Original Article

Proc IMechE Part M:

J Engineering for the Maritime Environment
1–11
Numerical investigation of vortex- Ó IMechE 2018
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DOI: 10.1177/1475090217751992

mounted circular cylinder with One- journals.sagepub.com/home/pim

degree of freedom at high Reynolds

number using different turbulent
models

Niaz Bahadur Khan1,2 and Zainah Ibrahim1

Abstract
This study presents numerical investigation for flow around cylinder at Reynolds number = 104 using different turbulent
models. Numerical simulations have been conducted for fixed cylinder case at Reynolds number = 104 and for cylinder
free to oscillate in cross-flow direction, at Reynolds number O (104), mass–damping ratio = 0.011 and range of frequency
ratio wt = 0.4–1.4 using two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations. In the literature, the study has
been conducted using detached eddy simulation, large eddy simulation and direct numerical simulation which are com-
paratively expensive in terms of computational cost. This study utilizes the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes shear
stress transport k-v and realizable k-e models to investigate the flow around fixed cylinder and flow around cylinder
constrained to oscillate in cross-flow direction only. Hydrodynamic coefficients, vortex mode shape and maximum ampli-
tude (Ay/D) extracted from this study are compared with detached eddy simulation, large eddy simulation and direct
numerical simulation results. Results obtained using two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes shear stress
transport k-v model are encouraging, while realizable k-e model is unable to capture the entire response branches. In
addition, broad range of ‘‘lock-in’’ region is observed due to delay in capturing the transition from upper to lower branch
during two-dimensional realizable k-e analyses.

Keywords
Numerical simulations, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes shear stress transport k-v, flow around cylinder, vortex-
induced vibration, high Reynolds number, low mass ratio

Date received: 27 February 2017; accepted: 4 December 2017

Introduction experimentally and using empirical methods as depicted

Due to simple geometry but complex flow field, the
flow around circular cylinder is one of the highly
research topics in many engineering fields. The wide
range of application, which includes marine industry,
nuclear reactor, skyscrapers, long structures, wind tur-
bines, spar plate forms, chimneys, and so on, the topic
of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) associated with flow
around cylinder, got tremendous attention of the
researchers. Collapse of Tacoma Narrows Bridge in
1940, failure in thermo-well of nuclear reactors in 1995,
Japan and downfall of thriller ride in 2002, Ohio are
few famous examples which are failed due to VIV phe-
nomenon. The VIV phenomenon has been investigated
in large scale in the literature, numerically,
in reviews.1–8 In the last one decade, the trend toward
the numerical simulations has been increased immen-
sely due to advancement in the field of computer tech-
nologies. In complex scenarios such as hazard
environment and expensive laboratory equipment
1
Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
2
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National
University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Corresponding author:
Department of Civil, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala
Lumpur 50603, WP Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Email: n_bkhan@yahoo.com
2 Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment 00(0)
requirement, the numerical simulations provide an
excellent alternative to the experimental methods.
Despite the advancement in computational power,
there are still a number of challenges, such as complex
flow dynamic, high computational cost, selection of
inexpensive turbulence model and mesh design, which
restrict the use of numerical techniques.
The flow behavior around the cylinder is complex
and challenging problem due to adverse pressure gradi-
ent around cylinder surface, uncertainty in re-
attachment length and separation point. A number of
reviews9–11 have been carried out to discuss the limita-
tion and restriction in numerical study of flow around
cylinder. Primarily, the numerical studies for flow
around cylinder are performed using large eddy simula-
tion (LES), Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)
and direct numerical simulation (DNS) turbulent mod-
els. LES and detached eddy simulation (DES) models
are relatively expensive but provide more detailed
insight. DNS technique is particularly very impractical
at high Reynolds number due to unrealistic computa-
tional costs. RANS technique is comparatively inex-
pensive and practical to study VIV phenomenon at
high Reynolds number. Celik and Shaffer12 performed
numerical analysis in the transitional range (104–107)
using k-e model. Authors observed that the grid distri-
bution plays significant role in predicting the results.
Franke and Rodi13 conducted numerical simulations
for flow around square cylinder at Re = 22,000 using
k-e model and Reynolds stress equation model.
Reynolds stress model performed comparatively better
but overpredicted the fluctuation motion. Also both
models were unable to capture the flow behavior in
detail. Alter and Gören14 performed comparative anal-
ysis of four RANS models in predicting flow around
cylinder behavior near wake of cylinder at Reynolds
number 41,300. Authors concluded that shear stress
transport (SST)-k-v model results were comparatively
better than Spalart–Allmaras, realizable k-e (RKE)
model and Wilcox k-v model.
In case of VIV phenomenon associated with flow
around cylinder problems, capturing the maximum
amplitude, vortex shape mode and hydrodynamic coef-
ficients at high Reynolds number and low mass ratio
are the main challenges which need to be investigated.
Placzek et al.15 successfully captured the vortex shed-
ding mode at low Reynolds number (Re = 100) using
two-dimensional (2D) RANS model. Zhao et al.16 car-
ried out numerical study in the range of Reynolds num-
ber 150–1000 and mass ratio = 2. According to Zhao
study, the 2D Navier–stokes equations are unable to
predict the VIV in turbulent flow regime, whereas the
results of 2D RANS model were comparatively better.
Behara and Sotiropoulos’17 work focused on the wake
modes around sphere shape at low Reynolds number
and mass ratio. Tutar and Holdo18 investigated forced
oscillation using LES with 2D and three-dimensional
(3D) models at high Reynolds number Re = 24,000.
The study shows some disagreement with experimental
data for result of pressure coefficient at cylinder.
Another LES study was carried out by Khan et al.19
and they used LES with Smagorinsky-Lilly subgrid
scale model to study the flow around fixed circular
cylinder at Reynolds number Re = 3900. The objective
of the study was to investigate the impact of spanwise
length on simulations. Pan et al.,20 Li et al.21 and
Guilmineau and Queutey22 performed 2D numerical
simulation to investigate VIV for low mass ratio in the
range of Reynolds number Re = 1700–12,000 using dif-
ferent RANS code. The results extracted from numeri-
cal studies were compared with the experimental
results.23 Numerical results show agreement with
experimental results in terms of vortex shedding mode
and transition between different modes, but there is dis-
agreement in achieving the maximum amplitude in the
upper branch. VIV phenomenon for flow past cylinder
at high Reynolds number is still main challenge to be
investigated.
Main focus of this work is to analyze the accuracy
and capability of RANS SST k-v and RKE turbulent
models in study of flow around fixed cylinder at
Reynolds number = 104 and for cylinder free to oscil-
late in cross-flow direction, at Reynolds number O
(104), mass–damping ratio = 0.011 and range of fre-
quency ratio wt = 0.4–1.4. The results extracted from
simulation are compared with the experimental results24
and 3D numerical study of Nguyen and Nguyen.25 All
simulations have been carried out using ANSYS
FLUENT 16 tool.
Numerical approach
RANS equations for unsteady incompressible flow can
be expressed in the following way
∂Ui
=0 ð1Þ
∂xi
∂Ui ∂Uj Ui ∂P ∂

r +r = + 2mSij  rU0 i U0 j
∂t ∂xj ∂xi ∂xj
ð2Þ
where r, U, m and P define density, uniform velocity,
viscosity and average static pressure, respectively, where
the U0 represents fluctuating velocity. In equation (2),
Sij and rU0 i U0 j represent the mean strain rate tension
and mean Reynolds stress tensor, respectively, all of
which can be solved as follows
   
0 0
∂Ui ∂Uj 2 ∂Ui
 rU i U j = mt +  rk + Ui dij
∂xj ∂xi 3 ∂xi
ð3Þ
where k and mt represent turbulent kinetic energy and
turbulent viscosity, respectively, while the term dij is
used for Kronecker delta. SST k-v and RKE models,
used in this study, are based on Boussinesq hypothesis.
Khan and Ibrahim
Figure 1. Computational domain and mesh: (a) geometry with boundary conditions, (b) mesh and (c) mesh detail section view near
cylinder.
Standard k-v model has several limitations like sen-
sitivity to free-stream boundary for free shear flows.
SST k-v model is improved version of standard k-v
model in which cross-diffusion term is included in the
v equation by Menter.26 In addition, the prediction
feature is enhanced by including an improved definition
of eddy viscosity for boundary layer flows. Similarly,
RKE model27 is an improved form of standard k-e
model which have alternative formulation for turbulent
viscosity. Also, the equation for the dissipation rate is
derived from exact equation for the transport of mean-
square vorticity fluctuation. RKE model is better than
k-e standard model in a way that characterizes the tur-
bulent flow is consistent with the Reynolds stresses.
According to ANSYS,28 the RKE model has capability
to perform comparatively better in a case where the
flow is complex in nature, but still there is a need to
investigate the model performance along curvature,
vortex shedding and rotation.
Further details about SST k-v and RKE models are
explained by Menter26 and Shih et al.,27 respectively.
The unsteady segregated algorithm is adopted in the
calculation. Pressure–velocity coupled equations are
solved using Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked
Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm (explained in ANSYS
manual28) and implicit second-order scheme is used for
unsteady terms. Second-order scheme is used for k-v
transport equations and for convection terms in the
momentum equations. Upwind scheme is applied for
the diffusion terms.
According to Guilmineau and Queutey,22 the non-
dimensional transverse response of an elastically mounted
rigid cylinder under VIV may be represented by
3
d2 Ay 4pz dAy 4p2 2Cy
+ + Y= ð4Þ
dt 2 Ur dt Ur 2 pm 
Ay is defined as amplitude in cross-flow direction (y)
divided by diameter of cylinder, (y/D). Ur is the reduced
velocity, z represents system structural damping ratio,
m* represents mass ratio and Cy is lift coefficient.
Further details about the equations used during simula-
tions are explained by Li et al.21
Computational domain and mesh
Size of computational domain plays significant role in
accuracy and reliability of results. In previous studies,
the domain size used varies from 10D to 45D and 8D
to 20D in streamwise and cross-flow direction, respec-
tively.29–33 In this study, the computational domain size
of 45D 3 20D is used, as shown in Figure 1(a). The size
of computation domain is assumed to be large enough
to avoid the disturbances in flow field due to boundary.
Due to complex flow dynamics, it is important to use
such mesh which has the capability to capture all the
important characteristics and avoid the mesh instability
due to re-meshing phenomenon. In this regard, the
domain is divided into several zones and continuity is
maintained among the zones during meshing, as shown
in Figure 1. Hybrid unstructured meshes are used in
this study with the condition that grid is very fine near
the cylinder and coarser in the far field. The distance
between the first node and wall of cylinder plays an
important role in achieving the y + criteria and
extracting the quality result. In case of RANS turbulent
model equipped with SST k-v equation, y + value of
4 Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment 00(0)
1.5
1
Pressure Coefficient, Cp
0.5
0
0 30 60 90 120
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
θ, Angle
Norberg (Exp) [36] Stephen et. al (Num) [37]
Nguyen, DES [25] 3D_RKE ( Present)
3D_SST-kw ( Present) 2D_RKE ( Present)
2D_SST-kw (Present)
Figure 2. Mean pressure coefficient distribution around
cylinder surface, where u is angle starting from stagnation point
(S) in clockwise direction.
less than unity is maintained in all the case studies for
RANS model equipped with SST k-v equations as sug-
gested in ANSYS manual.28 A prism is created around
the cylinder having quad mesh with first node at a dis-
tance of 0.001D and growth rate of 1.05 in radial direc-
tion. Following quad mesh, a tri mesh is created up to
distance of 5D from center of cylinder. The tri mesh
has the capability to deform and re-mesh with oscilla-
tion of cylinder. Overall, the grid is smooth, symmetric
and divided into several zones to avoid the numerical
instability (Figure 1(b) and (c)). In case of RKE model,
enhanced wall treatment (EWT) option is utilized,
which makes the simulation independent of y + wall
treatment.28 Grid independence test was carried out
and 240 nodes around the cylinder are chosen for simu-
lation. A user-defined function (UDF) code written in
C language is used to allow the oscillation of cylinder
and record the fluid forces with amplitude of cylinder
during each iteration. In this study, dynamic mesh
update method is used to allow the cylinder to oscillate
in y-direction. In dynamic mesh method, diffusion-
based smoothing technique is utilized to update the vol-
ume mesh. In smoothing method, the number of nodes
and their connectivity remain constant with the motion
of zones which avoid the negative volume error/skew-
ness in prism layers. After prism layers, the tri mesh is
created which has the ability to re-mesh and regenerate
during volume mesh update.
Inlet boundary is defined at 15D from left side of
cylinder origin, while outlet boundary is defined at 30D
from right side of cylinder origin. Symmetric boundary
conditions are assigned to the upper and lower side of
the domain which is at distance of 10D from cylinder
origin. Zdravkovich34 suggested that the blockage ratio
of 5% is adequate to reduce the disturbance due to side
boundary. No-slip condition is assigned to surface of
cylinder (diameter, D). All the physical parameters are
same as used in Hover experiments24 and numerical
simulations by Nguyen and Nguyen.25
Table 1. Comparison of drag, lift and Strouhal number at
Re = 10,000 with numerical and experimental results available in
the literature.
Cd Cl.rms St
150 180 36
Wornom et al., LES 1.22 0.476 0.2
Nguyen and Nguyen,25 DES 1.133 0.262 0.2005
DNS Dong et al.37 1.143 0.448 0.203
2D-SST k-v (Present) 1.149 0.700 0.200
3D-SST k-v (Present) 1.211 0.645 0.202
2D-RKE (Present) 0.910 0.325 0.220
3D-RKE (Present) 0.880 0.261 0.230
DES: detached eddy simulation; RKE: realizable k-e; 3D-SST: three-
dimensional shear stress transport; 2D-SST: two-dimensional shear
stress transport; LES: large eddy simulation.
Results and discussion
Numerical tests are first carried out for fixed cylinder
case followed by the case studies in which cylinder is
free to oscillate in cross-flow direction. The physical
parameters used in this study are same as those used by
Hover et al.24 in experimental testing and Nguyen and
Nguyen25 in numerical testing using DES turbulent
model, except the 2D simplification.
Fixed cylinder case
Numerical study for flow around fixed cylinder has
been carried out at Re = 104 using 2D and 3D RANS
(SST k-v and RKE) models. Results extracted from
the study have been compared with numerical and
experimental results available in the literature. In case
of 3D model, spanwise length of 4Do (where Do is dia-
meter of cylinder) is used in which top and bottom face
were assigned as periodic boundary condition. Figure 2
shows the plot of mean pressure coefficient obtained
from present studies (SST k-v and RKE results),
experimental study of Norberg35 and numerical study
of Wornom et al.36 and Nguyen and Nguyen.25 RKE
(2D and 3D) results agreed with the experimental
results before the flow separation point region. After
the flow separation region, RKE model was unable to
capture the acceptable results. In case of SST k-v, the
mean pressure coefficient graph agreed well with the
numerical and experimental results, except the slight
differences at flow separation region. Table 1 illustrates
the comparison of drag, lift and Strouhal number taken
from current studies, experimental results from
Norberg35 and numerical results from Wornom et al.36
and Nguyen and Nguyen.25 Figure 3 presents the time
history of force coefficient, that is, drag and lift coeffi-
cient, and power spectral density versus Strouhal num-
ber (St = fD/U) where f is fluctuation force of lift
force. From Figure 3(b), Strouhal number St = 0.20
computed for 2D and 3D case of SST k-v agreed well
with the literature references, while a higher value of
Khan and Ibrahim 5

1.5 1

Power Spectrum
1
Forc Coefficient

density
0.5
0.5
0
-0.5
0
-1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1.5
700 800 900 1000 Strouhal Number, St
Time (s)
2D SST kw 3D SST kw
Cd Cl 3D_RKE 2D_RKE

(a) (b)

Figure 3. Time histories for (a) force coefficients and corresponding (b) Strouhal number for flow past fixed cylinder at Re = 10,000.

1.4

y 1.2

Displacement (Ay/D)
1
x 0.8

c k 0.6
0.4
0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Inlet -0.2
Reduced Velocity, Ur
Hover [24] DES [25] SST-kw_Present RKE-Present

D Figure 5. Cylinder amplitude response comparison using SST

k-v model, Hover experimental data and numerical DES data
Figure 4. Cylinder free to oscillate in cross-flow direction. (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000).

Strouhal number is obtained in case of RKE model.
From these comparisons, it is observed that SST k-v
turbulence model, which is computationally less expen-
sive than DNS,37 DES25 and LES,36 has the capability
to capture the results up to good extent.
VIV of smooth circular cylinder free to oscillate in
cross-flow direction (1 degree of freedom)
All the case studies are performed at Re = 10,000, mass
ratio, m* = 11 and z = 0.001. To study the VIV phe-
nomenon, the cylinder is allowed to move in y-direction
as shown in Figure 4. The cylinder motion is con-
strained by spring-damper system with spring constant
k and damping coefficient c. Numerical analyses are
conducted for the varying range of reduced velocity (2–
13). The variation in reduced velocity is achieved by
altering the value of wt, while the velocity is same in all
the case studies. Due to constant velocity, single mesh
with y + = 1 is used for all the cases. EWT option is
utilized for RKE testing to make the simulation inde-
pendent of y + value.28 According to Hover,24 vibra-
tion of cylinder is characterized by ratio of damped
natural frequency to the fixed cylinder vortex shedding
frequency (wt = wn/ws).
Cylinder response amplitude (Ay/D) obtained from
this study (SST k-v and RKE) is compared with experi-
mental and numerical results, as shown in Figure 5. The
normalized amplitude data are obtained from displace-
ment time history graphs (Figures 6 and 7) at different
frequency ratios ranging 1.4–0.4, whereas the Reynolds
number is kept constant, that is, Re = 10,000. It is
observed that SST k-v turbulent model captures all the
three response branches, that is, initial, upper and lower
branches. Like 3D DES approach, SST k-v model also
shows the transition between initial and upper branches
at reduced velocity Ur = 4.7. Maximum amplitude
response Ay/D = 0.92 is observed at reduced velocity
Ur = 5.84 (wt = 0.9), which agreed well with the 3D
DES approach. Transition between upper and lower
branches is observed at reduced velocity Ur = 8.1 (wt =
0.65) which is slightly earlier than DES25 case (wt =
0.7). RKE model behaved differently compared to
SST-kv in terms of capturing the mode of vortex and
maximum amplitude. The maximum displacement (Ay/
D 5 1.29) attained by RKE model, during the ‘‘lock-
6 Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment 00(0)

Figure 6. Displacement time history at different frequency ratios (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000) using SST-k-v model: (a) wt = 1.4,
(b) wt = 1.2, (c) wt = 1.0, (d) wt = 0.9, (e) wt = 0.8, (f) wt = 0.7, (g) wt = 0.6 and (h) wt = 0.5.

in’’ phenomenon, is higher than the DES25 and experi-
mental results24 but deficiency in capturing the initial
and lower branches is observed. The transition between
upper and lower is very delayed and attained at
Ur = 10.5 which results in broad range of ‘‘lock-in’’
region. Also, comparatively high value of normalized
amplitude (Ay/D = 0.302) is obtained at initial branch.
The wake behind structures captured by SST-k-v at
different instant steps of reduced velocity Ur = 3.78,
Ur = 5.84 and Ur = 8.77 are shown in Figures 8–10,
Khan and Ibrahim 7

Figure 7. Displacement time history at different frequency ratios (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000) using RKE model: (a) wt = 1.4,
(b) wt = 1.2, (c) wt = 1.0, (d) wt = 0.8, (e) wt = 0.6 and (f) wt = 0.4.

Figure 8. Vorticity contour at Ur = 3.78 (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000): (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.
8 Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment 00(0)

Figure 9. Vorticity contour at Ur = 5.84 (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000): (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.

Figure 10. Vorticity contour at Ur = 8.77 (m* = 11, z= 0.001, Re = 10,000): (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.

respectively. Figure 9 shows the pair of vortices resem-
bling the 2P vortex mode, while 2S vortex is observed
in Figure 8. At Ur = 8.77 (Figure 10), 2P vortex mode
is observed with the difference from Figure 8 in a sense
that second vortex is in very weak position. The wake
behind structures obtained using RKE model are
shown in Figures 11–13 at reduced velocity Ur = 3.78,
Ur = 5.26 and Ur = 8.77, respectively. Like SST-k-v
cases, pairs of vortices are also observed using RKE in
the lock-in region.
Conclusion
The study mainly focused on the capability of RANS
turbulent model, which is comparatively less expensive,
to predict the vortex mode and amplitude response of
elastically mounted rigid cylinder at high Reynolds
number Re = 10,000. Numerical investigation is carried
out using 2D and 3D models and results are compared
with experimental and 3D DES test results available in
the literature. It is found in the fixed cylinder case study
that 2D RANS SST k-v turbulent model well captured
the forces and responses at high Reynolds number. 2D
and 3D RKE models show deficiency in computing the
acceptable results after the flow separation occurs. 2D
RANS SST k-v and RKE models are also tested for
VIV study of circular cylinder which is free to oscillate
in cross-flow direction, at Re = 104. SST k-v agreed
well with 3D DES study and experimental studies avail-
able in the literature, whereas RKE model was unable
to capture the three modes of branches. Maximum
amplitude captured by RKE model is higher than
Khan and Ibrahim 9

Figure 11. Vorticity contour at Ur = 3.78 using RKE: (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.

Figure 12. Vorticity contour at Ur = 5.26 using RKE: (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.

Figure 13. Vorticity contours at Ur = 8.77 using RKE: (a)-(b) Cylinder moving down, (c)-(d) Cylinder moving up.
10 Proc IMechE Part M: J Engineering for the Maritime Environment 00(0)
experimental and 3D DES results, whereas SST k-v
model results agreed well with the experimental and 3D
DES results. Also the broad range of lock-in region is
observed during RKE study. RANS SST k-v model
confirmed the formation of different vortex modes in
the range of reduced velocity Ur = 3–13. The agree-
ment, with experimental and 3D computationally
expensive DES and LES results, built the confidence in
2D RANS SST k-v turbulent model study and opened
the way for more complex analysis.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Oyejobi, Damilola O, Khaled
Ghaedi and Muhammad Faisal Javed for their assis-
tance that greatly improves the study.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest
with respect to the research, authorship and/or publica-
tion of this article.
Funding
The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following finan-
cial support for the research, authorship, and/or publi-
cation of this article: This study was supported by
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme, Ministry of
Education, Malaysia (FRGS—Project No. FP004-
2014B), University Malaya Research Grant (UMRG—
Project No. RP004E-13 AET) and University Malaya
Postgraduate Research Fund (PPP—Project No.
PG102-2014B).
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