Dr.

Sachin Kapur
M.Phil, Phd

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students &

Teachers Mentored
 Genetics

Lecture 9

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
 Telegram
APP

tinyurl.com/neetlivechat
Tests
Quizzes
Live Doubt Sessions
More Personalized
PLUS Courses
Step 1 Step 2

INSTALL
Step 3 Step 4
Step 5 Step 6

NEETLIVE Apply
Intergenic Interaction

Intergenic Interaction

Epistasis

Duplicate Genes

Polymeric Genes

Complementary Genes

Supplementary Genes

Collaborative Genes
Intergenic Interaction

Epistasis

➢ It is the phenomenon of masking or suppressing the expression of a gene by

another nonallelic gene.
➢ The gene which suppresses the expression of a nonallelic gene is known as
epistatic gene.
➢ The gene or locus which is suppressed by the presence of nonallelic gene is
termed as hypostatic gene.
➢ The phenomenon by which the effect of a gene gets suppressed due to the
presence of a nonallelic gene is called hypostasis.
Intergenic Interaction

Epistasis

Dominant Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis
Epistasis

Dominant Epistasis

➢ In this condition, the epistatic gene is dominant over its own allele.
➢ It is therefore, effective even in heterozygous condition.
➢ The dihybrid ratio for dominant epistasis is 12: 3: 1.
➢ Example: Fruit colour in Cucurbita pepo (Summer Squash).
Epistasis

Fruit Color in Summer Squash Plant

➢ Plants that carry the dominant allele C produce white fruit, whereas plants
that are homozygous for the recessive allele c produce colored fruit.
➢ If a squash plant is also homozygous for the recessive allele g, the fruit will be
green.
➢ If it carries the dominant allele G of this gene, the fruit will be yellow.
 Epistasis

Fruit Color in Summer Squash Plant

➢ Two genes control steps in the synthesis of green pigment.

➢ The first step converts a colorless precursor into a yellow pigment, and the
second step converts this yellow pigment into a green pigment.
 Epistasis

Fruit Color in Summer Squash Plant

➢ If the first step is blocked (by the presence of the C allele), neither of the
pigments is produced and the fruit will be white.
➢ If only the second step is blocked (by the presence of the G allele), the yellow
pigment cannot be converted into the green pigment and the fruit will be
yellow.
Epistasis

Fruit Color in Summer Squash Plant

Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ In this condition, the epistatic gene is recessive to its own allele.

➢ Thus the epistatic gene can have its inhibiting influence only when it is in
homozygous condition.
➢ The F2 ratio is generally 9: 3: 4.
➢ Example: Coat colour in mice.
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ A classic example of this analysis is from the work of Bateson and Punnett,
who studied the genetic control of flower color in the sweet pea, Lathyrus
odoratus.
➢ The flowers in this plant are either purple or white—purple if they contain
anthocyanin pigment and white if they do not.
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ Bateson and Punnett crossed two different varieties with white flowers to
obtain F1 hybrids, which all had purple flowers.
➢ When hybrids were crossed, they obtained a ratio of 9 purple: 7 white plants
in the F2.
➢ They explained the results by proposing that two independently assorting
genes, C and P, are involved in anthocyanin synthesis and that each gene
has a recessive allele that abolishes pigment production.
Recessive Epistasis
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ Another classic study of epistasis was performed by George Shull using a

weedy plant called the shepherd’s purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris.
➢ The seed capsules of this plant are either triangular or ovoid in shape.
➢ Ovoid capsules are produced only if a plant is homozygous for the
recessive alleles of two genes—that is, if it has the genotype aa bb.
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ If the dominant allele of either gene is present, the plant produces triangular
capsules.
➢ The evidence for this conclusion comes from crosses between doubly
heterozygous plants.
➢ Such crosses produce progeny in a ratio of 15 triangular:1 ovoid, indicating
that the dominant allele of one gene is epistatic over the recessive allele of the
other.
Epistasis
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ The data suggest that capsule shape is determined by duplicate

developmental pathways, either of which can produce a triangular capsule.
➢ One pathway involves the dominant allele of the A gene, and the other the
dominant allele of the B gene.
Epistasis

Recessive Epistasis

➢ A precursor substance can be converted into a product that leads to a

triangular seed capsule through either of the two pathways.
➢ When both pathways are blocked by homozygous recessive alleles the
triangular phenotype is suppressed and an ovoid capsule produced.
Intergenic Interaction (Non-allelic interaction)

Duplicate Genes /
Pseudoalleles
Duplicate Genes / Pseudoalleles

➢ They were observed by G.H. Shull in Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa

pastoris).
➢ Duplicate genes are two or more independent genes present on different
chromosomes which determine the same or nearly same phenotype.
➢ The independent genes do not have cumulative effect.
➢ They produce the same phenotype whether present in homozygous or
heterozygous state.
➢ Example: Endosperm colour in maize; F2 ratio: 15 yellow: 1 white.
Intergenic Interaction (Non-allelic interaction)

Polymeric Genes
or
Additive Genes
Polymeric Genes or Additive Genes

➢ Two independent dominant genes, whether present in homozygous or

heterozygous condition, have similar phenotypic effect when present
individually but produce a cumulative or double effect when found together.
➢ A dihybrid ratio of 9: 6: 1 is obtained in the F2 generation.
➢ Example: Pericarp colour in wheat; F2 ratio: 9 deep red: 6 light red: 1 white.
Intergenic Interaction (Non-allelic interaction)

Complementary Genes
Complementary Genes

➢ They are those nonallelic genes which independently show a similar effect
but produce a new trait when present together in the dominant form.
➢ Complementary genes were first studied by Bateson and Punnet in case of
flower colour of Sweet Pea (Lathyrus odoratus).
➢ It is also an example of recessive epistasis.
Intergenic Interaction (Non-allelic interaction)

Supplementary Genes
Supplementary Genes

➢ These are a pair of nonallelic genes, one of which produces its effect
independently in the dominant state while the dominant allele of the second
gene (supplementary gene) needs the presence of other gene for its
expression.
➢ Supplementary Genes in Lablab.
Supplementary Genes

➢ Lablab has two genes, K and L.

➢ In the recessive state the second or supplementary gene (ll) has no effect on
seed coat colour.
➢ Dominant K independently produces Khaki colour while its recessive allele
gives rise to buff colour irrespective of the supplementary gene being
dominant or recessive.
➢ In the dominant state the supplementary gene (L) changes the effect of
dominant allele of pigment forming gene (K) into chocolate colour.
➢ F2 ratio is 9: 3: 4.
Intergenic Interaction (Non-allelic interaction)

Collaborative Genes
Collaborative Genes

➢ They are two nonallelic genes which not only are able to produce their own
effects independently when present in the dominant state but can also
interact to form a new trait.
➢ Comb types in poultry is an example of collaborative supplementary genes, P
and R.
Collaborative Genes

➢ When none of these genes is present in the dominant state (pprr), single
comb is formed.
➢ In case P alone is dominant, a pea comb is formed (Pprr, PPrr).
➢ If R alone is dominant, a rose comb is obtained (ppRr, ppRR).
➢ A walnut comb is formed when both P and R occur together in dominant
state (P — R —).
Collaborative Genes
Collaborative Genes

Rose, Wyandottes Pea, Brahmas

Collaborative Genes
Collaborative Genes
Collaborative Genes

Walnut Single, Leghorns

 11th Grade
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM
 12th Grade
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Subjects Timings
Biology 4 PM
Physics 5 PM
Chemistry 6 PM
 Telegram
APP

tinyurl.com/neetlivechat