Presentation on theme: "Pragmatics.

"— Presentation transcript:

1 Pragmatics
2 #Pragmatics is concerned with the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context.
#The study of what speakers mean or ‘speaker’s meaning’, is called pragmatics.According to Yole,
‘Pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not
actually said or written. That’s why; the speaker must be able to depend on a lot of shared
assumptions and expectations when they try to communicate.

3 Our interpretation of the meaning of the sign is not based solely on the words, but on what we
think the writer intend to communicate.Co-context: Linguistic context is known as co-context. The
surrounding of the co-context has a strong effect on what we think the word probably means.

4 Deixis: There are some very common words in our language that can’t be interpreted at all if we
don’t know the context, especially the physical context of the speaker. For exp: here, there, this ,that;
now and then, yesterday, today and tomorrowTo point things-Person deixisTo point location-spatial
deixisTo point time-temporal deixis

5 Reference: It is an act by which a speaker (writer) uses language to enable a listener to identify
something.# For each word or phrase there is a ‘range of reference’Linguistic context:
DiscourseLinguistic knowledge accounts for speakers’ ability to combine phonemes into
morphemes, morphemes into words, words into sentences. Knowing a language also permits
combining sentences to express complex thoughts and ideas. These larger linguistic units are called
discourse.

6 Discourse analysishow speaker combine sentences into broader speech unitsconcerns with style
appropriateness, cohesiveness, topic/subtopic structure, difference between written and spoken
discourse as well as grammatical properties

7 Situational context:According to Rodman, ‘Much of the contextual knowledge is knowledge of who

is speaking, who is listening, what objects are being, discussed and general facts about the world we
live in, called situational context’.Maxims of conversationGrice calls the conversational principle –
cooperative principle#Make your conversational contribution as such is required, at the stage at
which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchanged in which you are
engaged.

8 # Emphasis on assumption
#These arise from basic rational considerations and may be formulated as guidelines for the efficient
and effective use of language in conversation to further cooperative ends.Four basic Maxims of
conversation :Maxim of Quantity:Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current
purpose of the exchange

9 Maxim of Quality: Try to make your contribution on that is true,

a ) don’t say what you believe to be falseb ) don’t say that for which you lack adequate
evidence.Maxim of Relevance: Make your contribution relevant (to time ,place, topic)

10 Maxim of Manner:#avoid obscurity# avoid ambiguity# be brief# be orderly

11 Floutings or Exploitations:
Grice considers the second kind of implicature labeled ‘flouting’ or exploitations.Flouting refers to
implicatures that come about by overtly and blatantly not following some maxim in order to exploit it
for communication purpose.Floutings of quality: Hyperbole, metaphor, irony, satire are used to
violate truth of quality.

12 Floutings of quantity:
It is violated in creating prolixity if we say too much and terseness if we are too brief.Floutings of
relevance are performed so as to signal some sort of embarrassments or a desire to change the
subject.Floutings of manner: The maxim of manner is violated either for humour or in order to
establish solidarity between speakers and exclude an over hearer from the conversation.

Presentation on theme: "Pragmatics."— Presentation transcript:

1 Pragmatics

2 #Pragmatics is concerned with the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context.

#The study of what speakers mean or ‘speaker’s meaning’, is called pragmatics.According to Yole,
‘Pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not
actually said or written. That’s why; the speaker must be able to depend on a lot of shared
assumptions and expectations when they try to communicate.

3 Our interpretation of the meaning of the sign is not based solely on the words, but on what we
think the writer intend to communicate.Co-context: Linguistic context is known as co-context. The
surrounding of the co-context has a strong effect on what we think the word probably means.

4 Deixis: There are some very common words in our language that can’t be interpreted at all if we
don’t know the context, especially the physical context of the speaker. For exp: here, there, this ,that;
now and then, yesterday, today and tomorrowTo point things-Person deixisTo point location-spatial
deixisTo point time-temporal deixis

5 Reference: It is an act by which a speaker (writer) uses language to enable a listener to identify
something.# For each word or phrase there is a ‘range of reference’Linguistic context:
DiscourseLinguistic knowledge accounts for speakers’ ability to combine phonemes into
morphemes, morphemes into words, words into sentences. Knowing a language also permits
combining sentences to express complex thoughts and ideas. These larger linguistic units are called
discourse.

6 Discourse analysishow speaker combine sentences into broader speech unitsconcerns with style
appropriateness, cohesiveness, topic/subtopic structure, difference between written and spoken
discourse as well as grammatical properties

7 Situational context:According to Rodman, ‘Much of the contextual knowledge is knowledge of who

is speaking, who is listening, what objects are being, discussed and general facts about the world we
live in, called situational context’.Maxims of conversationGrice calls the conversational principle –
cooperative principle#Make your conversational contribution as such is required, at the stage at
which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchanged in which you are
engaged.
8 # Emphasis on assumption
#These arise from basic rational considerations and may be formulated as guidelines for the efficient
and effective use of language in conversation to further cooperative ends.Four basic Maxims of
conversation :Maxim of Quantity:Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current
purpose of the exchange

9 Maxim of Quality: Try to make your contribution on that is true,

a ) don’t say what you believe to be falseb ) don’t say that for which you lack adequate
evidence.Maxim of Relevance: Make your contribution relevant (to time ,place, topic)

10 Maxim of Manner:#avoid obscurity# avoid ambiguity# be brief# be orderly

11 Floutings or Exploitations:
Grice considers the second kind of implicature labeled ‘flouting’ or exploitations.Flouting refers to
implicatures that come about by overtly and blatantly not following some maxim in order to exploit it
for communication purpose.Floutings of quality: Hyperbole, metaphor, irony, satire are used to
violate truth of quality.

12 Floutings of quantity:
It is violated in creating prolixity if we say too much and terseness if we are too brief.Floutings of
relevance are performed so as to signal some sort of embarrassments or a desire to change the
subject.Floutings of manner: The maxim of manner is violated either for humour or in order to
establish solidarity between speakers and exclude an over hearer from the conversation.