VARIABLE LOAD

MORSE, ALCORCON AND PRIME

PROBLEM1
MORSE1

A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substations. One substation feeds four
disturbing circuits, the other, six. The maximum daily recorded demands are:

Power Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,000 kW

Substation A 6000 kW Substation B 9000 kW

Feeder 1 1700 Feeder 1 620
2 1800 2 1500
3 2800 3 1000
4 600 4 2900
5 2200
6 3000
Calculate the diversity factor between (a) substations, (b) feeders on Substation A, (c) feeders on
Substation B.

(a) Between Substation

6000+9000
Diversity Factor = = 1.25
12000

(b) Between feeders on Substation A

1700+1800+2800+600
Diversity Factor = = 1.15
6000

(c) Between feeders on Substation B

620+1600+1000+2900+2200+3000
Diversity Factor = = 1.2467
9000
PROBLEM2
MORSE 2
The daily load curve of a power system is given by the following data.

TIME 12 3 6 8 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 12
LOAD,
kW x 95 60 60 150 175 180 175 150 200 250 310 170 140 160 105
10³
Plot the load curve to scales of 1 cm = 2 hr, 1 cm = 50,000 kW. Determine the load factor. What
is the daily load factor of the standby equipment that takes all the peak load over 200,000 kw?
SOLUTION:k+1
Note: Graph actually shown maybe not to scale. Need to redraw to scale.
𝑏 1
A = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑𝑁
𝑘=1(𝑋k + 1 – 𝑋𝑘 )[𝑓(𝑋k + 1) + (f(Xk)]
2
1 1 1 1
A = 2 (103 )(95 + 60)(3) + 2 (103 )(60 + 60)(3) + 2 (103 )(60 + 150)(2) + 2 (103 )(150 +
1 1 1
175)(2) + (103 )(175 + 180)(1) + (103 )(180 + 175)(1) + (103 )(175 + 150)(1) +
2 2 2
1 1 1
(103 )(150 + 200)(2) + (103 )(200 + 250)(1) + (103 )(250 + 310)(1) +
2 2 2
1 1 1
(103 )(310 + 170)(1) + (103 )(170 + 140)(1) + (103 )(140 + 160)(2) +
2 2 2
1
(103 )(160 + 105)(3) = 3412.5𝑥10³ 𝑘𝑤ℎ𝑟
2

3412.5𝑥10³
Load factor = 310,000𝑥24 = 0.4587 (𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

Daily load factor for the standby equipment

TIME 12 3 6 8 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 5.876 7 9 12
Load,
kW x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 110 0 0 0 0
10⁻³
1 1 1
A = (103 )(0 + 50)(1) + ( 103 )(50 + 110)(1) + (103 )(110 + 0)(0.786) =
2 2 2
148.23𝑥103 𝑘𝑤ℎ𝑟
148.23𝑥10³
Daily load factor = 110,000𝑥 2.786= 0.4837 (answer)
PROBLEM3
3. A daily load curve is defined as follows:
Time 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Load, 140 150 160 180 170 170 170 160 240 365 320 220 160
kW
Plot the load curve to scales of 1 cm = 2hr, 1 cm = 50 kW. Determine the load factor and energy
produced.

Solution:

Note: Graph actually shown maybe not to scale. Need to redraw to scale.
Energy Produced:
Use Trapezoidal Rule
𝑏 𝑏−𝑎
A = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2 𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥3 ) + ⋯ 2𝑓(𝑥𝑁 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑁+1 )
2𝑁

b-a = 24 hrs
N = 12
24
Energy Produced = [140+2(150)+2(160)+2(180)+2(170)+2(170)+2(170)+2(160)+2(240)+2(365)
2(12)

+2(320)+2(220)+160]
Energy Produced = 4910 kW-hr
4910 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
Average load = 24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 204.58 kW
𝟐𝟎𝟒.𝟓𝟖 𝒌𝑾
Load Factor = 𝟑𝟔𝟓 𝒌𝑾
= 0.56 = 56%
PROBLEM4
MORSE4:
An investigation of the way of transformation daily load curves into
annual load duration curves may be made if one of the daily load curves
described in these problems is considered to be duplicated every other
day of the year. This untrue but simplifying assumption will eliminate
need for a mass of load data and the reader will learn the principle.

Solution:
Load Curves - the curve showing the variation of load on the power
station (power plant) with reference to time is known as load curve.
The curve thus obtained is known as daily load curve as it shows the
variations of load w.r.t. time during the day. Fig. 3.2. shows a typical
daily load curve of a power station. It is clear that load on the power
station is varying, being maximum at 6 P.M. in this case. It may be seen
that load curve indicates at a glance the general character of the load
that is being imposed on the plant. Such a clear representation cannot
be obtained from tabulated figures.
PROBLEM5
MORSE 5
The daily load curve of a power plant is given by these coordinates.

Time 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
Load, Kw x 103 2 2.5 3 4 6 6.5 6.5 5 6 8 9 5 3
a.) Find the daily load factor. B.) All loads in excess of 4000 kw are carried by unit no. 3 rated at
6000 kw. Find its use factor.

Energy Produced:
Use Trapezoidal Rule
𝑏
𝑏−𝑎
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥| = [𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 2𝑓𝑥3 )+. .2𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
𝑎 2𝑁

b-a = 24hrs
N = 12
24(103 ) 2+2(2.5)+2(3)+2(4)+2(6)+2(6.5)+2(6.5)
Energy produced = [ ] = 128,000𝐾𝑤 − ℎ𝑟
2(12) +2(5)+2(6)+2(8)+2(9)+2(5)+3

128,000
Average load = = 5333.33 Kw
24

a.) Daily load factor

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 5333.33
Daily load factor = = = 0.5926
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 9000
b.) Use factor
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Use factor = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

128,000
Use factor = (4000)(6+1)+(4000+6000)(17) = 0.6465
PROBLEM6
6. The annual peak load on a 15000 kw power plant. Two substation are supplied by this plant. Annual
energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500,000 kwhr with peak at 8900kw, while 16,500,000 kwhr
are sent through B with a peak at 6650 kw. Neglect line losses. Find (a) diversity factor between
substation and (b) capacity factor of the power plant.

Solution:

(a) Diversity Factor

8900+6650
= 10,500
=1.481(answer)
(b) Capacity Factor
27,500,000+16,500,000
= 15000x8760
=0.335(answer)
PROBLEM7
MORSE7. A power plant load is represented by an average daily load given by the following
coordinates.
PROBLEM8
MORSE8. A distrubiting transformer supplies a group of general power costumers having a
connected load of 186kw. Demand factor= 0.75. If the load factor for the group will average 45% and
energy sells at 3% cents per hr, what will be the monthly (30 days) income from energy delivered through
the transformer? Assume average motor efficiency 75%

SOLUTION:

Max. Demand= Demand Factor x Connected Load / Motor Efficiency

Max. Demand= 0.75 x 186kw / 0.75 = 186 kw

Average Load= Load Factor x Max. Demand

Monthly Energy Produced= 83.7 kw x 30 x 24 hrs = 60,264 kw/hr

Monthly Income= 0.035 x 60,264 = $2,109.24

PROBLEM9
MORSE9. An electrical feeder line serves four distribution transformers which have
the following connected loads.
No.1 No.2 No.3 No.4
Residence 10 kW Residence 20 kW Commercial 15 Power 32 kW
kW
Residence 20 kW Residence 25 kW Commercial 5 kW Residence 24 kW
Residence 25 kW Residence 28 kW Power 4 kW Residence 35 kW
Commercial 35 Kw Commercial 25 Residence 18 kW
kW
Commercial 15
kW
Using tabulated factors, find peak load o the feeder.
Solution: Use Table 2.1 and Table 2.2 (Morse)
Transformer No. 1
Residence 10 kW 10 kW × 0.5 = 5 kW
Residence 20 kW 20 kW × 0.5 = 10 kW
Residence 25 kW 25 kW × 0.5 = 12.5 kW
Total for Residence lighting = 27.5 kW
Transformer No. 2
Residence 20 kW 20 kW × 0.5 = 10 kW
Residence 25 kW 25 kW × 0.5 = 12.5 kW
Residence 28 kW 28 kW × 0.5 = 14 kW
Total for Residential lighting = 36.5 kW

Commercial 35 kW 35 kw × 0.6 = 21 kW
Total for Commercial lighting = 21 kW
Transformer No. 3
Commercial 15 kW 15 kW × 0.6 = 9 kW
Commercial 5 kW 5 kW × 0.6 = 3 kW
Power 4 kW (4 kW/0.72)( 0.75) = 4.17 kW
Commercial 15 kW 15 kW × 0.6 = 9 kW
Commercial 25 kW 25 kW × 0.6 = 15 kW
Total for Commercial lighting and Power = 40.17 kW

Transformer No. 4
Power 32 kW (32 kW/0.72)( 0.55) = 24.44 kW
Total for Power = 40.17 kW
Residence 24 kW 24 kW × 0.5 = 12 kW
Residence 35 kW 35 kW × 0.5 = 17.5 kW
Residence 18 kW 18 kW × 0.5 = 9 kW
Total for Residential lighting = 38.5 kW
Total Diversity Total Diversity Simultaneous
Residence Factor (Commercial and factor kW
power), kW
Transformer 27.5 3.5 7.86
1
Transformer 36.5 3.5 21 1.5 24.43
2
Transformer 40.17 1.5 26.78
3
Transformer 38.5 3.5 24.44 1.5 27.29
4

Diversity factor is 1.3

7.86+24.43+26.78+27.29
Peak load on feeder =
1.3
 = 66.43 kW

PROBLEM10
10. a certain distributing transformer has connected load as follows: residence no. 1, ¾ kw; no. 2, 2 ½
kw; no. 3, 500 w; no.4, 3 kw. Restaurant, 5 kw lighting and 11 kw motors. Store, 15 kw lighting and 3.7 kw
motors. Efficiency of motors, 70% calculate the maximum expected demand on the transformer.

Solution:

Use table 2.1 and table 2.2 morse

Residence lighting

Residence no. 1 0.75 kw x 0.60 = 0.45 kw

Residence no. 2 2.5 kw x 0.50 = 1.25 kw

Residence no. 3 0.5 kw x 0.60 = 0.30 kw

Residence no. 4 3 kw x 0.50 = 1.50 kw

Total residential load = 3.5 kw

Commercial lighting and poew service

Restaurant

Lighting 5 kw x 0.70 = 3.50 kw

Motor (11 kw/0.70)(0.65) = 10.22 kw

Store

Lighting 15 kw x 0.70 = 10.50 kw

Motor (3.7 kw/0.70)(0.75) = 3.96 kw

Total commercial and power service load = 28.18 kw

Diversity factor for residence lighting = 3.5

Diversity factor for commercial and power service = 1.5

Maximum expected demand = 3.5kw/3.5 + 28.18kw/1.5 = 19.79 kw (answer)

PROBLEM11
11. A power plant is said to have a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of 42.4%. How many hr
did it operate during the year?
Solution :
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Use factor =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Capacity factor = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑥 8760 ℎ𝑟𝑠

Use factor =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
8760 ℎ𝑟𝑠
Use factor = Capacity factor ∙ 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
8760 ℎ𝑟𝑠
0.485= 0.424 ( 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
Hrs it operate during the year = actual hrs operation = 7658 hrs
PROBLEM12
12. A central station has annual factors are as follows: Load 58.5%, Capacity 40.9%, Use 45.2%. The
reserved carried over and above the peak 8900 kW. Fins (a.) installed capacity, (b.) Annual energy
production, (c.) hr. per year not in service.

Solution:

Load factor: 0.585

Capacity factor: 0.409

Use factor: 0.452

Reserve = Installed Capacity – Peak Load = 8900 kW

Capacity Factor = Average Load/Installed Capacity

Installed capacity = Average Load/Capacity factor

Load factor = Average load/Peak load

Peak Load = Average load/Load factor

Then,

Reserve = (Average load/Capacity Factor) – (Average Load/Load Factor)

8900 = (Average Load/0.409) - (Average Load/0.585)

Average Load = 12, 099 kW

(a.) Installed capacity

Installed Capacity = Average Load/Capacity Factor = 12, 099/0.409
Installed Capacity = 29, 582 kW

(b.) Annual energy production

Annual energy production = Average Load x 8760 hr. = 12, 099 x 8760
Annual energy production = 105, 987, 240 kW-hr

(c.) Hr. per year not in service

Use Factor = Actual Energy Output/(Installed Capacity/Actual hrs. operation)
0.452 = 105, 987, 240/(29, 582 x Actual hrs. operation)
Actual hrs. of operation per year = 7927 hrs.

Hrs. per year not in service = 8760 – 7927 = 833 hrs.

 PROBLEM13
13 (Frederick T. Morse)
The daily load curve of a certain region is given by the following data:
A.M. 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 12:30
kW 220 200 190 180 180 200 300 410 560 590 610 605 490

P.M. 1:00 1:30 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 5:30 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
kW 500 590 620 670 760 1000 960 930 900 870 850 720 600 380

It is proposed to carry this load with a new Diesel engine power station. A certain
line of engines is offered in the following sizes, depending on the number of
cylinders: 360 kW, 480 Kw, 600 kW, 720 kW, 960 kW. Plot the load curve and fit it
with selection from the engine line mentioned so that there will be a good balance
between capacity factor and number of units installed. (a) Determine the capacity
factor of the plant. (b) Tabulate an “operating schedule”. (c) Determine the use
factor of each unit.
Solution:
Energy Produced =
1 1 1
(380 + 220)(1) + (220 + 200)(1) + (200 + 190)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (190 + 180)(1) + (180 + 180)(1) + (180 + 200)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (200 + 300)(1) + (300 + 410)(1) + (410 + 560)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (560 + 590)(1) + (590 + 610)(1) + (610 + 605)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (605 + 490)(1) + (490 + 500)(1) + (500 + 590)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (590 + 620)(1) + (620 + 670)(1) + (670 + 760)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (760 + 1000)(1) + (1000 + 960)(1) + (960 + 930)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (930 + 900)(1) + (900 + 870)(1) + (870 + 850)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (850 + 720)(1) + (720 + 600)(1) + (600 + 380)(1)
2 2 2

Energy Produced = 13,026.25 kW – hr

13,026.25
Average load = = 542.76 𝑘𝑊
24
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 542.76
(a.) Capacity factor = = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟑 Answer.
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 480+720
(b.) Tabulation of operating schedule
12:00 MID No. 1 is operating
8:15 A.M. Start No. 2; Stop No. 1
3:45 P.M. Start No.1
10:00 P.M. Stop No. 1
12:00 MID Start No. 1; Stop No. 2
(c.) Use factor of each unit
Energy output which would have occurred if the machine or equipment
had been operating at its full rating throughout its actual hours of
service during the period
 Unit 1 is operating in 8.25 hrs + 6.25 hrs = 14.5 hrs
Unit 2 is operating in 15.75 hrs

For Unit No. 1

Time kW

12:00 MID 380

1:00 AM 220

2:00 AM 200

3:00 AM 190

4:00 AM 180

5:00 AM 180

6:00 AM 200

7:00 AM 300

8:00 AM 410

8:45 AM 480

3:45 PM 0

4:00 PM 40

5:00 PM 280

5:30 PM 240

6:00 PM 210

7:00 PM 180

8:00 PM 150
9:00 PM 130

10:00 PM 0

Actual Energy Output = Energy Produced =

1 1 1
(380 + 220)(1) + (220 + 200)(1) + (200 + 190)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (190 + 180)(1) + (180 + 180)(1) + (180 + 200)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (200 + 300)(1) + (300 + 410)(1) + (410 + 480)(0.25)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (0 + 40)(0.25) + (40 + 280)(1) + (280 + 240)(0.5)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (240 + 210)(0.5) + (210 + 180)(1) + (180 + 150)(1)
2 2 2
1 1
+ (150 + 130)(1) + (130 + 0)(1)
2 2

Actual Energy Output = Energy Produced = 2948.75 kW – hr

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Unit No. 1 use factor =
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝟐𝟗𝟒𝟖.𝟕𝟓
Unit No. 1 use factor = = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟕 Answer.
𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟎

Time Kw
8:15 AM 480
9:00 AM 560
10:00 AM 590
11:00 AM 610
12:00 NN 605
12:30 PM 490
1:00 PM 500
1:30 PM 590
2:00 PM 620
3:00 PM 670
3:45 PM 720
4:00 PM 720
5:00 PM 720
5:30 PM 720
6:00 PM 720
7:00 PM 720
8:00 PM 720
9:00 PM 720
10:00 PM 720
11:00 PM 600
12:00 PM 380

Actual Energy Output = Energy Produced =

1 1 1
(480 + 560)(0.75) + (560 + 590)(1) + (590 + 610)(1)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (610 + 605)(1) + (605 + 490)(0.5) + (490 + 500)(0.5)
2 2 2
1 1 1
+ (500 + 590)(0.5) + (590 + 620)(0.5) + (620 + 670)(1)
2 2 2
1 1
+ (670 + 720)(0.75) + (720) (6.25) + (720 + 600)(1)
2 2
1
+ (600 + 380)(1)
2

Actual Energy Output = Energy Produced = 10,215 kW – hr

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Unit No. 2 use factor =
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝟏𝟎,𝟐𝟏𝟓
Unit No. 2 use factor = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 Answer.
𝟏𝟏,𝟑𝟒𝟎
PROBLEM14
14 by Morse (Power Plant Engineering)
14. The load shown in fig. 2-11 goes to peak of 24000 kw. It is to be carried by one 10000 kw unit
and two 7500 kw units. Work out a use scheme similar to fig. 2-10 which will be best from the
standpoint of number of paralleling operations and plant use factor. What is the resulting daily
load factor for each unit?
Solution:
Tabulation:

Time Kw
12:00 MID 6968
1:00 AM 5419
2:00 AM 3871
3:00 AM 3097
4:00 AM 3097
5:00 AM 2323
6:00 AM 3484
7:00 AM 6581
8:00 AM 10,839
9:00 AM 14,710
10:00 AM 17,807
11:00 AM 17,419
12:00 NN 17,419
1:00 PM 12,774
2:00 PM 17,807
3:00 PM 18,194
4:00 PM 20,129
5:00 PM 24,000
6:00 PM 20,129
7:00 PM 18,196
8:00 PM 17,032
9:00 PM 14,323
10:00 PM 10,065
11:00 PM 6968
12:00 MID 5807
 𝑏 1
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)dx=2 ∑𝑁
𝑘=1(𝑋𝑘+1 -𝑋𝑘 ){f(𝑋𝑘+1 )+f(𝑋𝑘 )}

Energyproduced=
1 1 1 1 1
(6968+5419)(1)+ 2(5419+3871)(1)+ 2(3871+3097)(1)+ 2(3097+3097)(1)+ 2(3097+2323)(1)+
2
1 1 1 1
(2323+3484)(1)+ (3484+6581)(1)+ (6581+10,839)(1)+ (10,839+14,710)(1)+
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(14,710+17,807)(1)+ 2(17,807+17,419)(1)+ 2(17,419+17,419)(1)+ 2(17,419+12,774)(1)+
2
1 1 1 1
(12,774+17,807)(1)+ 2(17,17,807+18,194)(1)+ 2(18,194+20,129)(1) 2(20,129+24,000)(1)+
2
1 1 1 1
(24,000+20,129)(1)+ 2(20,129+18,196)(1)+ 2(18,196+17,032)(1)+ 2(17,032+14,323)(1)+
2
1 1 1
(14,323+10,065)(1)+ 2(10,065+6968)(1)+ 2(6968+5807)(1)= 292,070.5 kW-hr
2

Operating Schedule (answer)

12:00 MID NO.1 is operating
7:15 AM Start No. 2
9:05 AM Start No. 3
12:45 PM Stop No. 3
1:15 PM Start No. 3
8:45 PM Stop No. 3
10:45 PM Stop No. 2
 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Plant use factor = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Hours of Operation:
Unit No. 1 = 24 hrs
Unit No. 2 = 15.5 hrs
Unit No. 3 = 11.2 hrs
292,070.5
Plant use factor = 7500 𝑥 24+7500 𝑥 15.5+10,000 𝑥 11.2

Plant use factor = 0.716 (answer)

Resulting daily load factor for each unit.
UNIT NO.1
Tabulation:

Time Kw
12:00 MID 6968
1:00 AM 5419
2:00 AM 3871
3:00 AM 3097
4:00 AM 3097
5:00 AM 2323
6:00 AM 3484
7:00 AM 6581
8:00 AM 7500
9:00 AM 7500
10:00 AM 7500
11:00 AM 7500
12:00 NN 7500
1:00 PM 7500
2:00 PM 7500
3:00 PM 7500
4:00 PM 7500
5:00 PM 7500
6:00 PM 7500
7:00 PM 7500
8:00 PM 7500
9:00 PM 7500
10:45 PM 7500
 11:00 PM 6968
12:00 MID 5807

Energy produce =
1 1 1 1 1
(6968+5419)(1)+ 2(5419+3871)(1)+ 2(3871+3097)(1)+ 2(3097+3097)(1)+ 2(3097+2323)(1)+
2
1 1 1 1 1
(2323+3484)(1)+ 2(3484+6581)(1)+ 2(6581+7500)(0.25)+(7500)(15.5)+ 2(7500+6968)(0.25)+ 2(6
2
968+5807)(1)= 154,271.6 kW-hr
154,271.6
Average load = = 6428 kW
24

Unit no. 1 Load Factor = 6428 / 7500 = 0.857 (answer)

UNIT NO.2
Tabulation:

Time kW
12:00 MID 0
1:00 AM 0
2:00 AM 0
3:00 AM 0
4:00 AM 0
5:00 AM 0
6:00 AM 0
7:00 AM 0
7:15 AM 0
8:00 AM 3339
9:00 AM 7210
9:05 AM 7500
10:00 AM 7500
11:00 AM 7500
12:00 NN 7500
12:45 PM 7500
1:00 PM 5274
1:15 PM 7500
2:00 PM 7500
3:00 PM 7500
4:00 PM 7500
5:00 PM 7500
6:00 PM 7500
7:00 PM 7500
 8:00 PM 7500
8:45 PM 7500
9:00 PM 6823
10:00 PM 2565
10:45 PM 0
11:00 PM 0
12:00 MID 0

Energy produced =
1 1 5 1 1
(3339+7210)(1)+ (7210+7500)( )+(7500)(3.7)+ (7500+5274)(0.25)+ (5274+7500)(0.25)+(75
2 2 60 2 2
1 1 1
00)(7.5)+ 2(7500+6823)(0.25)+ 2(6823+2565)(1)+ 2(2565+0)(0.75) = 100, 527.2 kW – hr
100,527.2
Average load = = 4189 kW
24

Unit no.2 Load Factor = 4189 / 7500 = 0.5585 (answer)

UNIT NO.3
Tabulation:

Time Kw
12:00 MID 0
1:00 AM 0
2:00 AM 0
3:00 AM 0
4:00 AM 0
5:00 AM 0
6:00 AM 0
7:00 AM 0
7:15 AM 0
8:00 AM 0
9:00 AM 0
9:05 AM 0
10:00 AM 2,807
11:00 AM 2,419
12:00 NN 2,419
12:45 PM 0
1:00 PM 0
1:15 PM 0
2:00 PM 2,807
3:00 PM 3,194
4:00 PM 5,129
 5:00 PM 9,000
6:00 PM 5,129
7:00 PM 3,196
8:00 PM 2,032
8:45 PM 0
9:00 PM 0
10:00 PM 0
10:45 PM 0
11:00 PM 0
12:00 MID 0

Energy produced =
1 1 1 1 1 1
(2807+2419)(1)+ 2(2419+2419)(1)+ 2(2419+0)(0.75)+ 2 (0+2807)(0.75)+ 2(2807+3194)(1)+ 2(319
2
1 1 1 1 1
4+5129)(1)+ 2(5129+9000)(1)+ 2(9000+5129)(1)+ 2(5129+3196)(1)+ 2(3196+2032)(1)+ 2(2032+0)
(0.75) = 35,821.3 kW - hr
35,821.3
Average load = = 1493 kW
24

Unit no.3 Load Factor = 1493 / 10000 = 0.1493 (answer)

PROBLEM15
15.)

A 50.000-kw steam plant delivers an annual output of 238,000,000 kw/hr with a peak load of
42,860 kw. (a) What is the annual load factor? (b) What is the capacity factor?

Solution:
𝑘𝑤
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
ℎ𝑟
Average Load =
8,760 ℎ𝑟
238,000,000
Average Load = = 27,169 kw
8,760

(a) Annual Load Factor

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Load Factor =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
27,169 𝑘𝑤
Load Factor = = 0.6339 kw
42,860 𝑘𝑤

(b) Capacity Factor

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
Capacity Factor = 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

27,169 𝑘𝑤
Capacity Factor = 50,000 𝑘𝑤 = 0.5434 kw
PROBLEM16
MORSE16. The load shown by data of Prob.13 is carried by one steam turbogenerator having the
following steam characteristics: Total steam= 907.2 + 4.99 kw kg per hour, where P= kw / Generator
efficiency = 96% Steam cost 67 cents per 500 kg to produce. What is the cost of the steam supplied to
this unit per day of 24 hr? What is the cost of steam used per kw hr?

SOLUTION:

Total Steam= 907.2 + 4.99 kw kg per hr, where P= kw / Generator efficiency = 96%

Tabulation

HOUR Kw Kg/hr steam

1:00 AM 220 2050.7
2:00 200 1946.8
3:00 190 1894.8
4:00 180 1842.8
5:00 180 1842.8

6:00 200 1946.8

7:00 300 2466.6
8:00 410 3038.3
9:00 560 3818.0
10:00 590 3974.0
11:00 610 4077.9
12:00 NN 605 4052.0
12:30 PM 490 3454.2
1:00 500 3506.2
1:30 590 3974.0
2:00 620 4129.9
3:00 670 4389.8
4:00 760 4857.6
5:00 1000 6105.1
5:30 960 5897.2
6:00 930 5741.3
7:00 900 5585.3
8:00 870 5429.4
9:00 850 5325.4
10:00 720 4649.7
11:00 600 4026.0
12:00 MN 380 2882.4

𝑏 1
A ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑𝑁
𝑘=1(𝑥𝑘−1 − 𝑥𝑘 )(𝑓(𝑥𝑘−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ))
2
Energy Produced=
1 1 1 1 1
. (380 + 220)(1) + (220 + 200)(1) + (200 + 190)(1) + (190 + 180)(1) + (180 +
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
200)(1) + 2 (200 + 300)(1) + 2 (300 + 410)(1) + 2 (410 + 560)(1) + 2 (560 + 590)(1) +
1 1 1 1 1
(590 + 610)(1) + (610 + 605)(1) + 2 (605 + 490)(1) + 2 (490 + 500)(1) + 2 (500 + 590)(1) +
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
(590 + 620)(1) + (620 + 670)(1) + 2 (670 + 760) + 2 (760 + 1000)(1) + 2 (1000 + 960)(1) +
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
(960 + 930)(1) + (930 + 900)(1) + 2 (900 + 870)(1) + 2 (870 + 850)(1) + 2 (850 + 720)(1) +
2 2
1 1
(720 + 600)(1) + (600 + 380)(1) = 𝟏𝟑, 𝟎𝟐𝟔, 𝟐𝟓 𝒌𝑾 − 𝒉𝒓
2 2

Kg steam used per day

Steam used per day:

b 1
.𝐴 = ∫a 𝑓(x)dx = 2 ∑𝑁
𝑘−1(xk−1 − xk )(𝑓(xk−1 ) + 𝑓(xk ))

Steam used per day =

1 1 1 1
.2 (2882.4 + 2050.7)(1) + 2 (2050.7 + 1946.8)(1) + 2 (1946.8 + 1894.8)(1) + 2 (1894.8 +
1 1 1
1842.8)(1) + (1842.8 + 1842.8)(1) + (1842.8 + 1946.8)(1) + (1946.8 + 2466.6)(1) +
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(2466.6 + 3038.3)(1) + 2 (3038.3 + 3818.0)(1) + 2 (3818.0 + 3974.0)(1) + 2 (3974.0 +
2
1 1 1
4077.9)(1) + (4077.9 + 4052.0)(1) + (4052.0 + 3454.2)(0.5) + (3454.2 + 3506.2)(0.5) +
2 2 2
1 1 1
(3506.2 + 3974.0)(0.5) + (3974.0 + 4129.9)(0.5) + (4129.9 + 4389.8)(1) +
2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(4389.8 + 4857.6)(1) + (4857.6 + 6105.1)(1) + (6105.1 + 5897.2)(1) + (5897.2 +
2 2 2 2
1 1 1
5741.3) + (5741.3 + 5585.3)(1) + + (5585.3 + 5429.3)(1) + (5429.3 + 5325.4)(1) +
2 2 2
1 1 1
(5325.4 + 4649.7)(1) + (4649.7 + 4026.0)(1) + (4026.0 + 2882.4)(1)
2 2 2

Steam used per day = 89,482.13 kg/day

The cost of the steam supplied to this unit per day of 24 hours
= (89,482.13 kg/day)($0.67 per 500 kg)
= $119.91 (answer)

The cost of steam used per kW hr?

= $119.91/13,026.25 kW hr
= 0.92 cents per Kw hr (answer)=
PROBLEM17
17. Given load factor 0.48, installed capacity 35,000 kW, reserve over peak 3000kW, hours out of
service per year 410. Find the capacity and use factors.
Solution:
Load Factor = 0.48
Installed Capacity = 35,000 kW
Reserve = 3000 kW
Hrs of out of service = 410
Reserve = Installed capacity – Peak load
Peak Load = Installed Capacity – Reserve
= 35,000 – 3,000 kW
Peak Load = 32,000 kW
Load Factor = Average load / Peak load
Average Load = Load Factor x Peak Load
= 0.48 x 32,000
Average Load = 15,360 kW
For capacity factor:
Capacity factor = Average Load / Installed Capacity
= 15,360/35,000
Capacity Factor = 0.4389
For Use Factor:
Use Factor = Actual Energy Output / (Installed Capacity x Actual hrs operation)
Use Factor = (Average Load x 8760 hrs) / (Installed Capacity x Actual hrs Operation)
= (15,360 x 8,760) / (35,000 x 8,350)
Use Factor = 0.4604
PROBLEM18
MORSE 18
18. If the load on a system such as shown in figure 2.7 were composed entirely of residence
lighting, what quantity of customer’s connected load could be cared for by each kw of
generating capacity installed in the power station?
Solution:
Let x be the quantity of customer’s connected load could be cared for by each kw of generating
capacity installed in the power station
Assume it is less than 1 kw. Use 0.6 demand factor.
Transformer 1 (Residence Lighting)
a: x
b: x
c: x
Transformer 2 (Residence Lighting)
d: x
Transformer 3 (Residence Lighting)
e: x
f: x
g: x
Transformer 4 (Residence Lighting)
h: x
Transformer 5 (Residence Lighting)
i: x
j: x
k: x
l: x
Transformer 6 (Residence Lighting)
m: x
n: x
o: x
Diversity factor between consumer = 3.5

TOTAL SIMULTANEOUS
Transformer 1 0.6(3x) = 1.8x 1.8x/3.5 = 0.5143x
Transformer 2 0.6x 0.6x/3.5 = 0.1714x
Transformer 3 0.6(3x) = 1.8x 1.8x/3.5 = 0.5143x
Transformer 4 0.6x 0.6x/3.5 = 0.1714x
Transformer 5 0.6(4x) = 2.4x 2.4x/3.5 = 0.6857x
Transformer 6 0.6(3x) = 1.8x 1.8x/3.5 = 0.5143x

Diversity factor between transformer = 1.3

Feeder 1 = 0.5143x/1.3 = 0.3956x
Feeder 2 = 0.1714x/1.3 = 0.1318x
Feeder 3 = 0.5143x/1.3 = 0.3956x
Feeder 4 = 0.1714x/1.3 = 0.1318x
Feeder 5 = 0.6857x/1.3 = 0.5275x
Feeder 6 = 0.5143x/1.3 = 0.3956x

Diversity factor between feeders = 1.2

Substation A = (0.3956x + 0.1318x + 0.3956x)/1.2 = 0.7692x
Substation B = (0.1318x + 0.5275x + 0.3956x)/1.2 = 0.8791x

Diversity factor between substation = 1.1

Generating Capacity = (0.7692x + 0.8971x)/1.1 = 1.4985x
Solve for x: 1.4985x = 1
X = 0.67 KW (answer)
PROBLEM19
MORSE19. The load mention in Prob. 2-3 is carried by two 150 kW and one 100 kW engine
generators. Show how these would be operated to carry the load and compute the resulting
plant use factor.
Solution:

Operating Schedule:

12:00 MID No. 1 is operating

2:00 A.M. Start No. 2
4:15 P.M. Start No.3
9:15 P.M. Stop No. 3
12:00 MID Stop No. 2

Actual energy output = 4910 kW-hr (Problem 3)

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡

Plant use factor = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑥 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Hours of Operation:
Unit No. 1 = 24 hrs
Unit No. 2 = 22 hrs
Unit No. 3 = 5 hrs

4910
Plant use factor = 150𝑥24+100𝑥22+150𝑥2

Plant use factor = 0.7496

PROBLEM20
MORSE20. The load duration curve of a system is a given by the following date:

This load is supplied by a steam plant whose fuel consumption is tabulated as follows:

Assume that you are the purchasing agent and you want to contract in advance for the year's supply of coal
to be delivered in equal semimonthly deliveries. How many tonnes would you specify per delivery?

Solution:
Tabulation:
Coal determined by interpolation:
In tonnes. 1 tonne = 1000 kg = 2205 lb
Per delivery for semi-monthly = (1/24)(2.83 x 108lb)(1tonnes / 2205 lb)
Per delivery for semi-monthly =5348 tonnes per delivery (answer)
PROBLEM21
MORSE21. The system shown in Fig. 2-7 consists in part of a transformer serving
customers e, f and g. Estimate the peak load on the transformer.
a.) Store building with 5 kW lighting, 25-Kw small motor power.
b.) Store building with 18 kW lighting, 35-Kw small motor power.
c.) Office building with 55 kW lighting, 80-Kw large motor power.

Solution:

Customer e:
Store building with 5 kW lighting, 25-Kw small motor power
Customer f:
Store building with 18 kW lighting, 35-Kw small motor power
Customer g:
Office building with 55 kW lighting, 80-Kw large motor power

Individual maximum demand, assume 7 % motor efficiency. Table 2.1

Customer e: 5 × 0.7 + (25/0.72)(0.55) = 22.60 kW

Customer f: 18 × 0.7 + (35/0.72)(0.55) = 39.34 kW
Customer g: 55 × 0.7 + (80/0.72)(0.55) = 94.06 kW

Diversity factor between consumers = 1.5

Peak load on the transformer = (22.60 + 39.34 + 94.06)/1.5 Type equation here.
= 104 kW
PROBLEM22
The Variable Load Problem:

Problem 22: Assume that the maximum feeder loads of the system shown in Fig. 2-7 are (1) 18 kw, (2)
255 kw, (3) 115 kw, (4) 95 kw, (5) 37 kw, (6) 45 kw. Predict the peak load for the power plant.

Solutions.

Diversity factor for feeder = 1.2

Peak load = (18 + 225 + 115 + 95 +37 + 45)/1.2 = 445.83 kw (answer)

PROBLEM23

23. A city is supplied by a 15,000 kw plant whose duration curve is defined by the following data:

Duration,hr 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8760

Load, kw x 114.5 91.6 81.0 74.5 69.4 62.0 52.0 40.8 29.8
103

The plant has one 15,000 kw unit supplied with steam by one boiler. Auxiliaries are electrically driven.
Draw the coal consumption duration curve from the load duration curve with intermediate graphical
modification from three plant characteristic.

1. Auxilliary power . No load, 250 kW; full load,600kW

2. Steam to turbine , no load, 9070kg/hr; Full load , 90700 kg per hr
3. Coal to stoker, No load, 907 kg/hr : Full load, 9070 kg per hr

Assume straight line variation between no load and full load condition. Determine annual coal
consumption, tons.

Solution:

Tabulation:

Duration, hr Load, kw x 10-2 Auxiliary, power, Steam turbine, Coal to Stoker,

kw kg/hr kg/hr
0 114.5 517.2 71,380.9 7138.1
1000 91.6 463.7 58,918.7 5891.9
2000 81.0 439.0 53,150 5315.0
3000 74.5 423.8 49,612.9 4961.3
4000 69.4 411.9 46,837.5 4683.8
5000 62.0 394.7 42,810.4 4281.0
6000 52.0 371.4 37,368.4 3736.8
7000 40.8 345.2 31,273.4 3127.3
8760 29.8 319.5 25,287.2 2528.7

Load duration curve:

Coal used per year:

𝑏 𝑁
1
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∑(𝑥𝑘+1 − 𝑥𝑘) [𝑓 (𝑥𝑘+1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 )]
𝑎 2
𝑘−1

Coal used per year:

1 1 1
= 2 = (7138.1 + 5891.0)(1000) + 2 (5891.0 + 5315)(1000) + 2
(5315 + 4961.3)(1000) +
1 1 1
(4961.3 + 4683.8)(1000) + (4683.8 + 4281)(1000) + (4281 + 3763.8)(1000) +
2 2 2
1 1
(3763.8 + 3127.4)(1000) + (3127.4 + 2587.2)(1760)
2 2

Coal used per year = 39,031,398 lb/year

In tons:

Coal used per year = 39,031,398/200 = 19, 516 lb/year

PROBLEM24
24. The load mentioned in problem 23 is distributed through two substations, A and B. A supplies the
business and industrial district. Its annual peak load is 3050 kw; its annual load factor 40%. The
diversity factor between A and B is 1.117. Neglect losses in transmission lines. Find (a) peak load
on B; (b) Kw hr sent through B.

Solution:

Total Kw hr sent =

½ (100)(114.5+91.6)(1000)+1/2(100)(91.6+81.0)(1000)+1/2(100)(81.0+74.5)(1000)

+1/2(100)(74.5+69.4)(1000)+1/2(100)(69.4+62.0)(1000)+1/2(100)(62.0+52.0)(1000)

+1/2(100)(52.0+40.8)(1000)+1/2(40.8+29.8)(1760)

Total Kw hr sent= 57,027,800 kwhr

(a) Peak load on B

Plant peak = Peak load A + Peak load B

Diversity Factor

11,450= 3050 + Peak load B

1.177
Peak load on B = 10,427 Kw (answer)

(B) Kw hr sent through B.

Kw hr sent through A = Average load x 8760

Average load = Load factor x Peak Load

Average load = 0.4 x 3050 = 1220 Kw

Kw hr sent through A = 1220 x 8760 = 10,687,200 kw hr (answer)

Kw hr sent through B = Total kw hr sent – kw hr sent through A

Kw hr sent through B = 57,027,800 – 10,687,200 = 46,340,600 kw hr (answer)

PROBLEM25
MORSE25.) Steam flow meters on an industrial process line recorded maximum flow rates of
26,260 kg per hr for cycles of 15 sec duration. To keep this fluctuation off the boilers and allow
them to steam evenly at an average rate of 3400 kg per hr, a Ruths steam accumulator was
installed, working between 3.2 and 2.5 kg/cm2 ga. A water surface area, of sufficient size to limit
rate of steam disengagement to 0.305m3 per sec per m2, was considered necessary to insure dry
steam production. Find suitable dimensions for the accumulator tank (i.e., diameter x length).
Note: As actually installed the tank was 1.83m x 7.32m long.

Solution:

(26,260 − 3400)(15)
= 95.25 𝑘𝑔
3600
W= weight of water in the tank when fully charged to 3.2 kg/cm2 ga.
W= 95.25 + weight of water remaining when fully discharged at 2.5 kg/cm2 ga.
At 3.2 kg/cm2 ga., h=2739.3 kJ/kg
At 2.5 kg/cm2 ga., h=2731.2 kJ/kg
Average, h= 0.5(2739.3 + 2731.2)= 2735.3 kJ/kg

Enthalpy discharge per cycle

= (2735.3)(95.25) =260,537 kJ
Initially the water has an enthalpy of 610.45 kJ/kg, and finally 582.74 kJ/kg.
Hence,
610.45W – 582.74(W – 95.25) = 260,537

W = 7399 kg
At 3.2 kg/cm2 ga, vg=0.4464 m3/kg, vf = 1.085 x 10-3 m3/kg
At 2.5 kg/cm2 ga, vg=0.5291 m3/kg, vf = 1.0785 x 10-3 m3/kg
Average, vg=0.5(0.4464 + 0.5291) = 0.4878 m3/kg
vf = 0.5(1.085 + 1.0785) x 10-3 m3/kg = 1.08175 x 10-3 m3/kg
1
(26,260−3400)( )(0.4878)
3600
Surface Area = 0.305

Surface Area = 10.16m2

1
Average Volume = [ 7399 + 2(95.25) ] (1.08175x10-3)

Average Volume = 8.06m3

Tank Volume = 2x8.06m3 = 16.12m3
Tank Dimension
A=DL=10.16m2
𝜋
V= 4 D2L = 16012m3

𝑉 𝜋 16.12
= 𝐷=
𝐴 4 10.16
D=1.59m (answer)
10.16
L= 1.59 = 6.39m (answer)
PROBLEM26
PROBLEM 26

26.) A horizontal steam accumulator tank is 152 cm diameter by 6.1 m long. When fully charged the
water level is 144 cm above the bottom, and the pressure is 7 kg/cm2 ga. During a test for maximum
discharge it was found that the pressure could be dropped to 6.33 kg/cm2 ga in 10 sec without throwing
water into the discharging steam. Calculate the average rate of steam discharge from the accumulator in
kg per hr.

SOLUTION:

𝑉 = 𝐴𝐿
𝑅2 𝜋
𝐴= ( 𝐶 − sin 𝐶)
2 180
ℎ−𝑅
𝐶 = 180 + 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑅
ℎ = 114𝑐𝑚 = 1.14𝑚
152
𝑅= = 76𝑐𝑚 = 0.76𝑚
2
1.14 − 0.76
𝐶 = 180 + 2𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 = 240°
0.76
(0.76)2 𝜋
𝐴= [ (240) − sin(240)] = 1.4598𝑚2
2 180
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐿 = (1.4598)(6.1) = 8.9048𝑚3
At 7 kg/cm2 ga, hf = 718.14 kJ/kg

hg=2766.84 kJ/kg

vf = 1.1142 x 10-3 m3/kg

vg=0.2438 m3/kg
𝑘𝑔 𝑉 8.9048
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑦 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 7 2
𝑔𝑎 = =
𝑐𝑚 𝑣𝑓 1.1142 × 10−3
= 𝟕𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝒈
 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, 7992 𝑘𝑔 = 𝑊 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 6.33 𝑘𝑔/𝑐𝑚2

At 7.0 kg/cm2 ga, h = 2766.84 kJ/kg

At 6.33 kg/ ]cm2 ga, h = 2763.26 kJ/kg

Average, ℎ = 0.5(2766.84 + 2763.26) = 2765.05 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

Enthalpy per cycle = 2765.05 W

Initially, the water had an enthalpy of 718.14 kJ/kg, finally 702.54 kJ/kg.

Hence 718.14(7992) − 702.54(7992 − 𝑊) = 2765.05 𝑊

𝑊 = 60.45 𝑘𝑔
PROBLEM27
MORSE. 27

The medium demand upon a steam accumulator ( i.e., one of the sectional areas in figure 2-14)
is 29,500 kg steam. Maximum charging pressure is 25 kg/cm2 ab. dry and saturated steam. The
delivery pressure, beyond valve B, is 2 kg/cm2 ab. Assuming that the accumulator is fully charged
just previous to the period of maximum demand, calculate the kg water the accumulator must
contain if this maximum demand is to be only 75% of the accumulators steam capacity.

SOLUTION:

0.75(29,500) = 22,125 kg
W = weight of water in the tank when fully charged to 25 kg/cm2 ab.
W = 22,125 + weight of water remaining when fully discharge at 2 kg/cm2 ab.

At 25 kg/cm2 ab., h = 2800.7 kJ/kg

At 2 kg/cm2 ab., h = 2705.4 kJ/kg
Average, h = 0.5(2800.7 + 2705.4) = 2753.05 kJ/kg

Enthalpy discharge per cycle = (2753.05)(22,125) = 60,911,231 kJ

Initially the water has an enthalpy of 957.15 kJ/kg, and finally 502.07 kJ/kg.
Hence:
957.15W – 502.07(W – 22,125) = 60,911,231
W = 109,438 kg (answer)
PROBLEM28
28. A hydraulic storage plant has a unit similar. That efficiency of the generator-motor is 96%, of the pump
75%. Average elevation between upper and lower pools = 30m assume a 2% loss of head in pipe friction.
The unit was installed to carry a daily peak load of 1400 kw-hr. there is a daily evaporation loss of stored
water amounting to 907 t. Calculate the over-all efficiency of conversion.

Solution:

𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛 =0.96

𝑒𝑡 = .80
𝑒𝑝 = .75

𝐻𝑔 = 30𝑚

𝐻𝑓 = .3𝐻𝑔

Peak load = 1400 Kw-hr

Evaporation loss = 907,000kg

Q = 907𝑚3

NE

H = Hg – Hf

H = 30 – 0.3(30)= 21m

Wt = (9.81)(Q1)(21)(.96)(.80)=1400(3600)

Q1= 31,855𝑚3

PUMP

H = Hg – Hf

H = 30 + .3(30) =39m
(9.81)(907)(39)
Wp = 0.96(.75)
= 481,957 KJ

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 − 𝑊𝑝 = 1400(3600) – 481,957 = 4,558,045

4,558,043
Over-all efficiency = 9.81(31,855)(30) ∗ 100 = 48.62%
PROBLEM29
. 29 (Morse)

Find the hydraulic impoundment volume necessary to meet a peak of 15,000 kw-hr with pump
storage. Yurbogenerator efficiency= 82%, head=70m. Neglect fiction and evaporation losses.

Solution:

W  QHtg
15000(3600)  (9.81)(Q)(70)(0.82)
Q  95,899m3
PROBLEM30
PROBLEM # 30
The Boiler load curve shown in fig. 2-11 is to be smoothed out by operating an hydraulic
accumulator unit in parallel. The accumulator plant will have an average head of 76m. Neglect
pipe friction and evaporation losses. Assume the steam turbine driving the accumulator pump
operatres as part of the plant characteristics shown and that the over-all efficiency of hydraulic
storage from steam turbine shaft back to hydro turbogenerator output is 65%.
(a) What steam plantbase load capacity is needed?
(b) What boiler capacity is needed?
(c) What is the capacity of the accumulator turbine?
(d) How much more steam is generated per 24 hr than would have been used without the
accumulator?

SOLUTION:

a.) Steam plant base load capacity = 1805.4 x 24 = 43,329.6 kg/day (answer)
b.) Boiler capacity = 86867 kg/day (answer)
c.) Capacity of the accumulator turbine = (1/2)(86867 - 1805.4 x 24)
= 21,768.7 kg/day (answer)
d.) Extra steam generated per 24 hr than would have been used without the accumulator
= 86867 – 1805.4 x 24
= 43,537.4 kg/day (answer)
PROBLEM31

1. A 50 MW Power Plant has an average load of 31,500 KW and a load factor of 70% .
Find the reserve over peak.

A. 4 MW C. 5 MW
B. 3 MW D. 6 MW

SOLUTION :

𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
Peak Load

31,500
0.70 =
Peak Load
Peak Load = 45,00 KW
Peak Load = 45 MW
Reserve Over Peak = 50 – 45
Reserve Over Peak = 5 MW
PROBLEM32
ALCORCON 2

The daily energy produced in a certain power is 480,000 kW-hrs. What is the daily average load?

Solution:
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑟𝑠.
480,000 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑾
PROBLEM33
ALCORCON 3
The annual energy produced in a 100 MW power plant is 438,000,000
KW-hrs. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant?

A. 40 % C. 35%
B. 50% D. 60%

Solution:
AnnualEnergyProduced
Annual Capacity Factor =
PlantCapacityx8760
438,000,000
Annual Capacity Factor =
100,000X8760

Annual Capacity Factor = 50%

PROBLEM34
ALCORCON4. A power plant has a use of factor of 50% and capacity factor of 44% .How many
hours did it operate during the year ?

Solution:
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
Annual Capacity Factor = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×8760

𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑

0.44 = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦×8760

Energy Produced = 3854.4(Plant Capacity)

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
Use Factor = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑡

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
0.50 = 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ×𝑡

Energy Produced = 0.50 (Plant Capacity) t

0.50(Plant Capacity ) t = 3854.4(Plant Capacity)
t = 7708.8 hrs.
PROBLEM35
PRIME REVIEWER
Problem #1
A central station is supplying energy to a community through two sub-stations. One substation
feeds four distributing circuits; the other six. The maximum daily recorded demands are:
Power Station 12,000 kW
Substation A 6,000 kW
Feeder 1 1,700 kW
Feeder 2 1,800 kW
Feeder 3 2,800 kW
Feeder 4 600 kW
Substation B 9,000 kW
Feeder 1 620 kW
Feeder 2 1,500 kW
Feeder 3 1,000 kW
Feeder 4 2,900 kW
Feeder 5 2,200 kW
Feeder 6 3,000 kW
Calculate the diversity factor between substations, between feeders on substation A and
between feeders on substation B.
A. 1.25, 1.15, 1.25 C. 1.28, 1.19, 1.32
B. 1.36, 1.21, 1.36 D. 1.32, 1.17, 1.35
Solution:
The diversity factor between substations:
𝑆𝑢𝑚. 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
Diversity Factor = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. 𝐴 + 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡. 𝐵
= 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

6,000 + 9,000
= 12,000

Thus;
Diversity Factor = 1.25
PROBLEM36
PRIME2
A 75 MW power plant has an average load of 35,000 KW and a load factor of 65%. Find
the reserve over peak.

SOLUTION
Reserve over peak = Plant Capacity – Peak Load
Average Load
Load Factor = Peak load
35,000 𝐾𝑊
0.65 = 𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

Peak Load = 53,846.15 KW or 53.846 MW

Thus,
Reserve over peak = 75 MW – 53.846 MW
Reserve over peak = 21.15 MW
PROBLEM37
PRIME3
The annual peak load on a 15,000 kW power plant is 10,500 kW. Two substations are supplied by
this plant. Annual energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500,000 kW-hr with a peak load
at 8,900 kW, 16,500,000 are sent through substation B with a peak load at 6,650 kW. Neglect
line losses. Find the diversity factor between substations and capacity factor of the power plant.
A. 1.48, 0.446 C. 1.75, 0.335
B. 1.48, 0.335 D. 1.75, 0.446

Solution:
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠
Diversity factor between substation = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

8900+6650
= 10,500

= 1.48
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦
Capacity Factor of the Power Plant = 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑊−ℎ𝑟
27,500 +16,500,000
𝑦𝑟 𝑦𝑟
= ℎ𝑟
15,000 𝑘𝑊 (8760 )
𝑦𝑟

= 0.335
PROBLEM38
4.) What is the daily average load in a certain power plant if the daily energy produced is 500, 000 kW-hrs.

A. 28.29 MW

B. 30.26 MW

C. 19.61 MW

D. 20.83 MW

Solutions:
𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
500,000𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 20,833.33𝑘𝑊 𝑜𝑟 20.83𝑀𝑊
PROBLEM39
PRIME#5. A distribution transformer supplies a group of general power customers have a connected
load of 186 kW. Demand factor and diversity factor are 0.75 and 1.5 respectively. If the load factor for the
group will average 45% and the energy sells 3 1/2 cents per kW-hr, what will be the monthly income (30-
day) from energy delivered through this transformer? Assume average motor efficiency is 75%

Solution:

Monthly Income = Price per kw-hr x kw-hrs delivered per month

Solving for kW-hrs delivered 30 days in one month:

Actual Max. Demand = Demand Factor x Connected Load

= 0.75 ( 186 )

= 139.50 kW

Simultaneous Max. Demand

Sum of Individual Max.Demand
=
Diversity Factor

139.50
=
1.5
= 93 kw

With 75% motor efficiency, the max. demand on distributing transformer:

Simultaneous Max.Demand
Peak Load =
Motor Efficiency
93
=
0.75

= 124 kW
Average Load on transformer

= Load Factor x Peak Load

= 0.45 ( 124 )

= 55.8 kW

kW-hrs delivered 30 days in one month:

= ( 55.8 kW ) ( 24 hrs / day ) ( 30 days / month )

= 40,176 kW-hrs / month

Then;

Monthly Income from Energy delivered :

P 0.035 kW−hr
= (40,176 )
kw−hr month

Thus;

 = P 1,406.16 per month

PROBLEM40
PRIME6. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant if the annual energy
produced in a 150 MW Power plant is 500,000,000 kw- hrs
Solution :

Annuual Capacity Factor = Annual Energy Produced/ KW plant capacity x 8760 hrs

= 500,000,00/ 150,000(8760)

Thus; = 0.3805 or 38.05%

PROBLEM41
7. A power plant is said to have /had a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of
42.4%. How many hours did it operate during the year?

Solution:
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑊 − ℎ𝑟𝑠
Plant Use Factor =
𝑘𝑊 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑥𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑟𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑
Plant Capacity Factor =
𝑘𝑊 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑥8760 ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑠

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
No. of hrs. Operation = 8760( )
𝑈𝑠𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

0.424
No. of hrs. Operation = 8760( )
0.485

No. of hrs. Operation = 7,658.23 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

PROBLEM42
42 (Prime)

A central station has an annual factors as follows: Load factor58.5%, capacity factor 40.9%, use
factor 45.2%. The reversed carried over and above the peak load is 8,900 kW. Find the no. Of
hous per year not in service.

A. 833.3 hrs C. 783.33 hrs

B. 733.38 hrs D.873.33 hrs

Solution:

Hours per year not in service = 8760-No. Of hours Operation

Solving for the No. Of hours operation per year:

AveLoad  8760 AveLoad

Capacity Factor = 
InstalledC apacity  8760 InstalledC apacity

Where:

Ave Load= Load Factor x Peak Load

Installed Capacity= Peak Load+Reserve

Then,
LoadFactor  PeakLoad
Capacity Factor =
PeakLoad  Re serve
 0.585  PeakLoad
0.409 
PeakLoad  8900
PeakLoad  20,682.38kW

InstalledC apacity  20,682,38  8900

InstalledC apacity  29,682.38kW

AveLoad  LoadFactor  PeakLoad

AveLoad  0.585(20682.38)
AveLoad  12099.19kW

hrs
AnnualkW  hrs  12,099.19kW  8760
yr
hrs
AnnualkW  hrs  105,988,924.5kW 
yr

From,

AnnualkW  hrs
Use factor=
InstalledC apacity  No.ofhrsopeartion

AnnualkW  hrs
0.452 
InstalledC apacity  No.ofhrsopeartion
hrs
No.ofhrsopeartion  7926.63
yr

Then,
Hrs per year not in service = 8760-929.63 hrs/year
Thus,

Hrs per year not in service= 833.37 hrs