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    Kuldeep Singh

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    “The diameter of the circular tank is govemed by the steucturalrequierent ofthe uses that cazry the seraping mechanism. Citcuae tanks upto 60 m in diameter are in we but ase generally upto 3 m fo reduce wind effects. Square tanks are generally smaller usualy with “ides upto 20 m. Square tanks with hopper botioms having vetial flow have sides generally less than 10 m to avoid lange depths "The depth of he setting basin depends on the character of shulge handled, storage ‘capacity eequiced and cost. in warm dlinates and where the sludge 1 likely to contain ‘considerable organic matter, itis not advisable to store sludge for tong periods; otherwise, the decomposition of the shige adversely affects the seing process. Depths’ commonly ‘used in practice very ftom 2.5 (0 5 m with 30 m being a preferred value. Bottom slopes may range from 1 % in rectangular tanks to about 8% in circular tanks. The slopes of sludge hoppers range from 1.21 10 2:4 (vertical: hosizontl. 75:6 COMMON SURFACE LOADINGS AND DETENTION PERIODS “The removal of particles of varying hydraulic subsidence values is solely a function of surface overflow rate also called “surface loading’ and is independent of the depth of the basin for discrete petticle and unhindered setting, However, contact opportunites among, particles leading to aggregation increase with increasing depths or flocculent particles having fendency to agglomerate while eeting, such a akum and iron Mocs. ‘The range of surface loadings and detention pesiods for aveeage design flow for diferent ypes of sedimentation tanks areas folows: Serfce lading ‘Tank ype miles he orally Range | Typical value for design Be (Upton) Cates *taenge din Tow 78.7 INLETS AND OUTLETS: Inlet stsctures must @) uniformly dstibute flow and suspended particles over the cross section at right angle t flow within individual tanks and into various tanks in parallel (i) ‘minimize large-scale turbulence and (i) initiate longitudinal or adal flow, if high romoval cfciency isto be achieved, For uniform dstabution of fw, the flow being divided must ‘encounter equa head loss othe head Joss between dalets on ialet openings must be small in 2 ‘compatson to the head available at dhe inlets. If hi and «ate the head and dischagge at the Fist inet from the point of supply in a setling tank and i, and q,. being the head and dlscharge at the 1 inlet opening, farthest ftom the point of supply, the following relationship holds ka feng)? = hy ag) 1 the discharge in n® nti held to mgy where <1 the head a the fiat inlet can also be expressed in terms of head lost between the fst and n inlet, be byob, = mth, and 098 hy Inlet of influent structres may have different arsangements as shown in Fig. 7.13. Bach {let opening, must face a baffle so that most of the kinetic energy of mooring water will be destroyed and » more uniform lateral and vertical distribution of flow can occut: One of the satisfactory method of attaining uniform velocity of flow is pass the water enough training or dispersion wall perforated by holes or slots, ‘The velocity of ow chrough such slots should be about D2 to 0.3 m/s and head loss i estimated a5 1.7 times the velocity head. ‘The diameter of the hole should sot be lager than the thickness ofthe diffuser wall. ‘Outlet or efduent structure comprises of weir, notches or osfices efflient trough oF launder and outlet pipe, V-notches attached 10 one or both siles of single or multiple troughs are nocmally prefered as they peovide uniform distebution at fow flows. The Wenotehes ate generally paced 150-300 ann conte to centre A bale is provided infront of the weir o stop the floating matter fom escaping into efBuent [Effient troughs act as lateral splway sad can be designed on similar lines to those of wash water Coughs in rapid gravity fiers. ‘The widely used equation for che design of efflaent trough i oy) tet vg 29 m8 BAFFLE = 0 at ae Lae ff ceennes : J 8 aru soron (@) DIFFUSER WALL WITH SLOTS (b) INFLUENT CHANNEL WITH OR PERFORATED BAFFLES SUBMERGED ORIFICES IN THE INSIDE CHANNEL WALL OVER (c) INFLUENT CHANNEL WITH @) OVERFLOW WEIR FOLLOWED BY BOTTOM OPENINGS. A BAFFLE. iG. 7.13(A) FOUR TYPES OF INLETS FOR SEFTLING BASINS cae (0) OUTLET CONSISTING OF V-NOTCHES, (OUTLET Wme REC EFFLUENT LAUNOER , EFFLUENT 8x." TANGULAR WEIR AND AN EFFLUENT PIPE FIGURE 7.13(0) : TYPICAL OUTLETS FOR SETTLING TANKS 29 “These is a growing trend towards the use of eflluent iaunders or troughs covering a good prt of the surface of the seing basins. These are spaced at a distance of one tank depth between the troughs. The use of maximum Feasible wet length inthe tank from the oudet torvacds the inlets ssistsgrealy in controlling density currents. Weirs, howerer, suffer from the difficulty in levelling which ie not faced with perforated pipe launder. Perforated lunders, with ports commonly submerged 30 to 600 mm below the surface ae useful in varying the water level in the basin during operation and prevent floating matter passing to the Fikes, 7.5.8 WEIR LOADING \Weic length relative to sunface area determines the stength of the outlet cureent. Normal ‘wee loadings ae upto 300 m'/d/em, But when sting tanks are propely designed, well casified waters can be obtained at weit loadings of even upto 1500 m'/d/m, 7.5.9 SLUDGE REMOVAL, Sludge is normally removed under hydrostatic pressure through pipes. The size of the pipe wil depend upon the flow and the quantity oF suspended matter. 1¢is advisable to provide telescopie shadge dicharge arrangement for easy operation and lor sinimising, the Wastage of water. For non-mechanised unite, pipe diameters of 200 mm or more arc recommended. Pipe diameters of 10 to 200 mm ate preferred for mechanised waits with continuous removal af shidge with hydrostatic head. Ia citeulae aks, where mechanical scrapers are provided, the floor slopes should not be flater than 1 in 12, 10 ensure continuous and proper collection of shige. For manual cleaning, the slope should be about ‘in 1, “The power roquited for driving the scraping mechanism in a ciccular tank depends upon the area to be scraped and the design of the scrapec. The scraping mechanism is rotated slowly to complete one revolution in about 30 x 40 minutes or preferably the tip velocity of the scraper should be atound 0.3 m/min or below. Power requirements are about 075 w/ sm, of ank area Sludge and wash water should be propely disposed of without causing any problems of pollution i discharged into water courses Por sludge blanket type vertical Now sctdig tans, the slopes of the hoppers should not bbe less than 55° to horizontal to ensure smooth sliding and removal of sludge. In such tanks special shury weirs are provided with thes cress ia level with the top of sludge blanket for ‘continuous bleeding ofthe exeess sludge. ‘Special types of comsoldacon tanks with eapaciy of 20 main are sometimes provided to consolidate the sludge and recover water from it In non-mechanised horizontal low reetangulae seiing tanks, the basia floors should slope about 10% from the sides towards the ongitulinal central ine adopting. longcudinal slope of at leat 5% from the shallow outst end towards the deeper inlet area where the rain is normaly located. Manual cleaning of basins is sosmally done hydeaulcally, using high pressure hoses. Admitting sted water tough the basin cute nelps this function. If 20 sludge isto be withdsawn consouously of neatly continuously fom the bottom of the basin by gravity without mechanical equipment, hopper bottoms have to be used with slope of not Jess than 55° go the horizontal Redamation of water from the sludge cemoved from the settling basin should be ‘encouraged. The various methods include disposal of sludge on land or on sludge drying beds 7.540 Settling Tank Efficiency The efficiency of basins it eeduced by currents induced by inertia ofthe incoming water, wind, uebulent low, density and temperate gradients. Such currents shor circuit the low. The efficiency of real basin affected by cverent induced. short mathematically expressed 3s 21) whee ; Fp = Biiney of moval of suspended prices 4 Coefficient that identifies basin performance Vy = Surface over ow rate for ideal setting basin QUA= — Requited surface overflow rate for real basin to achieve an efficiency of ‘Y/\, fe given basin performance ne values of mare assumed 0 for best possible performance, 1/8 for very good pesformance, 1/4 for good performance, 1/2 for average performance 1 for very poot pesformance: Mathematical analysis of longitudinal ming in setling tanks indicates that the value ofr ean be approximated by the satio of the diferences between the mean and modal flow-through perieds tothe mean flow-through period The shor-circuiting characteristics of tanks are usally measured by addition of a shig of Lye, electrolyte of acer and observing the emesgence of this racee substance with passage of time. A frequency distribution plot of the concentration with respect to time is plotted. Modal, median and mean flow-through periods identify the central tendency of the tame-concentraton distebution and percentiles reflect its variance. The ratio of the median time to the mean time or the rao of the difference between the mean and the modal (or ‘mean andl median) t0 the meaa indicate the stably or efficiency ofthe basin. The lower the {est value is from unity or the higher the second value, the lesser the efficiency and the moce the shoseteuiing well designed tank should be capable of having a vokimetic efficiency of a lease 7% To achieve bewer catfication, the flow repime in setding basin should be ss close as possible 0 ideal plug flow & narrow and lang rectangulat tank approximates plug flow ‘onions better than wide shallow rectangular tank, psiphecal fed citcula tank and centre Fed radial ow tank, an Setting tanks should be capable of giving seed water having turbidity not exceeding 20 and preferably less than 10 NTU, 7.5.11 PRESEDIMENTATION AND STORAGE ‘The turbidity of raw water from rivers and streams may exhibit wide fucutations and values exceeding a few thousand NTU are not uncommon dosing high flow season. ‘The Fesliment load of the tiver during floods chiefly deves from soil erosion and consists ‘predominantly of coatse suspended solids. Removal of large-sized and rapidly seeable sit fed othee matedals can he accomplahed by presedimentation and storage before the rawr wwatee reaches the treatment plant. Presedimentaion and storage have been wsed for both highly turbid waters and waters of relatively low ruby. When removal of coarse and rapidly setting silt is aimed at in presedimentation, lower detention periods of 0.5 to 3 hovrs and higher surface loading of 20 to 80 m'/m'/l have ‘been recomnmended. These plain sedimentation tanks ean be constructed with wooden sheet piles or dog out of the earth with sloping sides besides being or made of conventional fraternls like masonry or conetete, The storage basins or reservoirs, unlike presetling basins, ae designed for very lasge detention periods fanging from abour.one week 10 a few months While stomge is best considered for waters of extemely high turbidity, big storage basins hhave also been constnicted for waters of low iii turbiciy. 75.12 Tune SETTLERS Setting eftiiency of a basin is peimatly dependent upon suace rea and is independent ‘of depth, Attempts have been rade to use this concept (0 achieve better efficiency and ‘economy in space a8 well as cost, Wide shallow trays iserted within conventional basins ‘with a view 10 incteate the rorfie area have not met with build up of head loss 28 pore volume is reduced and greater resistance is offered to the flow of water simuitancously with the buld up of head lost toa predetermined tesminal value, the suspended solids removal eficieney of successive layers of fer medium i exduced as sols secumulate im the pore space and reach an ultimate value of solids concentration 35 define by opetating conditions. This ess eventuly in break ehrowgh of suspended solids and the fikeate quality deteriorate, Ideally, fier run should be terinated when the head loss reaches 3 predetermined value simultaneously wih the suspended solids an fiat ating the presclectad level oF acceptable quality 7.6.32 Principal Mechanisms of Partiicle Removal “The cemoval of panicles within a deep granulse-mediu ker, such 36 capil sand ‘oceuts poimatily within the filter bed and is referred 10 as depth ftation. Seveea mechanisms ether singly atin combination, act to achieve overall removal af suspended! and colle! matter in depth filtration. Concepinlly the removal of patil takes place in eo staat steps, a tansport and ah attachment step in the fest step, dhe impurity pariele must be brought from the bulk of dhe liquid within dhe pores close to the suefaces of the medium ‘or the previously deposited solids on the modium. Once the patiles come closer to the Surface, am attachment step i required to retain it on the surface instead of Teting it flow down the ite ‘The transport step may be accomplished by straining, grsity setting, impaction imierception, hydrodynamics and diffusion and it may be aided by Moccslasion in the inserstices of the filter The particle cansport is a physieal process principally affected by those parameters which govem mast transfer. These physical vtables inclu sie offer medium, dy fitation cate, v5 density p, and sizeof the susupendel pasticls dy and water temperature ‘The particle attachment step isa physicochemical process involving electostatic imeractons, Van der Waals forces of moleculse atcction, chemical brdkgmg or spectic skorption. Acachment is affected by chemical charactesties of the water and fier ‘medidm. Pretweatment of iter inluents by coagulants and pit of water affet the effcksney ff attachment step and consequeatly of solid emoval in a fier. The need, therefore, of adequate pretreatment before dration to achivve efficient removal of suspended solids is evident. Dimensionless parameters have boon

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