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Session 3 - Sampling PDF
Session 3 - Sampling PDF
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PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Unit structure
14.0 Objective
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Sampling methods
14.3 Probability sampling
14.4 Non-Probability sampling
14.5 Design of probability sampling
14.6 Probability sampling methods
14.7 Summary
14.8 Check your progress
14.9 Reference
14.10 Questions.
14.0 OBJECTIVES :-
14.1 INTRODUCTION
a) Simple Designs :-
1) Simple Random sampling (SRS)
2) Stratified Random sampling
3) Systematic, Random Sampling
b) Complex Designs :-
4) Cluster sampling
5) Area sampling
6) Multi-stage sampling
7) Random sampling with probability proportional to size
8) Multi-phase sampling.
9) Inter-penetrating sampling.
4) Snowball sampling
1. Lottery Method :-
3. Use of Computer :-
Non probability designs, on the other hand, device their contact from the
judgement of the investigator. For e.g. a pollster may be instructed to
interview 100 persons passing a certain streets cornea, to contact by phone
so many store keepers, so many housewives or so many clerks. In non-
probability sampling the causes are selected on such bases as availability
and interviewer judgement. Frequently, randomness is erroneously,
assumed to follow from the stratification of the population into relevant
sub-populations. The advantages of non-probability designs lies largely in
the area of convinces, which along with the extra sample size sometimes
possible for the same cost is felt to compensate for the relative risk of
possible bias. Commercial polls, for instance frequently claim with same
degree of empirical justification that the increase in the precision of
probability sampling over non-probability sampling is too small to warrant
the extra cost of a random sampling design. The fact that the actual
selection is done by experience field workers is obviously responsible for
their relative success frequently, on the other hand, such samples are over
weighted with the co-operative, the available and so on. They depend too
exclusively on uncontrolled factors and especially on the investigators
insight and there is no statistical procedure permitting the determination of
the margins of sampling errors.
Randomness :-
The concept of randomness has been basic to scientific observation
and research. It is based upon the assumption that, while individual events
cannot be predicted with accuracy, aggregate events can. The hungry the
mob, the greater the apparent anarchy. It is the supreme law of unreason.
Whenever a large sample of chaotic elements are taken in hand and
meashalled in the order of their magnitude, an unsuspected and most
beautiful team of regularity proves to have been later all along.
2. Stratified Sampling :-
Stratified random sampling is a refinement of simple random
sampling since in addition to randomness; stratification introduces a
secondary element of control as a means of increasing precision and
representatives. A stratified random sample is, in effect a weighted
combination of random subsamples may be chance have an under
proportion of one type of unit in it, it is advisable to use stratified random
sampling. The population is divided into smaller homogeneous groups or
strator by some characteristics and from each of these smaller
homogeneous groups draw at random a predetermined no. of units.
Proportional sampling enable tone to achieve even greater represent
activeness in form each stratum in proportion to its actual size in the total
population. For e.g. for drawing a representative sample from this
community in respect of various occupations of the people, we shall have
to find out the proportion of each occupation at group. It the proportions
were 15% professional workers, 10% Managers, 20% skilled workers &
55% unskilled workers, the sample should include approximately the same
proportions in order to be representative. This method is also called
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CLUSTER SAMPLING :-
First, sample of the first stage sampling units is drawn, then from
each of the selected first stage sampling unit, sample of the second stage
sampling units is drawn. The procedure continues down the final sampling
units a population elements. Appropriate random sampling method is
adopted at each stage.
14.7 SUMMARY :-
14.9 REFERENCES :-
14.10 QUESTIONS :-
15
Unit structure
15.0 Objectives
15.1 Introduction & Meaning
15.2 Classification of non – probability sampling
15.3 Sampling and non – sampling errors
15.4 Summary
15.5 Check your progress
15.6 References
15.7 Question
15.0 OBJECTIVES:-
1) ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING :-
1) Sampling errors :-
The errors which arise due to use of sampling surveys are known
as the sampling errors. Even when a sample is random one, it may not be
exactly representative of the population from which it is choosen .This is
because samples are seldom, if ever, perfect miniature of the populations.
However, there errors can be controlled sampling errors are of two types –
Biased & unbiased.
a) BIASED ERRORS :-
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Are those which raise as a result to any bias error prejudice of the
person in selecting a particular sampling method may purposive sampling
method may be adopted in place of a simple random sampling method. As
a result of such a errors, or cumulative errors or non-compensating errors.
As bias or prejudice forms a constant component of error that does not
decreases in a large population as the no. in the sample increases i.e. such
errors are likely to increase with as increase in the size of the sample.
b) UNBIASED ERRORS :-
Faulty selection of sample may give rise to bias in a no. of ways, such as :-
.
a) Purpose sampling,
b) Selection of sample in a haphazard way,
c) Substitution of selected item in the sample by another,
d) Incomplete investigation or response etc, during the process of
collecting the actual information in a survey (whether sample or census,
certain inaccuracies may creep in. These may raise due to improper
formulation of decision, problem wrongly defining the population,
specifying wrong decision, securing an inadequate frame, poorly designed
questionnaire, an ill trained, interviewer, failure of a respondents memory,
unorganized collection procedure, faculty editing or cooling of response.
Faulty methods of analysis may also introduce bias. Such bias can be
avoided by adopting the proper methods of analysis.
Among the many suggestions that could help in reducing biases
and improving sampling designs are –
1) Manageable and specific problem selection,
2) Intensive study, verification and reporting of methodological biases;
3) Systematic documentation of related research.
4) Greater investment in enumeration;
5) Effective protesting.
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Non- response and substitutions are the rules of the game in large
scale field surveys. As for the first problems, a good survey strategist.
15.4 SUMMARY :-
15.6 REFERENCES :-
15.7 QUESTIONS :-