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electronics, computer
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(<), sometimes called "Blu-ray,"
is an optical disc storage medium designed to
supersede the standard DVD format. Its main
uses are for storing high-definition video,
PlayStation 3 video games, and other data, with


up to 25 GB per single layered, and 50 GB per

dual layered disc. The disc has the same physical
dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs.

The name <
 

derives from the blue-
violet laser used to read the disc. While a
standard DVD uses a 650 nanometer red laser,
Blu-ray uses a shorter wavelength, a 405 nm
blue-violet laser, and allows for almost six times
more data storage than a DVD.

During the format war over high-definition

optical discs, Blu-ray competed with the HD
DVD format. Toshiba, the main company
  High-density optical disc supporting HD DVD, ceded in February 2008,
and the format war ended; in July 2009, Toshiba
announced plans to put out its own Blu-ray Disc

 
MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, device by the end of 2009.
and VC-1
Blu-ray Disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc
Association, a group representing makers of

  25 GB (single-layer) consumer electronics, computer hardware, and
motion pictures. As of June 2009, more than
50 GB (dual-layer)
1,500 Blu-ray disc titles are available in
Australia, 2,500 in Japan, 1,500 in the United
< 
  64kb ECC Kingdom, and 2,500 in the United States and
Canada.

 400 nm laser:


  1× @ 36 Mbit/s (4.5 MByte/s)
2× @ 72 Mbit/s (9 MByte/s)
4× @ 144 Mbit/s (18 MByte/s)
6× @ 216 Mbit/s[1] (27 MByte/s)
8× @ 288 Mbit/s (36 MByte/s)
12× @ 432 Mbit/s (54 MByte/s)

  Data storage

High-definition video
High-definition audio
PlayStation 3 games

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 Commercial HDTV sets began to appear in the consumer market
around 1998, but there was no commonly accepted, inexpensive way
to record or play HD content. In fact, there was no medium with the
storage required to accommodate HD codecs, except for JVC's
Digital VHS and Sony's HDCAM. Nevertheless, it was
well-known that using lasers with shorter wavelengths
would enable optical storage with higher density. Shuji
Nakamura invented the practical blue laser diode; it was
A blank rewritable Blu-ray Disc (BD-RE). a sensation among the computer storage-medium
community, although a lengthy patent lawsuit delayed
commercial introduction.

^ 

Sony started two projects applying the new diodes: UDO (Ultra Density Optical), and DVR
Blue (together with Pioneer), a format of rewritable discs that would eventually become Blu-
ray Disc (more specifically, BD-RE). The core technologies of the formats are essentially
similar.

The first DVR Blue prototypes were unveiled at the CEATEC exhibition in October 2000.
On February 19, 2002, the project was officially announced as Blu-ray, and Blu-ray Disc
Founders was founded by the nine initial members.

The first consumer device was in stores on April 10, 2003. This device was the Sony BDZ-
S77, a BD-RE recorder that was made available only in Japan. The recommended price was
US$3800; however, there was no standard for prerecorded video, and no movies were
released for this player. The Blu-ray Disc standard was still years away, as a newer, more
secure DRM system was needed before Hollywood studios would accept it²not wanting to
repeat the failure of the Content Scramble System used on standard DVDs. On October 4,
2004, the Blu-ray Disc Founders was officially changed to the Blu-ray Disc Association
(BDA), and 20th Century Fox joined the BDA's Board of Directors.

<

  

The Blu-ray Disc physical specifications were completed in 2004. In January 2005, TDK
announced that they had developed a hard coating polymer for Blu-ray Discs. The cartridges,
no longer necessary, were scrapped. The BD-ROM specifications were finalized in early
2006. AACS LA, a consortium founded in 2004, had been developing the DRM platform that
could be used to securely distribute movies to consumers. However, the final AACS standard
was delayed, and then delayed again when an important member of the Blu-ray Disc group
voiced concerns. At the request of the initial hardware manufacturers, including Toshiba,
Pioneer, and Samsung, an interim standard was published that did not include some features,
such as managed copy.

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At the 2005 JavaOne trade show, it was announced that Sun Microsystems' Java cross-
platform software environment

would be included in all Blu-ray Disc players as a mandatory

  ]
part of the standard.[
   Java is used to implement interactive menus on Blu-ray
Discs, as opposed to the method used on DVD video discs. DVDs use pre-rendered MPEG
segments and selectable subtitle pictures, which are considerably more primitive and rarely
seamless. At the conference, Java creator James Gosling suggested that the inclusion of a
Java Virtual Machine, as well as network connectivity in some BD devices, will allow
updates to Blu-ray Discs via the Internet, adding content such as additional
subtitle
  ]
languages
and promotional features not included on the disc at pressing time.[
   This Java
Version is called BD-J and is a subset of the Globally Executable MHP (GEM) standard;
GEM is the worldwide version of the Multimedia Home Platform standard. Most Blu-ray
Discs that have BD-J menus do not allow a Blu-ray Disc player to automatically resume a
movie from the point at which it was stopped.


 

Regions for the Blu-ray standard:

A/1: The Americas, and their dependencies, East Asia (except Mainland China and
Mongolia), Southeast Asia. B/2: Africa, Southwest Asia, Europe (except Belarus, Russia
and Ukraine), Oceania, and their dependencies. C/3: Central Asia, East Asia (Mainland
China and Mongolia only), South Asia, central Eurasia (including Russia), and their
dependencies.

As with the implementation of region codes for DVDs, Blu-ray Disc players sold in a specific
geographical region are designed to play only discs authorized by ht e content provider for
that region. This is intended to permit content providers (motion picture studios, etc.) the
ability to support product differences in content, price, release date, etc., by region.
According to the Blu-ray Disc Association, "all Blu-ray Disc players...(and) Blu-ray Disc-
equipped computer systems are required to support regional coding." However, "Use of
region playback codes is optional for content providers..." Some current estimates suggest
70% of available Blu-ray (movie) discs from the major studios are 'region-code-free' and can
therefore be played on any Blu-ray Disc player, in any region.

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Movie studios have different region coding policies. Among major U.S. studios, Paramount
Pictures and Universal Studios have released all of their titles region-free. Sony Pictures and
Warner Bros. have released most of their titles region-free. Lionsgate and Walt Disney
Pictures have released a mix of region-free and region-coded titles. 20th Century Fox has
released most of their titles region-coded.

The Blu-ray Disc region coding scheme divides the world into 3 regions, labelled 'A', 'B' and
'C'.

Pc Region A includes most North, Central and South American and Southeast Asian
countries plus Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea.
Pc Region B includes most European, African and southwest Asian countries plus
Australia and New Zealand.
Pc Region C contains the remaining central and south Asian countries including China
and Russia.

In attempts to circumvent region coding restrictions, stand-alone Blu-ray Disc players are
sometimes modified by third parties to allow for playback of Blu-ray (and DVD) discs with
 region code. Instructions ('hacks') describing how to reset the Blu-ray region counter of
some computer BD Disc player applications to make them multi-region indefinitely are also
regularly posted to video-enthusiast websites and fora. Unlike DVD region codes, Blu-ray
region codes are verified only by the player software, NOT by the drive and the computer
operating system. The code is stored in a file of the player program or in the registry. In
stand-alone players, it is part of the firmware.

    

The Blu-ray Disc format employs several layers of digital rights management.[77][78]

The AACS decryption process.

 

The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and
digital rights management. It was developed by AS Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS
LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel, Microsoft, Panasonic, Warner Bros., IBM,
Toshiba, and Sony.

Since appearing in devices in 2006, several successful attacks have been made on the format.
The first known attack relied on the trusted client problem. In addition, decryption keys have
been extracted from a weakly protected player (WinDVD). Since keys can be revoked in
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