Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Soil Report
Soil Report
BELGAUM
KLS's
VISHWANATHRAO DESHPANDE RURAL INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY, HALIYAL.
A
“Project Report”
On
“SOIL STABILIZATION USING GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIAL
(BAMBOO FIBRES)”
(A KSCST sponsored Project)
40S_BE_0258
Submitted by
AROJA M. (2VD13CV007)
NAGARAJ K. (2VD13CV026)
PRASHANT. P. (2VD13CV036)
RAJESHWARI S. (2VD13CV043)
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task
would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose
constant guidance and encouragement crowned the efforts with success.
We would like to express our thanks to the Principal Dr. V.V.Katti for their
encouragement that motivated us for the successful completion of Project work. Also
it gives us immense pleasure to thank Prof. G.V.Chalageri Professor and Head of
Department for his constant support and encouragement.
Also, we would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude to Prof. Ashik Bellary.
Department of Civil Engineering for their constant support and guidance throughout
the Project work.
Also, we would like to express our thanks to juniors Chetana, Suvarna, Preeti,
Manjula, Sangeeta, Megha, Annapurna for their support.
Last, but not the least, we would hereby acknowledge and thank our parents & our
friends who have been a source of inspiration and also instrumental in the successful
completion of the Project work
Aroja Mirashi.
Nagaraj Kashilkar.
Prashant Patil
Rajeshwari Shetty
SYNOPSIS
Soil stabilization is the process which involves enhancing the physical properties of the
soil in order to improve its strength, durability etc. by blending or mixing with additives. The
different types of method used for soil stabilization are: Soil stabilization with cement, Soil
stabilization with lime, Soil stabilization using bitumen, Chemical stabilization and a new
emerging technology of stabilization by Geo textiles and Geo synthetic fibers.
In this study, we are making use of bamboo fibers as geo synthetic material for
stabilization of soil. With the introduction of bamboo fibers to the soil the CBR values will
improve and thickness of pavement layer also gets reduced. It also reduces the intensity of
stress
on subgrade. Bamboo fibers is such a geosynthetic material which is easily available,
ecofriendly
and also cost effective. With the application of soil stabilization method in construction the
overall cost gets reduced when compared to the ordinary method of construction.
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification of the soil strata like black cotton soil
and sedu soil is done using suitable sampling technique such as Core Cutter Method. To
determine the characteristics like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid limit
using Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic limit by rolling the sample to
3mm diameter thread, Shrinkage limit using Shrinkage apparatus, Optimum Moisture Content
and Maximum Dry Density using Standard Proctor Test and also California Bearing Ratio by
conducting CBR test.
The pavement thickness was designed using pavement design catalogues published by
IRC SP:20-2002. The estimation for the road is done by considering the item such as Jungle
Cutting, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, compacting and grading etc., as per SR
2016-17, PW, P and IWT circle Dharwad and suggestion of specification for the mixture of
Bamboo fibers as Geo Synthetic material for stabilization using CBR value by CBR Test and
Shear strength using Unconfined Compression Test.
The different tests were conducted in order to determine the different characteristics and
properties of the black cotton soil and obtained with following results. The liquid limit of the soil
with addition of bamboo fibers was found to be decreasing when compared to liquid limit of soil
alone. The plastic limit of the soil decreased with the addition of fibers. The shrinkage limit of
the soil was increased with increase in fibres.
The MDD of the soil with addition of bamboo fibers by weight of soil is found to be
increasing upto 0.75% after that it decreases and the corresponding OMC is decreased with
addition of fibers. The shear strength of soil decreased substantially with addition of fibers. The
CBR value of the soil increased substantially.
The different tests were conducted in order to determine the different characteristics and
properties of the sedu soil and obtained with following results. The liquid limit of the soil alone
was found to be 36.5%. The MDD of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5% bamboo fibers by
weight of soil is found to be decreased by 0.83% and 0.75% , 1.0% bamboo fibers by weight of
soil is found to be increased by 0.11 % and 16.98% respectively and the corresponding OMC is
decreased by 15.62%, 21.87% and 33.75% respectively. The shear strength of the soil with the
addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of bamboo fibers is found to be decreased by 38.57%,
38.57%, 35.25% and 5.85%. The CBR value of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and
1.0%, bamboo fibers by weight of soil is found to be increased.
From the limited laboratory study conducted we concluded that the 0.75% of bamboo
fiber can substantially improve the properties of Black cotton soil. And thus 0.75% of bamboo
fiber is the optimum fiber content for black cotton soil.
The design thickness of flexible pavement before stabilization is obtained as 450mm and
after stabilization is obtained as 250mm.The estimated cost for constructing flexible pavement
before stabilization of soil is obtained as 4018050 Rs /Km and after stabilization of soil is
obtained as 3721894Rs/Km. The estimated cost after stabilization is found to be decreased by
7.37%
CONTENTS
PAGE
CHAPTER DESCRIPTION NO
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Needs and Advantages of soil stabilization 2
1.3 Objectives of the project work 3
2.1 General 4
2.2 Stabilization of Black Cotton Soil using Lime and Geogrid 6
2.3 Geotextiles: An Overview 7
Improvement in CBR value of Black cotton soil by stabilizing it
2.4 with vitrified polish waste 7
Effects of Jute Fibers on Engineering Characteristics of Black Cotton
2.5 Soil 7
3.1 General 8
3.2 Wet Sieve Analysis [IS 2720 (Part 4) – 1985] 8
3.3 Liquid Limit Test [IS 2720 (Part 5) – 1985] 9
3.4 Plastic Limit Test [IS 2720 (part 5) – 1985] 11
3.5 Shrinkage Limit Test [IS 2720 (part 20) : 1992] 12
3.6 Compaction Test [IS 2720 (part VII) – 1980] 13
3.7 Unconfined Compression Test [IS 2720 (Part 10) : 1991] 14
3.8 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test[IS 2720 (Part 16) – 1987] 15
REFERENCE
6.1 General 62
6.2 Estimation of Quantities 62
6.3 Abstract of Cost 62
CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS 75
SCOPE OF STUDY 76
REFERENCE 77
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Soil stabilization is a method of improving soil properties by blending and mixing other
materials. There are various soil stabilization methods and there are various materials used for
soil stabilization. The following are the few methods described in literature.
• Soil Stabilization with Cement:
The soil stabilized with cement is known as soil cement. The cementing action is
believed to be the result of chemical reactions of cement with siliceous soil during
hydration reaction. The important factors affecting the soil-cement are nature of soil
content, conditions of mixing, compaction, curing and admixtures used.
The appropriate amounts of cement needed for different types of soils may be as follows:
Gravels – 5 to 10%, Sands – 7 to 12%, Silts – 12 to 15%, andClays – 12 – 20%
2
The quantity of cement for a compressive strength of 25 to 30 kg/cm should normally be
sufficient for tropical climate for soil stabilization.If the layer of soil having surface area
23
of A (m ), thickness H (cm) and dry density r (tonnes/m ), has to be stabilized with p
d
percentage of cement by weight on the basis of dry soil, cement mixture will
be((100XP)/(1+P)) and, the amount of cement required for soil stabilization is given by
Amount of cement required, in tonnes =
Lime, calcium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and fly ash are some of the
additives commonly used with cement for cement stabilization of soil.
• Soil Stabilization using Lime:
Slaked lime is very effective in treating heavy plastic clayey soils. Lime may be used
alone or in combination with cement, bitumen or fly ash. Sandy soils can also be
stabilized with these combinations. Lime has been mainly used for stabilizing the road
bases and the subgrade.
Lime changes the nature of the adsorbed layer and provides pozzolanic action. Plasticity
index of highly plastic soils are reduced by the addition of lime with soil. There is an
increase in the optimum water content and a decrease in the maximum compacted density
and he strength and durability of soil increases.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Normally 2 to 8% of lime may be required for coarse grained soils and 5 to 8% of lime
may be required for plastic soils. The amount of fly ash as admixture may vary from 8 to
20% of the weight of the soil.
• Soil Stabilization with Bitumen:
Asphalts and tars are bituminous materials which are used for stabilization of soil,
generally for pavement construction. Bituminous materials when added to a soil, it
imparts both cohesion and reduced water absorption. Depending upon the above actions
and the nature of soils, bitumen stabilization is classified in following four types:
• Sand bitumen stabilization
• Soil Bitumen stabilization
• Water proofed mechanical stabilization, and
• Oiled earth.
• Chemical Stabilization of Soil:
Calcium chloride being hygroscopic and deliquescent is used as a water retentive additive
in mechanically stabilized soil bases and surfacing. The vapor pressure gets lowered,
surface tension increases and rate of evaporation decreases. The freezing point of pure
water gets lowered and it results in prevention or reduction of frost heave.
The depressing the electric double layer, the salt reduces the water pick up and thus the
loss of strength of fine grained soils. Calcium chloride acts as a soil flocculent and
facilitates compaction. Frequent application of calcium chloride may be necessary to
make up for the loss of chemical by leaching action. For the salt to be effective, the
relative humidity of the atmosphere should be above 30%.
Sodium chloride is the other chemical that can be used for this purpose with a stabilizing
action similar to that of calcium chloride.
Sodium silicate is yet another chemical used for this purpose in combination with other
chemicals such as calcium chloride, polymers, chrome lignin, alkyl chlorosilanes,
siliconites, amines and quarternary ammonium salts, sodium hexametaphosphate,
phosphoric acid combined with a wetting agent.
• Electrical Stabilization of Clayey Soils:
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
[3]
2.3 Geotextiles: An Overview
AyushMithal and Dr. ShalinuShukla studied the effectiveness of use of geotextiles as
reinforcement material for stabilization of soil for different engineering works. Their
objectives were to study and introduce the properties of Geotextiles (such as Physical
property, Mechanical property, Hydraulic property, Endurance property and Durability
property), Fibers of Geotextiles, (they are natural and synthetic fibers), Types of
Geotextiles, functions of Geotextiles, application of geotextiles and impact of geotextiles
on environment. They have concluded that, due to the versatility of functions of
geotextiles they can be used in many important civil engineering works. The use of
geotextiles not only reduces construction cost but also reduce maintenance cost.
2.4 Improvement in CBR value of Black cotton soil by stabilizing it with vitrified
[4]
polish waste
Vegulla . Raghudeep et al . , studied the effect of vitrified polish waste on the properties
of the soil. Their objective was to check the reduction in pavement thickness due to
increase in CBR because of addition of polish waste. They conducted the tests like Grain
size distribution, Atterbegs limits, Compaction tests and CBR tests on soil alone and with
addition of vitrified polish waste. They conducted that 10% addition of vitrified polish
waste resulted in substantial increase in CBR value and significant reduction in
pavements thickness was reported.
[5]
2.5 Effects of Jute Fibers on Engineering Characteristics of Black Cotton Soil
HarshitaBairagi et al . , studied the effectiveness of jute fibers in controlling the swelling
behavior of black cotton soil measured in lab with and without use of randomly
reinforced jute fibers in the soil. Their objectives were to determine the CBR values and
unconfined compressive strength of the soil. The different tests conducted were sieve
analysis, Atterbergs limits, differential swelling test, proctor test, CBR test and
unconfined compression test. From the test they concluded that there was a substantial
increase in shrinkage limit, optimum moisture, dry density, CBR value and shear strength
of the soil and also the addition of jute fibers to black cotton soil decreased the swelling
behavior.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
CHAPTER 3
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
3.1 General
The Highway Research Board (HRB) classification of the soil strata like black cotton
soil and are done using suitable sampling technique such as Core Cutter Method. To
determine the characteristics like Grading by Sieve Analysis, Atterbergs Limits i.e Liquid
limit using Cone Penetration Method and Casagrande Method, Plastic limit by rolling the
sample to 3mm diameter thread, Shrinkage limit using Shrinkage apparatus, Optimum
Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density using Standard Proctor Test and also
California Bearing Ratio by conThe determination of the properties such as liquid limit,
plastic limit, shrinkage limit, optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, CBR value
and shear strength for different concentration of Geo synthetic material with black cotton.
The pavement thickness design will be done using pavement design catalogues published by
IRC SP:20-2002. The estimation for the road is done by considering the item such as Jungle
Cutting, Earthwork Excavation for Roadway and Drains, compacting and grading etc., as per
SR 2014-15, PW, P and IWT circle Dharwad and suggestion of specification for the mixture
of Bamboo fibers as Geo Synthetic material for stabilization. ducting four days soaked CBR
Test and Shear using Unconfined Compression Test.
The different tests were conducted in order to determine the different characteristics and
properties of the soil. The procedure of each of the tests have been explained below.
3.2 Wet Sieve Analysis [IS 2720 (Part 4) – 1985]
3.2.1 General
The grain size distribution is found by mechanical analysis. If the percentage fines are
more there is a need to conduct wet sieve analysis.
3.2.2 Apparatus
The different apparatus used for test were, sieves confirming to IS: 460(part I) - 1978,
4.75 mm, 2 mm, 425µ, 75µ. Oven to maintain temperature between 105˚C to 110˚C, trays or
buckets, brushes, mechanical sieve shaker.
3.2.3 Procedure
Suitable quantity of soil about 200 g passing through 4.75 mm sieve is taken in 75µ
sieve and is washed thoroughly using clean water until clear water appears and retained
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
portion of soil is kept for oven drying. Retained sample is sieved using either mechanical
sieve shaker or manually sieved. Set of IS sieves as 4.75mm, 2.0mm 1.0mm, 600µ, 425 µ,
300µ, 212 µ, 150µ, 75µ were used. Sieve the soil in a mechanical sieve shaker for 10
minutes. Weigh the material retained on each sieve to 1g. Percentage of soil passing 75µ is
considered as combination of silt and clay, soil retained above 75µ is coarse sand, medium or
fine sand. Particles retained above 2.0 mm sieve are considered as gravel portion of soil
under investigation.
3.3 Liquid Limit Test [IS 2720 (Part 5) – 1985]
3.3.1 General
In order to study the liquid limit of soil Casagrande test was conducted. Liquid limit is
generally determined by the mechanical method using Casagrande’s apparatus or the
standard liquid limit test apparatus. As per this method the liquid limit is defined as the
moisture content at which 25 blows or drops in standard liquid limit apparatus will just close
a groove of standardized dimensions cut in the sample by the grooving tool by a specified
amount.
3.3.2 Apparatus
Standard liquid limit apparatus is a mechanical device, consisting of a cup and
arrangement for raising and dropping through a specified height of 10mm. There are two
standard grooving tools. Other apparatus required include spatula, evaporating dish, moisture
containers, balance of capacity 200 grams and sensitivity to 0.01 g and thermostatically
controlled drying oven to maintain 105˚C to 110˚C.
3.3.3 Procedure
About 150 g of dry soil sample passing 425 micron IS sieve is weighed and mixed
thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish to form a uniform thick paste. In the
case of clayey soil, the paste should be kept in water tight container for the required period
(upto 24 hours) to ensure uniform distribution of moisture in the soil paste. The liquid limit
device is adjusted to have a free fall to cup exactly through 10 mm. The cup and the grooving
tools are cleaned well. The paste should have a fairly stiff consistency such that in the trial
run, 30-35 blows or drops of the cup are required to close the standard groove for a specified
length of 12 mm at the bottom. The soil paste is remixed and a portion of the paste is placed
in the cup of the apparatus above the lowest spot and squeezed down with the spatula to have
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
a horizontal surface. The soil paste is trimmed by firm strokes of the spatula in such a way
that the maximum depth of soil sample in the cup is 10 mm. The soil sample in the cup is
divided along the diameter through the centre line of the cam followed by firm strokes of the
grooving tool so as to get a clean sharp groove. The curved grooving tool may be used for all
soils, whereas the V shaped grooving tool may be used only in clayey soils free from sand
particles or fibrous materials.
The crank is rotated at the rate of 2 revolutions per second (either by hand or
electrically depending upon whether it is hand operated or machine operated) so that the test
cup is lifted and dropped as specified. This is continued till the two halves of the soil cake
flows slowly under the blows and come into contact at the bottom of the groove for a length
of 12 mm and the number of blows given is recorded.
In the next trial, additional small quantity of water is added to the soil paste in the dish,
mixed well using a spatula and the required quantity of paste is placed in the test cup and the
operations are repeated to determine the number of blows required in this trial. As the water
content in the paste is increased, the number of blows required to close the groove decreases.
The process is repeated for 3 or more trials with slightly increased water contents each time,
noting the number of blows so that there are at least 4 to 6 uniformly distributed readings of
number of blows between 15 and 35.
Using Cone Penetration Method
3.3.4 General
Another method used for testing liquid limit of soil is cone penetration method. From
the cone penetration method, liquid limit of a soil is defined as the water content in the soil
sample when the depth of the penetration of the standard cone is 20 mm. The depths upto
which the standard metal cone penetrates into samples of soil paste prepared with different
water contents in 5 sec are measured.
3.3.5 Apparatus
Penetration cone of standard apex angle and weight, cylindrical cup, balance of
sensitive to 0.01g and drying oven maintained at 105˚C to 110˚C.
3.3.6 Procedure
About 150g of soil sample is mixed in a dish to form a paste and it is transferred into
cylindrical cup of the cone penetrometer apparatus and is levelled without entrapped air. The
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
cone is adjusted to just touch the surface of the soil paste and is clamped and the initial
reading is noted. The clamp is released allowing the cone to penetrate into the soil paste
under its self-weight for 5 seconds and final penetration reading is noted. The cone
penetration value in mm, is the difference between the final and initial penetration readings
in a period of 5 seconds.The test is repeated for four to five times with different water
contents in the soil paste so that the penetration values are between 14 mm and 28 mm.
3.4 Plastic Limit Test [IS 2720 (part 5) – 1985]
3.4.1 General
In order to study the atterbergs limit it is important to conduct plastic limit test.
Plastic limit (PL) is the water content at which the soil rolled into thread of smallest diameter
possible starts crumbling and has a diameter of 3 mm
3.4.2 Apparatus
Evaporating dish of about 120 mm diameter, spatula, ground glass plate, moisture
containers, rod of 3 mm diameter, balance sensitivity to 0.01g, drying oven controlled at
temperature 105˚C to 110˚C.
3.4.3 Procedure
About 30 g of dry soil sample passing through 425 micron IS sieve is weighed out.
The soil is mixed thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish till the soil paste is
plastic enough to be easily moulded with fingers. A small ball (of about 8 g weight) is
formed with the fingers and this is rolled between the fingers and the ground glass plate to a
thread throughout its length. The pressure just sufficient to roll into a thread of uniform
diameter should be used. The rate of rolling should be between 80 to 90 strokes per minute
counting a stroke as one complete motion of hand forward and back to the starting position
again. The rolling is done till the diameter of the thread is 3 mm. Then the soil is kneaded
together to a ball and rolled again to form thread. During this process of alternate rolling and
kneading there will be loss in water content in the soil sample and it gradually become stiffer.
The process of kneading and rolling into thread is continued until the thread starts crumbling
under the same pressure required for rolling, when the thread just reaches a diameter of 3 mm
and the soil sample can no longer be rolled into thread of smaller diameter.
If the crumbling start at diameter less than 3 mm, then water content is more than plastic
limit and if the diameter is greater while crumbling starts, the moisture content is lower. By
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
trial, the thread which starts crumbling at 3 mm diameter under normal rolling pressure
should be obtained and the pieces of the crumbled thread of soil sample should be
immediately transferred to an air tight moisture container, lid tightly placed quickly and
weighed to find the wet weight of the thread. Any delay in transferring the sample of thread
to the container or closing with the lid tightly could result in considerable loss in the moisture
due to rapid evaporation. The container with the soil specimen is kept in the oven for about a
day and dry weight is found. The water content of the soil thread is determined which is
plastic limit of the soil. The above process is repeated three to four more times so as to get at
least three consistent values of plastic limit.
3.5 Shrinkage Limit Test [IS 2720 (part 20) : 1992]
3.4.1 General
Shrinkage limit (SL) in a remoulded soil sample is the maximum water content,
expressed as a percentage of oven dry weight, at which any further reduction in water
content will not cause decrease in volume or shrinkage of the soil sample.
3.4.2 Apparatus
Evaporating dish, shrinkage dish of diameter 45 mm and height 15 mm (both
internal), spatula, straight edge, glass cup 50-60mm in internal diameter and 25 mm height,
two glass plates of size 75 mm x 75 mm, one plane and the other having three metal prongs.
Other equipment needed are 25 ml graduated jar to read 0.2 ml, balance sensitive to 0.01 g,
mercury sufficient to fill the glass cup and a desiccator.
3.4.3 Procedure
The procedure for shrinkage limit test on remoulded soil samples is given here. About
30g of dry soil passing through 425 micron sieve is weighed out. The soil sample is placed in
the evaporating dish and thoroughly mixed with distilled water to make a paste that may be
readily worked into without entrapping air bubbles. The water content to form the paste may
be little more than liquid limit. The shrinkage dish is cleaned, dried and weighed. The inside
of the clean shrinkage dish is coated with a thin layer of Vaseline or heavy grease to prevent
adhesion of soil to the dish. The soil paste equal to roughly ⅓ the volume of shrinkage dish is
placed in the centre of the dish and the paste is allowed to flow to the edges by tapping the
dish on a firm surface cushioned with the few layers of blotting paper or similar material.
Then another equal quantity of paste is added and the dish tapped so that all the air bubbles
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
entrapped come to the top and the paste gets compacted. The process is continued till the
paste fills the dish completely and starts over flowing. The excess paste is struck off level
with the top edge of the shrinkage dish by the straight edge and the outside of the dish is
wiped clean.
The dish with the soil sample is immediately weighed and the soil sample in the dish
is allowed to dry in air till the colour of the pat becomes lighter. The dish with the soil
sample is then kept in an oven at 105˚C to 110˚C to constant weight, cooled in a dessicator
and weighed to find the weight of the dish and dry pat of soil sample. The weight of the
clean, empty dish is determined so that the weight of dry pat of soil sample can be calculated.
The volume of shrinkage dish is found by pouring mercury until it over flows, removing the
excess by pressing the glass plate flush with surface of glass cup. The weight of mercury in
the shrinkage dish is found to an accuracy of 0.01 g. The volume of the shrinkage dish is
calculated by dividing the weight of mercury (13.59 g/ml). The volume of the shrinkage dish
may also be determined by pouring the mercury from the dish into the graduated jar, as an
additional check.
The volume of the dry pat of soil sample is determined by the method of
displacement of mercury. The glass cup is filled with mercury until it over flows and is
pressed flush with the top edge of glass cup using the glass plate having three prongs to
remove the excess mercury the cup full of mercury is placed in clean evaporating dish, the
dry pat of soil sample is floated in the mercury and it is carefully forced under by the glass
plate with prongs. The plate is firmly pressed flush with the surface of the cup. Care is taken
to ensure that no air is entrapped under the pat. The mercury displaced by the dry soil pat is
weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g and by dividing this weight by the unit weight of mercury,
the volume of the over dry pat of soil sample, V is obtained.
o
3.6 Compaction Test [IS 2720 (part VII) – 1980]
3.6.1 General
The Standard Proctor Test is conducted to study the density of soil and its
corresponding optimum moisture content. Compaction of soil is a mechanical process by
which the soil particles are constrained to be packed more closely together by reducing the
air voids. Soil compaction causes decrease in air voids and consequently an increase in dry
density. This may result in increase in shearing strength.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
3.6.2 Apparatus
3
Mould of capacity 1000 cm with diameter of 100 mm and height 127.3 mm, metal
rammer of 50 mm diameter, 2.6 kg weight with a free drop of 310 mm, IS sieve 4.75 mm.
Other accessories like moisture containers, spatula, trowel, balances of capacity 10 kg and
200 g, drying oven, measuring cylinder.
3.6.3 Procedure
Take about 2.5 kg of air dried soil sample passing through 4.75 mm IS sieve. Add
required water to it and mix thoroughly and keep it for soaking in an air tight container for
about 16-20 hours. Find the mass of the empty and clean cylindrical mould along with the
base plate fixed to it. Attach the collar and apply grease to the inside of mould and collar.
Mix the matured soil thoroughly and fill the soil in 1000c.c mould.
For light compaction, compact the moist soil in three equal layers, each layer being given 25
blows from the rammer weighing 2.6 kg with a drop of 310 mm for 1000c.c mould by
distributing the blows evenly. Each layer of the compacted soil should be scratched with the
spatula before putting the soil for next layer. The amount of soil should be just sufficient to
fill the mould leaving about 5 mm to be struck off when the collar is removed.
Remove the collar, trim the excess soil using a straight edge, clean the mould from outside
and take the mass of the mould with base plate and compacted soil. Eject out the soil from
the mould and take a representative sample for water content determination. Repeat the
above procedure for 5 to 6 time with increasing water content.
3.7 Unconfined Compression Test [IS 2720 (Part 10) : 1991]
3.7.1 General
The shear strength of the soil is determined by conducting unconfined compression
test. Unconfined compression tests are carried out on cohesive soil specimen. The test may
be considered as a special case of the tri axial compression test when the lateral confining
pressure σ is equal to 0. Therefore, the cylindrical test specimen may be directly placed in a
3
compression testing machine and the compressive load applied.
3.7.2 Apparatus
Strain controlled compression testing machine with proving ring assembly to measure
load applied, dial gauge to measure deformation and moulds and tools to prepare test
specimen.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
3.7.3 Procedure
Take 150 g of dry soil sample passing through 425 micron IS sieve. Add optimum
water to it and mix thoroughly. The specimen of required size is obtained using sampling
tube. Measure the initial length and diameter of the specimen. Put the specimen on the
bottom plate and raise it to make contact with the upper plate. Adjust the compression dial
gauge and load dial gauge to zero. Compress the specimen to produce an axial strain rate of
0.5-0.2% per minute. Record both the dial gauge readings at suitable time intervals or at least
at every 1 mm deformation of the specimen. Compress the specimen till the cracks are
definitely developed or stress strain curve is well past its peak or 20% of vertical deformation
is reached whichever occurs earlier. Sketch the failure pattern and measure failure angle α
with horizontal, if possible, and if specimen is homogeneous and partially saturated.
3.8 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test[IS 2720 (Part 16) – 1987]
3.8.1 General
The CBR test denotes a measure of resistance to penetration of a soil or flexible
pavement material, of standard plunger under controlled test conditions.
3.8.2 Apparatus
CBR test equipment consists of a motorised loading machine fitted with the plunger
which penetrates at the specified rate into the test specimen placed in the CBR mould.
Hollow cylindrical mould of inner diameter 150 mm and height 175 mm , spacer disc,
compaction rammer of 4.89 kg with a drop of 450 mm, metal weights i.e., two discs
weighing 2.5 kg each. Other accessories like IS sieve 19 mm, tray, mixing bowl, straight
edge, filter paper, weight balance, measuring jar.
3.8.3 Procedure
Take 5 kg of dry soil sample passing through 19 mm IS sieve. Add optimum amount
of water to it and mix thoroughly. Apply grease to the inner surface of the CBR mould, place
the spacer disc at the bottom of the mould and keep a filter paper over it and fill the soil
sample into the mould in five layers with each layer being tamped for 55 blows using 4.89 kg
rammer with a free fall of 450 mm, to obtain the required density. Keep the surcharge weight
of 5 kg i.e., two discs weighing 2.5 kg each. Immerse this mould in clean water and allow it
for soaking for minimum four days. Remove the assembly and test it for CBR using
motorised loading machine.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
The mould with the specimen is clamped over the base plate and the same number of
surcharge weights are placed on the specimen centrally such that the penetration test could be
conducted. The mould with base plate is placed under the penetration plunger of the loading
machine. The penetration plunger is seated at the centre of the specimen and is brought in
contact with top surface of the soil sample by applying a seating load of 4 kg. The dial gauge
for measuring the penetration values of the plunger is fitted in position and the penetration
dial gauge is set to zero.
The dial gauge of the proving ring for load readings (or the load cell reading) is also set to
zero, not considering the seating load.
The load is applied through the penetration plunger of the motorised loading machine at a
uniform rate of 1.25 mm per minute. The load readings are recorded at penetration readings
of 0.0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 mm. In case the load readings start
decreasing before 12.5 mm penetration, the maximum load value and the corresponding
penetration value are recorded. After the final reading, the load is released and the mould is
removed from the loading machine. If the load values are given by the proving ring
assembly, calibration factor of the proving ring is noted so that the load dial values can be
converted into load in kg.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 General
Wet sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, Compaction tests, CBR and UCS tests were
conducted on Black cotton soil and sedu soil. The analysis has been discussed in the
following paragraphs.
4.2 Wet Sieve Analysis
Wet sieve analysis of Black cotton soil collected from Murkwad was carried out in
order to classify the soil. The following observations were made:
Sample taken [passing 4.75mm sieve before washing] = 200 g
Sample retained on 0.075mm sieve after washing and drying = 115 g
Sample passed through 0.075mm sieve after washing = 85 g, 42.5%
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
12 333
mass of mercury weighing dish + mercury
displacement by dry soil pat, M gms
7
13 167
Mass of mercury displaced by dry soil pat,
M8= (M7-M1) gms
14 Volume of dry soil pat, Vd=(M8/13.6) cc 12.279
d) Calculation
Figure 4.8: Liquid Limit curve of Black cotton soil + 0.25% Bamboo fibers (Cone
Penetration)
Liquid limit as obtained from graph = 39.2%
(corresponding to 20mm penetration)
Trial No. Water Content, % Water Amount, ml Penetration, mm
1 38 57 17
2 39.5 59.25 19
3 41 61.5 30
Table 4.10: Liquid limit test on Black cotton soil + 0.5% Bamboo fibers using cone
penetration method
Figure 4.9: Liquid Limit curve of Black cotton soil + 0.5% Bamboo fibers (Cone
Penetration)
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.10: Liquid Limit curve of Black cotton soil + 0.75% Bamboo fibers (Cone
Penetration)
Liquid limit as obtained from graph = 42%
(corresponding to 20mm penetration)
Figure 4.11: Liquid Limit curve of Black cotton soil + 1% Bamboo fibers (Cone
Penetration)
Liquid limit as obtained from graph = 42.3%
(corresponding to 20mm penetration)
4.11 Plastic Limit Test on soil added with fibers
Determination Number 1 2 3 4 5
Fiber added, % 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Container No. GT-19 GT-21 GT-20 GT-14 GT-22
Mass of empty container, M g 32.15 29.5 34.5 30 31.5
1
Mass of container + wet soil, M g 47.15 43.5 44.5 46 48
2
Mass of container +dry soil, M g 44.5 40.5 42 41.8 43.5
3
Mass of water = M = M -M 2.65 3 2.5 4.2 4.5
w23
Mass of dry soil= M = M -M g 12.35 11 7.5 11.8 12
d31
Plastic Limit,% W =(M /M )*100 21.46 27.27 33.33 35.59 37.50
pwd
Liquid Limit W 60.0 39.2 39.7 42.0 42.3
L
Plastic Limit,% W 21.46 27.27 33.33 35.59 37.50
p
Plasticity Index 38.54 11.93 6.37 6.41 4.8
Table 4.13: Plastic limit test on Black cotton soil + 0.25%, +0.5%,+0.75% and +1%
Bamboo fibers
water-content
6 Mass of empty shrinkage dish, M g 37 39.5 48 42 55.5
4
7 Mass of shrinkage dish + wet soil, M g 71 79.5 81.5 77 90
5
8 Mass of shrinkage dish + dry soil, M g 57 64.5 72.5 66.5 81.5
6
9 Mass of water M = (M -M ) g 14 15 9 10.5 8.5
w56
10 Mass of dry soil, M = (M -M ) g 20 25 24.5 24.5 26
d64
11 water content, w=(M /M ) 0.700 0.600 0.367 0.429 0.327
wd
c) Volume of dry soil pat (V ) cc
d
Figure 4.12: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.25% fibers
OMC as obtained from graph = 20.1%
MDD as obtained from graph = 1.401 g/cc
Trials 1 2 3 4
Mass of Empty mould, m (g) 4446 4446 4446 4446
1
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.13: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.5% fibers
OMC as obtained from graph = 19.00%
MDDas obtained from graph = 1.422 g/cc
Trials 1 2 3 4
Mass of Empty mould, m (g) 4446 4446 4446 4446
1
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.14: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.75% fibers
OMC as obtained from graph = 17.20%
MDD as obtained from graph = 1.565 g/cc
Trials 1 2 3 4
Mass of Empty mould, m (g) 4394 4394 4394 4394
1
Mass of mould+Compacted soil, m (g) 5892 6003 6004 6087
2
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.15: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 1.00% fibers
OMC as obtained from graph = 16.9%
MDD as obtained from graph = 1.378 g/cc
4.14 Unconfined Compression Test on Black cotton soil with fibers
Black cotton soil added with fibers 0.25% by weight the following observations were
made:
Weight of sample = 250g
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.16: UCS Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.25% fibers
Page 34
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Black cotton soil added with fibers 0.5% by weight the following observations were
made: weight of sample = 250 g
OMC = 19% h = 7.8cm d = 3.8cm h = 7.2cm d = 3.9cm f = 50°
11
load per div. = 3.417 N
Dial Proving Proving Avg. Axial
corrected
gauge Strain(ϵ) ring ring Proving ring load (N) Stress
area
reading reading reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.341 0.000 0.000
50 0.064 1.2 1.0 1.1 11.341 3.759 0.331
100 0.128 2.4 2.0 2.2 11.341 7.517 0.663
150 0.192 3.2 2.4 2.8 11.341 9.568 0.844
200 0.256 3.8 3.2 3.5 11.341 11.960 1.055
250 0.321 4.4 3.8 4.1 11.341 14.010 1.235
300 0.385 4.8 4.0 4.4 11.341 15.035 1.326
350 0.449 5.0 4.4 4.7 11.341 16.060 1.416
400 0.513 5.4 4.8 5.1 11.341 17.427 1.537
450 0.577 5.6 5.2 5.4 11.341 18.452 1.627
500 0.641 5.8 5.6 5.7 11.341 19.477 1.717
550 0.705 6.0. 5.8 5.9 11.341 20.160 1.778
600 0.769 6.2 6.0 6.1 11.341 20.844 1.838
650 0.833 6.2 6.0 6.1 11.341 20.844 1.838
Table 4.20: Unconfined Compression Test on Black cotton soil+0.5% fiber
Figure 4.17: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.50% fibers
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Black cotton soil added with fibers 0.75% by weight the following observations were
made: weight of sample = 250 g
OMC = 17.2% h = 7.9cm d = 3.8cm h = 7.5cm d = 3.9cm f = 58°
11
load per div.=3.417N
Dial Proving Proving Axial
Avg. Proving load
gauge Strain(ϵ) ring ring corrected area Stress
ring reading (N)
reading reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.34114948 0.000 0.000
50 0.063 1.6 1.5 1.55 11.34114948 5.296 0.467
100 0.127 3.0 2.2 2.60 11.34114948 8.884 0.783
150 0.190 3.6 2.6 3.10 11.34114948 10.593 0.934
200 0.253 4.0 3.0 3.50 11.34114948 11.960 1.055
250 0.316 4.6 3.4 4.00 11.34114948 13.668 1.205
300 0.380 5.0 4.2 4.60 11.34114948 15.718 1.386
350 0.443 5.4 4.6 5.00 11.34114948 17.085 1.506
400 0.506 5.8 4.8 5.30 11.34114948 18.110 1.597
450 0.570 6.0 5.2 5.60 11.34114948 19.135 1.687
500 0.633 6.0 5.6 5.80 11.34114948 19.819 1.747
550 0.696 6.2 6.0 6.1 11.34114948 20.844 1.838
600 0.759 6.2 6.2 6.2 11.34114948 21.185 1.868
650 0.823 6.2 6.2 6.2 11.34114948 21.185 1.868
Table 4.21: Unconfined Compression Test on Black cotton soil+0.75% fiber
Figure 4.18: Compaction Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.75% fibers
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Black cotton soil added with fibers 1.0% by weight the following observations were
made:
weight of sample = 250 g
OMC = 16.9% h = 7.9cm d = 3.8cm h = 7.3cm d = 3.9cm f=58°
11
load per div.=3.417N
Dial Proving Proving Avg. Axial
corrected
gauge Strain(ϵ) ring ring Proving ring load (N) Stress
area
reading reading reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.341 0.000 0.000
50 0.063 1.4 2.0 1.7 11.341 5.809 0.512
100 0.127 2.0 3.0 2.5 11.341 8.543 0.753
150 0.190 2.8 3.8 3.3 11.341 11.276 0.994
200 0.253 3.4 4.6 4.0 11.341 13.668 1.205
250 0.316 3.8 5.0 4.4 11.341 15.035 1.326
300 0.380 4.2 5.4 4.8 11.341 16.402 1.446
350 0.443 4.6 6.0 5.3 11.341 18.110 1.597
400 0.506 5.0 6.2 5.6 11.341 19.135 1.687
450 0.570 5.4 6.4 5.9 11.341 20.160 1.778
500 0.633 5.6 6.8 6.2 11.341 21.185 1.868
550 0.696 5.8 7.0 6.4 11.341 21.869 1.928
600 0.759 6.0 7.2 6.6 11.341 22.552 1.989
650 0.823 6.0 7.2 6.6 11.341 22.552 1.989
Table 4.22: Unconfined Compression Test on Black cotton soil+1.0% fiber
Figure 4.19: UCS Curve for Black cotton soil + 1.00% fibers
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
4.15 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) on Black cotton soil with fibers
Black cotton soil added with fibers 0.25% by weight the following observations were
made:
OMC = 20.1%
Penetraton (mm) Trial 5 Division Load (kg)
0000
0.5 2 10 16
1 3.6 18 28.8
1.5 4.6 23 36.8
2 5.4 27 43.2
2.5 6 30 48
3 6.4 32 51.2
4 7.2 36 57.6
5 7.8 39 62.4
7.5 8.8 44 70.4
10 9.4 47 75.2
12.5 10 50 80
Table 4.23: CBR Test on Black cotton soil+0.25% fiber
Figure 4.20: CBR Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.25% fibers
Load as obtained from graph at 2.5 mm penetration = 48 kg
CBR of Specimen = (48/1370) *100=3.49%
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.21: CBR Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.5% fibers
Load as obtained from graph at 2.5 mm penetration = 54.4 kg
CBR of Specimen = (54.4/1370) *100=3.96%
Page 39
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Figure 4.22: CBR Curve for Black cotton soil + 0.75% fibers
Load as obtained from graph at 2.5 mm penetration = 78.4 kg
CBR of Specimen = (78.4/1370) *100=5.41%
Load as obtained from graph at 5 mm penetration = 105.6 kg
Page 40
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Page 41
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Mass of
Partical % Mass of
IS sieve soil Cumulative % Cumulative %
Sl. No. size (D) reained
size retained retained,C fine N=100-C
mm (M1/M)*100
(M1) gms
1 2 2 4.50 3.16 3.16 96.84
2 1 1 23.00 16.14 19.30 80.70
3 0.6 0.6 27.00 18.95 38.25 61.75
4 0.425 0.425 23.50 16.49 54.74 45.26
5 0.3 0.3 17.00 11.93 66.67 33.33
6 0.212 0.212 24.00 16.84 83.51 16.49
7 0.15 0.15 9.00 6.32 89.82 10.18
8 0.075 0.075 14.50 10.18 100.00 0.00
9 Pan 0 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Table 4.27: Sieve analysis of sedu soil
Dial gauge Strain(ϵ) Proving ring corrected area load (N) Axial Stress
reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0 11.341 0.000 0.000
50 0.064 1 11.341 3.417 0.301
100 0.128 2 11.341 6.834 0.603
150 0.192 2.6 11.341 8.884 0.783
200 0.256 3 11.341 10.251 0.904
250 0.321 3.2 11.341 10.934 0.964
300 0.385 3.4 11.341 11.618 1.024
350 0.449 3.4 11.341 11.618 1.024
400 0.513 3.2 11.341 10.934 0.964
Table 4.30: Unconfined Compression Test on sedu soil
0000
0.5 1 5 8
1 1.8 9 14.4
1.5 2.4 12 19.2
2 3 15 24
2.5 4 20 32
3 4.6 23 36.8
4 6.4 32 51.2
5 8.2 41 65.6
7.5 12.4 62 99.2
10 16.2 81 129.6
12.5 20 100 160
Table 4.31: California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Sedu soil
Trials 1 2 3 4
Mass of Empty mould, m (g) 4420 4420 4420 4420
1
Mass of mould + Compacted soil, m (g) 6325 6450 6510 6430
2
Mass of Compacted soil, M= m -m (g) 1905 2030 2040 2010
21
Bulk density, Ƴ =(M/V) g/cc 1.905 2.03 2.04 2.01
b
Container number 1 2 3 4
Water added 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Mass of container, M (g) 30.5 30 33 16
1
Mass of container+ Wet soil, M (g) 135 118 119 120
2
Mass of container +Dry soil, M (g) 104.5 88 86 104
3
Mass of Water, M =M -M (g) 10 10.5 11 15
w23
Mass of Dry soil, M =M -M (g) 94.5 77.5 75 89
d31
Water content, w=(M /M )*100 0.106 0.135 0.147 0.169
wd
Dry Density, Ƴ = Ƴ /(1+w) g/cc 1.723 1.788 1.779 1.720
db
Table 4.32: Standard Proctor Test on Sedu soil+ 0.25% Bamboo Fibers
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Page 51
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Dial Strain(ϵ) Proving corrected area load (N) Axial Stress (Mpa)
gauge ring
reading reading
0 0.000 0 11.946 0.000 0.000
50 0.063 0.2 11.946 0.683 0.057
100 0.127 1.4 11.946 4.784 0.400
150 0.190 2.2 11.946 7.517 0.629
200 0.253 2.2 11.946 7.517 0.629
250 0.316 2 11.946 6.834 0.572
Table 4.36: Unconfined Compression Test on Sedu soil+0.25% fiber
Dial gauge Strain(ϵ) Proving ring corrected area load (N) Axial Stress
reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0 11.946 0.000 0.000
50 0.063 0.2 11.946 0.683 0.057
100 0.127 0.6 11.946 2.050 0.172
150 0.190 1 11.946 3.417 0.286
200 0.253 1.4 11.946 4.784 0.400
250 0.316 1.8 11.946 6.151 0.515
300 0.380 2.2 11.946 7.517 0.629
350 0.443 2 11.946 6.834 0.572
Table 4.37: Unconfined Compression Test on Sedu soil+0.50% fiber
Dial gauge Strain(ϵ) Proving ring corrected area load (N) Axial Stress
reading reading (Mpa)
0 0.000 0 11.341 0.000 0.000
50 0.064 0.2 11.341 0.683 0.060
100 0.128 0.6 11.341 2.050 0.181
150 0.192 1 11.341 3.417 0.301
200 0.256 1.4 11.341 4.784 0.422
250 0.321 2 11.341 6.834 0.603
300 0.385 2.2 11.341 7.517 0.663
350 0.449 2.2 11.341 7.517 0.663
Table 4.38: Unconfined Compression Test on Sedu soil+0.75% fiber
4.23 Caifornia Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test on Sedu soil with fibers
Sedu soil added with fibers 0.25% by weight the following observations were made:
OMC = 13.7%
Penetration (mm) Trial 1 Division Load (kg)
0000
0.5 2.2 11 17.6
1 4.6 23 36.8
1.5 7 35 56
2 9.4 47 75.2
2.5 14.2 71 113.6
3 18.6 93 148.8
4 30.2 151 241.6
5 42.4 212 339.2
7.5 70.6 353 564.8
10 85.2 426 681.6
12.5 102.6 513 820.8
Table 4.40: CBR Test on Sedu soil+0.25% fiber
Sedu soil added with fibers 0.50% by weight the following observations were made:
OMC = 14.7%
Penetration (mm) Trial 1 Division Load (kg)
0000
0.5 2.8 14 22.4
1 4.8 24 38.4
1.5 8.2 41 65.6
2 11.8 59 94.4
2.5 16.6 83 132.8
3 22.2 111 177.6
4 34.1 170.5 272.8
5 46.8 234 374.4
7.5 79.6 398 636.8
10 90.2 451 721.6
12.5 110.4 552 883.2
Table 4.41: CBR Test on Sedu soil+0.50% fiber
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Sedu soil added with fibers 1.00% by weight the following observations were made:
OMC = 10.6%
Penetration (mm) Trial 1 Division Load (kg)
0000
0.5 7.6 38 60.8
1 18.4 92 147.2
1.5 31.6 158 252.8
2 42.2 211 337.6
Page 59
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Page 60
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
The flexible pavement is designed according to SP:20 – 2002.
5.1.To design pavement constructed on soil which is not stabilized
• The commercial vehicles per day = 0 to 15 vehicles/day
• The CBR value of soil as tested = 1.82%
• From the above graph, considering curve A the thickness of pavement = 450mm.
o Thickness of Sub Base material = 250mm.
o Thickness of Base Coarse material = 160mm.
o Thickness of Surface Coarse material = 40mm.
Page 61
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
CHAPTER 6
COST ESTIMATE
6.1 General
Unit rates of different work items have been derived on the basis of available Schedule of Rates
(SOR) of Dharwad of the year
2014-2015 and area weight age of 5% is provided for Havagi near Haliyal. All broad work items
have been identified.
Cost Estimate of project has been arrived on the following basis
• Selection of Items of work
• Estimation of item wise quantities
• Analysis of Rates
6.2 Estimation of Quantities
All the relevant road and structure work items are identified as per survey, design and drawings.
Following major item of
works considered are given below:
• Site clearance, dismantling and earthwork.
• Bituminous pavement works (GSB, WMM, Bituminous layers).
• Bituminous pavement works also include application of Prime and Tack coats.
Quantity of work is derived from the proposed cross section drawings drawn according to the
design details.
The detailed calculation of Bill of Quantities is given in Table 7.1 and summarized quantities in
Table 7.2.
6.3 Abstract of Cost
Unit rates are derived by using the “Schedule of Rates for Public Works Dept, Dharwad of the
year 2014-2015”. The abstract
of Cost estimate is given in the Table 6.1
Page 62
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Unit
Length, Width, Depth, Estimated Amount
Description Unit No Rate
m m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
Clearing and grubbing road land including
uprooting rank vegetation, grass, bushes,
shrubs, saplings and trees girth up to 300
mm, removal of stumps of trees cut earlier
1 sqm 1 1000 3.75 3750 5.45 20437.5
and disposal of unserviceable materials and
stacking of serviceable material labour
charges complete as per Specifications.
MORD
Excavation for roadwork in soil with
hydraulic excavator of 0.9 cum bucket
capacity including cutting and loading in
tippers, trimming bottom and side slopes, in
2 accordance with requirements of lines, cum 1 1000 3.75 0.5 1875 42.00 78750
grades and cross sections, and transporting
all usable material to the embankment
location within all lifts and lead as directed
by engineer. MORD
Unit
Length, Width, Depth, Estimated Amount
Item No Description Unit No Rate
m m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
Loosening the ground upto a level of
500mm below the Subgrade level, watered,
3 graded and compacted in layers to meet cum 1 1000 3.75 0.5 1875 48.50 90937.5
requirement of table 300-2 complete as per
specifications. MORD
Page 63
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Construction of granular sub-base(GSB) by
providing close graded Material, mixing in
a mechanical mix plant at OMC, carriage of
mixed Material to work site, spreading in
uniform layers with motor grader on
4 prepared surface and compacting with cum 1 1000 3.75 0.250 937.5 1288 1207500
vibratory power roller to achieve the desired
density, complete as per MORD
Unit
Length, Width, Depth, Estimated Amount
Item No Description Unit No Rate
m m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
Providing, laying, spreading and
compacting graded stone aggregate to wet
mix macadam (WMM) specification
including premixing the Material with water
at OMC in mechanical mix plant carriage of
5 cum 1 1000 3.75 0.160 600 1332 799200
mixed Material by tipper to site, laying in
uniform layers with paver in sub- base /
base course on well prepared surface and
compacting with vibratory roller to achieve
the desired density as per MORD
Providing and applying primer coat with
slow setting bitumen emulsion at the rate of
6 0.60 kg/sqm on WMM using mechanical sqm 1 1000 3.75 3750 32.6 122250
means complete as per specifications.
MORD
Page 64
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Providing and applying tack coat using VG-
7 10 over granular base at the rate of sqm 1 1000 3.75 3750 28.1 105375
2
4kg/10m area with spray set as per MORD.
Unit
Length, Width, Depth, Estimated Amount
Item No Description Unit No Rate
m m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
Providing and laying semi dense bituminous
concrete 40mm with hot mix plant using
crushed aggregates of specified garding,
premixed with bituminous binder and filler,
transporting the hot mix to work site, laying
8 cum 1 1000 3.75 0.040 150 10624 1593600
to the required grade, level and alignment
and compacting as per complete
specifications using 40/60 TPH capacity
H.M.P with mechanical paver Gr-2 with 6%
VG-30 bitumen. MORD
TOTAL 4018050
Page 65
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
SL. Rate, Amount,
DESCRIPTION OF WORK Unit Quantity
No. Rs Rs
1 Clearing and grubbing road land sqm 3750 5.45 20437.5
Excavation for road way in soil by
2 cum 1875 42.00 78750
mechanical means
Loosening the ground up to a level of
3 cum 1875 48.50 90937.5
500mm below the Subgrade level
4 Construction of granular sub-base cum 375 1288 1207500
Providing, laying, spreading and
5 compacting graded stones aggregate cum 412.5 1332 799200
to wet mix macadam
6 Providing and applying primer coat sqm 3750 32.6 122250
Providing and applying tack coat on
7 sqm 3750 28.1 105375
primed granular surface
Providing and laying semi dense
8 cum 150 10624 1593600
bituminous concrete
Total = 4018050
Unit
Item Length, Width, Estimated Amount
Description Unit No Depth, m Rate
No m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
Page 68
Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Providing, laying, spreading and
compacting graded stone aggregate
to wet mix macadam (WMM)
specification including premixing
the Material with water at OMC in
mechanical mix plant carriage of
5 mixed Material by tipper to site, cum 1 1000 3.75 0.120 450 1332 599400
laying in uniform layers with paver
in sub- base / base course on well
prepared surface and compacting
with vibratory roller to achieve the
desired density as per MORD
specification
Providing and applying primer coat
with slow setting bitumen
emulsion at the rate of 0.60 kg/sqm
6 sqm 1 1000 3.75 3750 32.6 122250
on WMM using mechanical means
complete as per specifications.
MORTH specification
Providing and applying tack coat
using VG-10 over granular base at
2
7 the rate of 4kg/10m area with sqm 1 1000 3.75 3750 28.1 105375
spray set as per MORTH
specification .
Unit
Item Length, Width, Estimated Amount
Description Unit No Depth, m Rate
No m m quantity (Rupees)
(Rupees)
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Providing and laying semi dense
bituminous concrete 40mm with
hot mix plant using crushed
aggregates of specified garding,
premixed with bituminous binder
and filler, transporting the hot mix
8 to work site, laying to the required cum 1 1000 3.75 0.03 112.5 10624 1195200
grade, level and alignment and
compacting as per complete
specifications using 40/60 TPH
capacity H.M.P with mechanical
paver Gr-2 with 6% VG-30
bitumen. MORD specification
TOTAL 2695350
Cost per Km = Rs.2695350
3
For 1m of volume filled by soil, fibers required = 10.33 kg
3
For (1000 x 3.75 x 0.5 = 1875m ), fibers required = 19368.75 kg
Rate of bamboo fibers per kg = 53 Rupees
Total rate of fibers required = 19368.75 x 53 = 1026544 Rupees
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
Table 6.3 Abstract for provision of new bituminous road
SL. No. DESCRIPTION OF WORK Unit Quantity Rate, Rs Amount, Rs
1 Clearing and grubbing road land Sqm 3750 5.45 20437.5
Excavation for road way in soil by mechanical
2 Cum 1875 42.00 78750
means
Loosening the ground up to a level of 500mm
3 Cum 1875 48.50 90937.5
below the Subgrade level
4 Construction of granular sub-base Cum 375 1288 483000
Providing, laying, spreading and compacting
5 Cum 412.5 1332 599400
graded stones aggregate to wet mix macadam
6 Providing and applying primer coat Sqm 3750 32.6 122250
Providing and applying tack coat on primed
7 Sqm 3750 28.1 105375
granular surface
Providing and laying semi dense bituminous
8 Cum 150 10624 1195200
concrete
9 Bamboo fibers Kg 19368.75 53 1026544
Total = 3721894
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
CHAPTER- 7
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
7.1. General
7.2.Atterbergs Limit
7.2.1. Liquid limit
• The liquid limit of the soil alone was found to be 60%
• The liquid limit of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, by weight of
soil is found to be 39.2%, 39.7%, 42.0% and 42.3% respectively.
• The liquid limit of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo fibers
is found to be decreased by 34.66%, 33.83%, 30.0% and 29.5% respectively, when
compared to liquid limit of soil alone.
7.2.2. Plastic limit
• The plastic limit of the soil alone was found to be 21.46%
• The plastic limit of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo
fibers by weight of soil is found to be 22.27%, 33.33%, 35.59% and 37.50%
respectively.
• The plastic limit of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo
fibers is found to be decreased by 21.3%, 43.5%, 51.8% and 58.8% respectively, when
compared to plastic limit of soil alone.
7.2.3. Plasticity Index
• The plasticity index of the soil alone was found to be 38.54%.
• The plasticity index of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo
fibers by weight of soil is found to be 11.93%, 6.37%, 6.41% and 4.8% respectively.
• The plasticity index of the soil with the addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of
bamboo fibers is found to be decreased by 69%, 84.47%, 83.36% and 87.54%.
7.2.4. Shrinkage limit
• The shrinkage limit of the soil alone was found to be 23.309%
• The shrinkage limit of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo
fibers by weight of soil is found to be 16.471%, 15.876%, 8.043% and5.826%
respectively.
• The shrinkage limit of the soil with the addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% of
bamboo fibers is found to be decreased by 29.31%, 31.88%, 65.49% and 75%.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
• The MDD of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1.0%, bamboo fibers by
weight of soil is found to be 1.788 g/cc, 1.788g/cc, 1.804 g/cc and 2.108 g/cc respectively
and the corresponding OMC is found to be 13.5%, 13.5%, 12.5% and 10.6% respectively.
• The MDD of the soil with addition of 0.25%, 0.5% bamboo fibers by weight of soil is
found to be decreased by 0.83% and 0.75% , 1.0% bamboo fibers by weight of soil is
found to be increased by 0.11 % and 16.98% respectively and the corresponding OMC is
decreased by 15.62%, 21.87% and 33.75% respectively.
SCOPE OF STUDY
1) The fibres can be used for stabilization of different soil having low CBR value.
2) The soil stabilization with bamboo fibers may be tested by preparing semi test track.
3) Fatigue studies may be carried out.
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Soil Stabilization using Geosynthetic Material (Bamboo Fibers)
REFERENCES