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MAS-1 Charging, Starting and Ignition Systems PDF
MAS-1 Charging, Starting and Ignition Systems PDF
MAS-1 Charging, Starting and Ignition Systems PDF
AEL2501
PEPM
AEL2501
Session Objectives
• To understand the need for battery and its
charging system on a vehicle.
• To understand the construction and working
of a starting system for an automotive
engine
• To study the need, construction and
working of various ignition systems for
modern gasoline engines
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Topics
• Introduction to electrical systems
• Automotive batteries
• Ch i systems
Charging t
• Alternators
• Charging systems
• Starter motors
• g
Ignition systems
y
• Conventional ignition system
• Electronic ignition system
• Distributor-less ignition systems
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Automotive Batteries
Introduction
• Battery is an important part of
automotive Electrical system.
• Supplies electric current to
operate all the electrical and
electronic systems in the
vehicle.
• Battery is an electrochemical
device.
device
• Amount of electricity it can
produce is limited.
limited
• The chemicals – sponge lead,
lead
lead oxide and sulfuric acid
react chemically to produce
flow of current.
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Battery Ratings:
Reserve Capacity:
• Length of time that a fully charged
battery at 26.70C can deliver
25Amps [Typical 125 min].
• This rating represents the electrical
load that must be supplied by the
battery in the event of a charging
system failure.
failure
Cold Cranking Amperes (CCA):
Ability of the battery to crank an
engine when the battery and engines
are cold.
– One rating is the number of Amps a
12V battery can deliver for 30 sec
when it is at –180C without bat
voltage falling below 7.2 Volts.
[With reserve cap 125 min, 430
Amps.]
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However, in practice, it does not work out like this for most batteries
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Battery Testing
• Two ways:
– State-of-charge
State of charge
– Performance
• State-of-charge
• Hydrometer
• Charge indicator
• Open –circuit voltage (OCV) test. Measuring terminal voltage
[Typical 12.40V or higher]
• Performance – Load test- measures the terminal
voltage while the battery is discharging at high
rate.
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# At 20oC: when the temperature rises, the specific gravity sinks by approx. 0.01kg/l for each 14oC change in
temperature.
* Lower figure: High acid utilization. Higher figure: Low acid utilization.
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Charging System
Generation of electrical power:
• Motor vehicles need their own efficient
and reliable source of energy that is
always available to supply power for the
the-
– Starter
– Ignition system
– Fuel injection system
– For the ECU to control electronic
equipment
– Lighting system
– Safety and convenience electronics and
so on…
• When the engine is stopped the battery is
the source of energy
• When the engine is running the
alternator or the Dynamo is the
electricity generating device supplying
power to all electrical loads.
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Alternators
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Typical Alternator with built-in regulator
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A simplified Alternator schematic
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DC Rectification: 3-phase bridge circuits
Star connection
Delta connection
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Field Circuits
• Voltage Regulation:
A-Circuit – regulator on the ground side of field coil.
– Output of an
alternator can be as
high as 250V if not
controlled.
– The voltage regulator
controls the voltage
A-Circuit – regulator on the power side of field coil.
output.
– Voltage regulation is
achieved byy varying
y g
the current flowing
through the rotor.
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Starter subassemblies:
1. Electric starter
2. Solenoid switch with
electrical connections
3. Pinion engaging drive
Starter components:
1. Armature shaft
2. Armature winding
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3. Armature stack
4. Commutator
5. Pole shoes
6. Excitation winding
7. Carbon brushes
8. Brush holder M.S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies - Bangalore 28
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• Pinion
– As soon as the engine
starts and accelerates
past the cranking
speed, the pinion must
automatically de-
de-mesh
in order to protect the
starter.
– Normally a starter uses
an overrunning clutch
and a mechanism to
mesh and de-mesh the
pinion.
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6 Cylinder engine
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Ignition Coil: AEL2501
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Distributor
Basic arrangement:
• Consists of a CB point assembly,
assembly a
t ti switch
rotating it h to
t distribute
di t ib t the
th
induced high tension secondary
current to the correct sparking
plug at right moment and a means
of automatically varying the
ignition timing from its static
setting, according to the changes
in
i engine
i load
l d andd speed.d
• The distributor is driven at one-
half the speed of the crank
shaft.(Normally driven by cam shaft)
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Spark Plugs
The spark plug has two primary
functions:
– To ignite the air/fuel mixture
– To remove heat from the combustion
chamber
• Spark plugs transmit electrical
energy that turns fuel into working
energy. A sufficient amount of
voltage must be supplied by the
ignition system to cause it to spark
across the spark plug's gap.
gap This is
called "Electrical
Electrical Performance
Performance".
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Electronic ignition systems
• The concept of introducing electronics for ignition system
was originally to improve the life of the CB points and later
to eliminate them altogether.
• Later, other factors such as the following lead to the
d l
development t off ignition
i iti systems:
t
– Demand for better performance from the ignition system,
– As a contribution to reducing emissions
– Improving fuel consumption
• Advantages derived from Modern electronic ignition
systems :
– Increased energy
gy and duration of the spark
p ((higher
g value of primary
p y current,
upto 30KV sec voltage)
– More consistent sparking (low speed, cold starting, speed independent)
– Less restricted rate of sparking (No limit on the engine speed)
– More stable ignition timing ( No CB point gap to alter with time)
– Reduced maintenance requirement ( No mechanical parts to maintain)
– Easy integration with EMS
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Typical Electronic Ignition System
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Summary
• The constructional details of battery,
alternators and complete charging system
have been discussed
discussed.
• The starter motor and the complete
arrangement of the starting system has been
explained
• Details about various components of an
ignition system,
system their arrangement in a
complete circuit including recent
developments have been discussed.
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