G12- St.

John Paul II
Group 1- Banguis, Dalag, Nimes, Sia, Gallardo, Beron, Cañas, Capao

EXISTING THEORY

1. Social cognitive theory (SCT) by: Albert Bandura

-Used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an
individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within
the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. This
theory was advanced by Albert Bandura as an extension of his social learning
theory. The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior
and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events
and use this information to guide subsequent behaviors. Observing a model can
also prompt the viewer to engage in behavior they already learned.

-In other words, people do not learn new behaviors solely by trying them and either
succeeding or failing, but rather, the survival of humanity is dependent upon the
replication of the actions of others. Depending on whether people are rewarded or
punished for their behavior and the outcome of the behavior, the observer may
choose to replicate behavior modeled. Media provides models for a vast array of
people in many different environmental settings.

-In 1986, Bandura published his second book, which expanded and renamed his
original theory. He called the new theory social cognitive theory. Bandura changed
the name to emphasize the major role cognition plays in encoding and performing
behaviors. In this book, Bandura argued that human behavior is caused by
personal, behavioral, and environmental influences.

-SCT has been applied to many areas of human functioning such as career choice
and organizational behavior as well as in understanding classroom motivation,
learning, and achievement.

2. Cultivation Theory by: George Gerbner

-Cultivation theory suggests that exposure to media, over time, subtly "cultivates"
viewers' perceptions of reality. Gerbner and Gross assert: "Television is a medium
of the socialization of most people into standardized roles and behaviors. Its
function is in a word, enculturation". Within his analysis of cultivation, Gerbner
draws attention to three entities—institutions, messages, and publics.

-though most researchers tend to focus on television as it is the most common

form of media consumption in the world, Cultivation Theory has been shown to
encompass many different forms of media, such as newspapers, film, and even
photographs. This can apply anytime social observation occurs in any form outside
a natural environment.[6]
 -Initial research on the theory establishes that concern regarding the effects of
television on audiences stem from the unprecedented centrality of television in
American culture. Gerbner posited that television as a mass medium of
communication had formed into a common symbolic environment that bound
diverse communities together, socializing people into standardized roles and
behaviors.

3. Hierarchy of Needs Theory by: Abraham Maslow

-Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology proposed by Abraham

Maslow in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" in Psychological
Review. Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of
humans' innate curiosity. His theories parallel many other theories of human
developmental psychology, some of which focus on describing the stages of
growth in humans. He then decided to create a classification system which
reflected the universal needs of society as its base and then proceeding to more
acquired emotions.

-Maslow's hierarchy of needs is used to study how humans intrinsically partake in

behavioral motivation. Maslow used the terms "physiological", "safety", "belonging
and love", "social needs" or "esteem", and "self-actualization" to describe the
pattern through which human motivations generally move. This means that in order
for motivation to arise at the next stage, each stage must be satisfied within the
individual themselves. Additionally, this theory is a main base in knowing how effort
and motivation are correlated when discussing human behavior. Each of these
individual levels contains a certain amount of internal sensation that must be met
in order for an individual to complete their hierarchy. The goal in Maslow's theory
is to attain the fifth level or stage: self-actualization.

4. The theory of Structuration by: Anthony Giddens

- is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based
in the analysis of both structure and agents (see structure and agency), without
giving primacy to either. Further, in structuration theory, neither micro- nor macro-
focused analysis alone is sufficient.

-The theory was proposed by sociologist Anthony Giddens, most significantly in

The Constitution of Society, which examines phenomenology, hermeneutics, and
social practices at the inseparable intersection of structures and agents. Its
proponents have adopted and expanded this balanced position.[2] Though the
theory has received much criticism, it remains a pillar of contemporary sociological
theory.
 -Sociologist Anthony Giddens adopted a post-empiricist frame for his theory, as he
was concerned with the abstract characteristics of social relations.[according to
whom?] This leaves each level more accessible to analysis via the ontologies
which constitute the human social experience: space and time ("and thus, in one
sense, 'history'.")[1]:3 His aim was to build a broad social theory which viewed
"[t]he basic domain of study of the social sciences... [as] neither the experience of
the individual actor, nor the existence of any form of societal totality, but social
practices ordered across space and time."

5. Agenda – Setting Theory by: Max McCombs and Donald Show

-Agenda-setting theory describes the "ability (of the news media) to influence the
importance placed on the topics of the public agenda".[1] Agenda-setting theory
was formally developed by Max McCombs and Donald Shaw in a study on the
1968 American presidential election. Agenda setting is a social science theory; it
also attempts to make predictions. The theory also suggests that media has a great
influence to their audience by instilling what they should think instead of what they
think. That is, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently, the audience
will regard the issue as more important.

-Agenda-setting is the creation of public awareness and concern of salient issues

by the news media. As well, agenda-setting describes the way that media attempts
to influence viewers, and establish a hierarchy of news prevalence. Two basic
assumptions underlie most researches on agenda-setting: 1. The press and the
media do not reflect reality; they filter and shape it; 2. media concentration on a
few issues and subjects leads the public to perceive those issues as more
important than other issues.

6. Attribution Theory by: Fritz Heider

-Humans are motivated to assign causes to their actions and behaviors.[1] In social
psychology, attribution is the process by which individuals explain the causes of
behavior and events. Models to explain this process are called attribution theory.[2]
Psychological research into attribution began with the work of Fritz Heider in the
early 20th century, and the theory was further advanced by Harold Kelley and
Bernard Weiner. Gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider is often described as the early-
20th-century "father of attribution theory".

7. Self-perception by: Daryl Bem

-Self-perception theory (SPT) is an account of attitude formation developed by

psychologist Daryl Bem.[1][2] It asserts that people develop their attitudes (when
there is no previous attitude due to a lack of experience, etc.—and the emotional
 response is ambiguous) by observing their own behavior and concluding what
attitudes must have caused it. The theory is counterintuitive in nature, as the
conventional wisdom is that attitudes determine behaviors. Furthermore, the
theory suggests that people induce attitudes without accessing internal cognition
and mood states.[3] The person interprets their own overt behaviors rationally in
the same way they attempt to explain others' behaviors.

8. Social Identity by: Henri Tajfel

-Identity is the qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that make a
person (self-identity) or group (particular social category or social group), in
psychology.[citation needed] Categorizing identity can be positive or destructive.
A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-
esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition: "A
person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one
construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one
construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one
aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such
as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal
made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal
of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity".

9. Triangular Theory of Love by: Robert Sternberg

-The triangular theory of love is a theory of love developed by Robert Sternberg, a

member of the Psychology Department at Yale University. During his time as a
professor, Sternberg emphasized his research in the fields of intelligence,
creativity, wisdom, leadership, thinking styles, ethical reasoning, love, and hate. In
the context of interpersonal relationships, "the three components of love, according
to the triangular theory, are an intimacy component, a passion component, and a
decision/commitment component."

-Sternberg says that intimacy refers to "feelings of closeness, connectedness, and

bondedness in loving relationships", passion refers to "the drives that lead to
romance, physical attraction, sexual consummation, and related phenomena in
loving relationships" and decision/commitment means different things in the short
and long term. In the short-term, it refers to "the decision that one loves a certain
other", and in the long-term, it refers to "one's commitment to maintain that love."

10. Social Comparison by: Leon Festinger

-Social comparison theory, initially proposed by social psychologist Leon Festinger

in 1954,[1] centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain
accurate self-evaluations. The theory explains how individuals evaluate their own
opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce
uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self.

Following the initial theory, research began to focus on social comparison as a way
of self-enhancement,[2][3] introducing the concepts of downward and upward
comparisons and expanding the motivations of social comparisons.