0a
—COEFFICIENT OF D I SCHARGE —
In tabulated form the following are the coefficients as read
from the diagram :—
TABLE II.
Co-efficients of discharge for sharp edged, square cut re-entrant
pipe mouth pieces, 2i diameters in length.
-3, .4, -.5, .6, and .75 inches. The orifice plates were of brass,
~1r in to hin. thick. The diameter of each plate was at least seven
times the diameter of the orifice, and for the six smallest was
2 inches. A brass gauge was made for each orifice except the tin.,
bin., and tin., for which standard steel gauges were used.
The brass gauges were made to exactly the diameter required,
several being made for each of the smallest orifices and the most
accurate selected. For measuring their diameters a i ö ú ö o in.
Starrett spring touch micrometer was used. The orifices were
first made slightly smaller than the gauges, then countersunk to
as nearly as possible a feather edge, and finally rimered out until
the gauge could only be forced through the orifice by being held
exactly at right angles and twisted through with considerable
exertion. It is thought that the diameter of the larger orifices
would not vary more than inch, and of the small ones more
than y-6 0;1 inch from the true diameter. It is computed that an
error of 4 o na in. in the diameter of the .75 in. orifice would have
a negligible effect on the coefficients of discharge; that a similar
error in the tin. orifice would affect the coefficients about one unit
in the third decimal place; that an error of ó ó oú inch in the hin.
.orifice would affect the coefficients to the extent of two units, and
in the ys in..orifice to the extent of six units in the third decimal
place.
The three smallest orifices were originally made similar to the
others, in brass plates countersunk. The results obtained were
so erratic as to almost lead to the abandonment of the .experi-
ments. Careful observation, however; showed that capillary at-
traction caused a globule of water to form in the countersunk
portion immediately under the jet, suppressing contraction and
increasing the discharge by to to 15 per cent. These plates were
consequently abandoned and new orifices made in specially rolled
sheet brass .005 in. thick, about z in. diam. These were spun
flush into the back of 4'a- in. plates, 2 in. in diameter, having
holes in the centre about three times the diameter of the orifice
proper. To the writer's surprise, the results obtained from these
minute orifices, especially the Ili; in., were as consistent and satis-
factory as those of any of the larger ones, and have been of de-
cided assistance in determining the curves on Diagram C.
MEASURING VESSELS.
The vessels in which the discharges were measured were of
the following cubic contents :—.o26o8, .1565, .7758, 1.454, 2 . 005
and 7.4 cubic feet, ranging in round figures from 6th gallon to
46 gallons. The two smallest were narrow necked glass flasks.
The largest was a square open tank, and the intermediates were
circular galvanised iron vessels with conical tops and vertical
mouthpieces. The cubic contents were obtained by weighing the
water contents at or about 55 deg. F., with standard weights on a
balance, the larger vessels being weighed on reliable scales. In
-the absence of a recognised international standard for the weight
COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR. CIRCULAR ORIFICES. 31
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE.
The errors in the capacities of the measuring vessels due to
the differing temperatures at which the experiments were made
(ranging from 5o to 7o deg.), were found, by weighing, to be so
small as to have a negligible effect on the coefficients of discharge.
As regards the orifices, Hamilton Smith found that the discharge
was diminished one per cent. by a rise of 55 degrees in tempera-
ture, with an orifice .24 in diam. under heads from .56 to 3.2 feet.
Prof. Unwin found that it diminished one per cent by a rise
'of 144 degrees with an orifice .396in diam. under heads from I to
1.5 ft. Within the range of temperature under which the writer's
experiments were made these figures would only have the effect of
reducing the coefficients of discharge in the fourth decimal place,
which would not he observable on the diagrams.
HEAD MEASUREMENTS.
Various methods were adopted for measuring the head of
water under which the tests were made, which ranged from 2 in.
to loo in. For heads below 12 in. the vertical orifice plates were
placed at the required distance below the top of the water vessel,
being held in position by two small brass clips with a white lead
or soft leather joint. The head was measured as the distance of
the centre of the orifice below the surface of the water, which was
maintained as nearly as possible just on the point of overflow.
For the horizontal orifices a vertical gauge was used, the head
being measured above the plane of the orifice. The vessels for
maintaining the required head and in which the orifice plates were-
fixed, were of various shapes and sizes. The smallest was of five
gallons capacity, the next consisted of a drum to in. diam., 20 in
high, the next a carcular tank 2 ft. diam., 3o in. high (used.
for both vertical and horizontal orifices), and, for the greater heads,
a 4 in. diam. tube, 5 feet high, with a bend at the bottom (used
for small horizontal and sloping jets), and a 9 in. diam. tube,
8 ft. 6 in. high (used for the vertical or downward jets). In the
tanks and tubes ,yin. holes were made at the required intervals of
height and the level regulated so that the water would just trickle
out. The water was supplied to the tank and tubes by a hose, the
end of which was turned upwards in tests on the small orifices,
and was fixed so as to discharge into an internal submerged
vessel for the larger ones. The object of this was . to prevent,
as much as possible, currents and eddies, to maintain a head of
still water, and to avoid velocity of approach, due to the energy of
the hose jet.
The accurate measurement of the heads below 2 feet was a.
matter of difficulty, not so much on account of the measuring as
on account of the difficulty in regulating the supply so as to main-
tain exactly the head required. It is thought that an error of or
even i',, in. in the head may have occurred in any of the experi-
ments. While this error would be negligible under the greater
heads, it would have a material effect on the coefficients for the
small heads, and to this the writer principally attributes the
erratic results under the low heads observable on the diagrams.
VELOCITY OF APPROACH.
Care was taken that the diameters of the tanks and tubes wiere
sufficiently large in proportion to those of the orifices so as not
to cause the coefficients to be materially affected by velocity of
approach. The extreme case was that of the 4 in. orifice in the
9 in. tube under a head of loo inches, in which the velocity of ap-
proach computes to about 1 in. per second, as against a velocity
of 23 ft. per second at the vena contracta of the jet. In the hori-
zontal orifices much difficulty was experienced in preventing the
whirling of the water and the spiral motion and swaying of the
jet under low heads. With the .3 in. orifice it was found that
even in a tank eft. 6in. diam. containing still water, a vortex com-
menced to form and a whirling motion of the water to set in when
the water level dropped to 15 in. head. The effect was a slow
spiral motion of the jet, which (probably on account of contrac-
tion being suppressed along, the line of the spiral) increased the
discharge. As the head dropped the whirling increased and the
normal discharge decreased, till finally the jet came as spray in
the form of an inverted cup, and the normal discharge was greatly
diminished. This difficulty was finally overcome by placing four
vertical baffle plates or wings 2 feet long, in the bottom of the g
in. tube, reaching to within 6 inches of the orifice plate.
COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR CIRCULAR ORIFICES. 33
UPWARD JETS.
TABLE III.
Diam. of orifice 1 an
in inches •15 •2 '25 '3 '4 •5 '6 '75 over
Normal Coeff
of discharge '631 '630 '6285 •627 '624 '621 •618 '613 —
Critical head
in inches 65 55 45 32 25 22?-2 20 18 17
TABLE V.
Co-efficients of discharge for Standard Circular Orifices .
18 ,, ,, „ ,, '613 '643'623
17 "598 '599 : '603 '608 '614 '624 • 645
12 '600 '601 •606 ' 612 •618 '630 •653
9 '606
•604
•612 •619 •62 3'637 '660
6 •610 '612 '618 '626 •632 '643 '669
3 — — — '640 , '646 '657 '680
2 — — — — — '663 '683
TABLE VI.
COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR CIRCULAR ORIFICES. 37
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COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR CIRCULAR. ORIFICES. 39
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40 VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS :
DISCUSSION.
THE COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR
CIRCULAR ORIFICES.
The PRESIDENT said he had read Mr. Bilton's paper on "The
Coefficients of Discharge for Circular Orifices" closely and
with much pleasure, and appreciated the careful, honest work
of investigation disclosed and the useful material placed on re-
cord. He was, however, at issue with the Author in regard to
some of the conclusions Mr. Bilton deduced from his materials.
He did not question the conclusions as defining the Author's re-
sults within the limit of experimental error, or with sufficient
accuracy for practical work, but he did not think they could be
accepted without reservation as absolute laws.
The text, the diagrams, and the conclusions supported a
certain point of view i.e., that the coefficient when plotted in
relation to head gave a curve that became tangent, and either
DISCUSSION-THE COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE. 43
He trusted that Mr. Bilton would see his way to give the
Institute the benefit of other of his researches.
Mr. BILTON, in replying to the discussion, said there was
no doubt a great deal in the points the President had raised.
The dotted lines e d and e f on the diagrams, showing the co-
efficients as hitherto accepted, certainly indicated a very con-
siderahe decrease with an increase of head, whereas, according
to the latest evidence no definite decrease had been observed
under heads up to about 100 feet. He had given in the paper
in ;fable I, some of the results obtained by Messrs. Judd and
King, from which it would be seen that the coefficients to the
third decimal place were exactly the same throughout. These
results were contradictory to those hitherto accepted.
With reference to the curve on Diagram E and the constant
.598 which he had adopted for all the larger orifices, he had
searched for all the evidence available, and would like to quote
the results of 'experiments on larger orifices by General Ellis
(shown in the following table) :—
2 feet 1 .7 feet 5 88 ~
„ 58 '609 .604
9'6 '615
I foot 1.14 . 574
Ió88 'S94 }j '58 9
1 7'74 ' 599
'5 foot 2.15 '600
9'06 '6oI '599
17.26 ' S96
The mean result was .597 for orifices from 6 inches to 2 feet
-diameter. He had adopted .598 as the approximate normal' co-
efficient for orifices of 21 inches and upwards. There seemed to
he fairly good evidence in support of that figure.
With regard to small orifices, he had made another experi-
ment with the .15 inch orifice, which was of some interest. It
had been made by means of a double headed fire hydrant with a
pressure gauge attached, which had been tested and graded cor-
rectly as nearly as could be between 60 and 100 lbs. per square
inch. He had found great difficulty in getting a steady pressure
from the main, but succeeded in obtaining one test under a
sustained pressure of exactly 75 Ibs., during which the needle of
the gauge remained perfectly steady. That was equivalent to
DISCUSSION—THE, COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE. 45
PAPER.
THE ECONOMISING OF WATER IN IRRIGATION WORK.
Author/s:
Bilton, Henry John Inwood
Title:
Coefficients of discharge for circular orifices (Paper & Discussion)
Date:
1909
Persistent Link:
http://hdl.handle.net/11343/24410
File Description:
Coefficients of discharge for circular orifices (Paper & Discussion)