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Cognitive Abilty Final Na
Cognitive Abilty Final Na
Cognitive Abilty Final Na
KENNETH JOVELLANOS
RESEARCH 9
MIRASOL A. VALLO
RESEARCH ADVISER
ABSTRACT
Toilet deodorizers also known as air fresheners or air deodorizers are used in
restrooms, washrooms and urinals to remove if not mask offensive and foul odor,
keeping them clean and pleasant smelling. These toilet deodorizers, inthe
crystal with a wet oily surface. PDCB is volatile and gives off penetrating
The researcher conducted the test with 3 replicates for every treatment.
The time taken to find the platform, speed and number of circles were
obtained every after a day during the experimental period for one week. A fter
a mean of 44.38sec in the time taken by the albino rats in finding the platform
while treatment 1 has the lowest mean with a mean of 37.46. Treatment 3
registered the highest mean in the average speed with a mean of .00196m.s
and the treatment 1 registered the lowest with a mean of .00121m/s. treatment
3 as for the average circles made on the the platform registered the highest
mean with a mean of 1.66 and the treatment 1 registered t he lowest with a
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mean of 0.29. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the mean of time taken by the
albino rats to find the platform after exposure to toilet deodorizer declared that a
statistical significance among the treatments was evident at 0.05 significance level. This
longer, the greater the struggle to complete Morris water test for the Albino rats.
Similarly, in the study of Slikker (2000) on the effects of neurotoxins on cognitive ability
based on performance. And the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the mean speed the
albino rats taken to find the platform between the control and the treatments declared that
a statistical significance is observed among the four groups. The table above shows that
treatment 2 obtained an average mean of .00107 m/s ranking the test animals in this
group to be the fastest among other groups. T- test further declared that a significant
treatment 1 and treatment 3 and treatment 1 and 2. And the Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) on the average circles made by the albino rats before reaching the platform in
Morris water test between the control and the treatments declared that a statistical
significance is observed among the four groups. The table above shows that the control
group obtained a circling average of 0.2 ranking the test animals in this group to be the
ii
Acknowledgement
This research study was supported by several individuals who shared their
ideas to complete this study. The researchers would like to thank everyone, especially to
the following individuals listed below who made this study possible.
To Our Almighty God, for giving the researchers courage and guidance to finish
this study.
To Ms. Mirasol Vallo, the researcher’s adviser, for giving pieces of advice to
improve the manuscript of this study and for guiding the researchers.
Also, the researchers give thanks to their families for giving sufficient financial
and moral support. Without them, the researchers would not be able to conduct this study.
The researchers would also like to thank their friends and classmates, Grade 9 Mendeleev
And to all the people who are not mentioned and help them finish this, thank you
very much.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page………………………………………………………...………………….……..i
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………..iii
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
Hypothesis…………………………………….………………………….………..3
Definition of Terms…………………………………………….…………….…4-6
Conceptual Framework……………...……………..………………..……...……10
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Design………………………..…………………………..……..….11-12
Materials………………………………………………….…………………..13-14
Procedure……………………………………...………………………..……13-14
Disposal of Materials…………………………………………………………….15
Statistical tool……………………………………………………..………..…….15
Summary…………………………………………………………………………22
Conclusions………………………………………………………………………23
Recommendations……………………………………………………..…………23
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………24-25
APPENDICES
A Statistical Computations……………………………………………..26-28
B Tables…………………………………………………………………29-30
C Plate……………………………………………………………….…31-32
i
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Toilet deodorizers also known as air fresheners or air deodorizers are used in
restrooms, washrooms and urinals to remove if not mask offensive and foul odor,
keeping them clean and pleasant smelling. These toilet deodorizers, inthe
crystal with a wet oily surface. PDCB is volatile and gives off penetrating
(Weber, 2013).
dispensing insecticides. It was adapted into a pressurized spray using a propellant. The
idea behind the product was to deliver a fine mist of aroma compounds to remain
suspended in the air for an extended period of time. Toilet deodorizers contain
(Dubey, 2014).
deodorizers and fumigants. Due to the easy availability of this chemical, there is a
considerable risk for accidental or intentional toxic exposure. Recently, multiple cases of
PDCB toxicity due to mothball ingestion were reported. PDCB toxicity can affect
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multiple organ systems including liver, kidneys, skin, lung and the central nervous
they contain chemicals that may carry toxins and may pose serious health
problems like allergy and asthma symptoms to name a few (Nix, 2017).
compounds and known toxins such as phthalate esters in their formulas. A Natural
Resources Defense Council (NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found
that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate asthma and
Generally, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of toilet deodorizer to
the albino rats the Albino rats before exposing it to Toilet deodorizer and after exposing it
to Toilet deodorizer. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following question:
1. What are the effects of exposing the albino rats to toilet deodorizer?
b) speed; and
c) circling information.
Hypothesis
This study will test the following hypothesis with the probability level of 0.05
different treatments:
b) speed; and
c) circling information.
Families
This study is beneficial to people who are using toilet deodorizer (especially a
household), this study will help them gain more knowledge about the ill effects of having
Environment
This study will benefit the environment because toilet deodorizer is also form of
The study has three treatments and three trials. The three trials were compared
and evaluated by cognitive ability of Albino rats. The study was conducted at the JICA
Laboratory of Calasiao Comprehensive National High School. The study was conducted
Albino Rats. A small mammal that has pink eyes, it is used extensively in laboratory
experiment. They lack the ability to make pigment, which means their hair is white and
their eyes are pink or red, as there is no pigment to cover up the color of blood (Lucas,
Chemical Complexes. A substances used or created at work could harm your health.
These chemical complexes could be dusts, gases or fumes that you breathe in, or liquids,
gels or powders that come into contact with your eyes or skin. There could also be
harmful micro-organisms present that can cause infection, an allergic reaction or are
toxic, many substances can harm health but, used properly, they almost never do
(Hunter,2012). In this study, chemical complexes these are the substances of toilet
deodorizer that can harm and it will test to the albino rats.
all points in a plane that are at a given distance from a given point, the center;
equivalently it is the curve traced out by a point that moves so that its distance from a
given point is constant. The distance between any of the points and the center is called
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the radius (Hazewinkel, 2001), Circling informationof rat will be tested in this study, this
refers to the number of circles made by the test animal before reaching the platform in the
Morris water test, used as determinant of the cognitive ability of the albino rats.
mental ability." of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels
the cognitive abilities to learn, form concepts, understand, apply logic, and reason,
including the capacities to recognize patterns, comprehend ideas, plan, solve problems.
(Johnson, 2010), Cognitive Ability of rat will be tested in this study,through Morris
Water Test.
Morris Water Test .Is a behavioral procedure mostly used with rodents. It is widely
learning, memory, and spatial working to be studied with great accuracy, and can also be
possible neural treatments, to test the effect of lesions to the brain in areas concerned with
memory, and to study how age influences cognitive function and spatial learning.
fumigant insecticide and repellent. Paradichlorobenzene turns directly from a solid into a
gas, a process called sublimation. The target organisms are molds, mildews, and insects,
but paradichlorobenzene can also be toxic to people and other animals. Most pesticide
products containing paradichlorobenzene in the U.S. are used to control clothes moths in
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deodorizers contain.
Speed.Is the magnitude of its velocity (the rate of change of its position); it is thus
the distance travelled by the object divided by the duration of the interval; the
instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the duration of the time interval
approaches zero (Wilson, 2002). Speed will be obtained by dividing the distance and the
restrooms, that typically emit fragrance. There are many different methods and brands of
air freshener. Some of the different types of air fresheners include sprays, candles, oils,
gels, beads, and plug-ins (Steinemann, 2009). This is also the Independent variable in this
study and toilet deodorizer can be found at the house of the researchers
Chapter 2
Albino Rats
The albino rats are a small mammal of the order Rodentia which bred and used
for scientific research. Albino rats are usually of the species Musmusculus. They are the
most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research in genetics,
Euarchontoglires clade, which includes humans. This close relationship, the associated
high homology with humans, their ease of maintenance and handling, and their high
reproduction rate, make albino rats particularly suitable models for human-oriented
research. The albino ratsgenome has been sequenced and many rats genes have human
have been used since the early days of scientific discovery and still contribute greatly
different diseases, and the effectiveness and the toxicities of various medicines and
chemicals. The genomes of many models have been sequenced, and many genes have
been found to be conserved between model organisms and human Scientists and
researchers rely on mice and rats for several reasons. One is convenience: rodents are
small, easily housed and maintained, and adapt well to new surroundings. They also
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reproduce quickly and have a short lifespan of two to three years, so several generations
Toilet Deodorizer
Toilet bowl cleaners and deodorizer are substances used to clean and remove
odors from toilets. Poisoning may occur if someone swallows toilet bowls or deodorizer.
activated charcoal and silica gel remove odorous molecules by attracting them to the
deodorizing substances, are sprayed into the air to absorb odors. In some industrial
processes, odor-containing air is scrubbed, i.e., bubbled through a liquid that dissolves or
emulsifies the odorous molecules. In personal hygiene, deodorants may be applied locally
on body surfaces. Because most body odor is caused by the action of bacteria on the skin,
many deodorants contain antiseptics that destroy bacteria; the antiseptic hexachlorophene
is no longer used in deodorants because it has been shown to cause brain damage. An
Cognitive Ability
ability to process to (thoughts) that should not deplete on a large scale in healthy
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individuals. It is defined as the ability of an individual to perform the various mental
activities most closely associated with learning and problem solving. Example includes
things like memory, the ability to learn new information, speech, and understanding of
written material. The brain is usually capable of learning new skills in the aforementioned
areas, typically in early childhood, and of developing personal thoughts and beliefs about
the world. Old age and disease may affect cognitive function, causing memory loss and
trouble thinking of the right words while speaking or writing, for example, can eventually
cause memory loss, an inability to grasp new concepts of information, and depleted
verbal fluency. Not all with the condition will experience this side effect, and most will
Conceptual Framework
To understand more about the factors involved in the study, the researcher
Independent Variable
Temperature
Intervening Variable
Dependent Variable
Fig 1. Paradigm of the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable of the study“
Cognitive Ability Assessment of Albino Rats (Rattusalbus) after Exposure to Chemical
Complexes of Toilet Deodorizer”.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
Parallel-group design was used in this study. Test animals which were not expose
to chemical complexes of toilet deodorizer served as control group. Three albino rats in
each treatment were exposed to complexes of toilet deodorizers in varying time namely
30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90. Each treatment had 3 trials. The presence of control
Table 1. Time Taken for the Albino Rats to Find the Platform
Day Ctrl T1 T2 T3
1 X X X X
2 X X X X
3 X X X X
4 X X X X
5 X X X X
6 X X X X
7 X X X X
1
12
Day Ctrl T1 T2 T3
1 X X X X
2 X X X X
3 X X X X
4 X X X X
5 X X X X
6 X X X X
7 X X X X
Day Ctrl T1 T2 T3
1 X X X X
2 X X X X
3 X X X X
4 X X X X
5 X X X X
6 X X X X
7 X X X X
13
Twelve male albino rats about 9 weeks, old approximately of the same weight were
acquired from Frankie’s petshop in San Carlos City under Bureau of Animal Industry
regulation ( BAI Registration No. PTS-0031). The albino rats were housed and given
access to food and water, ad libitum. The albino rats were acclimatized in the testing site
for five days prior to experimentation. All the animals used in the experiment were
treated as humanely as possible according to the specifications and guidelines set by the
Materials
The materials used in this study are the following: Three 100 grams of toilet
deodorizer bought in grocery. One 187.96cm wide, plastic water tub, 3 gallons of tap
water, 250 grams of flour dissolved in the water to make it turbid, gloves and face mask
Procedure
Prior to the experiment proper, the researchers first prepared the devise that used
to test cognitive ability. A plastic water tub usually used at home for washing
clothing’s will be filled with about 3 gallons of water. A platform which the
Albino rats will swim for and eventually sat on was situated at the center of the
The researchers prepared 3 groups each with 3 Albino rats. These groups were
namely T1-where albino rats are exposed to toilet deodorizer for 30 minutes, T2-
albino rat was trained to swim for the platform in plastic water tub filled water.
Each will be timed. Training stoped when the Albino rats were already familiar
with the path in finding the platform. Exposure of albino rats to different
treatments was done one day after the training. A fifteen – minute interval after
exposure will be observed before letting the Albino rats swam for the hidden
1
platform in the plastic water tub. The time it took for them to find the platform,
their speed and the number of circles they have to traveled to reach the platform
Data Collection
The seven-day test in assessing the cognitive ability of Albino rats after
following:
a) Time taken for each albino rat to find the platform after being hidden in
the plastic water tub. This was done by observing and recording the number of
b) Speed was determined by the distance traveled and time it took for the
Disposal of Materials
After the experiment, the water maze, gloves, mask that were used in the
experiment were put inside a plastic bag and the researchers tied the edges of the
plastic bag so that it will be secured. The researchers threw the plastic bag
containing the mask, gloves, water maze. On the other hand, the nine Albino rats
were allowed to recover from the experiment and will be used for the next
experiment.
sometime the researcher asked for the assistance of an adult. Prior to the conduct
of the study, a PDF manual on handling mice from Benguet State University was
read over and over again. A one week orientation on proper care and handling
was administered by the researchers adviser and the researchers were regularly
The researcher needed to be careful in handling the albino rats and using
thick gloves while holding the rats to avoid getting bitten. The 9 Albino rats were
allowed to recover from the experiment and will be used for the next experiment
Data Analysis
complexes of toilet deodorizer, the means for each trial per treatment was
16
This chapter presents all results and findings after the conducted experiments.
This research study tested the cognitive ability of the albino rats after exposure to
chemical complexes toilet deodorizer. Specifically, this study sought to answer the
following question: 1) What are the effects of exposing the albino rats to toilet
control and the three treatments, in terms of : a) time taken to find the platform; b) speed;
Parallel-group design was used in this study. Test animals which were not
exposed to chemical complexes of toilet deodorizer served as control group. Three albino
rats in each treatment were exposed to complexes of toilet deodorizers in varying time
namely 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90. The test animals in the three treatments were
tested using Morris water test. The rats were observed in the following: the time it took
for them to find the platform, their speed and their circling information, i.e. the number of
The tables on the next pages show the data gathered from the test parameters
of the study.
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Time taken for each albino rat to find the platform after being hidden in
Table 3.1 Average Time (in seconds) Taken by the Albino Rats in Finding
theplatform.
Treatments Mean
Control
(Before exposing to toilet deodorizer) 9.19 sec.
Treatment 1
(30 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) 37.46 sec
Treatment 2
(60 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) 39.44 sec
Treatment 3
(90 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) 44.38 sec.
The table shows that the test animals in Treatment 3 obtained the longest time
(44.38 seconds) to find the hidden platform in the plastic water tub as compared to the
other groups. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the mean of time taken by the
albino rats to find the platform after exposure to toilet deodorizer declared that a
statistical significance among the treatments was evident at 0.05 significance level. This
longer, the greater the struggle to complete Morris water test for the Albino rats.
Similarly, in the study of Slikker (2000) on the effects of neurotoxins on cognitive ability
based on performance.
19
Figure 2.1 Average mean of time finding the platform (seconds) in each treatment.
b. Speed
Speed is determined by determining the distance traveled and time it took for the
Table 3.2. Average speed of the albino rats after exposure to chemical complexes
of toilet deodorizer.
Treatments Average
Control
(Before expose to toilet deodorizer) .00471 m/s
Treatment 1
(30 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) .00121 m/s .
Treatment 2
(60 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) .00107 m/s
Treatment 3
(90 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer) .00196 m/s
20
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the mean speed the albino rats taken to
find the platform between the control and the treatments declared that a statistical
significance is observed among the four groups. The table above shows that treatment 2
obtained an average mean of .00107 m/s ranking the test animals in this group to be the
Speed (m/s)
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
Control Treatment1 Treatment2 Treatment3
Speed (m/s)
Figure 3.1 Comparison of speed of the albino rats before finally reaching the platform in
the control and 3 treatments.
21
c. Circling information
Below is the table showing the number of circles made travelled by the albino rats
Table 3.3 Average circles made by the albino rats before reaching the platform
Treatments Mean
Control
.
(Before exposure to toilet deodorizer) 0.29
Treatment 1
(30 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) 0.86
Treatment 2
(60 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer 1.34
Treatment 3
(90 minutes exposure to toilet deodorizer.) 1.66
The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on the average circles made by the albino
rats before reaching the platform in Morris water test between the control and the
treatments declared that a statistical significance is observed among the four groups. The
table above shows that the control group obtained a circling average of 0.2 ranking the
Circling information
2
1.5
0.5
0
Control Treatment1 Treatment2 Treatment3
Figure 4.1 Comparison of number of circle before finally reaching the platform in the
control and 3 treatments
Chapter 5
Summary
This research study aimed to determine the cognitive ability of albino rats when
answer the following questions 1) What are the effects of exposing the albino rats to
the different treatments, in terms of : a) time taken to find the platform; b) speed; and c)
circling information?Parallel-group design was used in this study. Test animals which
were not expose to chemical complexes of toilet deodorizer served as control group.
Three albino rats in each treatment were exposed to complexes of toilet deodorizers in
varying time namely 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90. The test animals in the three
treatments were tested using Morris water test. The rats were observed in the following:
the time it took for them to find the platform, their speed and their circling information,
i.e. the number of circles formed before landing themselves in the platform. The gathered
rats.
2. The Cognitive ability of the Albino rats exposed to chemical complexes of toilet
in the results of the time it took for the albino rats to find the platform and their
circling information.
23
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were drawn:
greater the struggle to complete Morris water test for the Albino rats. Evidently,
between the control and the experimental, those test animals which were exposed
Recommendations
were formulated:
3. Lastly, the researcher recommends to inspect and observe the lungs of the
LITERATURE CITED
Blum, Richard H.; Blum, Eva Marie (2002). The Dangerous Hour: The Lore of Crisis and
Mystery in Rural Greece. Scribner.p. 336.
Das, J.P. (2002). "A Better look at Intelligence". Current Directions in
Psychology. 11 (1): 28–32. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00162.
Elkind, D., &Flavell, J. (2013). Studies in mouse development: Essays in honor of
Jean Piaget. New York: Oxford University Press Guide for the Care and Use
of Laboratory Animals. 8th Ed. ILAR, NRC. National Academic Press .
www. Nap.edu. 2011.
APPENDIX A
Statistical Analysis
SUMMARY
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 2.433333 2 1.216667 0.698389 0.501592 3.158843
Within Groups 99.3 57 1.742105
Total 101.7333 59
27
SUMMARY
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 451.2318 2 225.6159 0.248513 0.7808 3.158843
Within Groups 51748.23 57 907.8637
Total 52199.46 59
SUMMARY
ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between
Groups 533.3937 2 266.6969 0.303701 0.739209 3.150411
Within Groups 52689.34 60 878.1557
Total 53222.73 62
29
APPENDIX B
Tables
Table B.1. F-test result for the time taken to find the platform rats
Statistical Analysis
Table B.2. F-test result for the Speed of the Albino rats.
Statistical Analysis
Table B.3. F-test result for the Circling information of the Albino rats.
Statistical Analysis
APPENDIX C
Plates
Toilet Deodorizer
Flour Gloves
Water Tub
Mask
Plate 1. Materials that were used in the study entitled “Cognitive Ability Assessment of
Albino Rats (Rattusalbus) after Exposure to Chemical Complexes of Toilet Deodorizer”
Plate 2. Water maze used in the study entitled “Cognitive Ability Assessment of Albino
Rats (Rattusalbus) after Exposure to Chemical Complexes of Toilet Deodorizer”
32
Plate 3. Albino rats that were used as an experimental unit in the study entitled“Cognitive
Ability Assessment of Albino Rats (Rattusalbus) after Exposure to Chemical Complexes
of Toilet Deodorizer”
Plate 4. Albino rats while doing the experiment on the study entitled “Cognitive Ability
Assessment of Albino Rats (Rattusalbus) after Exposure to Chemical Complexes of
Toilet Deodorizer”