Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)

Jammu and Kashmir, also known as Kashmir and

Jammu and Kashmir
Jammu,[2] was a princely state during the British East
India Company rule as well as the British Raj in India 1846–1952
from 1846 to 1947. The princely state was created after
the First Anglo-Sikh War, when the East India Company,
which had annexed the Kashmir Valley,[3] Jammu,
Ladakh, and Gilgit-Baltistan from the Sikhs as war
indemnity, then sold the region to the Raja of Jammu, Emblem
Flag
Gulab Singh, for rupees 75 lakh.

At the time of the partition of India and the political

integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state,
delayed making a decision about the future of his state.
However, an uprising in the western districts of the State
followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring
Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan,
forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded
to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to
Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.[4] The
western and northern districts presently known as Azad
Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of
Pakistan, while the remaining territory stayed under
Indian control, later becoming the Indian-administered
state of Jammu and Kashmir.[5] Map of Kashmir
Status Princely state
Capital Srinagar
Jammu
Contents
Common languages Kashmiri, Dogri,
Rulers Ladakhi, Balti,
Shina, Pahari-
Administration
Pothwari, Gujari,
Prime Ministers Kundal Shahi,
Bhaderwahi,
Geography
Burushaski,
Transport Brokskat,
Flooding Domaaki, Khowar,
Bateri, Purgi,
See also Zangskari,
Tibetan, Punjabi,
References
Hindustani (Hindi-
Bibliography Urdu), Sanskrit
Religion Islam, Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Rulers Jainism, Sikhism
 S.no Name Reign Ref Government Princely state
[1]
Maharaja
1. Gulab Singh 1846–1857
• 16 March 1846 – Gulab Singh (first)
2. Ranbir Singh 1857–1885 [1] 30 June 1857
• 23 September Hari Singh (last)
3. Pratap Singh 1885–1925 [1]
1925 – 17
[1] November 1952
4. Hari Singh 1925–1948
Dewan
5. Karan Singh (Prince Regent) 1948–1952 • 15 October 1947 – Mehr Chand
5 March 1948 Mahajan (first)
• 5 March 1948 – 17 Sheikh Abdullah
Administration November 1952 (last)
History
According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931,
the administration was organised as follows:[6][7] • Princely state of 1846
the Company rule
in India and later
Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota British India
(Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur. • Independence from 15 Aug 1947
Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South British India
(Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and • First Kashmir War 22 Oct 1947
Muzaffarabad. (cession of Azad
Kashmir and
Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan)
Gilgit.
• Accession to the 26–27 Oct 1947
Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Indian Union
Chenani. • Constitutional state 17 November
of India 1952
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts
• Disestablished 1952
were given:[6]
Area
Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and • Total 85,885[1] sq mi
Kargil. (222,440 km2)
Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore Preceded by Succeeded by
Frontier illaqas: Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-
Sikh Empire Jammu
Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas. and
Trakhàn
dynasty Kashmir,
British Raj India
Prime Ministers Interim Ladakh
Government Azad
of India Kashmir
Gilgit-
Baltistan

Today part of Jammu and

Kashmir (India)
Ladakh(India)
Gilgit-
Baltistan(Pakistan)
Hotan
County(China)
Kargilik County
(China)
 # Name Took Office Left Office
1 Raja Hari Singh 1925 1927
2 Sir Albion Banerjee January 1927 March 1929
3 G. E. C. Wakefield 1929 1931

4 Hari Krishan Kaul[8] 1931 1932

5 Elliot James Dowell Colvin[8] 1932 1936

6 Sir Barjor J. Dalal 1936 1936

7 Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar 1936 July 1943
8 Kailash Narain Haksar July 1943 February 1944
9 Sir B. N. Rau February 1944 28 June 1945
10 Ram Chandra Kak 28 June 1945 11 August 1947
11 Janak Singh 11 August 1947 15 October 1947
12 Mehr Chand Mahajan 15 October 1947 5 March 1948
13 Sheikh Abdullah 5 March 1948 17 November 1952

Geography
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58'
N and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.[9] Jammu was the
southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the
Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and
Gurdaspur. There is a fringe of level land along the
Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly
country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This
is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the
Dogras. To travel north, a range of mountains 8,000
feet (2,400 m) high must be climbed.

This is a temperate country with forests of oak,

rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and 1909 map showing Kashmir
pine, a country of uplands, such as Bhadarwah and
Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab
river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the Pir Panjal, lead to the second story, on which rests
the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.[9]

Steeper parts of the Himalayas lead to Astore and Baltistan on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract
drained by the river Indus. To the northwest, lies Gilgit, west and north of the Indus. The whole area is
shadowed by a wall of giant mountains that run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the Hindu Kush,
leading to the Pamirs and the Chinese dominions past Rakaposhi (25,561 ft), along the Muztagh range
past K2 (Godwin-Austen Glacier, 28,265 feet), Gasherbrum and Masherbrum (28,100 and 28,561 feet
(8,705 m) respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the Kunlun Mountains. Westward of the
northern angle above Hunza and Nagar, the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east
along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan
territory.[9]
Transport
There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh; it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and
over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles
(212 km) in length. From Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the River Jhelum. At Muzaffarabad
the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah
meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the
authorities to repair.[10]

Flooding
In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum valley and
much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe, a great disaster.[11]

See also
List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
Dogra dynasty

References
1. David P. Henige (2004). Princely States of India: A Guide to Chronology and Rulers (https://
books.google.com/books?id=fqDpAAAAMAAJ). Orchid Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-974-524-
049-0.
2. "Kashmir and Jammu" (https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=1
5&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_077.gif), Imperial Gazetteer of India, Secretary of State for
India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 15: 71–, 1908
3. Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
4. "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News" (https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286).
5. Bose, Sumantra (2003). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace (https://archive.org/deta
ils/00book939526581/page/32). Harvard University Press. pp. 32–37 (https://archive.org/det
ails/00book939526581/page/32). ISBN 0-674-01173-2.
6. Karim, Maj Gen Afsir (2013), Kashmir The Troubled Frontiers (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=lf2jAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT30), Lancer Publishers LLC, pp. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-
76-3
7. Behera, Demystifying Kashmir 2007, p. 15.
8. Copland, Ian (1981), "Islam and Political Mobilization in Kashmir, 1931-34", Pacific Affairs,
54 (2): 228–259, JSTOR 2757363 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2757363)
9. "Kashmir and Jammu" (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=D
S405.1.I34_V15_078.gif) Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 72.
10. "Kashmir and Jammu" (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=D
S405.1.I34_V15_085.gif) Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 79.
11. "Kashmir and Jammu" (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=D
S405.1.I34_V15_095.gif) Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 15, p. 89

Bibliography
Behera, Navnita Chadha (2007), Demystifying Kashmir (https://books.google.com/books?id
=qM6kW9ZRMRkC), Pearson Education India, ISBN 8131708462
 Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Jammu and Kashmir (https://books.google.com/books?id=
dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg), Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
Birdwood, Lord (1956), Two Nations and Kashmir (https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzs-
AAAAMAAJ), R. Hale
Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), "Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu,
Kashmir, and Ladakh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160815210807/http://pahar.in/mounta
ins/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%
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20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf) (PDF), The
Journal of Asian Studies, 20 (4): 477–488, doi:10.2307/2049956 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2
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nineteenth Century Limited, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, ISBN 81-207-1806-2
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This article incorporates text from the Imperial Gazetteer of India, a publication now in the public
domain.

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