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Lecture 7&8 - Diffusion PDF
Lecture 7&8 - Diffusion PDF
WHY?
Many reactions/processes…
need transfer of matter from one component to another
material transport by atomic motion = diffusion
Key points:
why does diffusion occur
how diffusion rates can be predicted
how diffusion processes can be controlled
why diffusion is essential to materials processing
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING
3. STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS
4. IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS
5. DIFFUSION
12.CERAMICS
13.POLYMERS
14.COMPOSITE MATERIALS
15.CORROSION AND DEGRADATION OF MATERIALS
16.ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
17.THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
18.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
19.OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
EXAMPLE: Cu/Ni diffusion couple
BUT/
heat for an extended period
below Tm for both metals
Interdiffusion
Economically – good way of alloying high melting point materials
(cheaper than melting)
DIFFUSION MECHANISMS
i.e.
i.e.
M
J=
i.e.
At
1 dM
or J= J = kg / m 2 s
A dt
If J doesn’t change with time – steady-state diffusion
e.g. diffusion of gas through a thin metal plate (membrane)
i.e.
so = concentration gradient
dC
from this:
J =− D
dx
D = diffusion coefficient (m2/s)
-ve sign shows diffusion of atoms occurs from high C to low C
C A − CB ( 1 . 2 − 0 . 8 )kg / m 3
J =− D = − ( 3 x10 −11 m 2 / s )
x A − xB ( 5 x10 −3 − 10 −2 )m
= 2.4 x 10-9kg/m2-s
NON-STEADY-STATE DIFFUSION
∂C ∂ ∂C ∂ 2C
= D = D 2
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂x
Fick’s Second Law
Assume:
1. Before diffusion – any existing solute atoms in the solid are random at a
concentration of C0
2. x=0 at surface and ↑ into solid
3. t=0 at instant before diffusion commences
Cx − C0 x
so = 1 − erf
Cs − C0 2 Dt
Cx = concentration at depth x after time t erf(x/2√Dt) = Gaussian error function
(tabulated)
So if C0, D and C are known – Cx at any x can be found
EXAMPLE:
How long will it take to reach a carbon content of 0.8% at a distance 0.5mm below
the surface?
Species
relative size of atoms important
small atoms travel better than large ones
reason? obvious
Temperature
i.e − Qd
D = D0 exp
RT
D0 = temperature-independent diffusion constant
R = Gas constant = 8.31J/mol K
T = absolute temperature (K)
Qd = activation energy for diffusion
D0 = 1.2 x 10-4m2/s
Qd = 131kJ/mol
so
D = 8.1 x 10-15m2/s
PROCESSING USING DIFFUSION
• Case Hardening:
--Diffuse carbon atoms
into the host iron atoms
at the surface.
--Example of interstitial
diffusion is a case
hardened gear.
• Process:
1. Deposit P rich
layers on surface.
silicon
2. Heat it…
3. Result: Doped
semiconductor
regions.
silicon