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PANCHO SHIVALA, VARANASI

Session: 2019-2020

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Harsh Kumar Patel Mr. Shashwat Singh
Class: 12th Sign of internal teacher
Subject: Chemistry …………………………
Roll No:
Submission Date:
28 Nov 2019 Sign of external examiner
…..…………………………
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Harsh Kumar Patel a student of class

XII has successfully completed the chemistry project
entitled “Colloids” himself and under my guidance. The
progress of the project has been continuously reported and
has been in my knowledge consistently.

Signature of Signature of external

Chemistry teacher examiner
………………………….. ………………………………….
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Acknowledgement

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my chemistry

teacher Mr. Shashwat , who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of chemistry on ―Colloid‖ , who also helped me in
completing my project. I came to know about so many new things I am
really thankful to them. Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO HELPED ME.

Teacher’s sign
………………………
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Index
S. Topic Page Date Teacher‘s
No. No. sign &
Remark
1 Introduction 5 12/11/2019
2 Distinguish Between True 6-7 12/11/2019
Solution, Suspension and
Colloidal Solution
3 Phases of Colloidal Solution 8 12/11/2019
4 Classification of Colloids 9-11 12/11/2019
5 Preparation of Colloidal 11-13 15/11/2019
Solutions
6 Purification of Colloidal 13-14 15/11/2019
Solution:

7 Properties of Colloids 14-17 20/11/2019

8 Applications of Colloidal 17-18 20/11/2019
Solutions
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COLLOIDS

INTRODUCTION:
A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one
substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) as very fine particles in another
substance called dispersion medium. Colloids play an important role. A
large number of substances such as milk, butter, cheese, cream, coloured
gems, boot polish, rubber, and ink also play an important role in our daily
life. They are also solution of another kind. They are colloidal solutions.
They term colloid has been derived from two term namely colla and oids.
‗Kolla‘ means glue and ‗oids‘ means lik
e i.e. glue-like. The size of the particles on colloidal solutions is bigger
than the size of particles present in solutions of sugar or salt in water. In
this lesson you will learn about the methods of preparation, properties and
applications of colloidal solutions.
Colloidal particles have an enormous surface area per unit mass as a result
of their small size. Consider a cube with 1cm size. It has a total surface
area of 6 cm2. If it were divided equally in to 1012 cubes, the cubes would
be the size of large colloidal particles and have a total surface area of
60,000 cm2 or 6 m2. This enormous surface area leads to some special
properties of colloids.
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Distinguish Between True Solution, Suspension

and Colloidal Solution
Basis for Colloidal
True solution Suspension
comparison solution

Meaning True solutions Colloidal The suspension

are the solutions are the is the
homogeneous heterogeneous heterogeneous
mixtures, where mixture, where mixture, where
the solute and the solute (tiny the solute does
solvents are particles or not get
properly mixed colloids) is dissolved,
in the liquid uniformly rather gets
phase. distributed in the suspended in
solvent (liquid the liquid and
phase). float freely in
the medium.

Example Sugar solution Starch dissolved Soil dissolved

in water. in water. in water.

Nature of the Homogenous. Heterogeneous. Heterogeneous.

solutions

External Transparent. Translucent. Opaque.

appearance
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Basis for Colloidal

True solution Suspension
comparison solution

Size of the Less than 1 nm. 1-1000 nm. Greater than

particles (in 1000 nm.
diameter)

Diffusion of Diffusion of the Particles of the Particles of the

the solution particles of the colloidal solutions suspension do
through true solutions is do not diffuse or not pass
parchment simple and pass through through
paper smooth through parchment paper, parchment or
parchment and but it is easy filter paper.
filter paper as through filter
well. paper.

Sedimentation Will, not Particles or Particles will

sediment. colloids will not get sediment.
sediment.

Visibility of In true solutions, The particles in The particles in

particles particles are the colloidal the suspension
invisible solution are are visible
through the visible through through naked
naked eye. the electron eyes as well as
microscope, but under the
not through the electron
naked eye. microscope.
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Basis for Colloidal

True solution Suspension
comparison solution

Tyndall effect The true Tyndall effect is The particles

solution does shown by the show Tyndall
show the colloids in the effect.
Tyndall effect. colloidal solution.

Brownian Particles in the Particles in the The particles

Movements true solution do colloidal solution show Brownian
show Brownian show Brownian movements.
movements. movements.

Phases of Colloidal Solution:

Colloids solutions are heterogeneous in nature and always consist of at
least two phases the dispersed phase and the dispersion medium.

 Dispersed Phase: It is the substance present in small proportion and

consists of Particles of colloids size.

 Dispersion Medium: It is the medium in which the colloids particles

are dispersed.

Types of Colloidal System

Dispersed Dispersion Types of Examples

Phase Medium Colloid
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Solid Solid Solid sol Some coloured glasses
and gem stones
Solid Liquid Sol Paint, cell fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke , dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk ,hair cream, butter
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist, cloud,
insecticide sprays
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumice stone, foam
rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped cream,
soap lather

Classification of Colloids
Colloidal solutions can be classified in different ways:
1. On the basis of interaction between the phases
2. On the basis of molecular size.
1. On the basis of interaction between the phases :
Depending
upon the interaction between dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium colloidal solutions have been classified into two categories.
a. Lyophilic colloids
b. Lyophobic colloids
a. Lyophilic colloids:
The word Lyophilic means solvent lover.
Lyophilic colloidal solutions are those in which the dispersed phase has a
great affinity (or love) for the dispersion medium. Substances like gum,
gelatine, starch etc. when mixed with suitable dispersion medium, directly
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pass into colloidal state and form colloidal solution. Therefore, such
solutions are easily formed simply by bringing dispersed phase and
dispersion medium in direct contact with each other. However, these
colloidal solutions have an important property i.e. they are reversible in
nature. This means that once lyophilic colloidal solution has been formed
then dispersed phase and dispersion medium can be separated easily. Once
separated these can again be formed by remixing the two phases. These
sols are quite stable.

If water is used as dispersion medium then it is termed as hydrophilic

colloid.

b. Lyophobic colloids:
The word Lyophobic means solvent hating.
Lyophobic colloidal solutions are those in which the dispersed phase has
no affinity for the dispersion medium. Metals like Au, Ag and their
hydroxides or sulphides etc., when simply mixed with dispersion medium
do not pass directly into colloidal state. These sols have to be prepared by
special methods. These sols can be readily precipitated and once
precipitated they have little tendency to go back into the colloidal state.
Thus these sols are irreversible in nature. Also they are not very stable and
require a stabilizing agent to remain in the colloidal form. In case water is
used as dispersion medium it is called as hydrophobic sol.

2. On the basis of molecular size:

Depending upon the molecular
size the colloids have been classified as-
a. Multimolecular colloids
b. Macromolecular colloids
c. Associated colloids
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a. Multimolecular colloids:
Here individually the atoms are not of
colloidal size but they aggregate to join together forming a molecule of
colloidal dimension. For example sulphur sol contains aggregates of S8
molecules which fall in colloidal dimension.
b. Macromolecular colloids:
In this type of colloids the size of the
particles of the dispersed phase are big enough to fall in the colloidal
dimension as discussed earlier (i.e.–100 nm).
Examples of naturally occurring macromolecular colloids are starch,
cellulose, proteins etc.
c. Associated colloids:
These are substances which behave as normal
electrolyte at low concentration but get associated at higher concentration
to form micelle and behave as colloidal solution. Soap is an example. Soap
is sodium salt of long chain fatty acid R COONa. When put in water, soap
forms RCOO— and Na+. These RCOO— ions associate themselves
around dirt particles as shown below forming a micelle.

Fig: Aggregation of RCOO– ions to form a micelle.

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Preparation of Colloidal Solutions:

Colloidal
solutions of starch, gelatine, gum etc. are prepared by simply dissolving
these substances in hot water. Similarly, a colloidal sol of cellulose nitrate
is obtained by dissolving it in alcohol. The resulting solution is called
collodion. Two types of methods are used for preparing colloids.
These are:
(i) Physical methods
(ii) Chemical methods

(i) Physical methods:

These methods are employed for obtaining
colloidal solutions of metals like gold, silver, platinum etc.

Fig: Preparation of colloidal solution by Bredig‘s Arc Method

An electric arc is struck between the two metallic electrodes placed in a

container of water. The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into
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vapours, which are condensed immediately in the cold water bath. This
results in the formation of particles of colloidal size. We call it as gold sol.

Peptization:
Peptization is the process of converting a freshly prepared
precipitate into colloidal form by the addition of a suitable electrolyte. The
electrolyte is called peptising agent. For example when ferric chloride is
added to a precipitate of ferric hydroxide, ferric hydroxide gets converted
into reddish brown coloured colloidal solution. This is due to preferential
adsorption of cations of the electrolyte by the precipitate. When FeCl3 is
added to Fe(OH)3, Fe3+ ions from FeCl3 are adsorbed by Fe(OH)3
particles. Thus the Fe(OH)3 particles acquire + ve charge and they start
repelling each other forming a Colloidal solution.
(ii)Chemical Method:
Colloidal dispersion can be prepared by chemical
reaction leading to formation of molecules by double decomposition,
oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis. These molecules then aggregate
leading to formation of sols.
Double decomposition
As2O3+3H2S As2S3(sol) +3H2O
Oxidation
SO2 +2H2S 3S(sol) +3H2O
Reduction
2AuCl3 +3 HCHO +3H2O 2Au(sol) +3HCHOOH +6HCl
Hydrolysis
FeCl3 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 (sol) + 3HCl

Purification of Colloidal Solution:

When a colloidal
solution is prepared it contains certain impurities. These impurities are
mainly electrolytic in nature and they tend to destabilise the colloidal
solutions. Therefore colloidal solutions are purified by the following
methods:
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(i) Dialysis
(ii) Electro-dialysis
Dialysis:
The process of dialysis is based on the fact that colloidal
particles cannot pass through parchment or cellophane membrane while
the ions of the electrolyte can. The colloidal solution is taken in a bag of
cellophane which is suspended in a tub full of fresh water. The impurities
diffuse out leaving pure colloidal solution in the bag in figure. This
process of separating the particles of colloids from impurities by means of
diffusion through a suitable membrane is called dialysis.

Fig: A Dialyse

Electro-dialysis:
The dialysis process is slow and to speed up its rate, it
is carried out in the presence of an electrical field. When the electric field
is applied through the electrodes, the ions of the electrolyte present as
impurity diffuse towards oppositely charged electrodes at a fast rate. The
dialysis carried out in the presence of electric field is known as electro-
dialysis
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Fig: Electro-dialysis

The most important use of dialysis is the purification of blood in the

artificial kidney machine. The dialysis membrane allows the small
particles (ions etc.) to pass through, whereas large size particles like
haemoglobin do not pass through the membrane.

Properties of Colloids:
The properties of colloids are discussed below:

(i).Brownian movement:
It is also termed as Brownian motion
and is named after it discoverer Robert Brown (a Botanist.) Brownian
Motion is the zigzag movement of colloidal particles in continuous
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random manner (Fig) Brownian motion arises because of the impact of the
molecules of the dispersion medium on the particles of dispersed phase.
The forces are unequal in different directions. Hence it causes the particles
to move in a zigzag way.

Fig: Brownian movement

(ii).Tyndall Effect:
Tyndall in 1869 observed that if a strong beam of
light is passing through a colloidal solution then the path of light is
illuminated. This phenomenon is called Tyndall Effect. This phenomenon
is due to scattering of light by colloidal particles (fig). The same effect is
noticed when a beam of light enters a dark room through a slit and
becomes visible. This happens due to the scattering of light by particles of
dust in the air.
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(iii).Electrical Properties:
The particles of a colloidal solution are electrically charged and carry the
same type of charge, either negative or positive. The dispersion medium
has an equal and opposite charge. The colloidal particles therefore repel
each other and do not cluster together to settle down. For example,
arsenious sulphide sol, gold sol, silver sol, etc. contain negatively charged
colloidal particles whereas ferric hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide etc.
contain positively charged colloidal particles. Origin of charge on
colloidal particles is due to:
(a) Preferential adsorption of cations or anions by colloidal particles.
(b) Miscelles carry a charge on them.
(c) During the formation of colloids especially by Bredig‘s arc method,
colloidal particles capture electrons and get charged. The existence of
charge on a colloidal particle is shown by a process called electrophoresis.
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(iv).Electrophoresis: Electrophoresis is a process which involves the

movement of colloidal particles either towards cathode or anode under the
influence of electrical field. The apparatus used is as shown in Fig.

Fig: Electrophoresis
Applications of Colloidal Solutions:
Colloids play a very important role in our daily life. Some of these
applications are discussed below:

1. Purification of Water in Wells: When alum is added to muddy

water, the negatively charged particles of the colloid are neutralized by
Al3+ ions. Hence the mud particles settle down and the water can be
filtered and used.
2. Photography: A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatine is
applied on glass plates or celluloid films to form photo-sensitive plates
in photography.
3. Smoke Precipitation: Smoke particles are actually electrically
charged colloidal particles of carbon in air. Precipitation of this carbon
is done in a Cottrell‘s Precipitator. Smoke from chimneys is allowed to
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pass through a chamber having a number of metallic plates connected to
a source of high potential as shown in fig. Charged particles of smoke
get attracted to the appositively charged electrode and get precipitated
and hot purified air passes out.

Fig: Cottrell smoke precipitator