Math 1310: Integral Calculus and Applications

Winter, 2018

Instructor: Shu Xiao Li

Feb. 5, 2018

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Arc Length

Definition
The length of line segment from (a, b) to (c, d) is
q
(c − a)2 + (d − b)2 .

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Arc Length

Definition

Let |Pi−1 − Pi | be the length of line segment from Pi−1 to Pi . The

length of curve f (x) from a to b is
n
X
lim |Pi−1 − Pi |.
n→∞
i=1

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Arc Length

Arc Length Formula

If f (x) is differentiable and f 0 (x) is continuous on [a, b]. Then the
length of the curve f (x) between x = a and x = b is
Z b q
1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

Proof
Fix an n, then
q
|Pi−1 − Pi | = (xi − xi−1 )2 + (f (xi ) − f (xi−1 ))2
s
f (xi ) − f (xi−1 ) 2
 
= 1+ (xi − xi−1 ).
xi − xi−1

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Arc Length

Proof
b−a f (xi ) − f (xi−1 )
Let ∆x = . When n → ∞, → f 0 (xi ) i.e.
n xi − xi−1
q
|Pi−1 − Pi | → 1 + (f 0 (xi ))2 (∆x).

Therefore, arc length of f (x) is

n
X n q
X
lim |Pi−1 − Pi | = lim 1 + (f 0 (xi ))2 (∆x)
n→∞ n→∞
i=1 i=1
Z b q
= 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

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Arc Length

Example 1
Compute the arc length of f (x) = 2x between x = 0 and x = 1.

Solution
f 0 (x) = 2. By arc length formula, we have
Z 1q Z 1√ √
1 + (2)2 dx = 5dx = 5.
0 0

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Arc Length

Example 2
√
Compute the arc length of f (x) = 1 − x 2 between x = 0 and
x = 1.

Solution
x
f 0 (x) = − √ . By arc length formula, we have
1 − x2
v !2 s
Z 1u
x2
Z 1
t1 + − √ x
u
dx = 1+ dx
0 1 − x2 0 1 − x2
Z 1
1
= √ dx
0 1 − x2
1
= sin−1 (x) = π/2.

0

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Arc Length

Example 3
Compute the arc length of f (x) = x 2 /2 between x = 0 and x = 1.

Solution
f 0 (x) = x. By arc length formula, we have
Z 1p
1 + x 2 dx.
0

1 du
Substitute x = tan u, 1 + x 2 = and dx = . Then
cos2 u cos2 x
substitute t = sin u, dt = cos udu, we have
√
Z 1p Z π/4 Z 1/ 2 1
1
1 + x 2 dx = du = dt.
0 0 cos3 u 0 (1 − t 2 )2

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Arc Length

Solution
Using the method of undetermined coefficients, we have
 
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + − + .
(1 − t 2 )2 4 t + 1 (t + 1)2 t − 1 (t − 1)2

Therefore,
√
Z 1p Z 1/ 2 1
1+ x 2 dx = dt
0 0 (1 − t 2 )2
  √
1 1 1 1/ 2
= log |t + 1| − − log |t − 1| −
4 t +1 t −1 0

1 √ √ √ 
= log(1 + 1/ 2) − log(1 − 1/ 2) + 2 2
4
1  √  √ 
= log 2+1 + 2 .
2
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Surface Area
Surface area of a cone

Surface area of a cone with base radius r and slant height ` is

equal to the area of a sector with radius ` and arc length 2πr .
(Animation) The angle θ is 2πr /`. Therefore, surface area is

θ 2πr
π`2 = π`2 = πr `.
2π 2π`
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Surface Area

Surface area of a band

By similar triangle, r1 /r2 = `1 /(`1 + `) i.e. (r2 − r1 )`1 = r1 `.

Therefore, the surface area of the band is

πr2 (`1 + `) − πr1 `1 = π(r2 − r1 )`1 + πr2 ` = π`(r1 + r2 ).

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Surface Area
Surface area of revolution

Let Ai be the surface area of the band between Pi−1 and Pi , then
the surface area of the solid obtained by rotating f (x) around
X n
x-axis between x = a and x = b is lim Ai .
n→∞
i=1
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Surface Area
Surface area formula
If f (x) is differentiable and f 0 (x) is continuous on [a, b], then
surface area of the solid obtained by rotating f (x) around x-axis
between x = a and x = b is
Z b q
2πf (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

Proof
Fix an n, then the band between Pi−1 and Pi has bottom radius
f (xi ), top radius
v f (xi−1 ) and slant height
u !2
u f (xi ) − f (xi−1 )
|Pi−1 − Pi | = 1 +
t (∆x). Therefore,
xi − xi−1
s  2
f (xi ) − f (xi−1 )
Ai = π(f (xi ) + f (xi−1 )) 1 + (∆x).
xi − xi−1
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Surface Area
Proof
f (xi ) − f (xi−1 )
When n → ∞, f (xi−1 ) → f (xi ) and → f 0 (xi ) i.e.
p x i − x i−1
Ai → 2πf (xi ) 1 + (f 0 (xi ))2 (∆x). Therefore, the surface area is
n
X n
X q
lim Ai = lim 2πf (xi ) 1 + (f 0 (xi ))2 (∆x)
n→∞ n→∞
i=1 i=1
Z b q
= 2πf (x) 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

Surface area formula

Similarly, surface area of solid obtained by rotating around y -axis is
Z b q
2πx 1 + (f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

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Surface Area

Example 1
Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the curve f (x) = 2x from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution
f 0 (x) = 2. By surface area formula, we have
Z 1 q √ Z 1 √
2π(2x) 1 + (2)2 dx = 4 5π xdx = 2 5π.
0 0

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Surface Area

Example 2
Find the area of the
√ surface obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the curve f (x) = 1 − x 2 from x = −1 to x = 1.

Solution
x
f 0 (x) = − √ . By surface area formula, we have
1 − x2
v !2
u
Z 1 p u x
Z 1
2π 1 − x 2 t1 + −√ dx = 2πdx = 4π.
−1 1 − x2 −1

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Surface Area

Example 3
Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating about the x-axis
√
the curve f (x) = 2 x from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution
1
f 0 (x) = √ . By surface area formula, we have
x
v !2
u
√
Z 1 Z 1
√ u 1
2π(2 x) 1 + √
t dx = 4π x + 1dx
0 x 0

8π 1 8π √

= (x + 1)3/2  = (2 2 − 1).
3 0 3

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Surface Area

Example 4
Find the area of the√surface obtained by rotating about the y -axis
the curve f (x) = 2 2x from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution
√
2
f 0 (x) = √ . By surface area formula, and substitute t = x + 1, we
x
have
√ !2
v
u
Z 1 u2
Z 1 p
√
2πx t1 + dx = 2π x 2 + 2xdx
0 x 0
Z 1 q Z 2p
= 2
2π (x + 1) − 1dx = 2π t 2 − 1dt.
0 1

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Surface Area

Solution
1 sin2 u sin u
Set t = , then t 2 − 1 = 2
and dt = du.
cos u cos u cos2 u
Z 2p Z π/3
2
sin2 u
2π t − 1dt = 2π du.
1 0 cos3 u

Set y = sin u and dy = cos udu,

π/3 Z √3/2
sin2 u y2
Z
2π du = 2π dy
0 cos3 u 0 (1 − y 2 )2
   √
1 2y  3/2
=2π 2
+ log |1 − y | − log |1 + y |
4 1−y

0
√ !!
π √ 2− 3  √  √ 
= 4 3 + log √ = π 2 3 + log 2 − 3 .
2 2+ 3

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Surface Area

Example 5
Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating about the x-axis
the curve f (x) = x 3 from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution
f 0 (x) = 3x 2 . By surface area formula, we have
Z 1 q Z 1 p
3
2πx 2
1 + (3x ) dx =2 2πx 3 1 + 9x 4 dx
0 0
2π 2 1 π
= (1 + 9x 4 )3/2  = (103/2 − 1).

36 3 0 27

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Surface Area

Example 6
Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating about the y -axis
the curve f (x) = x 3 from x = 0 to x = 1.

Solution
f 0 (x) = 3x 2 . By surface area formula, and set t = x 2 and u = 3t,
we have
Z 1 q Z 1 p
2 2
2πx 1 + (3x ) dx = 2πx 1 + 9x 4 dx
0 0
Z 1 p Z 3p
π
= π 1 + 9t 2 dt = 1 + u 2 du.
0 3 0

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Surface Area

Solution
1 1
Set u = tan y , u 2 + 1 = 2
and du = dy , we have
cos y cos2 y
Z 3p Z tan−1 (3)
π π 1
1+ u 2 du = dy .
3 0 3 0 cos3 y

Set w = sin y and dw = cos ydy ,

Z −1 Z √
π tan (3) 1 π 3/ 10 1
3
dy = dw
3 0 cos y 3 0 (1 − w 2 )2
    √
π 1 2w 3/ 10
= + log(w + 1) − log(1 − w )
3 4 1 − w2

0
π   √  √ 
= log 3 + 10 + 3 10 .
6
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