HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF NURSING, KOTTIYAM

NURSING RESEARCH

SEMINAR
ON
ONLINE SOURCE OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

SUBMITEED TO,
MS. ATHIRA S VIJAYAN SUBMITTED BY;
LECTURER MR. GIREESH S PILLAI
HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF NURSING, 1st YEAR MSc NURSING
KOTTIYAM HOLY CROSS COLLEGE OF
NURSING, KOTTIYAM

SUBMITTED ON : 31.10.2019
 INDEX

SL.NO CONTENT PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 3
2 DEFINITION OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4
3 PURPOSES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4
4 IMPORTANCE OF REVIEWLITERATURE 5
5 COMPONENTS OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
6 ELEMENTS IN A LITERATURE REVIEW 5
7 CATEGORIES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 6
8 TYPES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7
9 STEPS IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS 7
10 SOURCES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7-20
11 CONCLUSION 21
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 21
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
A literature review or narrative review is a type of review article. A
literature review is a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive
findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature
reviews are secondary sources, and do not report new or original experimental work. Most often
associated with academic-oriented literature, such reviews are found in academic journals, and are
not to be confused with book reviews that may also appear in the same publication. Literature
reviews are a basis for research in nearly every academic field. A narrow-scope literature review
may be included as part of a peer-reviewed journal article presenting new research, serving to
situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and to provide context for the
reader. In such a case, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the
work.
A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research
on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant to a
particular area of research. The review should enumerate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate
and clarify this previous research. The literature review acknowledges the work of previous
researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your work has been well conceived. It is
assumed that by mentioning a previous work in the field of study, that the author has read,
evaluated, and assimilated that work into the work at hand.
In general, there are three types of resources or sources of information:
primary, secondary, and tertiary.
 Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based, including:
Original written works.
 Secondary sources are those that describe or analyse primary sources, including:
Reference materials.
 Tertiary sources are those used to organize and locate secondary and primary sources.
Indexes, Abstracts, Databases
DEFINITIONS OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

“A Literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of knowledge on a
particular topic of research.”
(ANA,2000)
“A literature review is an account of what has been already established or published on a
particular research topic by accredited scholars & researchers.”
(University of Toronto, 2001)
“Literature review is defined as a broad, comprehensive, in depth, systemic, and critical review of
scholarly publication, publication, unpublished printed or audio visual material and personal
communication”.
(S K Sharma,2005)

PURPOSES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The first major purpose of a literature review is, of course, to mention all the sources
which have been used.
But it’s much more than that. A research paper’s focus is to introduce some new argument to think
about, and the purpose of a literature review in a research study is to provide you with excessive
data you may use to support your new insight.
There are the three main purposes of a literature review:
 To survey the literature on an area of study;
 To present information in literature as an organized sum up;
 To critically analyse data (To find gaps in modern theories and points of view, show where
further research may be done and to review all the controversial moments).
 So the main purpose of a literature review is basically to be a sum up of all the ideas and
insights in a nice, short and easy to read way. It also will demonstrate that you're familiar with a
body of knowledge and are thus credible. Without this everything you’ve written won’t be taken
seriously into account. Provide foundation of knowledge on topic
 Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give credit to other researchers
 Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, conflicts in previous studies, open questions left from
other research
 Identify need for additional research (justifying your research)
 Identify the relationship of works in context of its contribution to the topic and to other works
IMPORTANCE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review is important for several reasons:
 It helps in the selection and definition of the research problem. In some cases, a researcher may
not have narrowed down to a topic at the start of the literature review. In such cases, the literature
review helps the researcher to limit the research problem and to define it better
 It helps in highlighting the state of the art of the problem of study. This helps to avoid
unnecessary and unintentional duplication.
 It helps in specifying the conceptual frame work of the study. This forms the framework within
which the findings are to be interpreted.
 It is useful in guiding the methodology of the study. Literature review reveals strategies,
procedures and measuring instruments that have been found to be useful in investigating the
problem in question. This helps one to benefit from other experiences.
 Literature review suggests other procedures and approaches that can be used in problem
investigation. This helps the researcher to try them out, especially if they will improve the research
study.
 It helps in explaining the findings of the study.

COMPONENTS OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW

The literature review should include the following:
 Objective of the literature review
 Overview of the subject under consideration.
 Clear categorization of sources selected into those in support of your particular position, those
opposed, and those offering completely different arguments.
 Discussion of both the distinctiveness of each source and its similarities with the others.

ELEMENTS IN A LITERATURE REVIEW

 Locate major formative works in the field
 Ascertain key researchers working on this topic
 Fine fain ideas conclusions and theories. Establish similarities & differences
 Notice main methodologies & research techniques
 Identify gaps in existing research
 Show relationships between previous studies / theories
 Provide context for your own research
THREE ESSENTIAL CATEGORIES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Simple - A simple literature review is a brief overview of the topic not necessarily purely
academic in scope and often uses popular sources (although popular sources are noted so
their weight and value can be judged) this review is often just the start of the research process.
Applied - Used mostly in business, government and other professional
environments applied literature reviews are more fact finding exorcizes. Used to look at
marketability and profitability they look at change and value objectivity and accuracy in similar
projects and programs.
Academic - Whether stand alone or part of a paper, study, or project the Academic
Literature Review requires accuracy, quality resources, objectivity thoroughness and quality
analysis but unlike the other two styles the Academic Review requires a depth the others do not.
Academic sources not popular should be used and a summery and synthesis of sources usually
within a conceptual framework

TYPES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

As Kennedy (2007) notes; it is important to think of knowledge in a given
field as consisting of three layers. First, there are the primary studies that researchers conduct and
publish. Second are the reviews of those studies that summarize and offer new interpretations built
from and often extending beyond the original studies. Third, there are the perceptions, conclusions,
opinion, and interpretations that are shared informally that become part of the lore of field. In
composing a literature review, it is important to note that it is often this third layer of knowledge
that is cited as "true" even though it often has only a loose relationship to the primary studies and
secondary literature reviews.
Given this, while literature reviews are designed to provide an overview and synthesis of pertinent
sources you have explored, there are several approaches to how they can be done, depending upon
the type of analysis underpinning your study. Listed below are definitions of types of literature
reviews:
Argumentative Review: This form examines literature selectively in order to support or refute an
argument, deeply imbedded assumption, or philosophical problem already established in the
literature. The purpose is to develop a body of literature that establishes a contrarian viewpoint.
Given the value-laden nature of some social science research; Example: Educational reform;
immigration control], argumentative approaches to analysing the literature can be a legitimate and
important form of discourse. However, note that they can also introduce problems of bias when they
are used to make summary claims of the sort found in systematic reviews.
Integrative Review: Considered a form of research that reviews, critiques, and synthesizes
representative literature on a topic in an integrated way such that new frameworks and perspectives
on the topic are generated. The body of literature includes all studies that address related or
identical hypotheses. A well-done integrative review meets the same standards as primary research
in regard to clarity, rigor, and replication.
Historical Review: Few things rest in isolation from historical precedent. Historical reviews are
focused on examining research throughout a period of time, often starting with the first time an
issue, concept, theory, phenomena emerged in the literature, then tracing its evolution within the
scholarship of a discipline. The purpose is to place research in a historical context to show
familiarity with state-of-the-art developments and to identify the likely directions for future
research.
Methodological Review: A review does not always focus on what someone said [content],
but how they said it [method of analysis]. This approach provides a framework of understanding at
different levels (i.e. those of theory, substantive fields, research approaches and data collection and
analysis techniques), enables researchers to draw on a wide variety of knowledge ranging from the
conceptual level to practical documents for use in fieldwork in the areas of ontological and
epistemological consideration, quantitative and qualitative integration, sampling, interviewing, data
collection and data analysis, and helps highlight many ethical issues which we should be aware of
and consider as we go through our study.
Systematic Review: This form consists of an overview of existing evidence pertinent to a clearly
formulated research question, which uses pre-specified and standardized methods to identify and
critically appraise relevant research, and to collect, report, and analyse data from the studies that are
included in the review. Typically, it focuses on a very specific empirical question, often posed in a
cause-and-effect form, such as "To what extent does A contribute to B?"
Theoretical Review: The purpose of this form is to concretely examine the corpus of theory that
has accumulated in regard to an issue, concept, theory, phenomena. The theoretical literature review
help establish what theories already exist, the relationships between them, to what degree the
existing theories have been investigated, and to develop new hypotheses to be tested. Often this
form is used to help establish a lack of appropriate theories or reveal that current theories are
inadequate for explaining new or emerging research problems. The unit of analysis can focus on a
theoretical concept or a whole theory or framework.
STEPS IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS
Preparation of a literature review may be divided into four steps:
 Define your subject and the scope of the review.
 Search the library catalogue, subject specific databases and other search tools to find sources
that are relevant to your topic.
 Read and evaluate the sources and to determine their suitability to the understanding of topic
 Analyse, interpret and discuss the findings and conclusions of the sources you selected.

SOURCES OF REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The main sources from where literature can be searched are as……

Electronic
Magazines & Database
Newspaper Books
Research
Reports Resources of
Literature
Review Journals
Encyclopedia
& Dictionary
Conference
Theses
papers

 Primary sources; are original materials on which other research is based, including:
 Original written works – poems, diaries, court records, interviews, surveys, and original
research/fieldwork, and
 Research published in scholarly/academic journals.
Primary resources contain first-hand information, meaning that you are reading the
author’s own account on a specific topic or event that s/he participated in. Examples of primary
resources include scholarly research articles, books, and diaries. Primary sources such as research
articles often do not explain terminology and theoretical principles in detail. Thus, readers of
primary scholarly research should have foundational knowledge of the subject area. Use primary
resources to obtain a first-hand account to an actual event and identify original research done in a
field. For many of your papers, use of primary resources will be a requirement.

Examples of a primary source are:

 Original documents such as diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, records,
eyewitness accounts, autobiographies
  Empirical scholarly works such as research articles, clinical reports, case studies,
dissertations
 Creative works such as poetry, music, video, photography
How to locate primary research in NCU Library:
1. From the Library's homepage, begin your search in Roadrunner Search or select a subject-
specific database from the A-Z Databases.
2. Use the Scholarly/Peer-Reviewed Journal limiter to narrow your search to journal articles.
3. Once you have a set of search results, remember to look for articles where the author has
conducted original research. A primary research article will include a literature review,
methodology, population or set sample, test or measurement, discussion of findings and usually
future research directions.
 Secondary sources; are those that describe or analyse primary sources, including:
Reference materials – dictionaries, encyclopaedias, textbooks, and books and
articles that interpret, review, or synthesize original research/fieldwork.
 Books. Textbooks remain as the most important source to find models and theories related to
the research area. Research the most respected authorities in your selected research area and find the
latest editions of books authored by them. For example, in the area of marketing the most notable
authors include Philip Kotler, Seth Godin, Malcolm Gladwell, Emanuel Rosen and others.
 Magazines. Industry-specific magazines are usually rich in scholarly articles and they can be
effective sources to learn about the latest trends and developments in the research area. Reading
industry magazines can be the most enjoyable part of the literature review, assuming that your
selected research area represents an area of your personal and professional interests, which should
be the case anyways.
 Newspapers can be referred to as the main source of up-to-date news about the latest events
related to the research area. However, the proportion of the use of newspapers in literature review is
recommended to be less compared to alternative sources of secondary data such as books and
magazines due to the fact that newspaper articles mainly lack depth of analyses and discussions.
 Online articles. You can find online versions of all of the above sources. However, note that
the levels of reliability of online articles can be highly compromised depending on the source due to
the high levels of ease with which articles can be published online. Opinions offered in a wide range
of online discussion blogs cannot be usually used in literature review. Similarly, dissertation
assessors are not keen to appreciate references to a wide range of blogs, unless articles in these
blogs are authored by respected authorities in the research area.
 Secondary sources describe, summarize, or discuss information or
details originally presented in another source; meaning the author, in most cases, did not participate
in the event. This type of source is written for a broad audience and will include definitions of
discipline specific terms, history relating to the topic, significant theories and principles, and
summaries of major studies/events as related to the topic. Use secondary sources to obtain an
overview of a topic and/or identify primary resources. Refrain from including such resources in an
annotated bibliography for doctoral level work unless there is a good reason.
Examples of a secondary source are:
 Publications such as textbooks, magazine articles, book reviews, commentaries,
encyclopaedias, almanacs
Locate secondary resources in NCU Library within the following databases:
 Annual Reviews (scholarly article reviews)
 Credo Reference (Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, handbooks & more)
 EBook Central (eBooks)
 ProQuest (book reviews, bibliographies, literature reviews & more)
 SAGE Reference Methods, SAGE Knowledge & SAGE Navigator (handbooks,
encyclopaedias, major works, debates & more)
 Most other Library databases include secondary sources.

 Tertiary sources: are those used to organize and locate secondary and primary sources.
o Indexes – provide citations that fully identify a work with information such as author, titles of a
book, article, and/or journal, publisher and publication date, volume and issue number and page
numbers.
o Abstracts – summarize the primary or secondary sources,
o Databases – are online indexes that usually include abstracts for each primary or secondary
resource, and may also include a digital copy of the resource.

Example of Sources:
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Literature Literature Literature
Original research results in Review articles, systematic reviews, Textbooks, encyclopaedias,
journals, meta-analysis, practice guidelines, handbooks, newspapers
dissertations, conference monographs on a specific subject
proceedings,
correspondence
Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane
Sources: Gale Encyclopaedia
Library, Web of Science, Williams
Sources: NEJM, JAMA of Genetic Disorders, Oxford
Obstetrics, Hurst's The Heart
Handbook of Internal Medicine

I. Electronic sources:
Computer assisted literature search has revolutionized the review of
literature. These searches, however, for a variety of reason may not provide the desired references.
Electronic literature search through web may be very useful, but sometimes it
can be time consuming and un-predictable because there are many website and web pages that lead
to information overload and confusion
General literature search can be conducted through engines like yahoo
(www.yahoosearch.co), Google (www.google.com), MSN Search, Lycos, WebCrawler, Alta, Vista,
Excite.
The most relevant nursing databases are as follows:
CINAHL; (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health
Literature); is an index of English-language and selected other-language journal articles
about nursing, allied health, biomedicine and healthcare. Accessible at http://.cinahl.com
Ella Crandall, Mildred Grandbois, and Mollie Sitner began a card
index of articles from nursing journals in the 1940s. The index was first published as Cumulative
Index to Nursing Literature (CINL) in 1961. The title changed to Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature in 1977 when its scope was expanded to include allied health journals.
The index first went online in 1984.
The publisher, Cinahl Information Systems, was acquired by EBSCO
Publishing in 2003. CINAHL has been provided on the Web by EBSCO Publishing, Ovid
Technologies and ProQuest, in addition to Cinahl Information Systems, and also provided online by
DataStar from Dialog. In 2006, EBSCO announced its intention to not renew the distribution
agreements with the other providers and to make CINAHL available exclusively on the EBSCO
host platform.
 PubMed; is a free search engine accessing primarily
the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics.
The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of
Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval. Accessible to
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
From 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database
primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first
released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home- and office-based MEDLINE
searching. The PubMed system was offered free to the public starting in June 1997.

MEDLINE; (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or

MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It
includes bibliographic information for articles from academic
journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care.
MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry, as well as fields such
as molecular evolution.
Compiled by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), MEDLINE is
freely available on the Internet and searchable via PubMed and NLM's National Centre for
Biotechnology Information's Entrez system. MEDLINE functions as an important resource for
biomedical researchers and journal clubs from all over the world. Along with the Cochrane
Library and a number of other databases, MEDLINE facilitates evidence-based medicine.
Most systematic review articles published presently build on extensive searches of MEDLINE to
identify articles that might be useful in the review. MEDLINE influences researchers in their choice
of journals in which to publish. Accessible to https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/medline.html

The Cochrane Library; (named after Archie Cochrane) is a collection

of databases in medicine and other healthcare specialties provided by Cochrane and other
organizations. At its core is the collection of Cochrane Reviews, a database of systematic
reviewsand meta-analyses which summarize and interpret the results of medical research.
The Cochrane Library aims to make the results of well-
conducted controlled trials readily available and is a key resource in evidence-based medicine.
Access and use of Cochrane are; The Cochrane Library is a subscription-based database, originally
published by Update Software and now published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. as part of Wiley
Online Library. In many countries, including parts of Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, the
Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, Australia, India, South Africa, and Poland, it has been made
available free to all residents by "national provision" (typically a government or Department of
Health pays for the license). There are also arrangements for free access in much of Latin America
and in "low-income countries", typically via HINARI. All countries have free access to two-page
abstracts of all Cochrane Reviews and to short plain-language summaries of selected articles.
Accessible in https://www.cochranelibrary.com/.
Cochrane Reviews appear to be relatively underused in the United States,
presumably because public access is limited (the state of Wyoming is an exception, having paid for
a licence to enable free access to Cochrane Reviews for all residents of Wyoming
The Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC); is an online
(https://eric.ed.gov/)(digital library of education research and information. ERIC is sponsored by
the Institute of Education Sciences of the United States Department of Education. The mission of
ERIC is to provide a comprehensive, easy-to-use, searchable, Internet-based bibliographic and full-
text database of education research and information for educators, researchers, and the general
public. Education research and information are essential to improving teaching, learning, and
educational decision-making.
ERIC provides access to 1.5 million bibliographic records (citations, abstracts, and
other pertinent data) of journal articles and other education-related materials, with hundreds of new
records added every week. A key component of ERIC is its collection of grey literature in
education, which is largely available in full text in Adobe PDF format. Approximately one quarter
of the complete ERIC Collection is available in full text. Materials with no full text available
(primarily journal articles) can often be accessed using links to publisher websites and/or library
holdings. ERIC usually includes education related articles in its database. Sample articles include
"The Economic, Social and Administrative Pharmacy (ESAP) Discipline in US Schools and
Colleges of Pharmacy", "Aesthetics in Young Children's Lives: From Music Technology
Curriculum Perspective ", and "Digital Game's Impacts on Students' Learning Effectiveness of
Correct Medication ".

The ERIC Collection, begun in 1966, contains records for a variety of publication types, including:
 Journal articles
 Books
 Research syntheses
 Conference papers
 Technical reports
 Dissertations
 Policy papers, and
 Other education-related materials

ERIC provides the public with a centralized Web site for searching the ERIC collection and
submitting materials to be considered for inclusion in the collection. Users can also access the
collection through commercial database vendors, state wide and institutional networks, and Internet
search engines. To help users find the information they are seeking, ERIC produces a controlled
vocabulary, the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors. This is a carefully selected list of education-related
words and phrases used to tag materials by subject and make them easier to retrieve through a
search.
Prior to January 2004, the ERIC network consisted of sixteen subject-
specific clearinghouses, various adjunct and affiliate clearinghouses, and three support components.
The program was consolidated into a single entity, with upgraded systems, and paper-based
processes converted to electronic, thus streamlining operations and speeding delivery of content.

The Registry of Nursing Research and Practice Innovations (RNR): is a research

registry maintained by the Virginia Henderson International Nursing Library via Sigma Theta Tau
International (STTI), Honor Society of Nursing. All records in the RNR have been submitted to
nurse researchers and cover completed research, ongoing studies, conference presentations and
dissertations.
Research data includes abstracts, citations, research methods, funding, domain, study
variables and scientific results. Anyone conducting research in the area of nursing can submit
information to the database. The National League for Nursing and Sigma Foundation for
Nursing grant supports research that advances the science of nursing education. Made possible
through an individual donor gift, the grant aims to advance the science of nursing education and
learning through the use of technology in dissemination of knowledge.

PsycINFO : is a database of abstracts of literature in the field

of psychology. https://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/index It is produced by the American
Psychological Association and distributed on the association's APA PsycNET and through third-
party vendors. It is the electronic version of the now-ceased Psychological Abstracts. In 2000, it
absorbed PsycLIT which had been published on CD-ROM. PsycINFO contains citations and
summaries from the 19th century to the present of journal articles, book chapters, books, and
dissertations.
CORE: CORE is a multidisciplinary aggregator of open access research. It
allows users to search more than 66 million open access articles. While most of these link to the
full-text article on the original publisher's site, five million records are hosted directly on CORE.
In addition to a straightforward keyword search, CORE offers advanced search options to filter
results by publication type, year, language, journal, repository, and author.
ScienceOpen: Functioning as a research and publishing
network, ScienceOpen offers open access to more than 28 million articles in all areas of science.
Although you do need to register to view the full text of the articles, registration is free. The
advanced search function is highly detailed, allowing you to find precisely the research you're
looking for the Berlin- and Boston-based company was founded in 2013 with the goal to "facilitate
open and public communications between academics and to allow ideas to be judged on their merit,
regardless of where they come from."
Directory of Open Access Journals: A multidisciplinary, community-
curated directory, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) gives researchers access to high-
quality, peer-reviewed journals. It has archived more than two million articles from 9,519 journals,
allowing you to either browse by subject or search by keyword. The site was launched in 2003 with
the aim of increasing the visibility of open access scholarly journals. Content on the site covers
subjects from science to law to fine arts and everything in between.
arXiv e-Print Archive: The arXiv e-Print Archive has been around since
1991 and is a well-known resource in the fields of mathematics and computer science. It is run by
Cornell University Library and now offers open access to more than one million e-prints.
Social Science Research Network: The Social Science Research
Network (SSRN) is a collection of papers from the social sciences community. The site offers more
than 700,000 abstracts and more than 600,000 full-text papers.There is not yet a specific option to
search for only full-text articles, but because most of the papers on the site are free access, it is not
often that you encounter a paywall. You must become a member to use the services, but registration
is free and enables you to interact with other scholars around the world.
Public Library of Science: Public Library of Science (PLOS) is a big
player in the world of open access science. Publishing seven open access journals, the nonprofit
organization is committed to facilitating openness in academic research. According to the site, "all
PLOS content is at the highest possible level of open access, meaning that scientific articles are
immediately and freely available to anyone, anywhere."
 OpenDOAR: OpenDOAR, or the Directory of Open Access Repositories, is
a comprehensive resource for finding open access journals and articles. Using Google Custom
Search, OpenDOAR combs through open access repositories around the world and returns relevant
research in all disciplines. The repositories it searches through are assessed and categorized by
OpenDOAR staff to ensure they meet quality standards.
Bielefeld Academic Search Engine: The Bielefeld Academic Search
Engine (BASE) is operated by the Bielefeld University Library in Germany, and it offers more than
100 million documents from more than 4,000 sources. Sixty percent of its content is open access,
and you can filter your search accordingly.
Digital Library of the Commons Repository: Run by Indiana University,
the Digital Library of the Commons (DLC) Repository is a multidisciplinary journal repository that
allows users to check thousands of free and open access articles from around the world. You can
browse by document type, date, author, title, and more or search for keywords relevant to your
topic.
CIA World Factbook: The CIA World Factbook is a little different from the
other resources on this list in that it is not an online journal directory or repository. It is, however, a
highly useful research database for academics in a variety of disciplines. All the information is free
to access, and it provides facts about every country in the world, including information about
history, geography, transportation, and much more.
Paperity: Paperity boasts being the "first multidisciplinary aggregator of
open access journals and papers." Their focus is helping you avoid paywalls while connecting you
to authoritative research.In addition to providing readers with easy access to thousands of journals,
Paperity seeks to help authors reach their audiences and help journals raise exposure to boost
readership.
dblp Computer Science Bibliography: The dblp Computer Science
Bibliography is an online index of major computer science publications. Although it provides
access to both free access articles and those behind a paywall, you can limit your search to only
full-text articles. The site indexes more than three million publications, making it an invaluable
resource in the world of computer science.
 EconBiz: EconBiz is a great resource for economic and business studies. A
service of the Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, it offers access to full texts online, with
the option of searching for open access material only.
BioMed Central: BioMed Central provides open access research from more
than 290 peer-reviewed journals in the fields of biology, clinical medicine, and health. You can
browse these journals by subject or title, or you can search all articles for your required keyword.
JURN: A multidisciplinary search engine, JURN provides you with links to
various scholarly websites, articles, and journals that are all free access or open access. Specifically
covering the fields of the arts, humanities, business, law, nature, science, and medicine.
Dryad: Dryad is a digital repository of curated, open access scientific research.
It is run by a not-for-profit membership organization that aims to "promote a world where research
data is openly available, integrated with the scholarly literature, and routinely reused to create
knowledge." It is free to access, but note that there is a publishing charge associated if you wish to
publish your data in Dryad.
EThOS(Alcohol & Alcohol problems science database): Run by the British
Library, EThOS allows you to search over 400,000 doctoral theses in a variety of disciplines.
Although some full texts are behind paywalls, you can limit your search to items available for
immediate download, either directly through EThOS or through an institution's website. This is an
archived edition of the ETOH Database (formal title: The Alcohol and Alcohol Problems Science
Database) ("Database"). Developed in 1971 by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and
Alcoholism (NIAAA), ETOH became the premier alcohol database—comprehensive,
multidisciplinary, indexed with the AOD Thesaurus terminology, and including a wide variety of
materials. It was the major alcohol bibliographic resource for alcohol researchers, clinicians, and
policy makers around the world. Support for ETOH ceased in 2003.
Semantic Scholar: A unique and easy-to-use resource, Semantic
Scholar harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to efficiently sort through millions of science-
related papers based on your search terms. According to the site, although some articles are behind
paywalls, "the data [they] have for those articles is limited," so you can expect to receive mostly
full-text results. Another feature is the extensive advanced search options, which allow you to
search by cell type and brain region, among other things.
Zenodo: Taking its name from Zenodotus, the first librarian of the ancient
library of Alexandria, Zenodo is a tool that was "built and developed by researchers, to ensure that
everyone can join in open science." You can sort by keyword, title, journal, and more and download
open access documents directly from the site.
 CANCERLIT: is produced by the Cancer Information Products and Systems
Program of the National Cancer Institute, in conjunction with the National Library of Medicine.
CANCERLIT indexes and abstracts the published literature discussing all aspects of cancer,
including articles from biomedical and scientific journals, proceedings of meetings and symposia,
government reports, and selected monographs, books, reports, and doctoral theses. CANCERLIT is
international in scope.
ExcerptaMedicadataBASE:isa biomedical and pharmacological bibliogra-
phic database of published literature designed to support information managers
and pharmacovigilance in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug. Embase,
produced by Elsevier, contains over 32 million records from over 8,500 currently published journals
from 1947 to the present. Through its international coverage, daily updates, and drug indexing
with EMTREE, Embase enables tracking and retrieval of drug information in the published
literature. Each record is fully indexed and Articles in Press are available for some records and In
Process are available for all records, ahead of full indexing. Embase's international coverage
expands across biomedical journals from 95 countries and is available through a number of database
vendors.
Ovid Health STAR: is comprised of data from the National Library of
Medicine’s (NLM) MEDLINE. It contains citations to the published literature on health services,
technology, administration, and research. It focuses on both the clinical and non-clinical aspects of
health care delivery.
Radix(Nursing managed care database): Nurses generate large quantities of
data at different operational levels in a health service organization. Administrative managerial data
include the number of nursing hours per patient day and cost data related to nursing services while
clinical data include the documentation of direct patient care only. In this paper, we explain
standard clinical data elements in the HIS (Hospital Information System). The construction of the
data is traced from patients' medical records to coding procedures within ICD (International
Classification of Disease) classification and DRG (Diagnostic Related Groups) of casemix.
Examples are given from Australian data and definitions, but much of the same information can be
found in hospital information systems throughout the world. Practical applications that demonstrate
how patient data can be used for research and management purposes in nursing are given. Finally,
future directions and issues related to the use of datasets for nursing research are explored.
CD ROM: The Library of Congress has a large collection of audio content on
compact discs, dating from the earliest days of CD manufacture. The CD-DA (Digital Audio) and
CD-ROM (Read-only Memory) formats are structurally identical. The data is melded into the disc
at the time of manufacture and cannot be changed. Unfortunately, these media are machine-
dependent, and continued access to the digital content is contingent on the availability of
compatible hardware and software. Additionally, these media are subject to deterioration just like
any other material.

ONLINE JOURNALS:
Following are the website addresses for journals & magazines that are available online:

 http://www.nursefriendly.com/nursing/linksections/nursingjorn al.html
 http://www.nsna.org
 http://www.healthweb.org
 http://www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php
 http://www.healthweb.org.browse.cfm?catergy=1727
 http://www.juns.nursing.arizona.edu
 http://www.medbioworld.com
 http://www.nursingworld.org.ojin
 http://www.eaa-knowledge.com.ojni/#
 http://www.nursingweek.com

OTHER ONLINE DATABASES:

Many other online data base can be searched for free by nurses from the following
websites:
 http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov (HIV/AIDS information)
 http://www.hazmap.nlm.nih.gov (information on hazardous agents)
 http://www.child.nih.gov (combined health information database)
 http://www.toxinet.nlm.nih.gov (toxicology database network)

II. PRINTED SOURCES:

 Printed sources are also used for literature review.
 Printed research summary may be located from published abstracts such as Nursing Research
Abstract, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstract International, Masters Abstract
International, etc.
 References of the other printed sources may be located through indexes such as cumulative
Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature, Nursing Studies Index, & Index Medicus.
 Following are the main printed sources that can be used to review the relevant literature:

 Journals:
There are several National & International journals which can be used to review the
research
Name of national nursing journals:
 Nursing & Midwifery Research Journal
 Indian journal of Nursing Research & Midwifery
 The nursing Journal of India
 Nightingale Nursing Times
 International Journal of Nursing Education
 Indian Journal of Nursing Studies.
Names of international journals:
 Nursing Research
 Research in Nursing & Health
 Nursing Sciences Quarterly
 Western Journal of Nursing Research
 Applied Nursing Research
 Biological Research for Nursing
 Advances in Nursing Sciences
 Clinical Nursing Research
 Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing
 Journal of Qualitative Research
 American Journal of Nursing

 Research reports
 Unpublished dissertations & Theses
 Magazines & newspapers
 Conference papers & proceedings
 Encyclopaedias & dictionaries Books
CONCLUSION

A literature review is a written approach to examining published information on a

particular topic or field. Authors use this review of literature to create a foundation and justification
for their research or to demonstrate knowledge on the current state of a field. This review can take
the form of a course assignment or a section of a longer capstone project. Read on for more
information about writing a strong literature review

The Literature refers to the collection of scholarly writings on a topic. This includes peer-
reviewed articles, books, dissertations and conference papers. The term primary source is used
broadly to embody all sources that are original. Primary sources provide first-hand information that
is closest to the object of study. Primary sources vary by discipline.

A secondary source is a source that provides non-original or second hand data or

information. Secondary sources are written about primary sources. The types of information that
can be considered primary sources may vary depending on the subject discipline, and also on how
you are using the material.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Nancy Burns, Susan K Grove (2007), Understanding Nursing Research, Fourth edition
published by Elsevier, New Delhi . Page no:135-160
 Denise F Polit, Cheryl Tatano Beck (2009), Essential of Nursing Research, Seventh edition
published by Wolters Kluwer (Lippincott, Williams &Wilkins), Noida. Page
No:74,77,78,170-188
 Bharat Pareek, Shivani Sharma,(2013)A Textbook of Nursing Research & Statistics, Fourth
edition published by PV Books, Jalandhar City, India. Page No:21-23
 BT Basavanthappa (2010), Nursing Research, Second edition Published by Jaypee, New
Delhi .Page No:92-94
 Dr .R Bincy (2015), Nursing Research (Building Evidence for Practice) Revised and
Updated Second Edition. Page No:84,89-94
 https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=6601225
 https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php?guid=components