INTERNSHIP REPORT

(1/12/2018 -- 22/12/2018)

Submitted by:

Maria Beven

Second Year Undergraduate Student,

Department of Civil Engineering,

Sathyabama Institute of science & Technology

1
 INDEX

______________________________________________________________________
Sno. Page
no.

Contents
1 Aknowldgement 3

2 Introduction 4

3 EHS Department 17

4 QA/QC Department 27

5 Project Execution 63

6 Planning 77

7 Conclusion 80

______________________________________________________________________

2
 Aknowldgement
I am very thankful to LARSEN &

TOUBRO CONSTRUCTIONS BUILDINGS &

FACTORIES INDIPENDENT COMPANY

for having given me the opportunity

to undertake my Internship training

at commerzone (a new age business destination) at Porur ,

Chennai . It was a very good learning experience

for me to have worked at this site as this project involved

many unique construction practices and challenges. I

would like to convey my heartiest thanks to Mr

Subramaniam who heartily welcomed me

for the internship.

I would also like to give my heart--‐

felt thanks to Mr .S VADIVAZHAGAN Project manager.

Mr. KV HARIPRASATH QA/QC Head who guided and

encouraged me all through the summer training and

imparted in--‐depth knowledge of the project. Also

I would like to thank Mr. G. Bhanu Prakash,

Planning Manager and Mr. Rengarajan , Formwork incharge

who assisted and guided me whenever I

3
needed help. I would like to thank all

the department heads of L&T Construction,

RAHEJA CORP and JLL for giving their precious time

and valuable guidance during my internship

program.

Last but not the least; I would like to

thank all the staff at L&T Construction ,
JLL

RAHEJA CORP, for being so helpful during this

summer training.

Name: Maria Beven

Date: 21 December 2018

INTRODUCTION

ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

Larsen & Toubro Limited is the biggest legacy of two Danish

Engineers, who built a world-class organization that is

professionally managed and a leader in India's engineering and

construction industry. It was the business of cement that

brought the young Henning Holck-Larsen and S.K. Toubro into

4
India. They arrived on Indian shores as representatives of the

Danish engineering firm F L Smidth & Co in connection with the

merger of cement companies that later grouped into the

Associated Cement Companies.

Together, Holck-Larsen and Toubro, founded the partnership

firm of L&T in 1938, which was converted into a limited company

on February 7, 1946. Today, this has metamorphosed into one of

India's biggest success stories. The company has grown from

humble origins to a large conglomerate spanning engineering

and construction.

Larsen & Toubro Construction is India’s largest construction

organisation. Many of the country's prized landmarks - its

exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest industrial

projects, longest flyover, and highest viaducts - have been built

by it. Leading-edge capabilities cover every discipline of

construction: civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation.

L&T Construction has the resources to execute projects of large

magnitude and technological complexity in any part of the

world. The business of L&T Construction is organized in six

business sectors which will primarily be responsible for

Technology Development, Business Development, International

Tendering and work as Investment Centres. Head quarters in

Chennai, India. In India, 7 Regional Offices and over 250 project

sites. In overseas it has offices in Gulf and other overseas

locations.

5
L&T Construction’s cutting edge capabilities cover every

discipline of construction – civil, mechanical, electrical and

instrumentation engineering and services extend to large

industrial and infrastructure projects from concept to

commissioning.

L&T Construction has played a prominent role in India’s

industrial and infrastructure development by executing several

projects across length and breadth of the country and abroad.

For ease of operations and better project management, in-depth

technology and business development as well as to focus

attention on domestic and international project execution,

entire operation of L&T Construction is structured into four

Independent Companies.

• Hydrocarbon IC

• Buildings & Factories IC

• Infrastructure IC

• Metallurgical & Material Handling IC

• Power Transmission & Distribution

• Heavy Engineering

• Shipbuilding

• Power

• Electrical & Automation

• Machinery & Industrial Product

BUILDING & FACTORIES

The Buildings & Factories Independent Company is equipped with the

domain knowledge, requisite expertise and wide-ranging

6
experience to undertake Engineering, Procurement and

Construction (EPC) of all types of building and factory structures.

• Commercial Buildings & Airports

• Residential Buildings & Factories

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS & FACTORIES

L&T undertakes turnkey construction of a wide range of

residential buildings and factory structures. Projects are

executed using the cutting edge technology, sophisticated

construction equipment and project management tools for

quality, safety and speed.

• Residential Building

• Factories
FACTORIES

L&T offers design and turnkey construction of heavy and light

factories, cement & plants including Defence Projects using the

latest construction technology, with a focus on Quality, Safety

and Speed. The spectrum covers

• Heavy & Light Factories (HLF) –Automobile & Ancillary Factories,

Glass plants, Food processing Factories, Pharmaceutical plants,

Warehouses & Logistics Parks, Workshop Complexes, Solar thin

film manufacturing units, etc.

• Cement & Plants (C&P) – Cement Plants, Sugar Plants, Distillery

Plants, Food Grain storage structures, Pulp & Paper Mills, Textile

Mills etc.

• Defence – Construction of Manufacturing Facilities and Warehouse

Facilities for Defence.

7
SERVICE SPECTRUM

L&T Construction’s range of services includes:

• Pre-engineering, feasibility studies and detailed project reports.

• Complete civil and structural construction services for all types of

buildings, industrial and infrastructure projects.

• Complete mechanical system engineering including fabrication and

erection of structural steel works; manufacture, supply, erection,

testing and commissioning of plant and equipment; heavy lift

erection; high-pressure piping; fire-fighting; HVAC and LP/ utility

piping networks.

• Electrical system design, project electrification, automation and

control system including instrumentation for all type of industrial

and telecom projects.

• Design, manufacture, supply and installation of EHV switchyards,

transmission lines.

QUALITY POLICY

At L&T, Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) is given the highest

priority. The EHS policy enunciated by the Corporate

Management lays emphasis on Environment, Health and Safety

through a structured approach and well defined practices.

8
Systems and procedures have been established for

implementing the requisites at all stages of construction and

they are accredited to the International standards of ISO

9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.

1.1 HEALTH SAFTEY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

9
HR POLICY

10
WORK CULTURE

Work Culture emphasises:

11
 • Freedom to experiment
• Continuous learning and training
• Transparency
• Quality in all aspects of work
• Rewards based on performance and potential

TRAINING

Human Resources Department believes that Quality is the

hallmark of any successful venture. Quality Training and

Development of Human Resources is realized through:

Identifying training needs within the Organization and designing

and implementing those need based training programs to bring

about continuous up-gradation of knowledge, skills and

employee attitudes.

VISION & MISSION

VISION

L&T shall be professionally managed Indian multinational

committed to total customer satisfaction and enhancing
shareholder value. L&T shall be an innovative entrepreneurial
and empowered team constantly creating value and attaining
global benchmarks. L&T shall foster a culture of caring trust
and continuous learning while meeting expectations of
employees, stakeholders and society.

12
MISSION

To achieve excellence in the field of Engineering, Procurement and

Construction through world class practice and standards in quality,
Safety and Project

13
Management.

PROPOSED – PROJECT

K RAHEJA CORP IT COMMERZONE PORUR,CHENNAI.

14
 THE PROJECT DETAILS

PROJECT – IT COMPANY

CLIENT – K. RAHEJA CORP

CONSULTANT - JLL
CONTRACTOR - L&T CONSTRUCTION BUILDING &
FACTORIES

15
TYPE OF CONTRACT – LUMPSUM CONTRACT

CONSTRUCTION PERIOD –

DEFECT NOTIFICATION PEROD - 365

DAYS PROJECT COMPONENT - •
ENGINE SHOP

• IT COMPANY

• SALOON

• GYM

• CANTEEN

• ROAD AND ADMIN BUILDING PACKAGE

UNDER L&T -

PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA –

PORUR,CHENNAI
AREA UNDER SCOPE – 6.2 ACRES

CONSULTANT – K.RAHEJA CORP

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

Chennai is a bustling metropolis and has become one of the most

important technological zones in the country. In the middle of this
booming city is Commerzone Chennai, one of the top IT parks in Chennai
developed by K Raheja. The Commerzone Chennai is one of the largest
IT parks in Chennai and includes a number of amenities, living spaces
and recreational areas in addition to prime office spaces. It located in
Porur, one of the best connected localities in Chennai. Because of its
location advantage, Commerzone Chennai is located close to the best
colleges, schools and healthcare centres in the city.

16
Commerzone Chennai is among the most renowned IT parks in Chennai
because of its superior connectivity to many important facilities.
Families working here can find quality residential spaces at a cost lower
than other metro cities. There are also a number of prestigious schools
and colleges, so your children are sure to receive a world-class
education. Porur is located in close proximity to the Chennai airport,
making it easily accessible by road and air.

EHS DEPARTMENT

GENERAL EHS RULES &REGULATIONS

 No workmen below 18 years and above 58

years of age shall be engaged for a job.

 All workmen shall be screened before engaging

them on the job. Physical fitness of the person

to certain critical jobs like working at

height or other dangerous locations to be

ensured before engaging the person on work.

The final decision rests with the site

management to reject any person on the

ground of physical fitness.

 Visitors can enter the site after EHS

induction with the visitor pass. He should

be provided Safety helmet & safety Shoes,

also he should be accompanied with the

responsible person of that area.

 Smoking is strictly prohibited at workplace.

17
 Sub--‐contractors shall ensure adequate supervision

at workplaces. They shall ensure that all

persons working under them shall not

create any hazard to self or to the co--‐

workers.

 Nobody is allowed to enter the site without

wearing safety helmet. Chinstrap of safety

helmet shall be always on.

 No one is allowed to work at or more

than two--‐meter height without wearing full body

harness and anchoring the lanyard of full body

harness to firm support preferably at

shoulder level.

 No one is allowed to enter into workplace

and work at site without adequate foot protection

(including female worker).

 Usage of eye protection equipment shall

be ensured when workmen are engaged for

grinding, chipping, welding and gas cutting. For

other jobs, as and when site safety co--‐

ordinator insists eye protection has to be

provided.

 All PPEs like shoes, helmet, full body

harness etc. shall be arranged before starting

the job as per recommendation of the

EHSO.

 Rigid barrication must be provided around the

excavated pits, and barrication shall be

maintained till the backfilling is done. Safe

18
 approach is to be ensured into every

excavation.

 Adequate illumination at workplace shall be

ensured before starting the job at night.

 All the dangerous moving parts of the

portable/fixed machinery being used shall

be adequately guarded.

 Ladders being used at site shall be

adequately secured at bottom and top.
 Ladder shall not be used as work
platforms.
 Erection zone and dismantling zone shall

be barricaded and nobody will be allowed to

stand under the suspended loads.

 Horseplay is completely prohibited at workplace.

Running at site is completely prohibited

except in case of emergency.

 Material shall not be thrown from the

height. Proper arrangement of Debris Chute

can be installed.

 Other than the electrician possessing B

licence with red helmet, no one is allowed

to carryout electrical connection, repairs on

electrical equipment or other job related

thereto.

 Inserting of bare wires for tapping the

power from electrical socket is completely

prohibited.

19
 All major, minor accidents near misses and

unhygienic conditions must be reported.

 All scaffoldings/ work platform shall meet

the requirement. The width of the working

platform and fall protection arrangement shall

be maintained as per the Standard. All tools

and tackles shall be inspected before use.

Defects to be reported immediately. No lifting

tool&tackle to be used unless it is certified

by the concerned Engineer Incharge / P&M

engineer.

 Good house keeping to be maintained. Passage

shall not be blocked with materials. Material like

bricks shall not be stacked to the dangerous

height at workplace.

 Debris, scrap and other material to be

cleared then and there from the work

place and at the time of closing of work

every day.

 Contractors shall ensure that all their workmen

are following safe practices while travelling in

the company’s transport and staying at company’s

accommodations.

 Adequate fire fighting equipment shall be

made available a workplace and persons to be

trained in fire fighting techniques with the

co--‐ordination of EHSO. 26. All the unsafe

conditions, unsafe act identified by the contractors,

20
 reported by site supervisor and / or safety

personnel to be corrected on priority basis.

 No children shall be allowed to enter the

workplace.
 Workwomen are not allowed to work at high-
-‐risk areas.
 Other than the Driver/operator, no one shall

travel in a tractor / tough rider etc.

 Wherever the vehicle/equipment has to work near

or pass through the overhead electrical

lines, the goal post shall be installed.

 Identity card should always be displayed and

shown when demanded. 32. Any person

found to be interfering with or misusing

fixtures, fittings or equipment provided in the

interest of health, safety and welfare would

be excluded from site.( like using helmet

and fire bucket for carrying the material, removing

the handrails, etc.)

 Visitors must use safety helmet before

entering the Site.
 Safety signs and notices must be displayed
and followed.
 Transistor radios or personal stereos / Walkman
must not be used.
 All site personnel, for their own safety

and for the safety of others, are required to

fully comply with the agreed safety systems/

procedures and working method.

21
 Consumption of alcohol and drugs is prohibited.

 No person is to operate any mechanical /

Electrical equipment unless they have been

authorized and have been certified as

competent.

 Take Food only at the designated area

(like dinning, Rest Room etc). The

Waste food, PVC/Paper covers need to

be dumped in the Dustbin. The House keeping

gang on regular intervals will clear this. Also

hand / vessels should be washed in

the same area with proper drainage.

 No workers should enter the site with

lunghies and dhotis.
 No body should sit / sleep on the
floor edges.
 Don’t enter inside the room where there
is no light.
 Don’t take shelter under the vehicle or in
an electrical installation rooms.
 Look for warnings signs, caution boards and
other notices.
 Must be aware about the locations of the first

aid canter, fire extinguisher, emergency assembly

point and emergency siren.

 No floor opening, floor edges should be

left unguarded
 Training is must for all scaffolders and only

trained scaffolders should make platforms.

 Don’t keep loose materials at height.

22
  Permission should be taken for all earthworks
from P&M Department.
 Those who are violating the safety norms
will be penalized.
 Female workers should not be engaged on work
between 7.P.M. To 8 A.M.
 Physical fitness check shall be carried out
for crane operators & Drivers.
 PPE Shall is provided to visitors at gate.
 No smoking sign boards shall be kept
at flammable and combustible material

o Storage places.

 Debris, scrap and other materials shall be

disposed daily at closing hours of

 the day by the same crew.

 Environment poster shall be displayed at site
as and when required
 Depending upon the activities in progress.

 Fire points should be placed at all required

areas

Use of Personal Protective Equipment and safety devices

relevant to

site activities.

• SAFETY APPLIANCES

23
The requirement of sufficient number of safety

appliances are planned well in advance and

made available at stores.

• HEAD PROTECTION

Every individual entering the site

must wear safety helmet, confirming to IS:

2925--‐ 1984 with the chinstrap fixed

to the chin.

• FOOT AND LEG PROTECTION

Safety footwear with steel toe is essential

on site to prevent crush injuries to our toes

and injury due to striking against the

object.

• HEARING PROTECTION:

Excessive noise causes damage to the inner

ear and permanent loss of hearing.

To protect ears use ear plugs / ear muff

as suitable
• EYE PROTECTION

Person carrying out grinding works, operating

pavement breakers, and those involved

in welding and cutting works should wear

safety goggles & face shield suitably. Goggles,

Safety Spectacles, face shield confirm to IS:

5983--‐1980.

• EAR PROTECTION

24
 Ear Muff / Earplug should be provided to those working at places

with high sound levels (confirm to IS: 9167-1979).

• HAND AND ARM PROTECTION:

While handling cement and concrete & while carrying out

hot works like gas cutting, grinding & welding usage of

hand gloves is a must to protect the hand,

1) COTTON Gloves (for materials handling)-

-‐IS: 6994--‐1973
2) RUBEER Gloves--‐18” (380/450mm long)

electrical grade, tested to 15000

Volts conforming to IS: 4770--‐1991

3) LEATHER Gloves – hot work /

handling of sharp edges

• RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Required respiratory protection

according to the exposure of hazards to

be provided.

• SAFETY NET

Though it is mandatory to wear

safety harness while working at height

on the working platforms, safety

nets of suitable mesh size shall

be provided to arrest the falling of

person and materials on need

basis.

25
• FALL PROTECTION:

To prevent fall of person while working

at height, personnel engaged more than

2m wear standard Full Body harness

should be conforming to IS: 3521--‐1999(Third

Revision).

1) Lanyard should be of 12mm Polypropylene

rope and of length not more than

2m.

2) Double lanyard, based on the requirement.

26
 QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL

DEPARTMENT

Quality is the key component which propels performance and

defines leadership traits. At L&T Construction, Quality

Standards have been internalised and documented in Quality

Assurance manuals. L&T Construction recognizes the crucial

significance of the human element in ensuring quality.

Structured training programmes ensure that every L&T

employee is conscious of his/her role and responsibility in

extending L&T Construction’s tradition of leadership through

quality. A commitment to safety springs from a concern for the

individual worker – every one of the thousands braving the

rigours of construction at numerous project sites. L&T,

Buildings & Factories IC has a well-established and documented

Quality Management System (QMS) and is taking appropriate

steps to improve its effectiveness in accordance with the

requirements of ISO 9001:2008. Relevant procedures

established clearly specify the criteria and methods for effective

operation, control and necessary resources and information to

support the operation and monitoring of these processes.

27
QUALITY IMPLEMENTATION AT SITE

L&T, Buildings & Factories IC has established procedure for

monitoring, measuring and analyzing of these processes and to

take necessary actions to achieve planned results and continual

improvement of these processes. It has also maintained

relevant procedures to identify and exercise required control

over outsourced processes, if any. Systems and procedures

have been established for implementing the requisites at all

stages of construction and they are accredited to the

International standards of ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and

OHSAS 18001:2007. L&T continues to maintain the trail blazing

tradition of meeting the stringent quality standards and

adherence to time schedules in all the projects.

PROJECT QUALITY PLAN (PQP):

The Project Quality Plan is prepared and formulated as a

Management Summary of Quality related activities required to

meet the terms of contract. This Quality plan sets out the

Management practices and describes the Quality Management

System based on PDCA (Plan, Check, Do and Act) Principle. The

Project Quality Plan comprises of two sections:

A. VOLUME I

SCOPE:

The contents of this document are applicable to “SHOP

CONSTRUCTION FOR M/s. FORD INDIA Pvt. Ltd.” and

“Construction of Civil and Structural works for M/s. FORD

INDIA Pvt. Ltd. At Sanand, Gujarat” that will be carried out

28
 by Larsen & Toubro Limited, Buildings & Factories IC for

FIPL. In preparation of this document, due regard has been

paid to the requirements of ISO 9001: 2008 series of

System Standards.

PURPOSE:

This Project Quality Plan is prepared and formulated

as a Management Summary of Quality related activities

required to meet the terms of contract. This Quality plan

sets out the Management practices and describes the

Quality Management System.

TESTS ON CEMENT

CONSISTENCY

AIM

To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement

paste of standard consistency as per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988.

PRINCIPLE

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that

consistency which will permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a

point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

APPARATUS

VICAT APPARATUS

29
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose

permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g Gauging

trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982

PROCEDURE

i) Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a

weighed quantity of water.

The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.

ii) Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a

trowel. iii) Lower the plunger gently till it touches the

cement surface. iv) Release the plunger allowing it to sink

into the paste. v) Note the reading on the gauge.

vi) Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement

and different quantities of water until the reading on the gauge

is 5 to 7mm.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of dry

cement to the first place of decimal.

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

AIM

To determine the initial and the final setting time of cement as per

IS: 4031 (Part 5) - 1988.

30
APPARATUS

Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose

permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g Gauging

trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982

PROCEDURE

i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times

the water required to give a paste of standard consistency

ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.

iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged

as above, the mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth

off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the

mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test

block.

INITIAL SETTING TIME

Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower

the needle gently in order to make contact with the surface of

the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it to penetrate

the test block. Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to

pierce the test block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the

bottom of the mould . The time period elapsing between the

time, water is added to the cement and the time, the needle

fails to pierce the test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the

bottom of the mould, is the initial setting time.

31
 FINAL SETTING TIME

Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment.

The cement should be considered as finally set when, upon

applying the needle gently to the surface of the test block, the

needle makes an impression therein, while the attachment fails

to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is added

to the cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on

the surface of the test block, while the attachment fails to do

so, is the final setting time.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The results of the initial and the final setting time should be

reported to the nearest five minutes.

TESTS ON AGGREGATES

SIEVE ANALYSIS

AIM

To determine the particle size distribution of fine and coarse

aggregates by sieving as per IS: 2386 (Part I) - 1963.

PRINCIPLE
32
By passing the sample downward through a series of standard

sieves, each of decreasing size openings, the aggregates are

separated into several groups, each of which contains

aggregates in a particular size range.

APPARATUS

A SET OF IS SIEVES

i) A set of IS Sieves of sizes - 80mm, 63mm, 50mm, 40mm, 31.5mm,

25mm, 20mm,

16mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 6.3mm, 4.75mm, 3.35mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm,

600µm,

300µm, 150µm and 75µm

ii)Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the

weight of the test sample

PROCEDURE

i) The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a

temperature of 110 + 5oC and weighed. ii) The sample is

sieved by using a set of IS Sieves. iii) On completion of

sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.

iv) Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated

as a percentage of the total sample weight.

v) Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative

percentage of aggregates retained on each sieve and dividing the

sum by 100.

33
REPORTING OF RESULTS

The results should be calculated and reported as:

i) the cumulative percentage by weight of the total

sample ii) the percentage by weight of the total sample

passing through one sieve and retained on the next

smaller sieve, to the nearest 0.1 percent.

WATER ABSORPTION

AIM

To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per

IS: 2386 (Part III) - 1963.

APPARATUS

i) Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic coated

with wire hangers for suspending it from the balance ii)

Water-tight container for suspending the basket iii)Dry

soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.) iv) Shallow

tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area

v) Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the

basket vi) Oven SAMPLE A sample not less than

2000g should be used.

PROCEDURE

i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer

particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket

34
and immersed in distilled water at a temperature between 22

and 32oC.

ii) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by

lifting the basket and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25

seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed for a

period of 24 + 1⁄2 hrs. afterwards.

iii) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from

the water, allowed to drain for a few minutes, after which the

aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to

one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the cloth,

transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first would

remove no further moisture. The aggregates should be spread

on the second cloth and exposed to the atmosphere away from

direct sunlight till it appears to be completely surface-dry. The

aggregates should be weighed (Weight 'A').

iv) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a

temperature of 100 to 110oC for 24hrs. It should then be

removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (Weight 'B').

REPORTING OF RESULTS

Water absorption = [(A-B)/B] x 100%

TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

35
 SLUMP

AIM

To determine the workability of fresh concrete by slump test as per IS:

1199 - 1959.

APPARATUS

i) Slump

cone ii)

Tamping rod

PROCEDURE

i) The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned

and applied with a light coat of oil. ii) The mould is placed

on a smooth, horizontal, rigid and non- absorbent surface.

iii) The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed

concrete, each approximately to one-fourth of the height of the

mould.

iv) Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the

tamping rod (strokes are distributed evenly over the cross-

section).

v) After the top layer is rodded, the concrete is struck off the

level with a trowel. vi) The mould is removed from the concrete

immediately by raising it slowly in the vertical direction.

vii)The difference in level between the height of the mould

and that of the highest point of the subsided concrete is

36
measured. viii) This difference in height in mm is the slump

of the concrete.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The slump measured should be recorded in mm of subsidence of

the specimen during the test. Any slump specimen, which

collapses or shears off laterally gives incorrect result and if this

occurs, the test should be repeated with another sample. If, in

the repeat test also, the specimen shears, the slump should be

measured and the fact that the specimen sheared, should be

recorded.

OMC & MDD TEST

This test is done to determine the maximum dry density and the

optimum moisture content of soil using heavy compaction as per

IS: 2720 (Part 8 ) – 1983.The apparatus used is:-

i) Cylindrical metal mould – it should be either of 100mm

dia. and 1000cc volume or 150mm dia. and 2250cc volume

and should conform to IS: 10074 – 1982.

ii) Balances – one of 10kg capacity, sensitive to 1g and

the other of 200g capacity, sensitive to 0.01g iii) Oven –

thermostatically controlled with an interior of noncorroding

material to maintain temperature between 105 and 110oC iv)

Steel straightedge – 30cm long

v) IS Sieves of sizes – 4.75mm, 19mm and 37.5mm

37
PREPARATION OF SAMPLE
A representative portion of air-dried soil material, large enough

to provide about 6kg of material passing through a 19mm IS

Sieve (for soils not susceptible to crushing during compaction)

or about 15kg of material passing through a 19mm IS Sieve (for

soils susceptible to crushing during compaction), should be

taken. This portion should be sieved through a 19mm IS Sieve

and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total

sample has been recorded. Aggregations of particles should be

broken down so that if the sample was sieved through a

4.75mm IS Sieve, only separated individual particles would be

retained.

Procedure To Determine The Maximum Dry Density And The Optimum

Moisture Content Of Soil

A) Soil not susceptible to crushing during compaction –

i) A 5kg sample of air-dried soil passing through the 19mm

IS Sieve should be taken. The sample should be mixed

thoroughly with a suitable amount of water depending on the

soil type (for sandy and gravelly soil – 3 to 5% and for cohesive

soil – 12 to 16% below the plastic limit). The soil sample

should be stored in a sealed container for a minimum period of

16hrs.

ii) The mould of 1000cc capacity with base plate attached,

should be weighed to the nearest 1g (W1 ). The mould should

be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete floor or plinth

and the moist soil should be compacted into the mould, with

38
the extension attached, in five layers of approximately equal

mass, each layer being given 25 blows from the 4.9kg rammer

dropped from a height of 450mm above the soil. The blows

should be distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer.

The amount of soil used should be sufficient to fill the mould,

leaving not more than about 6mm to be struck off when the

extension is removed. The extension should be removed and

the compacted soil should be levelled off carefully to the top of

the mould by means of the straight edge. The mould and soil

should then be weighed to the nearest gram

(W2).
iii) The compacted soil specimen should be removed from

the mould and placed onto the mixing tray. The water content

(w) of a representative sample of the specimen should be

determined.

iv) The remaining soil specimen should be broken up, rubbed

through 19mm IS Sieve and then mixed with the remaining

original sample. Suitable increments of water should be added

successively and mixed into the sample, and the above

operations i.e. ii) to iv) should be repeated for each increment

of water added. The total number of determinations made

should be at least five and the moisture contents should be

such that the optimum moisture content at which the

maximum dry density occurs, lies within that range.

B) Soil susceptible to crushing during compaction –

Five or more 2.5kg samples of air-dried soil passing through

the 19mm IS Sieve, should be taken. The samples should each

39
be mixed thoroughly with different amounts of water and

stored in a sealed container as mentioned in Part A)

C) Compaction in large size mould –

For compacting soil containing coarse material upto 37.5mm

size, the 2250cc mould should be used. A sample weighing about

30kg and passing through the 37.5mm IS Sieve is used for the

test. Soil is compacted in five layers, each layer being given 55

blows of the 4.9kg rammer. The rest of the procedure is same as

above.

REPORTING OF RESULTS
Bulk density Y(gamma) in g/cc of each compacted

specimen should be calculated from the equation,

Y(gamma) = (W2-W1)/ V where, V = volume in cc of

the mould.

The dry density Yd in g/cc

Yd = 100Y/(100+w)
The dry densities, Yd obtained in a series of determinations

should be plotted against the corresponding moisture

contents,w. A smooth curve should be drawn through the

resulting points and the position of the maximum on the curve

should be determined

The dry density in g/cc corresponding to the maximum point on

the moisture content/dry density curve should be reported as

the maximum dry density to the nearest 0.01. The percentage

moisture content corresponding to the maximum dry density on

40
the moisture content/dry density curve should be reported as

the optimum moisture content and quoted to the nearest 0.2 for

values below 5 percent, to the nearest 0.5 for values from 5 to

10 percent and to the nearest whole number for values

exceeding 10 percent.

WATER CONTENT

OVEN DRYING METHOD

AIM

To determine the water content in soil by oven drying method as

per IS: 2720 (Part II) - 1973.

PRINCIPLE

The water content (w) of a soil sample is equal to the mass of

water divided by the mass of solids.

APPARATUS

i) Thermostatically controlled oven maintained at a

temperature of 110 ± 5oC ii) Weighing balance, with an

accuracy of 0.04% of the weight of the soil taken iii) Air-

tight container made of non-corrodible material with lid

iv) Tongs

SAMPLE

The soil specimen should be representative of the soil mass.

The quantity of the specimen taken would depend upon the

gradation and the maximum size of particles as under:

41
PROCEDURE

i) Clean the container, dry it and weigh it with the lid (Weight
'W1').

ii) Take the required quantity of the wet soil specimen in the

container and weigh it with the lid (Weight 'W2').

iii) Place the container, with its lid removed, in the oven till its

weight becomes constant (Normally for 24hrs.). iv) When the

soil has dried, remove the container from the oven, using tongs.

v) Find the weight 'W3' of the container with the lid and the dry

soil sample.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The water content w = [(W2 − W3) ×100%] /(W3 −W1)

CALCIUM CARBIDE METHOD (RAPID MOISTURE METER TEST)

AIM

To determine the water content in soil by calcium carbide

method as per IS: 2720 (Part II) - 1973.

PRINCIPLE

It is a method for rapid determination of water content from the

gas pressure developed by the reaction of calcium carbide with

the free water of the soil. From the calibrated scale of the

pressure gauge the percentage of water on total mass of wet

soil is obtained and the same is converted to water content on

dry mass of soil.

APPARATUS
42
i) Metallic pressure vessel, with a clamp for sealing the

cup, alongwith a gauge calibrated in percentage water

content ii) Counterpoised balance, for weighing the

sample iii) Scoop, for measuring the absorbent (Calcium

Carbide) iv) Steel balls - 3 steel balls of about 12.5mm dia.

and 1 steel ball of 25mm dia. v) One bottle of the

absorbent (Calcium Carbide)

PREPARATION OF SAMPLE

Sand - No special preparation. Coarse powders may be ground

and pulverized. Cohesive and plastic soil - Soil is tested with

addition of steel ball in the pressure vessels.

The test requires about 6g of sample.

PROCEDURE

i) Set up the balance, place the sample in the pan till the

mark on the balance arm matches with the index mark. ii)

Check that the cup and the body are clean.

iii) Hold the body horizontally and gently deposit the levelled, scoop-full
of the absorbent (Calcium Carbide) inside the chamber. iv) Transfer the
weighed soil from the pan to the cup.
v) Hold cup and chamber horizontally, bringing them together

without disturbing the sample and the absorbent.

vi) Clamp the cup tightly into place. If the sample is bulky,

reverse the above placement, that is, put the sample in the

chamber and the absorbent in the cup.

vii) In case of clayey soils, place all the 4 steel balls (3 smaller

and 1 bigger) in the body alongwith the absorbent. viii) Shake the

43
unit up and down vigorously in this position for about 15 seconds.

ix) Hold the unit horizontally, rotating it for 10 seconds, so that

the balls roll around the inner circumference of the body. x) Rest

for 20 seconds.

xi) Repeat the above cycle until the pressure gauge reading

is constant and note the reading. Usually it takes 4 to 8

minutes to achieve constant reading. This is the water content

(m) obtained on wet mass basis.

xii) Finally, release the pressure slowly by opening the clamp

screw and taking the cup out, empty the contents and clean

the instrument with a brush.

REPORTING OF RESULTS

The water content on dry

mass basis, W = (m/100 –

m)*100%

IN-SITU DRY DENSITY

CORE CUTTER METHOD

AIM

To determine the in-situ dry density of soil by core cutter method as

per IS: 2720 (Part XXIX) - 1975.

APPARATUS

i) Cylindrical core

cutter ii) Steel

44
dolley iii) Steel

rammer

iv) Balance, with an accuracy of 1g

v) Straightedge vi) Square metal tray

- 300mm x 300mm x 40mm vii)

Trowel

PROCEDURE

i) The internal volume (V) of the core cutter in cc should

be calculated from its dimensions which should be

measured to the nearest 0.25mm. ii) The core cutter

should be weighed to the nearest gram (W1).

iii) A small area, approximately 30cm square of the soil layer

to be tested should be exposed and levelled. The steel dolly

should be placed on top of the cutter and the latter should be

rammed down vertically into the soil layer until only about

15mm of the dolly protrudes above the surface, care being

taken not to rock the cutter. The cutter should then be dug

out of the surrounding soil, care being taken to allow some

soil to project from the lower end of the cutter. The ends of

the soil core should then be trimmed flat in level with the

ends of the cutter by means of the straightedge. iv) The

cutter containing the soil core should be weighed to the

nearest gram (W2).

v) The soil core should be removed from the cutter and a

representative sample should be placed in an air-tight container

and its water content (w) determined as in Para 5.1.

45
REPORTING OF RESULTS

Bulk density of the soil γ = (W2 −W1)/V g /cc

Dry density of the soil γd = [100γ/100+w] g cc

MIX DESIGN

Concrete is the basic engineering material used in most of the

civil engineering structures. Its popularity as basic building

material in construction is because of, its economy of use, good

durability and ease with which it can be manufactured at site.

The ability to mould it into any shape and size, because of its

plasticity in green stage and its subsequent hardening to

achieve strength, is particularly useful.

Concrete like other engineering materials needs to be designed

for properties like strength, durability, workability and cohesion.
Concrete mix design is the science of deciding relative
proportions of ingredients of concrete, to achieve the desired
properties in the most economical way.

With advent of high-rise buildings and pre-stressed concrete, use

of higher grades of concrete is becoming more common. Even

the revised IS 456-2000 advocates use of higher grade of

concrete for more severe conditions of exposure, for durability

considerations. With advent of new generation admixtures, it is

possible to achieve higher grades of concrete with high

workability levels economically. Use of mineral admixtures like

fly ash, slag, meta kaolin and silica fume have revolutionised the

concrete technology by increasing strength and durability of

concrete by many folds. Mix design of concrete is becoming

more relevant in the above-mentioned scenario. However, it

should be borne in mind that mix design when adopted at site

46
should be implemented with proper understanding and with

necessary precautions. Durocrete mix design manual is an

attempt to increase the awareness among the users, about

concrete mix design. It is made with intention of serving as

ready reckoner for personnel, implementing mix design at site.

Advantages of mix design

Mix design aims to achieve good quality concrete at site economically.

I. Quality concrete means Better strength Better imperviousness

and durability Dense and homogeneous concrete

II. Economy

a) Economy in cement consumption

It is possible to save up to 15% of cement for M20 grade of

concrete with the help of concrete mix design. In fact higher the

grade of concrete more are the savings. Lower cement content

also results in lower heat of hydration and hence reduces

shrinkage cracks.

b) Best use of available materials:

Site conditions often restrict the quality and quantity of

ingredient materials. Concrete mix design offers a lot of

flexibility on type of aggregates to be used in mix design. Mix

design can give an economical solution based on the available

materials if they meet the basic IS requirements. This can lead

to saving in transportation costs from longer distances.

c) Other properties:

Mix design can help us to achieve form finishes, high early strengths for

early deshuttering, concrete with better flexural strengths, concrete

with pumpability and concrete with lower densities.

47
What is mix design?

Concrete is an extremely versatile building material because, it

can be designed for strength ranging from M10 (10Mpa) to M100

(100 Mpa) and workability ranging from 0 mm slump to 150 mm

slump. In all these cases the basic ingredients of concrete are

the same, but it is their relative proportioning that makes the

difference.

Basic Ingredients of Concrete: -

1. Cement – It is the basic binding material in concrete.

2. Water – It hydrates cement and also makes concrete workable.

3. Coarse Aggregate – It is the basic building component of concrete.

4. Fine Aggregate – Along with cement paste it forms mortar grout and

fills the voids in the coarse aggregates.

5. Admixtures – They enhance certain properties of concrete e.g. gain of

strength, workability, setting properties, imperviousness etc

Concrete needs to be designed for certain properties in the plastic

stage as well as in the hardened stage.

Properties desired from concrete in plastic stage: -

Workability Cohesiveness Initial set retardation

Properties desired from concrete in hardened stage: -

Strength Imperviousness Durability

Concrete mix design is the method of correct proportioning of

ingredients of concrete, in order to optimise the above
properties of concrete as per site requirements.
48
In other words, we determine the relative proportions of
ingredients of concrete to achieve desired strength & workability
in a most economical way.

Information required for concrete mix design

The site engineer should give following information while giving material
for mix design to the mix design laboratory: - Grade of concrete (the
characteristic strength)

Workability requirement in terms of slump

Other properties (if required): -

i. Retardation of initial set (to avoid cold joints in case of

longer leads or for ready mix concrete) ii. Slump retention

(in case of ready mix concrete) iii. Pumpability (In case of

ready mix concrete) iv.Acceleration of strength (for precast

members or where early deshuttering is desired)

v. Flexural strength (normally required for concrete pavements)

Ascertain whether condition of exposure to concrete is mild,

moderate severe or very severe. Proper investigation of soil

should be done to ascertain presence of sulphates & chlorides,

in case of doubt.

Following factors indicate degree of control at

site: - Batching – weigh batching / volume

batching.

Type of aggregates – whether mixed graded aggregate will be used or

20mm, 10mm aggregates will be used separately.

Testing of concrete – whether casting & testing of concrete cubes will

be done regularly at site.

Source of aggregate – whether sources of sand and aggregate will

be standardised or likely to change frequently.

49
Supervision – whether qualified staff will be present to supervise

concreting work and make necessary corrections e.g.

correction for moisture in sand and changes in material

properties.

Site laboratory – whether the site will have necessary laboratory

equipment like sieves, weighing balance etc. to check material

properties.

Material properties and how they affect mix design Cement

a) Strength/grade of cement: Grade of cement e.g. 43 grade

or 53 grade can influence the mix design. Grade of cement

indicates minimum strength of cement in N/mm2 tested as per

standard conditions laid down by IS codes (OPC 43 grade – IS

8112-1989, OPC 53 grade – IS 12269 – 1987 e.g. a 43 grade

cement should give minimum strength of 43 N/mm2 at 28 days).

Higher the strength of cement, higher is the strength of concrete

for the same water/cement ratio. In other words a higher

strength of cement permits use of higher water/cement ratio to

achieve the same strength of concrete. The IS 10262 - 1982 for

mix design gives the different curves of cement based on the

actual strength of cement on 28th day. These cement curves

give water/cement ratio required to achieve a given target

strength. Information on grade of cement may not be as useful

as the actual 28days strength of cement. This is because some

of the 43 grade cements practically give strengths more than 53

N/mm2. When a 53-grade cement is stored for a long time, its

strength may deteriorate and become equivalent to 33 grade or

43 grade cement. Thus 28 days strength of cement is required

50
to select the cement curve before starting the mix design.

Finding the 28 days strengths of cement consumes time. It is

not practical in many cases to wait for 28 days strength of

cement to start the mix design. In such cases 28 days strength

reports of the manufacturers may be used and can be

supplemented by accelerated strength of cement found by

reference mix method given in IS 10262 Apart from strength of

cement, the type of cement e.g. Ordinary Portland Cement,

pozzolona cement (blended cement) etc, is also important factor

affecting the gain of strength. Blended cements achieve

strengths later than Ordinary Portland Cements and require

extended curing period. However, use of these cements result

in more durable concrete by offering greater resistance to

sulphate and chloride attacks.

b) Initial & Final setting time of cement: The initial setting

time of cement indicates the time after which the cement paste

looses its plasticity. Operations like mixing, placing and

compaction should be completed well before the initial setting

time of cement .The minimum initial setting time specified by IS

456 –2000 (Clause 5.4.1.3 page no 14 and IS 8112-1989 page 2)

is 30 minute. Most of the cements produced today give an initial

set of more than 60 minutes. Beginning of hardening of cement

paste indicates the final setting of cement. The maximum limit

for final setting permitted by IS 8112: 1989 (Clause 6.3. page 2)

is 600 minute. Most of the cements produced today give a final

setting of between 3 to 5 hours. Curing can be started after final

setting of cement. The initial setting and the final setting can be

extended by use of retarders in order to avoid cold joints when

lead-time for placing concrete is longer.

51
Fine Aggregates

a) Gradation of fine aggregates: The gradation of sand is given by sieve

analysis.
The sieve analysis is done by passing sand through a set of

standard sieves and finding out cumulative passing percentage

through each sieve. The IS 383 – 1970 classifies fine aggregates

in 4 zones starting from zone I representing coarse sand, to zone

IV representing the finest sand. The limits of cumulative

percentage passing for each sieve for above zones are given in

table 4 of IS 383 The fineness of sand found by sieve analysis

governs the proportion of sand in concrete .The overall fineness

of sand is given by factor called fineness modulus. Fineness

Modulus is given by division of the summation of cumulative

retained fractions for standard sieves up to 150-micron sieve

size by 100.

c) Silt Content by weight: This is found by wet-sieving of sand

and material passing 75 micron sieve is classified as silt. This

silt affects the workability of concrete, results in higher

water/cement ratio and lower strength. The upper limit for 75-

micron sieve in case of sand is 3% by weight. This limit has

however been extended to 15% in case of crushed sand in IS 383

– 1970 Table 1

Coarse Aggregate

a) Maximum size of coarse aggregate: Maximum size of

aggregate is the standard sieve size (40mm, 25mm, 20mm,

12.5mm, 10mm) through which at least 90% of coarse aggregate

will pass. Maximum size of aggregate affects the workability and

52
strength of concrete. It also influences the water demand for

getting a certain workability and fine aggregate content

required for achieving a cohesive mix. For a given weight, higher

the maximum size of aggregate, lower is the surface area of

coarse aggregates and vice versa. As maximum size of coarse

aggregate reduces, surface area of coarse aggregate increases.

Higher the surface area, greater is the water demand to coat the

particles and generate workability. Smaller maximum size of

coarse aggregate will require greater fine aggregate content to

coat particles and maintain cohesiveness of concrete mix.

Hence 40 mm down coarse aggregate will require much less

water than 20 mm down aggregate. In other words for the same

workability, 40mm down aggregate will have lower

water/cement ratio, thus higher strength when compared to

20mm down aggregate. Because of its lower water demand,

advantage of higher maximum size of coarse aggregate can be

taken to lower the cement consumption. Maximum size of

aggregate is often restricted by clear cover and minimum

distance between the reinforcement bars. Maximum size of

coarse aggregate should be 5 mm less than clear cover or

minimum distance between the reinforcement bars, so that the

aggregates can pass through the reinforcement in congested

areas, to produce dense and homogenous concrete.

It is advantageous to use greater maximum size of coarse

aggregate for concrete grades up to M 35 where mortar failure

is predominant. Lower water/cement ratio will mean higher

strength of mortar (which is the weakest link) and will result in

higher strength of concrete. However, for concrete grades

above M40, bond failure becomes predominant. Higher

53
maximum size of aggregate, which will have lower area of

contact with cement mortar paste, will fail earlier because of

bond failure. Hence for higher grades of concrete (M40 and

higher) it is advantageous to use lower maximum size of

aggregate to prevent bond failure.

The fineness modulus of sand varies from 2.0 to 4.0; higher the

FM coarser is the sand. Type of Sand

Fine Medium Coarse

- FM

- 2.0 to 2.8 - 2.8 to 3.2 - 3.2 and above

b) Specific gravity of fine aggregates: This is the ratio of solid

density particles to the density of water. Higher the specific

gravity, heavier is the sand particles and higher is the density of

concrete. Conversely a lower specific gravity of sand will result

in lower density of concrete. Specific gravity of sand is found

with help of pycnometer bottles. The specific gravity of fine

aggregates found in Pune region varies from 2.6 to 2.8.

b) Grading of coarse aggregate: The coarse aggregate

grading limits are given in IS 383 – 1970 - table 2, Clause 4.1 and

4.2 for single size aggregate as well as graded aggregate. The

grading of coarse aggregate is important to get cohesive &

dense concrete. The voids left by larger coarse aggregate

particles are filled by smaller coarse aggregate particles and so

on. This way, the volume of mortar (cement-sandwater paste)

required to fill the final voids is minimum. However, in some

cases gap graded aggregate can be used where some

intermediate size is not used. Use of gapgraded aggregate may

not have adverse effect on strength.

54
By proper grading of coarse aggregate, the possibility of segregation is

minimised, especially for higher workability. Proper grading of coarse

aggregates also improves the compactability of concrete.

c) Shape of coarse aggregate: Coarse aggregates can have

round, angular, or irregular shape. Rounded aggregates because

of lower surface area will have lowest water demand and also

have lowest mortar paste requirement. Hence they will result in

most economical mixes for concrete grades up to M35.

However, for concrete grades of M40 and above (as in case of

max size of aggregate) the possibility of bond failure will tilt the

balance in favour of angular aggregate with more surface area.

Flaky and elongated coarse aggregate particles not only

increase the water demand but also increase the tendency of

segregation. Flakiness and elongation also reduce the flexural

strength of concrete. Specifications by Ministry of Surface

Transport restrict the combined flakiness and elongation to 30%

by weight of coarse aggregates.

d) Strength of coarse aggregate: Material strength of coarse

aggregate is indicated by crushing strength of rock, aggregate

crushing value, aggregate impact value, aggregate abrasion

value. In Maharashtra the coarse aggregates are made of basalt

rock, which has strengths in excess of 100 N/mm2. Hence

aggregates rarely fail in strength.

e) Aggregate Absorption: Aggregate can absorb water up to

2 % by weight when in bone dry state, however, in some cases

the aggregate absorption can be as high as 5%. Aggregate

absorption is used for applying a correction factor for

55
aggregates in dry condition and determining water demand of

concrete in saturated surface dry condition.

Decision Variables in Mix Design

A. Water/cement ratio B. Cement content C. Relative proportion of fine

& coarse aggregates D. Use of admixtures

A. Water/cement ratio

Water to cement ratio (W/C ratio) is the single most important

factor governing the strength and durability of concrete.

Strength of concrete depends upon W/C ratio rather than the

cement content. Abram’s law states that higher the

water/cement ratio, lower is the strength of concrete. As a

thumb rule every 1% increase in quantity of water added,

reduces the strength of concrete by 5%. A water/cement ratio of

only 0.38 is required for complete hydration of cement.

(Although this is the theoretical limit, water cement ratio lower

than 0.38 will also increase the strength, since all the cement

that is added, does not hydrate) Water added for workability over

and above this water/cement ratio of 0.38, evaporates leaving

cavities in the concrete. These cavities are in the form of thin

capillaries. They reduce the strength and durability of concrete.

Hence, it is very important to control the water/cement ratio on

site. Every extra lit of water will approx. reduce the strength of

concrete by 2 to 3 N/mm2 and increase the workability by 25

mm. As stated earlier, the water/cement ratio strongly

influences the permeability of concrete and durability of

concrete.

B. Cement content

56
Cement is the core material in concrete, which acts as a binding

agent and imparts strength to the concrete. From durability

considerations cement content should not be reduced below

300Kg/m3 for RCC. IS 456 –2000 recommends higher cement

contents for more severe conditions of exposure of weathering

agents to the concrete. It is not necessary that higher cement

content would result in higher strength. In fact latest findings

show that for the same water/cement ratio, a leaner mix will give

better strength. However, this does not mean that we can

achieve higher grades of concrete by just lowering the

water/cement ratio. This is because lower water/cement ratios

will mean lower water contents and result in lower workability.

In fact for achieving a given workability, a certain quantity of

water will be required. If lower water/cement ratio is to be

achieved without disturbing the workability, cement content will

have to be increased. Higher cement content helps us in getting

the desired workability at a lower water/cement ratio. In most

of the mix design methods, the water contents to achieve

different workability levels are given in form of empirical

relations.

Water/cement ratios required to achieve target mean strengths are

interpolated from graphs given in IS 10262 Clause 3.1 and 3.2 . The

cement content is found as follows:

Cement content (Kg/m3) =

Water required achieving required workability (Lit/m3)

Water/cement ratio

57
Thus, we see that higher the workability of concrete, greater is

cement content required and vice versa. Also, greater the

water/cement ratio, lower is the cement content required and

vice versa.

C. Relative proportion of fine, coarse aggregates gradation of

aggregates Aggregates are of two types as below:

a. Coarseaggregate(Metal): Theseareparticlesretainedonstandard IS
4.75mm sieve.

b. Fine aggregate(Sand): These are particles passing standard IS 4.75mm

sieve.
Proportion of fine aggregates to coarse aggregate depends on following:

i. Fineness of sand: Generally, when the sand is fine, smaller

proportion of it is enough to get a cohesive mix; while coarser

the sand, greater has to be its proportion with respect to coarse

aggregate.

ii. Size & shape of coarse aggregates: Greater the size of

coarse aggregate lesser is the surface area and lesser is the

proportion of fine aggregate required and vice versa. Flaky

aggregates have more surface area and require greater

proportion of fine aggregates to get cohesive mix. Similarly,

rounded aggregate have lesser surface area and require lesser

proportion of fine aggregate to get a cohesive mix.

iii. Cement content: Leaner mixes require more proportion of

fine aggregates than richer mixes. This is because cement

particles also contribute to the fines in concrete.

D. Use of admixtures

58
Now days, admixtures are rightly considered as the fifth ingredient

of concrete. The admixtures can change the properties of concrete.

Commonly used admixtures are as follows:

i. Plasticizers &

superplastic

ii. Retarders

iii. Accelerators

iv. Air entraining agents

v. Shrinkage compensating

admixtures vi. Water proofing

admixtures

i. Plasticisers & super plasticisers

Plasticisers help us in increasing the workability of concrete

without addition of water. It means that we can achieve lower

water/cement ratio without reducing the workability at the same

cement content. Cement particles tend to form flocs trapping a

part of mixing water in them. Hence not all the water added is

useful for generating workability. Plasticisers work as

dispersion agents (de flocculent) releasing the water trapped in

the flocs resulting in workability. Use of plasticisers is

economical as the cost incurred on them is less than the cost of

cement saved; this is more so in concrete designed for higher

workability.

Compatibility of plasticisers with the cement brand should be checked

before use.

Also plasticiser should not be added in dry concrete mix.

59
Plasticizers are used for moderate increase of workability

whereas super plasticizers are used where very large increase

in workability is required. Plasticizers are normally

lignosulphonated formaldehydes and are normally added in

small dosages. This is because large dosage can cause

permanent retardation in concrete and adversely affect its

strength. Super plasticizers are naphthalene or melamine based

formaldehyde. They can be used in large dosages without any

adverse effect on concrete. This is contrary to popular

perception that term super plasticizers means more potent,

hence lower dosage is required when compared to normal

plasticizers. In practice super plasticizers are used in large

dosages for generating higher workability and better slump

retention. Compatibility of plasticizers with cement should be

ascertained before use in concrete. Since action of plasticizers

is based on ionic dispersion certain plasticizers are more

effective with certain cements, thus requiring lower dosages.

Non-compatible plasticizers if used, will not adversely affect the

concrete, but its high dosage will make it uneconomical for use.

ii. Retarders:

They are used for retarding (delaying) the initial setting time of

concrete. This is particularly required when longer placing times

are desired as in case of ready mixed concrete. Retarders are

commonly used to prevent formation of cold joints when casting

large concrete. Retarders are normally added in lower dosages

as large dosages can cause permanent retardation in concrete.

Retarders are recommended in case of hot weather concreting

to prevent early loss of slump. It is important to note that

60
retarders reduce early strength of concrete e.g. 1-day and 3-day

strength.

However, 28 days strength is not

affected. iii. Accelerators

They are used for accelerating the initial strength of concrete.

Typical accelerators increase the 1-day (up to 50 %) and 3-days

(up to 30 %) strength of concrete. Most of the accelerators show

little increase for 7 days strength. For this reason, accelerators

are commonly used in precast concrete elements for early

removal of moulds. Accelerators may not be much useful for

early deshuttering where early strengths are required in range

of 5 to 7 days. This is because accelerators are expensive and

their ability to increase strengths decreases after 3-5 days. A

better option for early deshuttering would be the use of

plasticizers, reducing the water/cement ratio and achieving a

higher grade of concrete. It is believed that accelerators may

cause retrogression of strength after 28 days when compared

with normal concrete.

Concrete Mix Design Methods

The basic objective of concrete mix design is to find the most

economical proportions (Optimisation) to achieve the desired

end results (strength, cohesion, workability, durability, As

mentioned earlier the proportioning of concrete is based on

certain material properties of cement, sand and aggregates.

Concrete mix design is basically a process of taking trials with

certain proportions. Methods have been developed to arrive at

these proportions in a scientific manner. No mix design method

directly gives the exact proportions that will most economically

61
achieve end results. These methods only serve as a base to start

and achieve the end results in the fewest possible trials.

The code of practice for mix design-IS 10262 clearly states

following: - The basic assumption made in mix design is that the

compressive strength of workable concretes, by and large,

governed by the water/cement ratio. Another most convenient

relationship applicable to normal concrete is that for a given

type, shape, size and grading of aggregates, the amount of water

determines its workability. However, there are various other

factors which affect the properties of concrete, for example the

quality & quantity of cement, water and aggregates; batching;

transportation; placing; compaction; curing; etc. Therefore, the

specific relationships that are used in proportioning concrete

mixes should be considered only as the basis for trial, subject to

modifications in the light of experience as well as for the

particular materials used at the site in each case. Different mix

design methods help us to arrive at the trial mix that will give us

required strength, workability, cohesion etc. These mix design

methods have same common threads in arriving at proportions

but their method of calculation is different. Basic steps in mix

design are as follows:

Find the target mean strength.

Determine the curve of cement based on its strength.

Determine water/cement ratio.

Determine cement content.

Determine fine and coarse aggregate proportions

62
PROJECT EXECUTION

METHOD STATEMENT FOR CIVIL AND

MECHANICAL 1. METHOD STATEMENT FOR

CIVIL

METHOD STATEMENT FOR SURVEY WORKS

OBJECTIVE: To formulate guidelines for Setting out and routine

survey works

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Technical Specifications for Civil works

3. Inspection and test plan

4. Survey Layout showing control stations

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS: Calibrated Auto - level, Theodolite (LC-

1"), Total Station and necessary measuring tools

METHOD STATEMENT FOR BUILDING UP OF PILES UPTO

CUTOFF LEVEL

OBJECTIVE: Building up of Plies up-to cut-off levels

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Technical Specifications for Civil works

3. Technical Data sheet of Nitobond EP

METHOD STATEMENT FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1. OBJECTIVE: This procedure covers method for cutting,

bending and tying of reinforcement and inspection of works.

63
2. REFERENCE: Reinforcement placing and handling shall be as
per IS-456

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS: Bar cutting & bending machines, rebar tying

tool.

METHOD STATEMENT FOR FORMWORK

1. OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers fixing and removal of

formwork and checking of formwork.

2. REFERENCE:

1. Approved Drawings
2. IS 456 & IS 6461(Part 5)

3. Tender Document

METHOD STATEMENT FOR BOLTS PROCUREMENT & FIXATION

1. OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers procuring and fixing of bolts.

2. REFERENCE:

1. Tender Specification

2. Approved Drawings

METHOD STATEMENT FOR CONCRETING WORKS

1. OBJECTIVE: This Procedure covers fixing and removal of

formwork and checking of formwork.

2. REFERENCE:

1. Tender Specification

2. Approved Drawings

3. IS 10262, IS 3370 & IS 456

4. IS 383

METHOD STATEMENT FOR BACKFILLING

1.OBJECTIVE: The scope of back-filling covers the filling in

plinths, pits, trends, depressions in layers 200mm thick

including watering and compaction by Roller / plate

compactor.
64
 2. REFERENCE:

1. Drawing

2. Bill of Quantities

METHOD FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1.All reinforcement shall be placed above the ground by using

wooden sleepers or concrete blocks.

2.For reinforcement, care shall be taken to protect the

reinforcement from exposure to saline atmosphere during storage,

fabrication and use.

3.Against requirement from site, bars shall be cut and bent to shape

and dimension as shown in bar bending schedule based on Good For

Construction (GFC) drawings.

4.Reinforcement shall be tied as per the latest GFC drawing and

any extra bars provided at site shall be recorded in the pour card/

lap register.

5.Unusable cut rods and scrap reinforcement shall be properly placed at

yard.

Bar Bending Schedule:

1.Prepare bar bending schedule based on the latest GFC drawings

and to be submitted to Engineer for review

2.Bar bending schedule shall clearly specify the following:

a) Bar dia.

b) Numbers.

65
c) Cut-lengths.

d) Shapes.

3.Bar bending schedule shall take into account the following

field/ design requirement.

a) Desirable lap locations and staggering of laps.

b) Lap lengths.

c) Development length/ Anchorage length.

Cutting, Bending and Placing:

1.All reinforcement shall be free from loose mill scales, loose

rust and coats of paints, oil, mud or any other substances

which may destroy or reduce bond. Use wire brush to clean the

reinforcement.

2.Cutting and bending shall conform to the details given in the

approved bar bending schedule.

a) Cutting of Rebar by heat is not permitted, only cutting by grinding

or shearing is permitted.

b) No heating is allowed to facilitate bending of Rebar.

3.Place the reinforcement as per GFC drawings ensuring the

following aspects properly.

a) Type & size of bar. b) Number of bars.

c) Location and lengths of laps, splices.

d) Curtailment of bars.

e) In two way reinforcement, check the direction of reinforcement in

various layers.

f) Adequate number of chairs, spacer bars and cover blocks.

g) Size of cover blocks.

66
h) All the bars shall be tied with double fold 18g soft GI annealed binding
wire.

4.Reinforcement may be placed with in the following tolerance whenever

required:

a) for effective depth 200mm or less ±10mm.

b) for effective depth more than 200mm ±15mm.

c) The cover shall in no case be reduced by more than one third of the

specified cover or 0 /+ 10mm.

d) The cover should suit various cover requirement as per Drawing Notes.

5.The sequence of reinforcement shall be correlated with fixing of

inserts, sleeves, conduits, anchors and formworks.

6.In walls, place accurately bent spacer bars wired to vertical or

horizontal bars between successive rows.

7.No steel parts of spacers sure allowed inside the concrete

cover. Spacer blocks made from cement, sand and small

aggregate shall match the mix proportion of the surrounding

concrete. Alternatively PVC cover blocks of approved make can

be used.

8.Spacers, cover blocks should be of concrete of same strength or PVC

9.Spacers, chairs and other supports detailed on drawings,

together with such other supports as may be necessaray,

should be used to maintain the specified nominal cover to the

steel reinforcement.

10.Spacers or chairs should be placed at a maximum spacing of

1.0 mtr and closer spacing may sometimes be necessary.

11.All reinforcement shall be placed and maintained in the

positions shown in the drawing by providing proper cover blocks,

spacers, Supporting bars.

67
12.Rough handling, shock loading (Prior to embedment) and the

dropping of reinforcement from a height should be avoided.

Reinforcement should be secured against displacement.

METHOD FOR FORMWORK

Pre Check

1.Check if the shutters are properly cleaned by removing the concrete/

mortar and protruding nails.

2.Formwork shall be made to the exact dimensions within the

permissible tolerances as mentioned below.

3.Required thickness and quality of plywood conforming to IS 6461

shall be used to meet the requirements of design and surface finish.

4.For beam bottom & sides, proper size of timber at required

spacing shall be provided to take the design loads/ pressure

considering sleeves, conduit anchors & inserts.

Erection of formwork

5.Sufficiently rigid and tight to prevent the loss of grout or mortar from
the concrete.

6.Capable of providing concrete of the correct shape and surface finish

within the specified tolerance limits.

7.Soffits forms capable of imparting a camber if required.

8.The formwork may be of timber, plywood,steel,plastic or

concrete depending upon the type of finish specified.

68
9.Erect staging/shuttering as per drawing/sketches in such a way

that deshuttering can be done easily including provision for

repropping, if planned.

10.Check the location, line,level,plumb and dimensions of the

formwork to ensure that the deviations are within the permissible

limits.

11.Provide bracing at proper places & intervals as specified by the

manufacturer or as per formwork scheme to take care of lateral

loads.

12.Apply mould oil/other coatings as release agents before

reinforcement steel is placed.

13.Wire ties passing through beams,columns and walls shall not

be allowed .In their place bolts passing through sleeves shall be

used.For liquid retaining structures ,sleeves shall not be

provided for through bolts.

14.Check all the shutters are properly aligned and fixed firmly with

required lateral supports and ties.

15.Check all the spanning members have proper bearing at the supports.

16.Wedges or jacks shall be secured in position after the final check of

alignment.

17.Forms shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, mortar and other

matters such as metals, blocks, saw dust and foreign materials

before concreting if required through clean-out openings.

18.Check all the gaps/openings are properly closed to avoid leakages.

19.Check all the inserts/embedments and openings are exactly placed

as per the drawings.

69
20.In case of leakages, bulging and sagging immediate actions

shall be taken by tightening wedges or adjusting by jacks which

must be done before the concrete takes its initial set.

Removal of Forms

21.Formwork components shall not be dropped but shall be

lowered without damage to the components and structures. All

the removed formwork materials shall be thoroughly scarped,

cleaned immediately and stacked properly for reuse.

22.'All forms shall be removed after the minimum period stipulated

mentioned below without damage to the concrete including removal

without shock as per IS 456

METHOD FOR BACKFILLING

1. Backfilling area shall be free from foreign matters (ie. wooden

scraps , plywood pieces rebar bits etc) and tie rods recesses

shall be rendered with polymer based non shrink compound with

a subsequent application of curing compound on them.

2.Filling around foundation or other places indicated shall be done

with approved material obtained from excavation or approved

materials brought from out side.

3.The material shall be good quality soft or hard murrum or

Panna sand or other approved back filling material.Back

filling soil shall be free from black cotton soil. 4.Filling shall

be done in layers not exceeding 20 cms thick and each layer

shall be watered adequately and consolidated properly by

rollers or pneumatic rammers 8 to 10 tonnes wherever

70
conditions permit. If it is not possible, the consolidation shall

be done by hand rollers/ heavy pneumatic/ hand rammers/

plate compactor. 5.The surface of the filling shall be finished

to lines and levels as required.

6.The approved materials shall be plced in layers, not

exceeding 200mm in depth before compaction and shall be

compacted to minimum 95% dry density. Layers placed in the

top 300mm of the fill shall be compacted to 98% of maximum

dry density.

No of Samples:

(i)For foundation filling - one for every 10 foundation for each compacted
layer.

(ii)For area filling one for every 1000 sqm area for each compacted layer.

METHOD FOR PILING

1.Excavate till the COL of pile

2.Predict the level of concrete in side the pile by driving rebar to

touch the hard strata of concrete.

3.Excavate till the predicted level of pile till visibility of concrete

4.Chip off loose concrete/ laitance from the top level of exposed

concrete and ensure the quality of concrete after chipping.

5.Straighten the distorted vertical bars & tie the lateral ties/ helical to
COL

6.Fix the formwork of the required size up to the pile COL.

7.Apply the bonding agent(Nitobond EP) before pouring the

concrete with the help of an extended brush.

71
8.Pour concrete of the same grade(M30)

9.Strip the form work after 24 hrs

10.Back fill around the piles in layers not exceeding 200mm up to

COL and allow for PCC

11.FDT to be carried out as per relevent IS Code and Technical

specification.

12.Curing of concrete with approved water shall start after

completion of Initial setting time of concrete and in hot

weather after 4 hours. Concrete will be cured for a minimum

period of seven days when OPC with high water cement ratio

is used, curing for minimum 10 days in hot weather or low

water cement ratio is used. Curing shall be done by continous

sprays or ponded water or continously saturated coverings of

sacking canvas,hessain or other absorbent material for the

period of complete hydration with a minimum of 7 days.Curing

shall also be done by covering the surface with an

impermeable material such as Polyethlene ,which shall be well

sealed and fastened.

METHOD FOR CONCRETING

1.Concrete mix design for Different Structure should be as per

Notes in the specific approved drawing

2.For Design Mix Concrete,the mix shall be designed to provide

the grade of concrete having the required strength, workability

& durability requirements given in IS: 456 for each grade of

concrete taking into account the type of cement, minimum

72
cement content and maximum W/C ratio conforming to exposure

conditions as per tender specifications.

3.Mix design and preliminary tests are not necessary for

Nominal Mixconcrete (M5, M7.5, M10, M15, M20 as Specified in

IS 456 - Table 9) .However works tests shall be carried out as

per IS:456

4.No concreting shall be done without the approval of engineer.

Prior notice shall be given before start of concreting.

5. Cement shall be measured by weight in weigh batching

machines of an approved type, aggregate shall be measured by

volume / weight. The machines shall be kept clean and in good

condition and shall be checked adjusted for accuracy at regular

intervals when required by the engineer. Material shall be

weighed within 2.5% tolerances, inclusive of scale and

operating errors. The weigh batching machines / Measuring

Boes shall discharge efficiently so that no materials are

retained.

6.Concrete shall be mixed in mechanical mixers of an approved

type. In no case shall the mixing of each batch of concrete

continue for less than 2 minutes.The water to be added in

concrete 3.6 shall be adjusted based on moisture contents in

fine and coarse aggregates. During hot and cold weather,

suitable methods to reduce the loss of water by evaporation in

hot weather and heat loss in cold weather will be adopted as

per procedure set out in IS: 7861.

7.The compaction of concrete will be done by immersion type

needle vibrator which shall be inserted into concrete in

73
vertical position not more than 450 mm apart. Vibration will

be 3.7 applied systematically to cover all areas

immediately after placing concrete and will be stopped when

the concrete flattens and takes up a glistening appearance or

rise of entrapped air ceases or coarse agregate blends into

the surface but does not completely disappear. The vibrator

shall be slowly withdrawn to ensure closing of the hole

resulting from insertion.

8.Unless otherwise approved, continuous concreting shall be

done to the full thickness of 3.8 foundation rafts, slabs, beams &

similar members. For placing on slope, concreting will be started

at the bottom and moved upwards. Concrete shall not fall from a

height of more than 1m to avoid segregation.

9.Special care shall be taken to guarantee the finish and

Water-Tightness of concrete for liquid retaining

structures,underghround structures and those if specifically

mentioned.The minimum 3.9 level of surface finish for liquid

retaining structures shall be Type F-2 and it shall be

Hydrotested to approved procedure.Any leakage during

hydrotest or subsequently during difect liability period, if

occurred shall be effectively stopped either by cement /epoxy

presure grouting or any other approved method. 10.Curing of

concrete with approved water shall start after completion of

Initial setting time of concrete and in hot weather after 3

hours. Concrete will be cured for a minimum period of seven

days when OPC with high water cement ratio is used, curing

for minimum 10 days in hot weather or low water cement ratio

is used and where mineral admixture used minimum curing

74
period is 14 days. Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from

rain by suitable covering. Curing shall be done by continous

sprays or ponded water or continously saturated coverings of

sacking canvas,hessain or other absorbent material for the

period of complete hydration with a minimum of 7 days.Curing

shall also be done by covering the surface with an

impermeable material such as Polyethlene ,which shall be well

sealed and fastened. Alternatively Curing compound of

approved make can be applied immediately after stripping of

formwork.

11.The workability of concrete shall be checked by the site

engineer. 3.12 The prepared surface shall be inspected and

certified in pour card.

12.Staining or discoloration shall be washed out. If surface is

not upto the acceptable standard, as 3.13 per IS 456, cement

wash is to be provided on exposed concrete surface of

foundation, beam, column,wall etc.

13.All blemishes and defect if any, shall be rectified immediately after

the removal of formwork.

14.For each sample of concrete pour 150mm cubes shall be

prepared and cured.3 nos shall be crushed at 7days and other 3

nos at 28 days. Record shall be made for each test in

enclosedormats as per ITP.

15.PVC water stoppers shall be provided in construction joints as per

AFC drawing confirming to IS-12200. Prior approval shall be taken for

location & material.

75
Alternatively G.I.sheet of 200mm wide and 18 guage thk shall

also be used for the same with the approval of Engineer

76
 PLANNING DEPARTMENT

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity

in the management and execution of construction projects. It

involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks,

the estimation of the required resources and durations for

individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions

among the different work tasks. A good construction plan is the

basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work.

Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the

management of construction, even if the plan is not written or

otherwise formally recorded. In addition to these technical

aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to

make organizational decisions about the relationships between

project participants and even which organizations to include in

a project.

Essential aspects of construction planning include the

generation of required activities, analysis of the implications of

these activities, and choice among the various alternative

means of performing activities.

In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a

primary emphasis on either cost control or on schedule control.

Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories

with associated costs. In these cases, construction planning is

cost or expense oriented. Within the categories of expenditure,

a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the

performance of an activity and indirectly for the

accomplishment of the project. For example, borrowing

77
expenses for project financing and overhead items are

commonly treated as indirect costs. For other projects,

scheduling of work activities over time is critical and is

emphasized in the planning process. In this case, the planner

insures that the proper precedence’s among activities are

maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available

resources prevails. Traditional scheduling procedures

emphasize the maintenance of task precedence’s (resulting in

critical path scheduling procedures) or efficient use of

resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling

procedures). Finally, most complex projects require

consideration of cost and scheduling over time, so that planning,

monitoring and record keeping must consider both dimensions.

In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget

information is a major concern.

A parallel step in the planning process is to define the various

work tasks that must be accomplished. These work tasks

represent the necessary framework to permit scheduling of

construction activities, along with estimating the resources

required by the individual work tasks, and any necessary

precedence’s or required sequence among the tasks. The terms

work "tasks" or "activities" are often used interchangeably in

construction plans to refer to specific, defined items of work.

Planning department in L&T uses Microsoft Project as a

powering tool for reducing risk. Microsoft Project gives

efficiency to plan a project, identify the resources required and

identify the tasks required in a sequence, increasing probability

of delivery of the project to the time, cost and quality objectives.

78
Microsoft Project gives you a powerful, visually enhanced way

to effectively manage a wide range of projects and programs.

From meeting crucial deadlines, to selecting the right

resources, Microsoft project empowering your teams.

The initial schedule of major construction activities S0 is

prepared according to the Clients preference. S0 is the basis for

all types of scheduling. Preliminary schedules representing the

monthly work estimates are prepared based on experience

considering local climate conditions, environment, learning

curve, pace of work, mobilization, etc in Microsoft Project.

Productivities of different activities are estimated and validated

during the course of execution. Man power requirement is

calculated based on these productivities. Drawings released by

the Client. Revisions and change orders are issued as and when

there is a change and distributed to all the units. The planning

system is updated in the first week of every month. Two

progress schedules are maintained – original schedule prepared

in the starting of the project, planned schedule which is modified

according to the requirements and conditions. Actual progress

is compared with the planned schedule and in case any delay in

progress is then a Catch up schedule is prepared and executed

accordingly to overcome the delay.

79
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful learning experience at L&T Construction

RAHEJA CORP’S COMMERZONE, site of L&T project for twenty

Days in Porur. I gained a lot of insight regarding almost every

aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the

departments at the site . The friendly welcome from all the

employees is appreciating, sharing their experience and giving

their peace of wisdom which they have gained in long journey of

work. I am very much thankful for the wonderful

accommodation facility from L&T. I hope this experience will

surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.

SITE PHOTOS

80
SITE PHOTOS

81
82