SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR AFFECT WOMEN LABOR

FORCE PARTICIPATION: - (IN CASE OF SHASHOGO WOREDA IN HADIYA ZONE)

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

A SENIOR ESSAY RESEARCH SUBMITTED THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS IN

PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS
DEGREE IN ECONOMICS

BY: - BIRHANU BARKO

ADVISOR: - GETACHEW E (MSC)

JUNE, 2016

HOSSANA, ETHIOPIA
Acknowledgment
First and for most I would like to thanks and give a great glory to ‘GOD’ for being with me
throughout my life. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor Mr.Getechew
E. for his valuable most, encouragements and guidance at several of the study.

My special thanks go to Wachemo University and also I am great full to the department of
Economics for their unlimited support during my study.

Similarly, my special gratitude goes to my dear family, especially my daddy Mr. Barko and
mammy Mrs. Ayelech my brothers and sisters for their precious idea and tireless financial support
through the course my study.

For the last but not least I appreciate Shashogo woreda women and children affair office employers
and peoples for the endless support by giving appropriate information for the success of this study.

II
ACRONYMS
SNNPR- South Nation Nationality People Region

CSA- Central Statistical Authority

WB- World Bank

ILO- International Labor Organization

EEA- Ethiopian Economic Agency

SWADB-Shashogo Woreda Agricultural Development Bureau

III
Abstract
The recent time women labor force participation is very important to the developing countries’
social, economically, and politically aspects in all over the world. However the varied and
important roles they play have not be recognized. The discriminatory political, economic and
social rules and regulations prevailing in Ethiopia have barred women from enjoying the fruit of
their labor without equal opportunities. The core objectives of this study are examining the socio-
economic and demographic factor that affects women labor force participation in Shashogo
woreda. In order to meet the objective of this study the both primary and secondary data were
used. The sample random technique was used to collect primary and secondary data samples 99
households selected from the population 7637. Women’s are major stockholder in the
development of the society. However their contributions are hampered by certain impediments
that affect them as individuals. In Ethiopia women are participating in labor force participation is
very low. The major constraint for the participation of women in the economic activities includes
‘educational status, age level and credit access. This paper analyzed different data on the issue
mentioned above and suggests possible measures. From the analysis and findings government,
non-government organization, local community and women’s themselves will play the great role
to enhance their labor force participation and solve their problem and finally the county will grow.

IV
Table of Contents Pages
Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... II
ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................. III
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ IV
CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the study ..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the problem .................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Research question ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Objectives of the study ..................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.4.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope of the study............................................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Limitation of the study ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.7 Significance of the study ................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 Organization of the paper ................................................................................................................. 4
CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature review ....................................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Theoretical Literature........................................................................................................................ 5
2.1.1 Women’s and employment ........................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Discrimination against women, family responsibility and constraint ........................................ 6
2.1.3 Inequality in access to production resource .............................................................................. 6
2.1.4 Discrimination in access to job................................................................................................... 6
2. 1.5 Discrimination in payment ........................................................................................................ 7
2.1.6 Discrimination in Gender ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.7 Women and HIV ........................................................................................................................... 7
2 .1 .8 Major factors affecting women’s participation in economic activities ...................................... 7
2.2 Empirical literature review................................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Description of the study area............................................................................................................ 13
3.2 Methodology of the study ................................................................................................................ 13
3.3 Source of data ................................................................................................................................... 13

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 3. 4 Methods of data collection ............................................................................................................ 13
3.5 Sampling techniques ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.6 Methods of Data analysis.................................................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER FOUR
4. Data Presentation and Data Analysis ...................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Demographic characteristics respondents ....................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 Educational status ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2 Participation level and type of job ............................................................................................. 18
4.1.3 Women’s age............................................................................................................................ 19
4.2 Major factors affecting women’s labor force participation .............................................................. 20
4.2.1 Access to credit .......................................................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER FIVE
5. Summary Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................... 22
5.1 Summary of Finding .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................ 23
References .............................................................................................................................................. 23
APPANDIX................................................................................................................................................ 25

List of table
Table 4.1 Educational status of women's in shashogo woreda………………………………………………………………17
Table 4.2 Martial status of respondents…………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Table4.3 the job categories and they are employed………………………………………………………………………………19
Table 4.4 age group of women's…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….20
Table 4.5 the types and accessibility of credit for women's in shashogo woreda……………………………………21

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VII
CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
The socio-economic women labor force participation is tends to increase with economic
development the relationship is not straight forward or consistent at the countries level. There is
considerably more variation across developing countries in labor force participation by women
than by wide variety economic and social factors, which includes economic growth, education and
social norms. Women are playing increasingly indispensable role in international, regional and
household level economics. But they still have disadvantage in economic position relatively to
male and also face a serious discrimination. Women are constrained from realizing both their full
employment and human resource potential and from contributing to benefit fully from economic
growth and development (Pankhurst, 2002)

In the data survey on the number of 18 African countries shows that women are almost twice as
likely as men to be in the informal sector above two times likely than to have a public and private
formal job. The gender play gap is high but various a great deals among countries. The ratio of
average female to male weekly labor income ranged from 23% in Burknafaso to 79% in Ghana
segmentation by sector of employment shows that 70% women in agriculture compared to 64% of
male 6% of small business industries and 23% of service sector. Overall women were under
represented in the industries and in service sector (Fort men, 2004).

Women sub Saharan African countries play predominate role in agriculture plough and this role
has been in existence for long time with women a someone task that were mean only for
male(Ibid,2002).

In Ethiopian women live in poverty and receive lower income relative to male this result because
of the work performed by women are low paid jobs. While male activity includes livestock, trade
black smith, waving construction of hut these variation leads to wage differential between women
and men because of wage difference women relatively poor than men and their participation in the
formal work is relatively low(WB,2010)

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SNNPR is the regional states of the Ethiopia most of the SNNPR people were engaged in
agricultural activities like other part of Ethiopia men are leader decision makers and decides the
working hour and the type of work perform by women. Due to this task divided between women
and men are responsible for performing agricultural activities out the home while women are
responsible for household’s shares such as cooking, washing, carrying children and fetching water.
While the Ethiopian rural area of region people engaged in agricultural activities one of the Hadiya
zone woreda is shashogo (Ayale k, 2006)

In shashogo woreda women engaged in different economic activities and non-economic activity
and the opportunities to the women labor force participation they working lead to the life
expectance. They are worse than men in economy, because of lower quality of labor supply and
participation in the labor force both preen try in labor market women are less equipped in terms of
general and national and skill training as compared to Shashogo woreda men the women
participation influenced in traditional activities such as religion, cultural believes and customs.
Women to equal participate than the men to motivate educational training to give equal chance to
attend school (WB, 2012)

1.2 Statement of the problem

Women are actively involved in all aspects of the society‘s life They are both producer and
procreator and they are also active participants in social, economic, political and cultural activities
of the communities. However the varied and important roles they play have not always been
recognized. The discriminatory political, economic and social rules and regulations prevailing in
Ethiopia have barred women from enjoining the fruit of their labor without equal opportunities.
They have lagged behind man in all fields of self-advancement. Economic development is
unthinkable without the participation of women. In some economic sectors, women even one
constitutes proportionally lagged group of labor force than man. However their participation in the
economy has not been valued. Ethiopian women have not received their share of the nation’s
wealth (Ethiopian policy for women, 2006).The main problem are:-lack of credit access, low labor
force productivity and socio-cultural impacts such as:-pure health, cultural attitudes, high birth
rate. Moreover the previous study conducted by Abebe(2008) shows that among the above
mentioned problems that hinder the women labor force participation are:- early marriage,
abduction and illiteracy. The previous researcher to collect data used only qualitative approach of
data analyzing. Furthermore this study would fill this gap by focusing on the problems like:- high
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birthrate, lack of credit access, low labor force productivity and the researcher used both qualitative
and quantitative data analyzing by providing information and quantity in the contribution of
women labor participation in the study area.

Everyone has the right to work to free choice of employment to just and favorable conditions of
work and to protect against unemployment and has also equal right in the labor force (universal
declaration of human right Art,23) even though women have equal right participation. Some of
this factors with men different factors hinders their participation. This factors influence women
involvement in the labor force including education, age employment, income source attitudes,
material status, family size, number of children family income status as well as other factors
(Ethiopian policy for women, 2006).

In general the study was attempt to investigate the major problem faced women in shashogo
woreda and tries direct the problems are the back ward thinking women’s are not equally to
participate social, economic, and political late, at that reasons to solve the problems women to
equally participate any activities to the men.

1.3 Research question

 What are the factors that hinder women’s from participating in economic activities?
 To what extent women participate in labor force?

1.4 Objectives of the study

1.4.1 General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the overall socio-economic and demographic factors
affect women labor force participation.

1.4.2 Specific Objectives

 Investigate factors that affect women participating in economic activities
 To examine the participation level of women in economic activities

1.5 Scope of the study

The study was focus on the socio-economic and demographic factors that affect women
labor force participation in woreda level. The study attempts to cover in the case of

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 shashogo woreda to select five kebele’s and other area are excluded from study due to time
and financial constraints

1.6 Limitation of the study

Due to some constraints while conducting this study has its own limitation. Among the limitation
the major constraint to the following

 Shortage of time
 Financial problems
 Unavailable of many materials related to topic in the library
 Lack of sufficient reference materials

1.7 Significance of the study

Significance of the study was to be it gives additional clue for researcher s and it also gives
direction to undertake the more general and comprehensive type of research project. The paper
might serve as a reference material for others who conduct related researches.

1.8 Organization of the paper

The paper is organized in five chapters, chapter one contains Introduction part of the study
Background of the study, Statement of the problem, Research question, Objectives of the study,
Scope of the study, Limitation of the study, Significance of the study, chapter two Literature of
the review Theoretical literature review, Empirical literature review , chapter three Research
Methodology, Description of the study area, Methodology of the study area, Source of data,
Methods of data collection, Sampling techniques, Methods of data analysis chapter four Data
presentation and data analysis and chapter five Conclusion and recommendation of the st

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 CHAPTER TWO

2. Literature review
2.1 Theoretical Literature
Labor is a service that households supply to business firms in order to earn an income and that
business firms demand in order to produce their product. It is factors of production that is owned
by individual and rented to business firms for as period of time to be combined with other factors
of input such as land and capital to produce a good or advice labor just as other factors of
production labor market is a place where buyers and sellers of the labor come together to
accomplish transaction, the markets for labor have two sides, the demand side and supply side.
The demand side made up of producers of goods and services as employer purchasing labor
service. The supply side composed of individual and households as a server or supplier labor
service (Kaufman, 2002)

In labor market the interaction of the demand for and supply of labor determine wage rate, the
level of employment and the distribution of income in the economy. But supply and demand are
not the only determinate of this market outcome (Meconnell and Brue, 2oo5, page, 524)

Labor force generally has been accepted to comprise all those person who weather employed by
others or self-employed are working for a living on a full time, part time or temporary bases or
who are seeking employment. The term sometimes has been limited to identifying only those
individuals actively gainfully employed. The labor force produces most of nation goods and
services. Women’s labor force participation rate is the participation of women on which specific
area of women were actively engaged in their daily activities. Women still remain almost wholly
responsible for productive duties and judge house hold and children responsibility with
unemployment demand (EEA, 2006).Women problems are impediments which prohibit women
from participation in economic activity or productive task. Women’s face economic problems like
lack of accesses to credit market low labor force productivity socio cultural attitudes, high birth
rate institution problem like lack of education, training extension and political impacts both
internal and external events are other impact that are why women’s are low or minimal

5
participation in the labor force activities and in the whole economic activity in general (MAO,
2001)

2.1.1 Women’s and employment

Access to full productivity and freely chosen employment is critical for addressing and eradicating
of poverty inequality in access to productive responsibilities and the stereotyping of the gender
roles constrain women’s opportunity for entry or re-entry in the labor market. Even when they are
a part of the labor force, women continue to face varies form of discrimination and disadvantages
which are violation of their basic rights. Women’s remain disadvantaged and discriminated against
in economic structures and polices in all forms of productive activity and access to economic
resource including land, capital, credit and technology. Women’s contribution especially in terms
of unremarkable work and other type of non-market activity remain un measured, unrecognized
and undervalued (ILO,2003)

2.1.2 Discrimination against women, family responsibility and constraint

Attitudinal obstacles in habit women’s participation in developing economic policy and some
regions restrict the access of women and girls to education and training for economic management.
Women’s position in the family can act as a powerful influence on the women’s work pattern.
Families in some societies expect that women should work at all, should once married, should not
once they can have children or views re-enforced the barriers to enter into labor market and
participating in productive tasks(ILO,2003)

2.1.3 Inequality in access to production resource

Women are active in a variety of economic areas, which they often combine ranging from wage
labor and subsistence farming and other informal sector. However legal and customary barriers
ownership of or access to land natural resource capital credit technology or other means of
production as well as wage differentials contribute to the impeding of the economic progress of
women’s compared with men. Women have less access to land to higher cost for information and
technology. Women are less likely than men to be equipped to deal effectively with bureaucratic
structure, obtaining license, business premises and bank loans (WB, 2008)

2.1.4 Discrimination in access to job

Discrimination can both direct and indirect women tend to be affected by either directly from
employers exclude women from application or all together because they presume that women are

6
not capable of doing certain job. They may also fee that women would impose hardship on the
employer work place they attribute that to a weaker physical strength of women relative to so that
they are unsuitable for tasks involving heavy or their psychological makeup women are said to be
in sufficiently ruthless not oriented towards tough economic decisions(Merry awoke; 2004)

2. 1.5 Discrimination in payment

A difference in pay for work equal value is regarded as pay discrimination, insufficient play
inequality can exist across occupations which are demand to be equal value and those different
occupations are usually the male dominated job they tend to pay less than the dominated once of
male (EEA,2006)

2.1.6 Discrimination in Gender

The gender discrimination remains strong in the labor force market can also be seen in other ways
‘many women with comparable skills and experience are confronted with a gender wage gap and
lag behind men in income career mobility in the formal sector. Equal pay for women and men for
equal work or work equal value, has not yet been full realized. Gender discrimination in hiring and
promotion related to pregnancy including through pregnancy testing and sexual harassment in the
work place persist. In some countries, women’s full and equal rights to own land and other property
including through the right to inheritance is not recognized yet in national legislation. Progression
in the professions, in most cases is still more difficult for women (United Nations, 2006)

2.1.7 Women and HIV

In most of the developing countries HIV/AIDS is prevalent this virus attacks women than men that
is because of lack of skill and knowledge regarding the virus the segregation and discrimination
behind the society and low participation of women in the social cooperatives, organizations and
the informed sector to protect them from infection despite education is the key in the women
knowledge and reception of the opportunities for protection (EEA, 2006)

2 .1 .8 Major factors affecting women’s participation in economic activities

2.1.8.1 Family responsibility
The duties of women who is wife at home are so enormous that they will after their duties in the
place of work. This so especially if the women are raising a family, it is always difficult to give
adequate time to both work and home activities. The following are specific factors that affect
women’s active participation in labor force (Merry awoke, 2004)

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2 .1 8.2 Biological fee
The biological reproductive role the woman expects to get pregnant in order to deliver a child. The
period of pregnancy and child nursing are very demanding and much is expected from the home.
Even though there is not enough time to attained (Mercy awoke, 2008)

2.1.8.3 Low socio-economic status

In the least developed nation a low status that leaves with less choose than to be the background.
The international bank for reconstruction and development the world bank stated that women’s
disadvantaged social position which is often a related economic value placed on family’s roles
‘help perpetuate pure health, inadequate diet, and early and frequent pregnancy and continued
cycle of poverty. They explain also that parents may invest thus in girls, because the perceive them
to have low economical potentials since girls become part of another family after marriage and
generally earn less income. The further state that women’s low socio-economic status can also
expose them to physical and sexual abuse and mental digression’s (WB, 2013)

2.1. 8.4 Physical factors

The basic factors such as nutrition, water and health service, the health of women always been
affected, because of their disadvantage position in the society poor health reduces women’s
productive capacity to carry out their multiple productive and reproductive responsibilities (CTA;
2000) reported that women because of their desire to take care of other members of the family eat
less nutritious foods. This significantly affected their nutritional status and perpetuated lower
standards of health. This affects their overall contribution to the labor force and subsequent
economic development.

2.1.8.5 Education and literacy

The value and importance of educating women has not been adequately organized. High illiteracy
and low enrollment rates especially in secondary schools, affect women’s ability to acquire the
skills needed for income generated activities and will have representation for generations to come
(monthly labor review, 2002). Women’s age conceptually the life cycle of an individual affects
her decision of labor force participation. Two hypotheses may be postulated about the effect of
women‘s age in the decision of labor force participation; firstly; the increase in age may raise labor
force participation. Because;

8
1, Large family size and ultimately income dilution effect.

2, Work experience and high wage in later ago.

3, Awareness positively correlates with age.

4, older women have more social contracts as compared to young women’s

Secondly the hypotheses that elder women have comparatively older offspring as compared to
younger mother and in poor household’s children’s enhance the financial status of the household
by participating in the economic activities. So mother in the latter are less likely to work (WB,
2013)

2.1.8.6 The relationship between education levels, the type of job and the income level
In many document such as labor organization of women’s Michael Todaro (2001), it was written
that a major reason which women face worse than men in the economy is lower quality of their
labor supply to labor market, women are less equipped has opportunity equipped in terms general
and vocational and skill training and rating compared to men. Formally institutions based on
enterprise and labor based market training and education system of then contributes to the
disadvantaged an equal position in the economy instead of providing both sexes with knowledge
skill and experience needed to participate fully economy of society life.

2 .1.8.7 House hold poverty status

Conceptually it is assumed that the distributions of women’s between the market, household
enterprise and non-market work(domestic processing and maintenance work) is affected by
household poverty, weather household living below the poverty line are more likely to contribute
to the married women’s labor force then household living above poverty line( Sayid,etal, 2002)

9
2.2 Empirical literature review
Umbomen (1983) stated that in delta states of Nigeria rural women in mdokwa east and west local
government have always played significant role in food production. Olayiwole and Jacob (1993)
affirmed that significant difference occurred in male and female tasks between Muslim and non-
muslin households played major roles in crop and livestock production, discrimination practice
against women in the location of land, technological and extension information were reported.

Vella, 1994 investigates the relationship between female attitudes, female invest in human capital
and female labor supply. He fined that women attitudes are systematically family and backgrounds
characteristics and that women’s negative attitudes towards women working significantly reduce
women labor supply. He notes that traditional attitudes influence labor supply indirectly though
their impact on women’s decision to marry raise children. Within the same stands of analysis fare
and vela, 2007 find that women’s attitudes towards women working have statically significantly
on hair children perception of women’s work and that inter influence their labor market decisions
including those of both her daughter and son in law.

Fernandez and others, 2004 shows that the behavior of man mother has a large and significant
impact on the likelihood that his wife works outside the household, even after controlling for
several characteristics of husband and wife and for various background characteristics of the
couple(example religion, geography). Having a husband whose mother worked raises the
probabilities that a married women works full time by 32% points.

Kawaguch and Miyazak 2007, find the mothers full time work experience affects their sons stated
options about women’s work. These authors and the men brought up by full time working mothers
are more likely to have full time working waves than are men raised by mothers who are not
working full time, although these results statistically significant. Direct exploring the responses to
the survey question about gender roles. Kawaguchi and Miyazaki find the raised by full time
working mothers are more likely to respond adversely to traditional gender receptions.

Fernandez’s 2007” epidemiological “ approach exploits the basic idea that descendants of
immigrants become part of the market and institutions of the country of immigration but may still
up load the parents of were born in countries with lower female labor force participation than in
the US tended to workless themselves in the US. She also finds that women whose country of

10
ancestor is more “conservative” tend to workless. The result hold even when the women’s are
education level, husband education and total income are controlled.

Giavazzi and others (2009) using panel data including the world value surveys, studied whether
cultural attitudes towards work, gender, and the young are significant determinants of the evolution
over time of the employment rate of women. They show that even after the instrument their
variables (using deeper attitudes in the country of the residence and the attitudes of US immigrants
grouped by origin), and allow for the persistence of outcomes and for an extensive menu of
additional controls culture matters. More specifically they find the attitudes towards a women’s
role in the family are statically important determinants of employment rate of women. Overcoming
social norms and traditions with respect to female labor force participation may be achieved
through investment in education. In fact empirical studies of the impact of education female labor
force participation in developing countries confirm the theoretical prediction that education is
positively associated with female labor supply. However they also show that it is higher education
that really plays a critical role.

Evans and others (2007), looking at the impact of socio-economic development on women’s labor
force participation in Brazil, find to that labor force participation rises with each level of education
but, also that increase are as largest at all secondary level and above. Evidence from Asia countries
too suggests that higher education plays vital role in increasing labor supply.

Cameroon and others (2001) in their study of the impact of education on female labor force
participation in Indonesia, Korea, Philippines and Sirlanika and u-shaped relationship between
education and women labor supply, primary schooling has either negative influence or the
influence on female labor force participation. While higher education has positive impact. In each
of this five countries women’s territory education is positively associated with the probability of
working.

Idachabe (2002) stated that the rural women’s in Nigeria must be integrated in development
process through active mobilization and liberalization of access to new economic opportunity
specifically in agriculture, emphasizing the past policies with gender bias in favor of men needed
to be modified united nation economic community for Africa (2013) stated that men spent 1800
hours annually on agricultural activities.

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Hayes and hot spot (2013) stated that the individual freedom to choose the kind of work he will
pursue determined by the type of society which he lives. In primitive society choice is highly
restricted or may not even exist, while in developed society the possible to choose is much greater.

AS conclusion, women’s are not naturally in capable of taking up responsibility and challenging
position in the labor force, but because of discrimination and an equal opportunities compared to
male. Mostly Nigeria women’s do not get into these position also poor social conception about the
worth of women which made women to have poor self-concept. These interned to their setteling
or lowest position. Family responsibility, poor health and frequent pregnancy (Mercy O, Awake,
2004)

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Research Methodology
3.1 Description of the study area
The study focuses on the socio-economic and demographic factors affect women labor force
participation in the shashogo woreda.

Shashogo woreda is found in the SNNPRS which located in Hadiya zone. It’s bordered on the
north Silte zone, on the south kambata Tambaro zone, on the east Silte zone on the west Lemo
woreda. It also located at distance of 226km south of Addis Ababa, 206km from the west regional
capital city of Hawassa and 54 km from east of Zonal capital city of Hossana. The total population
in this woreda is 102464 out of it 52777 are male and 50687are females (CSA, 2007).

The economy based on the agricultural activities such as: - livestock includes beef farming and
dairy farming and cash crops includes chat, chill, and also others to home consumption purpose
such as maize, sorghum, wheat and others (SWADB, 2008).

3.2 Methodology of the study

The study was used to both qualitative and quantitative approach. The qualitative study was used
to describe attitudes and motives of the respondent’s answers in generalized form. The study would
use the more quantitative approach to cross check the data that obtained from qualitative research.

3.3 Source of data

The study was used to both primary and secondary data sources. A primary source of data was
collected mainly from women’s in structured questionnaires. Secondary also can used by the study
(published and unpublished documents).

3. 4 Methods of data collection

The study was to obtain primary data though questionnaires observation, interviewing and
secondary data from written document and annual report from shashogo woreda women and
children affair office.

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3.5 Sampling techniques
Basically, it is very difficult for investigator to collect information on the whole women
population. Because of this the study would select some sample from total population and the
collects information about each individual woman includes in the sample. To do so, the study
would employ random sampling techniques so as to provide equal chance for all women to be
selected and included in the sample.

The study would use to sample size determination is based on the formula that

{n=N/1+N (e) 2} (Israel; 1992)

Where N-total number of population significance level

n-sample size

Sample size in shashogo woreda are 36 kebele’s from this 5 kebele’s were selected. A
total of 36 kebele was allocated proportionately to the number of women’s dwelling in 5 kebele’s
these are Doesha, Bonosha, Dada, Jemaya, and Hirko.

e=0.1

n=7637/1+7637(0.01)

n=7637/77.37

n=99 respondents from the population 7637.

In this process the sample was selected randomly, total number of women, Doesha, 1587,
Bonosha, 1900, Dada, 1300, Jemaya, 1500, and Hirko, 1350 and their sample size was taken
proportionally 24 from Doesha, 28 from Bonosha, 13 from Dada, 18 from Jemaya and 16 from
Hirko and their representatives.

N is the number of women’s in 5 kebele’s and n is the sample size taken.

According to CSA 2008, there are a total of 50687are women’s living in shashogo woreda.
The representative sample size for the mentioned population size is 99 at 99% confidence level

14
=+0.1 error term. But for the simplicity the researcher took number of 99 women’s as the sample
from 5 kebele’s.

3.6 Methods of Data analysis

The collected data was by descriptive analysis such as percentages, ratios, simple averages
and tables this was chosen to analyzed data due to easy to understand and interpret the data, also
it needs less time and simple to analyze data for most of the people and tabulation was mostly used
since it facilitates.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4, Data Presentation and Data Analysis

4.1 Demographic characteristics respondents
In this section basic description of demographic variables has been given. For qualitative variables
frequencies and for quantitative variables basic descriptive statics has been computed. The
elementary analysis of the study is concerned with establishing descriptive statics of some selected
variables.

4.1.1 Educational status

The women level of education is most important factors which influence women‘s discussion of
economic activities. Human capital theory regards participation in education as an investment in
human capital because of the expected returns later in life so, it can be argued that people in the
society become more productive, skilled and well equipped with knowledge as the level of
education attainment has not only directly affect economic outcome like income, employment,
wage and productivity but also has positive effect on social outcomes like fertility, mortality.

According to encyclopedia America (1995) technological advancement has made most of the
office practice were knowledge and skill acquired in arts and humanities are needed. Obsolete
most administrative jobs are now computerized. Technology and science based courses are
appropriated due to their relevance to the growth of the economy. Education bias and prejudice
steer girls or women’s towards the art and humanities or graduation, because skills and knowledge
acquired are not relevant to corporate mean factoring which is most productive source of work in
urban economy. They would not have opportunity to contribute their quota in this sector as well
as benefit from higher social status accorded workers in this sector and other government welfare
package

16
Table 4.1 Educational status of women’s in shashogo woreda.

Educational status of women Number of women’s Percentage

Cannot read and write 25 25.25%

Primary school (1-8) 28 28.28%
High school(9-12) 12 12.12%
Certificate 20 20.20%
Diploma 8 8.08%
Degree 4 4.04%
Above degree 2 2.03%
Total 99 100%
(Source; own survey, 2016)

From the above table, the highest portion of the women found in shashogo woreda are high school
educated and they account 12.12% the total survey 28.28% of women’s are primary school
educated 20.20% and 8.08% are certificate and diploma respectively also 4.04% and 2.03% are
degree and above degree respectively but 25.25% of the women’s cannot read and write they are
known as illiterate. Generally educated proportion of women’s in this woreda is still lower and
this shows that most of the society would have significant educational requirement for educational
level degree and above degree.

Table 4.2 Martial status of respondents

Marital status Frequency Percentage Level of participation

17
 Single 15 15.15% Low
Married 55 55.56% High
Divorce 7 7.07% Very low
Widowed 22 22.22% Low
Total 99 100% -
(Source own survey; 2016)

The respondents are categorized as single, married, divorced and widowed. The result of collected
data shows that most of the respondents 55.56% are married living with their husbands, while
22.22%, 7.07% and 15.15% were widowed, divorce and single respectively; this means proportion
of the respondents who are married were higher than other categories. In the study area major
reason for divorce were economic problem; personal conflicts and polygamy. The economic
problem implies that in most cases when husbands luck resources to sustain a family for the
separation.

Most of marital status, except married once observed from them had negative impact on labor
force participation as well as economic growth.

4.1.2 Participation level and type of job

The table below shows the relationship between the level of education illiterate, literate, high
school, certificate, diploma, degree and above with the types of job in government, non-
government.

Table 4.3 the job categories and they are employed

Description Number of women evolve Percentage of women’s

evolved

18
 Governmental 48 48.48%
Non-government form 32 32.33%
Daily laborer 19 19.19%
Others - -
Total 99 100%
(Source own survey, 2016)

The above table shows that 48.48% of the total respondents are participate in governmental sector
and 19.19% are participate in daily laborer and the remaining 32.33% of the respondents are
participate on non-governmental organization.

The above table indicates that when the level of education increased, most of women participate
in jobs founding government sector as employee. In non-government and daily laborer like house
worker, prostitution, small business and the remaining employee are engaged in daily labor.

4.1.3 Women’s age

Women’s labor force participation is highly influenced by age, women labor force participation
response varies with different age group. Two hypotheses may be postulated about the effect of
women’s age on the decision of labor force participation. Early age groups are not good participant
of work, because of early age marriage in rural area, social constraints include attitudinal problem,
lack of experience and skill and most of them are studying various educational institutions.

The following tables shows the clear and detailed facts that women’s age group have an impact on
labor force activities.

Table 4.4 the age group of women’s

Age group Number respondents Percentage of respondents

19
 Less than 20 15 15.15%
21-30 40 40.40%
31-40 25 25.25%
41-50 13 13.14%
Above 50 6 6.06%
Total 99 100%
(Source own survey, 2016)

From the above table we can conclude that most of women have working age 21-30. They also
known as adult age population and account 40.40% of total respondents and age population and
they account 25.25% of the total survey, age group above 50 and below 20 account 21.21% from
the total survey. As stated former groups bellow 20 are less participate in the job. The reason may
be that early marriage in rural areas, social constraints, lack of experience and skills studying in
various educational institutions. Also older women’s are less productive due to in health and less
efficiency may finding shows that women’s labor force participation increase with their age.

4.2 Major factors affecting women’s labor force participation

4.2.1 Access to credit

The availability of financing such money is critical element in order to promote and support
women’s self-employment of the small enterprises. Strengthening the women access to and capital
is one of alternative solutions.

Credit arrangement can be two types. External (provided by government, which is bank and
microfinance and local lenders) and internal (which provided by no credit access)

Table 4.5 the types and accessibility of credit for women’s in shashogo woreda

Types of credit access Number of women Percentage

20
 Bank credit access 25 25.25%
Microfinance 15 15.15%
Local lenders 8 8.09%
No credit access 51 51.51%
Total 99 100%
(Source, own survey, 2016)

Above the table show that 25.25% and 15.15% are get their credit from bank credit access and
microfinance access respectively and 8.09% of the total women’s are access local lenders and
remaining 51.51% of the women’s are no access to credit in Shashogo woreda face of problem of
credit.

In order to have access to credit and other complimentary support of business; the enterprise should
have a clean vision (idea about business).

So that women can gain access too many of the financing scheme the business plans women’s
easily to take and banker in terms of which the providers of credit understand. But in the case of
shashogo woreda women’s have credit and to begin business.

21
 CHAPTER FIVE

5. Summary Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Finding

Conclusion is one of the most important primary factor productivity of the society the highest
portion of the women’s about 12.12% was high school educated and 2.03% was above degree. this
implies that because of factors which affect them( i.e. family responsibility biological fee, low
socio economic study, physical factors and house hold poverty ,status)most women’s were not
educated compared to men and this is not only affect women’s but also productivity of the woreda.
The next most important factor for society was enough credit access. But because of lower
development in their own capital in the shashogo woreda women’s were borrows from outside
sources which are bank credit, micro finance and local lenders and others. From this about 25.25%
percent women’s get their service from micro finance other 15.15% percent and 8.09% percent
from bank credit and local lenders respectively. So these private and public credit accesses charge
highest interest rate and it is not suitable situation for productivity and development of the woreda.

5.2 Conclusion
Women are not naturally incapable of taken up responsible and challenging position in labor force
but because of the discrimination and unequal opportunities compared to their male counterpart
most times they do not get standard position.

Poor social conception about the worth of women also made the women to have poor self-concept.
This in turn leads to their setting for lowest position, large problem related with credit accessibility,
lack of commitment to teach the society of women’s.

Most of the women are in the shashogo woreda face the problem of credit access which account
51.51% from the total respondent’s. Generally the women labor force participation can be increase
through expanding credit access to women labor force participation highly affected by age , age
play significant effect on women labor force participation, most women are live at the age between
21-30 they account 40.40% of the total respondents largest share the respondents are found in the
adult age.

22
Education has positive effect on labor force participation when education level increase women
labor force participation also increase the study shows that most of the women’s are high school
educated they account 12.12% from the total respondents and 25.25% from the total respondents
are illiterate they can’t write read this reduces women labor force participation in the woreda.
Generally women labor force participation has positive relation with education and also when
education level increases they participate in governmental sector of women increase they account
40.40% from the total respondents they are improved in the government sector.

5.3 Recommendations
The government better to establish educational and training institutions for adult women, so that
they can increase their skill productivity and labor force participation.

The government may have improved access of productivity resources such as credit, labor saving
technology and other. Subsidized child care facilities would not only increase maternal labor force
participation but girl’s school participation would also increase.

The estimate shows that girls in school age groups manage house hold chores and free their
mothers for work.

In generally impacts which affect the participation of women in economic activities are mainly
needs due attention by society, policy makers, nongovernmental organizations and women’s
themselves.

References

23
  Dr. Ayele Kuris Third edition (2006), The Ethiopian Economy principles and practice,
Addis Ababa
 Ethiopian policy for women (2006), The economic participation of women in Ethiopia,
Addis Ababa
 Ethiopian Economic Association (2006), Report on the Ethiopia an Economy 2005/2006,
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Shashogo woreda women and children affair sector (2008), Shashogo woreda annual sector
report
 Mirza R,sayid Etal(2011), Determinants of the labor force participation of married women
case study of Academic Research International, volume I, University of Gujarat Pakistan
 CTA (2000), Factors Affecting women labor force participation in Chicago
 Ministry of Agriculture, (2005), Report on agriculture on economy ,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Michael p.Todaro, (2009), Economic Development, 10th edition. George Washington
University, America
 Mercy Oquawka ,(2004), Factors Affecting women labor force participation in Nigeria
 Julies H, (2003), Economic Labor Force market 6th edition. George state University,
Canada

WACHEMO UNIVERSITY

24
FACULITY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS
DEPARTEMENT OF ECONOMICS
APPANDIX
Questionnaire
I am student of economics at Wachemo University, am conducting a study on socio economic and
demographic factors affect women labor force participation In case of Shashogo Woreda in Hadiya
zone as a partial fulfillment for the award of BA degree in economics from Wachemo University
In order to successfully accomplish my study. I need primary data on the socio economic and
demographic factor affect women labor force participation in case of Shashogo woreda in Hadiya zone.
To this end i have prepared this questionaries’ to be filled by a sample of women’s chosen randomly
from the total population of women in Shashogo woreda.

The information you provide during this interview is highly confidential and is collected only for the
purpose of the study ,Basides.the result from my study highly depend on how accurate your responses
to the questions of this questionnaire are the result of the study are also depends
Name and address is not required
Write your opinion on the space provided
After you choose your answer make write mark
1. Age
Less than 20 21-30 31-40 41- 50 above 50 year

2. Sex. Male Female

3. Education status. Illiterate Primary (2-8) High school (9-12)
certificate
Diploma Degree Above
4. Marital status. Single Married Divorced widowed

5. Family size

25
A. Single 2-4 4-6 6-8 Above

6. Do you have paid job? Yes No

7. If your answer in question 6 is “yes” how much do have?

A. 400-600 B. 601-800 C. 801-1000 D. 1001-1200 E. 1201-1400
F. >1400

8. What is your occupation?

A. Governmental B. Non-governmental C. daily laborer D. Others

9. What is your family main income source?

A. Trade B. Government sector C. Agriculture D. Others

10. Is social attitude influence you when engage in work? Yes No

11. If says yes what are those? A. Culture B. Religion C Believes

12. Household head A. Male B. Female

13. Do you have credit access? A. Yes B. No

14. If your answer is yes what type credit is it?

A. Bank credit access B. Micro finance C. Local lenders D. Other
credit access

26