Research Article Vol. 56, No.

12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics 3477

Ultrahigh birefringence, ultralow material loss

porous core single-mode fiber for terahertz wave
guidance
KAWSAR AHMED,1,2,* SAWRAB CHOWDHURY,1 BIKASH KUMAR PAUL,1,2 MD. SHADIDUL ISLAM,1 SHUVO SEN,1
MD. IBADUL ISLAM,1 AND SAYED ASADUZZAMAN1,2,3
1
Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh,
Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
2
Group of Bio-photomatiχ, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
3
Department of Software Engineering, Daffodil International University, Sukrabad, Dhanmondi, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: k.ahmed.bd@ieee.org

Received 30 January 2017; revised 24 March 2017; accepted 24 March 2017; posted 27 March 2017 (Doc. ID 285876); published 17 April 2017

In this paper, a novel polarization-maintaining single-mode photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has been suggested for
terahertz (THz) transmission applications. The reported PCF has five layers of hexagonal cladding with two layers
of porous core. The cladding and core territory of the PCF are constituted by circular and elliptical air cavities,
accordingly acting as a dielectric medium. Different geometrical parameters of the proposed PCF including
pitches and diameters of circular air holes with the major and minor axes of elliptical air cavities being varied
with the optimized structure. Various effects on the proposed PCF such as eccentricity and porosity effects are also
carefully investigated. The numerical process is investigated by one of the most popular methods, the finite
element method (FEM). All numerical computational results have revealed the ultrahigh birefringence in the
order of 1.19 × 10−02 as well as the ultralow bulk absorption material loss of 0.0689 cm−1 at the 1 THz activation
frequency. Besides, the V-parameter is also investigated for checking the proposed fiber modality. The proposed
single-mode porous core hexagonal PCF is expected to be useful for convenient broadband transmission and
numerous applications in the areas of THz technology. © 2017 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (060.5295) Photonic crystal fibers; (260.1440) Birefringence; (040.2235) Far infrared or terahertz; (160.5470) Polymers;
(060.4370) Nonlinear optics, fibers.

https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.56.003477

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, terahertz (THz) waves or frequency-based pho-
tonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have drawn much attention from
scientists, researchers, and pioneers. THz radiation covers
the frequency range between infrared radiation (IR) and micro-
wave bands [1]. The frequency and the wavelength range of
THz radiation are 0.1–10 THz and 30 μm–3 mm, respectively.
The THz-wave-based PCFs are mainly used in astronomy,
spectroscopy, security screening, medical imaging, communica-
tions, pharmaceutical quality control, military security, bio-
medical engineering, and sensing applications [2–5]. The
nonintrusive, minimally intrusive, and intraoperative medical
diagnosis systems are largely dependent on THz PCF. It can
be utilized for the primary diagnosis of nonintrusive skin cancer
such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and dysplastic skin
nevi. In addition, THz PCF is also used to diagnose minimally
intrusive colon cancer and intraoperative breast tumors [5].
The THz sources and detectors are also updated with the
advancement of modern technology.
To design a flexible, reliable, and low-loss THz waveguide is
regarded as a challenging issue because high material absorption
occurs in this frequency range. Due to the shortage of efficient
transmission of waveguides, the THz systems are bulky and rely
on free space propagation in the THz activation region [2]. The
researchers have proposed various types of fiber, including di-
electric metal-coated tubes [6], subwavelength polymer fibers
[7], metallic pipe waveguides, and bare metal wires [8], to over-
come the limitations of the THz fibers. Moreover, the porous
polymer or microstructured polymer fiber is considered to ob-
tain some tremendous optical properties like high birefringence
[3], endless single-mode capacity [9], and shifted dispersion
[10]. Highly birefringent THz PCFs are preferable for polarized
THz filters [1], coherent heterodyne time-domain spectrom-
etry [11], THz waveguides [1], measurement of biomaterials

1559-128X/17/123477-07 Journal © 2017 Optical Society of America

 3478 Vol. 56, No. 12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics
in THz frequency bands [12], and sensing [1] applications.
PCF using rectangular air holes is capable of increments of
higher orders of birefringence [13,14]. PCF formed with rec-
tangular air holes has been successfully fabricated. The noncir-
cular air cavities face much difficulty during the fabrication
process because of pressure, viscous stresses, surface tension,
and heating effects. Elliptical air holes also increase the birefrin-
gence properties of PCF. In addition, highly birefringent THz
fibers can tolerate more temperature than the conventional
fibers. Several background materials including Topas, polyte-
tra-fluoro ethylene, and Teflon have been utilized to achieve
better guiding properties of THz spectrum based PCF [2].
Till now researchers have attempted to escalate the birefrin-
gence of the THz fibers and have published many articles. In
2008, Ren et al. [4] reported a low loss air core polarization-
maintaining THz fiber which exhibits birefringence in the
order of 10−03 . In [2], Wu et al. recommended a hexagonal fiber
with circular air holes that shows birefringence in the order of
0.9 × 10−02 at the 4 THz activation frequency. Both [2,4] did
not mention the V -parameter due to calculating the mode
characteristics of these fibers. In 2014, Li et al. [3] suggested
a triangular lattice terahertz PCF with high birefringence in the
order of 10−03 with low dispersion in the wide range of fre-
quency at 0.1–5 THz. But they did not indicate effective ab-
sorption loss, V -parameter, and power fraction properties of
the proposed PCF. Islam et al. [15] reported a diamond core
porous fiber for THz wave propagation that exhibited the ab-
sorption loss of 0.11 cm−1 at the 1 THz pumping frequency.
This PCF revealed high material loss and was not effective
for long-distance transmission. Hasan et al. [16] reported a
spiral PCF which revealed the material loss of 0.085 cm−1 at
f
1 THz activation frequency. Chen and Tam [1] proposed
a supercell structure based THz PCF and got birefringence of
1.0 × 10−02 at 1 THz operating frequency.
In this paper, we have suggested a microstructured hexago-
nal PCF where the core territory is porous shaped. The core
and cladding vicinity of the reported fiber are formed by cir-
cular and elliptical air cavities, respectively. Here, for the first
time, we have introduced the relationship of birefringence with
the cladding diameter, cladding pitch, elliptical air hole major
axis length, minor axis length, rotation angle, eccentricity (vary-
ing both major and minor axis lengths), core porosity (varying
both major and minor axis lengths), and frequency. All exam-
ined results exhibit that the proposed fiber shows ultrahigh
birefringence of 1.19 × 10−02 at 1 THz operating frequency.
In addition, the proposed fiber shows ultralow effective material
loss (EML) of 0.0689 cm−1 at the same frequency. So, the sug-
gested porous-core hexagonal PCF (P-HPCF) is ensuring a
revolutionary advancement in polarized THz filters and sensing
applications.
2. GEOMETRY OF THE PROPOSED P-HPCF
Figure 1(a) exhibits the entire cross-sectional view of proposed
P-HPCF with an extended version of the porous core in
Fig. 1(b). The innermost core region contains elliptical air holes
with the eccentricity e
0.55. These elliptical air holes are
rotated with the help of major and minor axes based on their
coordinate. The suggested P-HPCF has two different types of
Research Article
Fig. 1. Transverse cross-sectional view of proposed P-HPCF:
(a) cladding region and (b) core region.
air cavities in the core and cladding regions. The cladding vicin-
ity is hexagonally shaped with circular air holes. The innermost
ring consists of six air holes. The second, third, fourth, and fifth
rings have 12, 18, 24, and 30 air holes, respectively. The pitches
are defined by the hole-to-hole distance between two different
or similar rings. This is expressed by Λ1 in the cladding
territory. The diameter of the circular air hole is d 1 . In the core
region, the elliptical air holes are contained at a 135° angle with
their own position. These air holes are arranged in the porous
manner, where the first and second rings contain 6 and 12 air
holes, respectively. The major and minor axes of the elliptical
air cavities are denoted by a and b, respectively. The pitch of the
core territory is symbolized as Λc . The values of PCF geometric
parameters are d 1
280 μm, Λ1
300 μm, major axis of the
elliptical air hole a
30 μm, minor axis of the elliptical air
hole b
25 μm, and air core pitch Λc
62 μm. The number
of air holes follows an n, n  6, 2n  6, 3n  6, and 4n  6
sequence where n
6. The first two sequences are applicable
for both core and cladding regions. The third, fourth, and fifth
are suitable for the cladding region. The air filling ratio of the
cladding territory is represented by d 1 ∕Λ1. It can be maintained
at minimum range to prevent the overlapping of the adjacent
air holes or the collapsible possibility of the desired fiber. In any
type of porous fiber, porosity is a well-known term which can
be defined by the fraction between air holes and the total core
area [17]. Besides, Fig. 2 represents the modal intensity of the
proposed PCF for both x-polarization and y-polarization. This
figure also shows that the optical field is firmly confined at the
core territory. THus the material loss of the proposed P-HPCF
is very low. Anisotropic circular perfectly matched layers
(A-CPML) are employed here. The thickness of the PML is
selected as 10% of its radius.
The cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) TOPAS has been uti-
lized as a background material in the suggested P-HPCF. The
acceptance rate of TOPAS is increasing day by day due to its
superior properties, including steadfast refractive index
(n
1.53) between the broader frequency spectrum of 0.1–
2 THz [18], insensitivity to humidity [19], low bulk material
loss of 0.2 cm−1 at 1 THz [20], and applicability for biosensing
[21]. The numerical investigations were successfully completed
 Research Article Vol. 56, No. 12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics 3479

Fig. 2. Mode field distribution of x-polarization and y-polarization

at f
1 THz.

Fig. 3. Birefringence and neff versus cladding air hole diameter

by using COMSOL Multiphysics version 4.2. Methods such as variation for operating frequency f
1.00 THz.
the full vectorial finite element method (FV-FEM) and PML
boundary condition have been applied to examine guiding
properties of the reported THz fiber. The convergence error
of the proposed microstructure PCF is very low, approximately candidate for polarization maintaining fibers. Cladding air hole
4.6 × 10−07 % at controlling frequency f
1 THz. diameters are varied from 137.5 to 142.5 μm; the proposed
PCF exhibits birefringence that fluctuated in the range over
0.0103–0.0133 at the controlling frequency f
1.00 THz.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The birefringence curve is denoted by the green curve in
A numerical investigation study is needed to determine the Fig. 3. The slope of the birefringence curve is positive, which
fiber characteristics. To discover modal properties, different ensures that the higher diameter enhances the order of birefrin-
types of methods are proposed for microstructured PCF. In this gence. The maximum birefringence is found as 0.133 for clad-
circumstance, FV-FEM with the A-CPML boundary condition ding air hole diameter of 142.5 μm at f
1.00 THz. The
is utilized here. The mechanism behind FEM is that it subspa- distance from hole to hole is called the pitch. To realize the
ces the complex geometric structure, and these spaces are effect of cladding pitch on birefringence, pitch distance is varied
computed individually to attain a more accurate result. over the range 295–305 μm by setting all parameters constant.
Furthermore, finer mesh analysis is employed here to find Here the same scenario is found because it makes the difference
the number of vertex elements, boundary elements, and ele- between x-polarization and y-polarization. In Fig. 4, blue
ments as 444, 3373, and 26,944, respectively. The minimum and red curves are magnifying neff for x-polarization and
element quality of about 0.7388 is obtained from this mesh y-polarization, respectively. The red curve denotes birefrin-
analysis. For a certain mode and specific frequency, light is con- gence, but the slope is negative, which ensures that the lower
fined inside the fiber core and ensures light propagation
through the fiber. The effective refractive index neff is discov-
ered here as a propagating mode. Here two orthogonal polar-
izations are found. The deviation between two orthogonal
polarizations causes birefringence. Birefringence can be de-
scribed by Eq. (1) as follows:
y
B
jnxeff − neff j; (1)
y
where nxeff and neff are the effective refractive indices of x- and
y-polarization, respectively.
A PCF consists of a core and cladding region. The cladding
region is formed with a finite number of air holes that act as a
dielectric medium. Depending on the arrangement of the
dielectric medium (air hole) mode, the properties are varied.
To study these fiber characteristics, cladding region geometric
parameters are tuned properly. Moreover, tuning also causes
asymmetry between x-polarization and y-polarization. Such
types of asymmetry are earnestly liable for birefringence.
Moreover, birefringence is a desirable property in terms of Fig. 4. Birefringence and neff versus cladding pitch variation over
fiber design issues, because highly birefringent fiber is a worthy the range 295–305 μm for operating frequency f
1.00 THz.
 3480 Vol. 56, No. 12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics Research Article

pitch distance reduces the order of birefringence origination.

The highest birefringence of the order 1.26 × 10−02 is found at
pitch distance 295 μm for f
1.00 THz. Figures 3 and 4
clearly depict that the relation of birefringence to cladding
diameter is proportional but that to cladding pitch is inversely
proportional.
The core is the inmost part of any PCF. In this paper the
proposed PCF’s core area is constituted with a finite number of
elliptical air holes. Such type of core air holes demolishes the
symmetry of the fiber. As a result, the birefringence is pro-
duced. Figure 5 introduces birefringence and effective refractive
index versus core major axis. The major axis of the air hole is
altered from 25 to 32 μm by setting other parameters constant.
Red and blue curves are intended for x- and y-polarizations,
respectively. The effective index difference is not the same,
producing birefringence. The magnitude of the green curve
is positive. So it is clearly understood that birefringence is in-
Fig. 6. Birefringence and neff versus core air hole minor axis length
creasing with major axis increment. Figure 6 nicely represents
variation over 25–32 μm for operating frequency f
1.00 THz.
the correlation of birefringence and neff versus core minor axis.
The minor axis of the air hole is varied around the proposed
PCF. For minor axis variation, the resultant birefringence is
higher than the major axis variation. Figure 6 also demonstrates eccentricity found from core minor axis variation. Both curves
that the birefringence plot is going downward, which manifests in the same figure are rising due to increasing the eccentricity.
that the minor axis length is lower; the birefringence is higher. This means that higher eccentricity enhances the birefringence
A high birefringence of order 2.52 × 10−02 is gained at the con- and vice versa. The proposed microstructure fiber core is
trolling frequency f
1.00 THz and at core minor axis length porous. The porous core is organized with a finite number
21 μm. Now, similar characteristics (like Figs. 3 and 4) of of air holes, and porosity is measured from the porous area
birefringence are also acquired from Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. of the fiber core. To study the impact of porosity on birefrin-
The proposed fiber also experiences birefringence variation gence, porosity has been tuned around the optimum structure.
for eccentricity and core porosity alteration. Eccentricity is a To analyze this effect, it has been divided into two segments.
geometric property of every ellipse. It is measured by using The first segment is analyzed with porosity variation for core
the semimajor and semiminor axes of an ellipse. Variation major axis tuning when other parameters are kept constant.
of eccentricity also ruins the fiber symmetry. Figure 7 sketches The tuning length of the major axis ranges from 47 to
a plot where eccentricity is varied from 15% to 60%, which 58 μm in Fig. 8. Core major axis length 58 μm results in maxi-
also varies the birefringence property from 1.41 × 10−3 to mum birefringence. Another segment is discussed with core mi-
14.02 × 10−3 , respectively. Inside of Fig. 7 another curve is nor axis variation. In the same way, core minor axis variation is
also plotted, which introduces birefringence for different

Fig. 5. Birefringence and neff versus core air hole major axis length Fig. 7. Birefringence versus eccentricity for core air hole major and
variation over 25–32 μm for operating frequency f
1.00 THz. minor axes at f
1.00 THz.
 Research Article
Fig. 8. Birefringence versus core porosity for core air hole major and
minor axes at f
1.00 THz.
performed and plotted in Fig. 8. But a reverse behavior is
noticed here. Porosity for minor axis length variation changes
birefringence. It is also nicely visualized that higher porosity
reduces birefringence and vice versa.
The orientation of the core air hole depending on rotational
angle also affects birefringence. The most interesting character-
istics found for core air hole angle rotation are plotted in Fig. 9.
A mathematical rhythm is found for birefringence (B):
( EML is another significant fiber property in THz wave guid-
0.0128 for angle rotation 0°; 60°; 120°; 180°
B
0.0110 for angle rotation 30°; 90°; 150° : THz waveguides. It can be acquired by the following pertur-
0.0119 for angle rotation 20°; 40°; 80°; 100°; 140°
This shows that maximum birefringence of 0.0128 is
acquired for the rotation 0°, 60°, 120°, 180° and the minimum
Fig. 9. Birefringence versus angle for core air hole rotation at
f
1.00 THz.
Vol. 56, No. 12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics 3481
birefringence 0.0128 for the rotation 30°, 90°, and 150°.
These numerical results are computed at pumping fre-
quency f
1 THz.
To observe the behavior of the microstructure PCF, a
broader range of frequency spectra should be applied. Now
a wide range of frequency, 0.5–1.50 THz, is applied over
the proposed microstructure PCF to clearly examine modal
properties. PCF provides effective refractive index over the
whole frequency range that is applied. Figure 10 indicates that
the plots for x- and y-polarization are denoted by red and blue
colors, respectively. Both polarization slopes are positive. The
birefringence curve originates from those orthogonal polariza-
tions. This curve is also upward, meaning that lower frequency
results in lower birefringence and higher frequency results in
higher birefringence. The maximum birefringence of the order
1.19 × 10−02 is attained at f
1.00 THz for the optimal
structure. The proposed fiber provides better birefringence
performance than previously reported articles [1–4]. The pre-
ceding discussion clearly supports that this types of fiber will
play a vital role in polarization maintaining fiber as well as
THz communication.
One of the concerning issues of the PCF is the V -parameter.
This is a standard determination factor of fiber modal
property. The V -parameter can be calculated by the following
expression [22]:
2πrf qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
V
n2core − n2cladding ≤ 2.405; (2)
c
where ncore and ncladding are the refractive indices of the core
and cladding, respectively. For a single-mode fiber, the value
of the V -parameter must be less than or equal to 2.405.
ance. EML is the main concern in designing efficient optical
bation theory expression [16]:
rffiffiffiffiffiR 
Amat nαmat jE jdA
2
1 ϵ0
αeff
R cm−1 ; (3)
2 μ0 All S z dA
Fig. 10. Birefringence and effective refractive index versus fre-
quency for optimum parameters over the limit of 0.5–1.5 THz.
 3482 Vol. 56, No. 12 / April 20 2017 / Applied Optics
Fig. 11. EML and V -parameter versus frequency over the limit of
0.50–1.50 THz.
where ϵ0 and μ0 represent the permittivity and permeability of
vacuum, respectively; n is the refractive index of the back-
ground material; αmat signifies the bulk material absorption
loss; the electric field component is denoted by E; the
Poynting vector is denoted by z; and the component is denoted
by S z.
According to Eqs. (2) and (3), Fig. 11 depicts the correlation
of frequency versus EML for the optimal structure. This figure
also demonstrates the behavior of the V -parameter over the fre-
quency range 0.5–1.5 THz. It is nicely visualized that the value
of the V -parameter remains under 2.405 over the whole oper-
ating frequency spectrum. So our proposed fiber is a single-
mode fiber, which enhances the long-distance communication
applications. Besides, the EML of the proposed fiber is com-
paratively very low, about 0.0689 cm−1 at 1 THz activation
frequencies, compared to standards published in [15,16].
The low loss exhibited by the proposed fiber makes it suitable
in THz radiation propagation.
From the experimental point of view, fabrication is the most
challenging and important task [23]. The proposed P-HPCF
fabrication process may not be easy because it is not only micro-
cored but also elliptical air cored. The previously published
articles [24–29] have elliptical microcores like the proposed
P-HPCF, and they proposed the solgel technique [30] for fab-
rication because it can fabricate any shapes and sizes of air holes.
So our proposed P-HPCF can be successfully fabricated apply-
ing the most well-known technique, called the solgel technique.
4. CONCLUSIONS
A P-HPCF is proposed and numerically investigated for THz
radiation. Two different shaped air holes are used in the core
and cladding regions to design the suggested PCF. The
V -parameter of the reported fiber exhibits that the fiber is sin-
gle mode in the frequency spectrum 0.50–1.50 THz. As a re-
sult, it can be utilized for long-distance THz wave propagation.
Distinctive geometrical parameters and effects also influence
Research Article
the numerical outcomes. The numerical investigation out-
comes strongly evidence that the relation of birefringence with
cladding diameter, core major axis length, eccentricity, and core
porosity (major axis variation) is proportional; the relation with
the cladding pitch, core minor axis length, and core porosity
(minor axis variation) is inversely proportional. The investi-
gated numerical result shows the ultrahigh birefringence in
the order of 1.19 × 10−02 and the EML of 0.0689 cm−1 at
the operating frequency of 1 THz. Thus, we ensure that the
proposed P-HPCF has much potential for sensing and THz
waveguides applications.
Acknowledgment. No financial support was provided to
any of the authors in the creation or writing of this paper. The
authors are grateful to the participants who contributed to this
research.
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