GROUP 1 ELEMENTS caesium and francium are denser than water.

It sinks in
1. Group 1 elements are: water.
 c) Melting and boiling points of alkali metals decreases down
 the group. As the atomic size increases down the group, the
 metallic bonding between the atoms of alkali metals
 becomes weaker. Hence, less heat energy is needed to
 overcome the weaker metallic bonding.
 d) Alkali metals become softer down the group.
2. These elements are known as ___________________________ 3. When alkali metals is cut, the surface becomes shiny and silvery
but it turn dull very fast due to the reaction with oxygen and
Physical properties water vapour in the air. Hence, alkali metals must be kept in the
1. General physical properties of Group 1 elements: _________________
a) All alkali metals are grey solids with shiny silvery surfaces
when freshly cut. Chemical properties
b) Alkali metals are soft solids and can be easily cut. 1. All alkali metals exhibit similar chemical properties. It is because
c) All alkali metals have low densities as compared to heavy these elements have ______ valence electron . Therefore alkali
metals. metals are very reactive and the reactivity increases down the
d) Alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. group.
e) Alkali metals have low melting points compared to heavy
metals. Li Na K Rb Cs Fr More
Element Potassium Copper reactive
Melting point (°C) 64 1083 2. The reactivity of an alkali metal is measured by the ease of its
Boiling point (°C) 774 2567 atom to lose its single valence electron to achieve stable noble
arrangement ( duplet or octet arrangement).
2. When going down the group: Li Li+ + e
a) The atomic radius( atomic size) increases gradually. It is ( 2.1) (2)
because the number of shells increases.
b) Density of the alkali metals increases gradually. Lithium, Na
sodium and potassium are less dense than water. Rubidium,
K

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3. The increase in the in reactivity down Group 1 can be explained c) Chlorine to produce metal chloride.
as follow: 2Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2LiCl (s)
a) All alkali metals have one valence electron.
b) Each atom of alkali metals will release one valence electron
to achieve a stable duplet or octet arrangement and form
an ion with a charge of _________
c) When going down Group 1, the atomic size of alkali d) Bromine to produce metal bromide.
_____________. Hence the single valence electron becomes 2Li(s) + Br2(g) 2LiBr (s)
further away from the nucleus that contains
_____________.
d) This causes the single valence electron to be more weakly
pulled by the nucleus. Thus, the single valence electron can
be released more easily down the group. 6. Safety precautions in handling Group 1 elements
e) As a result, the reactivity of alkali metals increases down the a) Alkali metals such as lithium, sodium and potassium must
group. kept in paraffin oil, whereas rubidium and caesium are
4. Alkali metals are good reducing agents, very reactive and very stored in sealed glass tubes.
electropositive. b) Avoid holding the highly reactive alkali metals with hands.
5. Group 1 elements exhibit similar chemical properties in their c) Wear safety goggles and gloves during experiment.
reactions with :
a) Water to liberate hydrogen gas and form metal hydroxide. GROUP 17 ELEMENTS
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH (aq) + H2(g) 1. Group 17 elements are:



b) Oxygen to produce metal oxides. 
4Li(s) + O2(g) 2Li2O (s) 
2. These elements are known as ____________________
3. Halogens are reactive non-metals. They exists naturally in
various mineral salts.

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4. Halogens exists as _____________________________ with c) Densities of halogens increases down the group the
molecular formulae of ____,____,____,____ and _____ increase of the atomic masses is bigger than the increase in
5. All halogens have high electronegativity. Fluorine is the most the volume down the group.
electronegative element. d) The colour of halogens becomes darker.
6. The electronegativity decreases down the group. The number of Halogen Physical state and colour
shells increases down the group. This causes the outermost Fluorine
occupied shell to become further away from the nucleus. Chlorine
Hence, the strength of the nucleus to attract electrons becomes Bromine
________________ Iodine

Chemical properties
Physical properties
1. All halogens exhibit similar chemical properties. It is because all
1. General physical properties of halogens:
the halogens have 7 valence electrons. The reactivity of the
a) All halogens have ____ melting and boiling points. This is
halogens decreases down Group 17.
because halogen molecules are attracted by __________
______________________________________________.
F2 Cl2 Br 2 I2 At2 Less reactive
Hence, little energy is needed to overcome it.
b) Halogens have low densities.
c) They do not conduct electricity.
2. The reactivity of halogen is measured by the ease of the atom to
d) Halogens are weak conductors of heat.
gain one electron to achieve a stable noble gas arrangement.
2. When going down Group 17:
F + e F-
a) The atomic radius of the halogens increases gradually down
(2.7) (2.8)
the group. It is because the increasing number of occupied
shells.
Cl
b) Melting and boiling points increase down the group. It is
because when the molecular size of the halogens increases,
Br
the forces of attraction between halogen molecules become
stronger. Subsequently, more heat energy is required to
3. The decrease of the reactivity of the halogens can be explained
overcome the stronger forces.
as follows:
a) All halogen have 7 valence electron.

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 b) Each halogen atom will gain one more electron to achieve
stable octet electron arrangement to form ion with charge
of ____
c) When going down the group, the atomic size of halogens
increases, thus the outermost shell becomes further away
from the nucleus.
d) Therefore, the strength of the nucleus of a halogen atom to
attract one more electron into the outermost shell to
achieve an octet electron arrangement decreases.
e) This causes the reactivity of halogens decreases.
4. Halogens are good oxidising agents because each of their atom
easily gains one electron to achieve stable octet electron
arrangement.
5. As the reactivity of halogens decreases down the group, the
strength as an oxidising agent also decreases down the group.
6. Group 17 elements exhibit similar chemical properties in their
reactions with
a) Water to produce two types of acids.
Cl2 (g) + H2O(l) HCl( aq) + HOCl(aq)
b) Iron to produce iron(III) halides.
2Fe (s) + 3Br2 (g) 2FeBr3(s)
c) Sodium hydroxide solution to produce two types of sodium
salts and water.
Cl2(g) + 2NaOH (aq) NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O
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7. Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements
a) Fluorine and astatine is not used in the school because they
are too dangerous.
b) Chlorine gas, bromine gas and iodine vapour are poisonous.
Iodine vapour is harmful to the human respiratory system.
c) Handle the halogens in the fume chamber.
d) Wear safety goggles and gloves.
EXERCISE
1. Element X has a proton number of 11 and a nucleon number of
23. Element X is placed between lithium and potassium in the
same group in the Periodic Table.
a) State two differences in the physical properties between
lithium and element X.
b) Predict how element X reacts with
i) water
ii) chlorine
c) Write the chemical equations for the reactions in b(i) and
(ii).
d) Between lithium and element X, which is more reactive in
the reaction with water? Explain your answer.
e) Why are lithium, element X and potassium placed in the
same group of the Periodic Table?
f) Write the formula of oxide of element X.
2. Table below shows the numbers of neutrons and nucleon c) How do the following physical properties between bromine
numbers of atoms L and M. and astatine differ?
Atom L M i. Melting and boiling points
Number of neutrons 5 20 ii. Density
Nucleon number 7 39 d) Do you expect the elements listed in the table above exhibit
the same chemical properties? Give a reason for your
a) Write down the electron arrangement of answer.
i. Atom L e) Astatine can react with iron.
ii. Atom M i. Describe briefly how to carry out this reaction in the
b) i. How are elements L and M kept in the laboratory? laboratory. Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-
ii. Give reasons for your answer. up of the apparatus used.
c) State two similar physical properties of elements L and M. ii. Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
d) Do elements L and M show similar chemical properties? iii. Predict what you can observe in (e)(i).
Why? f) State the precautions to be taken when handling chlorine
and bromine in the laboratory.
3. Table below shows the proton numbers and electron 4. Figure below shows the information regarding elements M and
arrangements for fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine and Q . elements M and Q are elements from Group 17 in the
astatine. Periodic Table.
Element Proton number Electron arrangement
Fluorine 9 80 M 127 Q
Chlorine 17 35 53
Bromine 2.8.18.7
Iodine 2.8.18.18.7 a) Element M can react with cold sodium hydroxide solution.
Astatine 2.8.18.32.18.7
Write the chemical equation for this reaction.
a) Write down the electron arrangement of
b) Compare the boiling point of element Q. explain the
i. Fluorine
difference.
ii. Chlorine
c) Between elements M and Q, which is more electronegative?
b) State the proton number of
d) How does the reactivity of elements M and Q differ? Explain
i. Bromine
briefly.
ii. Iodine
iii. Astatine