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All Ques For Exam
All Ques For Exam
15. The definition and the stages of biological oxidation. The characteristics of the
enzymes’ class - oxidoreductases. Flavin- linked dehydrogenases. Organization
of electron transport chain II type.
16. The definition and the stages of biological oxidation. Niacin- linked
dehydrogenases. Organization of electron transport chain I type. Hypotheses for
coupling mechanism. Mitchell’s chemiosmotic theory.
17. The definition and the stages of biological oxidation. Organization of electron
transport chain. Co-enzyme Q. Cytochromes. Inhibitors of electron transport
chain.
18. The definition and the stages of biological oxidation. Organization of electron
transport chain. Oxidative phosphorylation (ATP synthesis). P/O ratio.
Inhibitors of electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Uncouples
of oxidative phosphorylation. Regulation of ATP synthesis. Respiratory
control.
19. The definition and the stages of biological oxidation. Reactive oxygen species.
Generation of free radicals. Stages of the lipid peroxidation. Clinical
significance of free radicals. Free radicals scavenger systems. Antioxidants.
Vitamin E. Biochemical role of vitamin E. Deficiency manifestations of
vitamin E.
21. Central metabolic pathway. Definition, localization in the cell. Reactions of the
Krebs cycle. Biological significance of the CAC. Regulation of the CAC.
25. Glycogenolysis in the muscles. Cory cycle. Glucose- alanine cycle. Biological
significance. Regulation.
26. Energy balance of glycolysis and aerobic oxidation of glucose in the different
organs. Aerobic oxidation of glucose in details. Regulation of aerobic
oxidation of glucose.
36. Sources and utilization of acetyl CoA. Transport of acetyl CoA to cytosol by
citrate shuttle system. Biosynthesis of malonyl CoA. Regulation.
37. Stages of synthesis of fatty acids. by fatty acid synthase complex in details..
Characteristic of fatty acid synthase complex. Regulation, biological
significance.
38. Functions of the lipids in organism. Synthesis of TAGs and PLs in details.
Regulation. Biological significance of TAGs and PLs
46. Disposal of ammonia from tissues. Transport forms for ammonia. Mechanism
of toxic action of ammonia and detoxification of ammonia in the nervous
tissue. Urea cycle. Regulation, biological significance, disorders of urea cycle.
Ammoniogenesis in kidney. Biological significance.
50. Stages of fate of nucleic acids. Digestion of dietary nucleic acids. Degradation
of purine nucleotides. Gout. Adenosine deaminase deficiency.
63. Functions of the water and distribution of water in the body. Electrolyte
composition of body fluids. Regulation of electrolyte balance. Aldosterone.
Metabolic effects. Hyperaldosteronism. ADH. Biosynthesis of ADH
scheme. Metabolic effects of ADH. Deficiency of ADH. Renin- angiotensin-
aldosterone system. Metabolic effects of angiotensin II.
64. Functions of the water and distribution of water in the body. Electrolyte
composition of body fluids. Regulation of electrolyte balance. Atrial natriuretic
peptide. Metabolic effects. Guanylate- cyclase system. Biological significance
of NO.
65. Structure of Hb (I, II, III, IV). Types of Hb (Hb A1, Hb A2, HbF, HbP).
Biological functions of Hb. Derivatives of Hb. Hemoglobinopathy.
Thalassemias. Heme synthesis. Porphyrias.
67. Contents of the blood. Biological significance of the blood. Physical and
chemical properties of the blood. Buffer systems. Alkalosis. Acidosis.
Biological significance of albumins and globulins. Hypoproteinemias.
Hyperproteinemias. Disproteinemias. Paraproteinemias.
68. Blood enzymes. Mineral components of the blood. Iron metabolism. Deficiency
of the iron.