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    CHUONG 5. QUY HOACH TRUC GIAO 5.1. Quy hogch trye giao va tinh chat Me dau Gia sir ta lam N thi nghiém dé do y, ta duge bang sé TT XI X2 y 1 Xi X12 YI 2 X21 X22 Y2 N xNI xN2 XxNk yN Gia thiét: =O, 40,4, Hy, +. Ot, HE &-NOo) y=0, +0,x, +0,x, +..+0,x, (Phuong trinh hdi quy ly thuyét) Bing phuong phdp BPCT ta tinh duge: Ba(XTXP(XY) Trong dé: (Nl )G2)Gwd ) (x1) (60) (1) (2 Joa) 32 a Ye LMG) a)Gw) BN bk ‘Thay B vao phuong trinh ta duge: p=, +bx,+b,x, +.+b,x, la phuong trinh hdi quy thye nghiém. X 1a ma tran ding dé tinh toan, Bay gié ta xét van di 6 thi nghiém it nhat - Tinh todn gon - Bao dam mite dé chinh xe 5.1.2. Dinh nghia quy hoach tree giao (QHTG) QHTG [a quy hoach bé tri cdc thi nghiém sao cho ma tran: WM IO2)-Gu) (41) (8m )--Ca) gu c6 thé bé tri ede thi nghigm sao cho: Ou) )a)) C6 tinh chat: dx x,=0 ilachisé thi nghiém; m, j 1a chi s6 bién (m, j=0,k): Tich hai vecto cét bat ky biing khong. Dé 1 tinh chat trye giao. Khi m=0 thi xjo=1 véi moi i nén suy ra: x, =0;¥j +0: Téng cdc phan tir trong mot cot bat ky (trit e6t 1) déu bang khéng. 5.1.3. Tinh chat cia QHTG Dya trén phuong phép BPCT-chi khdc 14 chi déng bé tri cde thi nghigm. Do 46 cae két qua cia phuong phip BPCT déu ap dung duge cho QHTG. Cy thé, dya vio cae dinh ly ciia phuong phap BPCT ta suy ra tinh cht cia QHTG. * COng thttc tinh cdc b, don gian (Dya theo PP BPCT)-(Khéng chimg minh) Lk NS 5.2. Quy hoach tru giao cp mot 5.2.1. Dinh nghia Mét cach bé tri thi nghigm sao cho quy hoach tryc giao va c6 thém tinh chat: (as = 0K) Téng binh phuong cac phan tir eta m6 5.2.2. Tinh chit Khi d6: =yo Seoul 6t ding bing sé thi nghiém (N). 5.2.3. Ma trén ctia QHTG cap 1 Khi k=2 (6 bién) ta c6 mé hinh: yobytbixrtbaxy (O-D-D y_)OeDen Me-DED Lanner, Sé6 thi nghiém: Khi k=3 ta 06: yobotbixrtbextbsx5 (QX-D-DCD) @ODEDED OCDED-D _| O@DEDED “| OEDEDED OGD-DAD OCDEDGD MGDEDGD ma tran X 14 +1 va -1, Nhung khodng bién thién cua uu néi chung khae véi [-1,+1]. Vay ta phai tim cdch bé tri thi sao cho X ¢6 tinh chat tryc giao. Goi bign thye t8 14 Z;; j=1,K; ZininSZi Zine Van dé dat ra la di bién dé x=#1. Goi ming tes LOA Kiém dinh cdc két qua: Vi dinh cdc gia thiét théng ké hoan toan giéng nhu da trinh bay trong phan PP BPCT, bao gm: | * Kiém tra Dé=o" Vi o’ khong biét nén ta ding phuong sai tai sinh dé wéc lugng 0°. Ni kién lam nhiéu thi nghigm tai méi diém thi ta cé thé tinh s*, nhu sau: Lam no thf nghigm tai tam, tite 18 xy-x2-......-x4-0 khong cé didu le, zee c ty do La noel * Kiém ta 0-0 ta lam nh cf. Chi y: Khi 6 8, nao 46 bing khéng, nghia 1a x; thyc sy khéng anh huéng true tiép dén y nén thay di. Trong truéng hop chung thi phai lam lai v6i mé hinh méi (khong c6 x; tham gia), Nhung trong quy hoach tryc giao thi cdc b; khong tong quan nén khéng phai lam lai thi nghigm va khéng phai tinh lai cdc bj#40 da 6. * Kiém dinh sy pho hgp cia mé hink: G day cé thé ding phuong sai tdi sinh bang cach lam n thi nghiém tai cdc diém nhung Jam no thi nghigm tai tam. 5, d mi quan hé gitta y va 21, 72, 25 100<7<200; _20 Phi hop Cuéi cing phai déi ve bién that: 5.2.6. Vai hn xét va két ludin vé kha (1). QHTG cap 1 c6 thé xae dinh cdc hé Y= DB, ‘Néu kiém dinh khéng phi hgp ta cé thé gia thiét mé hinh cd dang bac hai khéng hoan chinh P= Bo + Bim + Bak + Bi Spix,+ Doe, (Teng quit) Xap Khi do ta dat x3=x)x ta duge: 3 =Ba + Bix + Bax +Byx5 > dura vé tuyén tinh ba bién, Khi dé ma tran quy hoach La: N x0 XI x2 x3 I 1 : : 1 2 + + : = 3 + - + = 4 + + + + Ta thay X thoa man tinh chat cha QHTG cp I. Tinh toan nhw trén ta xac dinh duge cae b; (j=0,3). Kiém dinh nhu ci. (2). Gap mé hinh dang: yea, +a.x,+a,x7, +..+a,x", thi dit bién mdi: * ta duge: 4, +4,%, +4,x, +..+¢,x, mé hinh tuyén tinh n bién. Ding phuong phap QHTG cép 1 xée dinh céc hé si BPCT, (3). Mét s6 trong hyp mé hinh dang y=f(x), cing o6 thé bién ddi dé tre vé tuyén tinh (bang phuong phdp doi bign, dat an phy va do dé ding duge QHTG cp 1). am 46 khng phai chi déi véi ham mét bién, ma ngay ca 4éi voi ham nhigu n sO mign La diéu kién cho phép. Tite la sau khi bién di thi tinh chat true giao cua ma trén X van duge bao dam. . Néu khéng duge thi ding PP (4). Néu truéng hgp bac hai khéng hoan chinh va kiém dinh khéng phi hgp thi ta phai gid thiét m6 hinh 1a bac hai hoan chinh. Y= By +B + Boks + Bitty + Bye + Boks =D +E Bas, +B, ‘Truong hop nay néu ta cing bién déi nhu trén thi X khéng con tinh chat tre giao nita, Ta phai quy hoach thi nghiém theo kiéu khac. Dé 14 QHTG cap 2. (8). G trén ta da xét quy hoach véi X=2* goi la quy hoach toan phan Boi khi ngudi ta xét quy hoach riéng phan. Khi dé N-2‘"!, N=2*?, ..., N=2"?, Xét truéng hop: N=2*"; * Khi k=3, khi do Y= Bo + Bx, + Box: + Boxy Ne2?=4 (OCVCDED) (XDD) =| OFDDD) page x2, =| OODCDED ODED OCDEDED (oeDenen) OeDEn-D) Cét xs c6 thé xde dinh bing cach: Xs=XiXp (X7,) hoe xy=-K1Xp (47, ) * Khi k=4, khi d6 + Bax, + Bax, ic dinh bang cach: Xa=KiXaXs Thi dy vé QHTN riéng phan: Nghién ctru qua trinh bién tinh nhém bang Molipden (Mo). Tham s6 ra 1a y (sé hat nhém/1em’). c tham rao: Z;: khéi hrgng Mo dura vio (%) Zz: Nhiét 46 qué nung (°C) Zs: Thdi gian qué nung (phi) Z.: c6 tinh chat dinh tinh va chi nbn hai gid tri: - Lam ngugi nhanh - Lam ngugi chém Gia tr 6c ciia cdc tham 6, cn trén va can duéi cia cdc bién va AZ; cho trong bang sau! Yeuto Ham lugng Mo | Nhiét_d6 qua) Thoi gian qué] Toc do nguoi (%) nung (°C) nung (phit) Dat bien Z Zr Zs Za Gid tri ge Z*, | 0,40 840 60 - (Mite co sé) AZ, 0,15 100 60 - Can trén 0,55 940 120 Lam ngudi nhanh C4n dudi Z, 0,25 740 0 Lim ngudi cham a, Ma héa va lap ma tran thye nghigm Gia sir m6 hinh 1 tuyén tinh V=0, +0,x, +0,x, 1O,x, +O, Dé xdy dung ma tran thye nghiém ri éng phan ta dat: X4HX)XpXy hay 1=X yy Ta lam luén ba thi nghigm 6 tam: no=3 ‘ai tién hanh N=2*=16 thi nghiém. TT Xi X Xs I a 90. +/+] [pe 69) 130 36 95, 81 100 es 80 lS lS 82 olefo|+]+]+]+]+]+]+]+]x =J=)<]@]3]e]e]4J=)n| Ele Se elefel=|+}+]=]° olefel+} 78 Bae ty do ciia phuomg sai tai sinh: ny-1=3-1=2 Ding phuong sai tai sinh dé ude lugng 0° d, Kiém dinh 0-0; Chon mite ¥ nghia «=0,05, Tra bang Student vi bac tw do m=nor1=2 ta durge to=2,92, ~ _ 81,3 114,552, = 16,7 Nén moi hé s6 cing c6 nghia. ém tra su phi hgp ctia mé hinh 5 Tinh phuong sai du: Chon mite ¥ nghia «0,05. Tra bing ta c6 F.=19,2 thing kh ke bing 4 hoge 5 ta cé thé to 1, khi k bing hod 27 ta chon p=2; khi k=8 hode 9 ta chon p=3. Vige chon nay cd bao dam sé6 thi nghigm lén hon s xc dinh trong mé hinh thong ké. nh lip phuong an thi nghigm nhu sau: - Dau tién ta chon trong k nhan t6 (bién vao) k-p nhan té chinh va k-p nhan t6 chinh dé nhan cdc gié tri nhw trong quy hogch thi nghigm toan phan. = Sau 6, gid tri cia p nhan t6 cén Iai, tai mdi thi nghiém sé phu thude v ao gid tri ita cée nhan t6 chinh tai thi nghigm 46, theo p h@ thie goi 1 p h@ thie sinh. Che cin ty chon sao cho ma trén thi nghiém cia mé hinh Muédn vay théng thudng 6 thé chon p thite sinh dang: Trong dé: x; khong phai la cde nhan 6 chinh va xj1, X2,...Xjs 14 cde nhan t6 chinh. . Ké hoach thye nghigm bac 1 hai mite t6i wu (84) 1. Ké hoach bac 1 hai mite t6i wu toin phan (Ké hoach 2*) (84) 3.1. Ké hoach bie 1 hai mite t6i wu riéng phan (Ké hoach 2") (90) Cée wu diém cia ké hoach bac mét hai mite ti wu (95) |. Quy hoach true giao cAp 2 Khdi nigm vé QHTG cdp 2 Khi kiém dinh mé hinh tuyén tinh hode mé hin pha hgp thi vi QUTG cép 2. Xét mé hinh bac hai day du: 0,+3°0,x, + Oy, + 0x? ip hai khng day dui ma thay khong sit dung quy hogch trye giao cp | khng higu qua. Ta phai xét dén j= eo Qen Deas + +¥0,x7 Van dé dat ra 1 phai quy hoach thi nghiém thé nao dé duge mé hinh théng ké y biéu dign gan ding tét nhat y. Negudi ta dé nghi mét cach bé tri thi nghiém nhw sau goi li QHTG cap 2. Gém ba loai thi nghiém Loai 1: Gdm n,=2*" hodc 2” thi nghiém giong nhu QHTG cap 1 é gm 6 tam (x\=0, x2=0, ....x,=0) tg vdi (2!,z3,....21) Loai 3: Gom n,=2k thi nghiém bé tri trén u +h géc toa do mét doan >0 sao cho ma tran X truc giao, tite 1a ldy xa. Vay téng sé thi nghiém 14: N=2"+no+2k Ta sé xét cdc van dé sau day: - Xay dymg ma trn X - Tim cdc hé - Kiém dinh két qua Xéy dung ma tran X (Ma tran thie nghiém) Dé theo di phuong phap, ta xét k=2. Khi k>2 cach lam cing tuong ty. =O, +0,x, +0,x, +0,.%,2, +0,.05 + Lie nay: n,=2?=4; n=2.2=4. Ma tran X cé dang: Cr) DE Ir EO Del del Ve) (D+ lore De 4) De eV oF) 1) (Jol Jorl Fe eF) © 1 ).0)..(0).-(0) (0). 0) (D4 )(0)-.0).-.(a7).-(0) (a ).(0)(0) oa )-(0) ()..(0). Ca ).n(O)n(O)(a *) {1.0} (a0)... (0).. (09. Néu ta chon a ya hai ct x?;x3 khéng khéo thi ma tran khéng cé tinh chat tryc giao vi Yer 207-12 Dxin, 4004) Dé gidi quyét kh6 khan d6 nguoi ta Lim nhu sau: a. Chon a: 21 ty ag? jay 2h +207): ve Voi k=2 ta 06: >a=1 waSix,= u=6,Tix, u=8,95x, Hoan toan tuong ty ta tinh duge x, Ma tran X khi dé: (IO) IO YE) | (DL (Hol Jeno (DV elon app (ae Jen (1)..(0)..(0)..0).(- MED). Dol 2 OED.0)..O IED WO)... AB 1 4 3 1).0).(-1..00).(- 2 ( Ma trdn nay 16 rang c6 tinh chat trye giao. 5.4.3. Cite cing thice tinh todn Luu ¥ Dé kiém dinh sy phi hgp cua mé hinh ta van so sénh hai phuong sai tai sinh (4a biét) va phuong sai du duge tinh nhur sau cin ae dinh cdc diéu kign dé dat duge d6 phn hity cyc dai hyp chat Borat bang hén hgp cdc axit sunfurie va axit phétphoric. Bac phan tich cua y phy thude vao Z. al 6 cia axit phitphoi Gia trj chinh va khoang bi éu té cho trong bang sau: TT, Zi Zs Ze 2, 55 80 32,8 a, 2 20 188 30SZ<80 15SZ, 60SZ;<100 145Z4551,6 Tit cfc thi nghigm so bG thy ring, cdc didu kig cae théng sé ta dung QHTG c: t6i uu tién hanh qué trinh nam trong 2. y=0,+ yo JX, FO ay $0) Ms +O. 2, 4055095 405,452, 405,054, + 10 px? é lap ma tran thyc nghiém ta chuyén tir z sang x: x, Sé6 thi nghigm voi k=4 1a 2+1+2.4-25 | ¥25.2? -2" = v2=1,414 anv Lot poet Lig 4 Qh 20*)=x} Fat +2a)=)-$ TT [XO [XI [x2 [X3 [X4 |x ee i a fi fifi _|i (02 102 [02 [02 2 [#4 a ft ft [02 [02 [02 [0.2 3 #1 a ft ft [02 102 [02 [0.2 4 [al 4 fl [-t—(*([0.2 020.202 3 [al at ft {0.2102 [020.2 6 “1 aA [aA [02102 fo.2 [02 7 [al a at ft (02102 [02 [0.2 8 [a a fat fat _(02 102 [02 [02 9 A aA fa st_—([0.2 0.2 fo.2 [0,2 [741 10__[#1 aft _[=t_[02 [02 [0.2 [0.2 [32 n/a HW -l fal_[02 02 [02 [02 [745 12 (41 +1 fl [=t_—([0.2 [02 f02 [0.2 [296 3H asi |[1_[0.2 702 Jo? [0.2 [948 4 [41 a fal at_([0.2 [02 fo.2 [0.2 [496 is [41 a1 [a__|=1_[0.2 [02 [0.2 [0.2 [6x6 i [a [ai [a [a [a [02 [02 [o2 [02 [518 7 | [0 |o 0 [0 0,8 [-0.8 [08 [61.8 is _|+1__|+i4 [0 0/0 “0,8 [-08 |-0,8 [95,4 9 [a1 |-14 [0 0 (0 0,8 _[-08 [-0,8 [41,7 20-10 [#4 joo 12 [0,8 [-0,8 [79 a [ajo [14 jo fo 12 [-08 [-08 [424 2 [41 [0 ‘0 +14 [0 08 [12 [08 [77.6 23 [71 lo 0 14 [0 “0,8 [1,2 _[-0,8 [58 24 [aio [0 0 “4 0,8 [-08 [12 [456 25 [+1 [oo 0 fi4 “08 [-08 [12 [523 Tinh bj, s, theo cde céng thite da cho by = 61,545, =4,5:b,, = 0,2 1b, =17,34:by, = 1,35, =1,2 by = 6. Arby = 4,09:B,, = 0,56 by =4,Tyby, =-5,34:b,, = 0,76 b, = 4,37, = 2,180, * Kiém dinh Dé=0" . Ding s?- mudn tinh phwong sai tai sinh ta lam bén thi nghiém tai tim 4 =58, 7% y2 = 69% = 1 Sy? = 60,9% 1 =4 2 Iyhae s=3Lo * Kiém dinh cac hé sé: Ye) =5,95 f= = 0,238 5,4 = y0,238 = 0,4878, 0,297 s,, = [0,297 = 0,545 75-0371 > sy, = YO37T= 0,61 0,743 > s,, = 0,743 = 0,864 3 64; t4=8,04; t12=3,57; tra tao 1,5; ty374,73; tyy6,22; toy-0,915 tra=1,25; t4=3,8 197; ti=5,2; Chon a=0,05 bac tur do ny-1=4-1=3, Tra bang t,=2,35. So sinh ta thay: BrsiBysiBuiBaiBre =O Vay phuong trinh héi quy c6 dang: POL 54417, 37x, +6,4%, +4, Tx, —4, 37x, +2, 1 5 +1, 9x, +4,51-0,8)+-4,09(x,2- 0,8} 5,342 0,8) =58,94.17,37, +64, 44, 7x, 4.37%, +2, 18x, +1, 9%x, +4544, 09x7-5,34x2 Kiém dinh sy pha hop cia mé hinh: Ta da tinh 3; =5,95 bac ty do 13 1 8 Nae yO Bac tir (Bac ty do cia phuong sai du, V1, fl, N-l): 15 Bac miu (Bac ty do cia phuong sai lap, V2, £2, no-1): 3 Chon a=0,05, Tra bang Fisher ta duge F,=8,6. F mé hinh phu hop. ‘Thay vao ta cé: y =90,64—0,2422, 0,072, + 0,352, —0,00388Z,Z, + 0,00506Z,Z, +0,00722,7+-0, 01202, 0,0152) 5.5. Ké hoach thu nghigm 5.5.1, Mé ta ving phi tuyén (ving hau nhu én dinh) (114) 5.5.2. Cac ké hoach bie hai trye giao (115) Cae ké hoach bac hai tam xoay (119) Cée vi du (131) CHUONG 6. CAC KE HOACH THC NGHIEM DAC BIET (177) 6.1. Phuong php don hinh dé ké hoach héa thye nghigm va t6i wu héa (177) 6.2. Ké hoach héa tién héa cdc thye nghiém (181) 6.3. Ké hoach thie nghigm khi nghién citu biéu dé thanh phan-tinh chit (184) 6.3.1. Phuong phdp mang don hinh, Ké hoach manh don hinh Scheffe 3. Ké hoach trung tm don hinh 4. Ké hoach thyc nghiém khi nghién ctru mét phan biéu dd Ké hoach t6i wu D Ké hoach véi su cue tiéu hoa sai sé cé tinh hé thong Ké hoach héa thye nghiém khi nghi én ciru quan hé phu thugc eta tinh chat vio 16 cdc cu tir CHUONG 7. TOI UU HOA THUC NGHIEM 7.1. Cae burée thye hign t6i wu héa thye nghi Bude 1 ~ Xée dinh m§t diém xudt phat nim trong mign gidi han tng thé cua cdc bién dau vio. Chon diém dé lim mite co ban, chon khoang bién thién cia timg bién dé xéc dinh mién gidi han ciia quy hoach thyc nghiém tryc giao Bude 2 ~ Lim cae thi nghiém theo quy hoach trye giao cdp mot - Xay dung phuong trinh hdi quy bie nhat . Néu phwrong trinh hdi quy bac nhat khéng twong thich thi chuyén tai thye hién bude 4 ‘Néu phuong trinh hdi quy bac nhat tuong thich thi thyc hign burdc 3. Bude 3 = Xée dinh vecto gradient cia ham muc tiéu tai mtte co ban va xuat phat tir mire co ban xéc dinh toa 49 cdc diém thc nghiém nim céch déu nhau trén hudng cua vector gradient véi khoang cdch ty chon phi hop véi déi tuong nghigm dé xdc dinh mot diém c6 gid tr] ham myc tigu tot nl Chon diém tim duge lim diém xudt phat méi va quay vé bude 2. Bude 4 - Lam céc thi nghiém theo quy hoach cép hai (tre giao hdc quay). BubeS ~ Xay dymg phuong trinh héi quy bic hai - Néu phuong trinh hdi quy bac hai khéng tuong thich thi chuyén (6i thyc hign bude 6 - Néu phuong trinh hdi quy bac hai tong thich thi thye hign buede 7. Bude 6 - Thu hep khoang bién thién ciia cdc bién dau vao roi quay vé bude 5. Bude 7 = Tim eye tri etia ham mue tiéu thu duge & dang phuong trinh hdi quy bac hai thu duge 6 bude 5 va lam lai thye nghiém dé kiém chimg va danh gid két qua. 7.2. Quy hogch thye nghigm tim eye tr) 7.2.1. Dit bai todn Ta d& ding cdc phuong phap binh phuong cue tiéu, QHTG cép 1 va QHTG cp 2 dé tim méi quan hé gitta y va cae x; (i=1,k) duéi dang da thite bac nhdt hode bac hai, Luu ¥ rang céc da thie 46 biéu dign gan ding 46i tugng that. Bay gig hay tim x’,,x,...x, sa0 cho Ron) 2 YC Xeon ky) WO pak) ED 1X) yyy) ED Liic nay e6 th phuong phap ciia quy hoach toan hoc tuong img dé tim ee tri, Néu m6 hinh 1d tuyén tinh thi ding cde phuong phap cia quy hoach tuyén tinh, néu mé hinh la phi tuyén tinh thi ding cde phuong phdp cia quy hoach phi tuyén tinh, ~ Néu khéng théa mén véi 49 chinh xde cia mé hinh théng ké da thu duge (chang han con nghi ng& mi dinh con qué réng nén d6 chinh xdc qua thd) thi trude khi ding cde phuong phap ciia quy hoach ton hgc ta phai tim cach thu hep ving chita diém eye tri, hay néi mot cach van tt ta phai d ting thy nghigm dé tim viing cue tr. NOi dung chit yéu ctia chuong nay la xét cach giai quyét thir hai. Theo cach nay, cdc phuong phap quy hoach thyc nghiém dé tim cye tr chia ra lam hai giai doan: GD1: Tim ving chia diém cue trj bat dau tir mé hinh cp 1 au khi tim duge ving chia diém eye tri ta ding QHTG cfp 2 dé xay Trong giai doan 1 lai cé thé ding mét trong hai huéng + Huéng ding dao ham (PP leo déc Box-Winson) + Hung khong ding dao ham (tim kiém) (PP don hinh déu) 7.2.2. Phuong phip leo dic Box-Wilson 7.2.2.1. Noi dung ciia phuong phap: Ta biét rang, vecto gradien cua ham y=f(x) tai diém xo (ky higu grad f(x) chi ra lugng ting nhanh nhat cua ham y tai diém x. grady (x) LE, AOD, Peo) ax, ax, ax, Trong do: 2 ZL dao ham rigng theo bién x; + its iy vig la ede vector don vi theo ey, cdc true toa N@i dung cia phwong php Box-Winson nh Xét mGt mién con Dy€D. TAm cita Do la Zy va Zo ting véi x9. QUITG cép | tim phurong trinh hdi quy bac nhat: y nt Db t= f(x) ai Xo, Kiém dinh sy phi hop cia > néu ) phi hgp véi m6 hinh nghia 1a mat cong y xp xi duge mat phang thi Do khong phai la diém cyc tri. Bude chuyén sang ving con D, duge thyc hign theo huéng grad f{(Xo). Theo huéng ny ta ctr di cho téi khi ham y khdng ting duge nia. Ta duge diém méi- voi diém méi ta lap lai qué trinh nhu trén, Cir Lim nhu vay cho téi khi phuong trinh bie nhat khéng phi hgp ntta— Ta tim duge ving chita diém cyc tri. Ta chuyén sang giai doan hai. 7.2.2.2. Thudt todn leo doc: a. Tinh cdc thanh phan cia gradien Gia sit ta dang 6 diém xo ta muén chuyén ti { x theo hudng gradien tai Xo. Theo khai trién Taylo, ta c6 fla)= fo Ea, 2, +d Le aca, ty ans Néu ta ldy gin ding an sé hang béc nhdt thi tir xp dén x ham f da ting durge mét lugng 1a Néu 6 mign Dy mé hinh 1 tuyén tinh thi Vi vay, him fda ting duge mot d: ByAx, +byAx, +. BAX, b. Chon nhan té co sé va tim bude di: Dé tim bude di qua nhat ta sé dé y téi sé hang nao trong ham trén ting lén. nhigu nhdt, Bién tuong img 1a nhan t6 co sé. Ta goi cdc khoang bién déi tong img theo bién that 18 Az,; j=1,k. Tim chi sé j’ dat: b.Az. =maxb,Az, Vay j" li chi sé nhin 6 co sé. - Ta chon d9 dai buée cho nhan té co c. Tién hanh thi nghigm - Goi Zo Li am mién Dy trong toa d6 that, ky higu 14 diém Mo. Véi do dai buée 6 trén. Ta dén M, c6 cdc toa dd: hf =1k Lam thi nghigm do két qua ta duge y), Ctr lim nhu vay ta duge mét day cde yo, Yise-ssYae Vita Lim vita do vita so sanh: Yy <3, > tiép tuc Lam yy », S¥pa > Mat cong bat dau gidm. Ta dimg lai ¢ M,-1 véi trung tém mién nghién ctu mdi D,. Kiém dinh sy phi hop cia phuong trinh bac nhat. Néu thoa man thi ta lai tim 46 dai bude va Lim thi nghiém, Cit nhu vay cho dén khi m6 hinh bac nhat khong phi hop ndtaTa dén ving cute tr}. 7.2.2.3. Thi du: Tiép tuc thi dy nghién ctru qué trinh bién tinh nh6m bang Mo. Bang QHTG cp | ta da duge mé hinh: y=83,1+20x)+11,9x9-5,1%3-9,4X, Va kiém dinh mé hinh thay phit hgp. Az, = 20.0,15 11,9.100 5.1.60 baz, Taco: b Az. =b,Az, nghia 1a j'=2. Vay nhan té co sé 1a Z. Ta chon bude hy=h)=10°C (tang nhigt d6 qué nung). baz,” 1190 Yéu t6 Z, cé tinh chat dinh tinh va chi lay gid tri +] va-1. Vis6 x, 4m nén trong tat ea cde bude ta lay Z, am. Cie gid tri chuyén déng leo dée cho trong bing. Thi nghigm 12 cho két qua t6t nhat (366 hat/Icm’), BG Ién cia tham sé t6i uu théa man yéu cdu cua ngudi nghién ciru nén pong phap quy hoach dimg lai. TT |Danh mye %Mo(Zi) |Nhiétd> |Thdigian [Toc dd | (y) SO nung (Z»)_| nung (Z,) hat/Icm? by 20 119 “5.1 biAZ; 3 1190 60 Budch 0, 10 3 TN tuong duong | 0, 850 37 Nt 0,46 860 34 10. TN thyc 0.49 870 51 108 TN twong duong | 0,52 880 4B Nt 0,55 890 45 11_[TN thye 0,58 900 42 196 i2_ [Nt 0,61 910 39 366 13_[Nt 0,64 920 36 313 TIN tuong duong | 0,67 930 33 14__[TN thye 0,70 940 30 142 Thy ra 6 day ta mei ti diém min nén ta dig Iai 7.2.3. Phuong phip don hinh déu tim cue tri 7.2.3.1. Duong Idi chung: Mét don hinh déu trong kh6ng gian k chiéu c6 tam gée toa do 14 mot da dién c6 dung k+1 dinh cach déu géc toa d6 va 06 d6 dai cdc canh bang nhau. ‘Trong khéng gian mét chiéu, don hinh mét doan thing. Trong khéng gian hai chiéu, don hinh déu 4 mét tam giée déu. Trong khéng gian ba chiéu, don hinh déu 1 mét hinh chudng tam gide déu. au tién ta tién hanh k-+1 thi nghiém xuat phat sao cho cdc diém thi nghiém la cdc dinh cia don hinh déu néi trén, Ta duge k+1 két qua ra: y;, ya,.-..Yi1- SE €d mot diém thi nghiém img voi két qua ra kém nhat. - Ta thay diém dé bang diém phan chiéu cia né qua tim cia mat déi dién. Diém anh cling véi cdc diém cén Iai cia don hinh ci lai tao thanh mét don hinh déu méi, so sinh cac két va sé tim duge diém thi nghigm img véi két qua ra kém nha G day e6 ba vin dé cin giai quyé -Xay dung don hinh xuat phat thé nao’ ~ Chuyén tir toa d6 gia x, sang toa d6 that nhu thé nao? - Tim cdc ta d6 cua diém anh thé no? 7.2.3.2. Xay dung don hinh xudt phét . Ngudi ta chimg minh duge ring, céc toa d cia k+1 dinh cia don hinh déu trong khéng gian R* li cdc toa dé cla k+1 véc to hang cia ma tran sau: (EV) OIG) CREDO) EW Den) OPEN) EDO De) (YONI Jona Kaen) x= (OOx0, c ix, ju Nx, Jee X,) (O}(O}(O) o.oo CHD) Xy psoees(%) {(0)(0)(0)...-40)(). (-s,) } Trong 46 x; tiy chon, cde x; khéc (j=2,k) dirge tinh theo céng thite sau: % Tig) Tam cua don hinh 1a (0,0,0,.....,0) 46 dai canh 1a a=2x. Khi k=6, x,=0,5 tire 14 a=1 ta cb: 0,5, K=2 K=3 K=4 K=5 K=6 -0,5 0,289 0,204 0,518 0,129 0,109 0 0,289 0,204 0,518 0,129 0,109 0 -0,578 0,204 0,518 0,129 0,109 0 0 -0,612 0,518 0,129 0,109 0 0 0 -0,632 0,129 0,109 0 0 0 0 0,109 0 0 0 0 -0,654 Chuyén toa d6 x, sang toa dé Z, van theo céng thite: ‘ +1 dinh. Gia str dinh Z' img voi két qua ra bé nhat. Mat d6i dién dinh Z; tao thinh bai céc dinh cén lai Z; (i#1). Trude hét ta tinh cdc toa d6 diém trong tim cita tt dign: Dinh méi Z' déi ximg véi dinh bé di Z' qua trong tm Z*. Vay: Fess Lk EAE) DZ! = 22-2! 97} 7.2.3.4. Thi du: Ngudi ta di nghién ecru phan tmg xay ra theo so db 4+B+C+D trong dung dich rugu. Chat lugng va sé lrgng san pham D (ky higu y) phy thuéc vao cac yéu té: Z;: Thoi gian phan tg (gid) Zo: Néng d6 rugu trong dung dich Zs: Nong dé chat C Za: Nong 46 chat D Zs: Nong 46 [B/A] Bang yéu t6 cho nh sau: TT A 2 26 2s Zz 2,0 0,65 0,1 0,25 12 ‘AZ, 02 O15 0,025 0,05 02 Ding phwrong phap don hinh déu voi k=S, ta c6 ma tran X: (0,500 0,289 0,2040 0,1580 0,129 ) 0,5 0,289 0,204 0,158 0,129 0 0,578 0,204 0,158. 0,129 0 0 0,612 0,158 0,129 o 0 0 0,632 0,129 0,645) Bién déi sang cdc bién Z bing ede céng thite _ Z,-0,10 0,025 * Khi d6, ma tran ciia don hinh ban dau véi kich thuée that c6 dang (ta c6 sdu dinh ctia don hinh du): TT N Zi Zp Zs Za Zs y Z I 2,10 [0,693 [0,105 [0,258 [1,225 [0,760 Zz 2 1,90 [0,693 [0,105 [0,258 [1,225 | 0,491 Zz 3 2,00 [0,564 [0,105 [0,258 [1,225 [0,513 z 4 2,00 [0,650 [0,085 [0,258 [1,225 [0,675 Z 5 2,00 [0,650 [0,100 [0,218 [1,225 _| 0,693 Z 6 2,00 [0,650 [0,100 [0,250 [1,075 [0,666 Y la gid tr) do duge, Theo bang y2=min(y;, y>,.. Ta bé dinh Z? thay né theo anh xa phan chiéu, ta durge dinh Z7 déi xtmg v6i Z? qua mit tao bai cde diém 1,3,4,5,6 Tinh toa d6 trong tam C ciia mat tao bai cde diém 1,3,4,5,6 =2,02 3.0,65+0,564+0,693 ) = 0,641 5 290 =20NS*0.08542.01 .a99 0,285 +0,218 +0,250 _ 9 a9¢ 3 ie) 2254 Toa dé: 2 =27 70) =2.202-19 Z) =2.0,641-0,693 = ” = 2.0,99-0,105 Z{? =2.0,298-0,258=0,238 zs Diém méi thir 7 cling véi cdc diém con lai tao nén mét don hinh 1,3,4,5,6,7. Ta sé c6 bang sau: N Zi Z: Zs Za Zs y I 2,10 0,693 0,105 0,258 1,225 0,760 3 2,00 0,569 0,105 0,258 1,225 0,513 4 2,00 0,650 0,085 0,258 1,225 0,675 3 2,00 0,650 0,100 0,218 1,225 0,643 6 2,00 0,650 0,100 0,250 1,075 0,666 7 2,14 0,589 0,093 0,238 1,165 0,810 Sau khi tién hanh thi nghiém 7, diém kém nhat cia don hinh 1,3,4,5,6,7 1a diém thir ba. Hinh chiéu cia né qua mat 1,4,5,6,7. Loai dinh Z°, thém vao dinh Z° déi xtmg voi Z* qua mat 1,4,5,6,7. Toa d6 tam C cua mat 1,4,5,6,7 1a: 70 = BUEB2+2 18. gag 2.0 = 0:69343, O.s5s0.589 = 0,646 250 = AOSHI ROO 096 20 — 20285-02184 9,250 40,338 _ 9 964 Zz S28 HOTS AS. 3 Tir day ta tinh duge Z* Z\" =2,04;2" = 0,633;22 = 0,098; ZS =0,247;20" = 0,190; Z Z Zs Za Zs y 2.10 0,693 0,105 0,258 1,225 0,760 2,00 0,650 0,685 0,258 1,225 0,675 2,00 0,650 0,100 0,218 1,225 0,693 2,00 0,650 0,100 0,250 1,075 0,666 214 0,589 0,093 0,238 1,165 0,810 2,04 0,633 0,098 0,247 1,190 0,792 9 ,792 nn Logi Z° ing voi Y=min(1,4,5,6,7,8). Thém Z’. Ctr tiép tue nhu vay dén khi dat duge 7.2.4. Quy hogch thyc nghigm gidi bai todn nhiéu myc tigu 7.2.4.1. Dat bai tod Trong thyc té thuéng xuat hién bai todn: Trong mét hé théng ca TAY}, Yay--osYm G61 V6 k ign V0 X1, X2...4Xk nghién iru méi qua hé ciia m bi sau khi nhan. duge mé hinh biéu dign cdc méi quan hé dé, cin tim m6t phuong dn trong mién rang bude cho true sao cho dat duge cue tri ciia m mye tiéu. Bai toan cue tri néu trén cé thé phat biéu nhu sau: Xét m ham, k bién F(X Xaver Xy) LX pr%4) Feu Xap %p) Hay tim diém (x/,x;....,xj) sao cho: SOG sees) 2 KOK Xpsees Xs) POR 5K) AO Xp seoe Lalo oe0 8) 2 Sal eFayen he) Voum_ ed 6 Ia bai ton quy hoach da mye tigu, Trong thye &8, rit kh6 e mot diém .¥) Tam eye dai m mue tigu cing mét lie nhu vay. Do 46 diém (4,2...) Iy tuéng ngudi ta tim diém Oe: thudng goi 14 diém ly tung va thay vio viée tim dié wu theo mét nghia nao 46. Nhu vay, QHTN gidi bai toin nhigu myc tiéu chia ra kim hai giai don: GDI: Xay dung m6 hinh gdm m phwong trinh héi quy. Dé lam diéu nay ta van hanh N thi nghigm nhwng tai mi diém thi nghigm ta khéng chi do gid trj cia mét bién ra ma cita m bién ra yi, Yo..--sYm Khi dé ta c6 bang: N XX Xi [ZZ Zu [Yt Yo seevenees Yu 1 Yu Yiz, Yim 2 Yar Y22, Yam N Nm mdi bign y;, yo,....Ym cach xdy dug mé hinh va kiém dinh van nhur ed. im diém tdi wu chung cho m mé hinh, Bén day ta 6 hai céch: - Néu ta théa mn y6i d9 chinh xc cua cde mé hinh thi ta chi vig phuong phap quy hogch da mye tiéu dé tim eye tri. ~ Néu ta khéng théa man véi d6 chinh xdc cia cée m6 hinh thi ta phai lam tiép bang quy hoach thyc nghiém. Ta sé xét ph wong phap Harring ton. 7.2.4.2. Pucong phép Harrington a, Té hop cdc muc tiéu: Harrington ding phuong phip té hop céc mye tiéu thinh mt mye tiéu chung bing vige dua ra m6t him mong muén dang: O- Nady Trong 46: qi, qa...-4dim HA ede ham ctta ys, You.es¥n VA Yis Youss¥or lai 1a ham eda x), XayeonaXke QEF (1, Xa. K) OD m nh thé nao? Harrington dé nghj chon; sao cho Kai y tét nhat trong mét khong mong muén thi qj=1. Con y; xau nat nghia 18 ngoai khong mong muén thi q=0. Céc gid trj trang gian cia q; cho theo thang gid tr sau: Nhung chon q, yj qi Rat tot 0,8-1 Tot Dat | Xau Rat xau $6 di chon 0,37 va 0,63 vi 1/e=0,37 va 1-1/e=0,63 Dé tim biéu thite lién hé gitta q, v .m) Harrington lam nhw sau: Gia st: y

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