In case of large canals or drains, the width of the canal or drain is reduced at the section where

cross drainage work is to be provided. This gradual reduction in width is known as transition
with can be designed by any of following methods.

1. Mitra´s Method
2. Chaturvedi´s method

1.
- In this method, transition is assumed to be hyperbolic. This method is used when the
depth and discharge is constant and the velocity of flow varies with the width.
- In this method, it is assumed, that the rate of change of velocity per with length is
constant for the entire length of the transition.
- The width of transition at any section can be calculated by the following relation.

𝐵𝑛 ∗ 𝐵𝑓 ∗ 𝐿 𝑇
𝐵𝑥 =
𝐵𝑛 ∗ 𝐿 𝑇 − (𝐵𝑛 − 𝐵𝑓 ) ∗ 𝑥
Bn = Normal width of the channel

Bf = Width of channel at hummed section

Lt = Length of transition

2.
- In this method the transition is assumed to be semi cubical parabola.
- This method is used when the depth of how is constant.
- Width at any section can be calculated using the following relation.

𝐿 𝑇 ∗ 𝐵𝑛 3/2 𝐵𝑓 3/2
𝑥= [1 − ( ) ]
𝐵𝑛 3/2 − 𝐵𝑓 3/2 𝐵𝑥

Design a transition using hyperbolic curve – given following relation.

(Same as last page)

And compare it with chatter vedi’s semi cubical parabolic transition curve given by (some as
above).

If normal width of how is as m. Width at the flummed section is 10 m and length of transition =
15 m.

CANAL REGULATORS

- Canal regulator work is the construction work which is used to control/regulate the
discharge, depth and velocity in the canal in accordance with the requirement of the
particular canal.
- Canal regulator works may be of following type:

A. Canal falls
B. Canal escapes
C. Cross regulator
 D. Metering flumes
E. Canal outlets/modules

CANAL OUTLETS OR MODULE

Simple structure that is constructed at the head of water course so as to connect to the minor
distributary.

Canal outlet should be:

- easy to construct
- inexpensive
- easily maintainable
→ should not have any movable part. (Mechanical parte)
- most importantly it should be free from the any interference from cultivator.

For mide rectangular channel

𝐴 𝑏∗𝑦 𝑏∗𝑦
𝑅= = = =𝑦
𝑃 𝑏 + 2𝑦 𝑏
𝑏∗𝑠∗𝑉
𝑄= ∗ 𝑦 5/3
𝑁
For any channel
𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑦𝑛
For mide rectangular channel
𝑏 ∗ 𝑆 1/2
𝐶=
𝑁
n = 5/3

for orifice type of outlet

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉
𝜋𝑑2
= 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2𝑔ℎ
4
𝜋𝑑 2
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗
4
√2𝑔 𝐻1/2 Cd = coeficiente de descarga.

In general discharge through any outlet

𝑞 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐻𝑚 K = constant

m = outlet index

for orifice type outlet

𝜋𝑑2
𝐾 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ ∗ √2𝑔
4
m=½

for Weir type outlet

𝑞 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ (𝑏 ∗ 𝐻) ∗ √2𝑔𝐻
3
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ √2𝑔 ∗ 𝐻 2
 𝑞 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐻𝑚
m = 3/2

- outlet dischange depends upon :

Discharge head available
Discharge also on both the heads of canal and outlet

TYPE OF CHANNEL OUTLETS

1. NON – MODULAR OUTLET

It is the type of outlet which dischange is dependent upon the difference of head how
the minor distributhy and the water course.
𝐻 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2

Discharge through there outlet varies widely with the either change of depth in the
channel or in the water course.

2. FLEXIBLE OUTLETS OR SEMI MODULAR OUTLETS

These are the type outlets, discharge through which, is independent of the depth of
how but is dependent upon the depth of how minor distributory.

3. RIGID OR NON FLEXIBLE OUTLETS

These are the type of outlets, discharge through which in constant within the fixed
limit. It is independent of depth of how either minor distributory or water course
Q = constant (Witt am fixed limit)

FACTORES EFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF OUTLET

1. Flexibility (F) : ratio of rate of change of discharge to the rate of change of
discharge this channel.
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡
𝐹=
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙

𝑑𝑞 /𝑞
𝐹=
𝑑𝑄 /𝑄

𝑄 = 𝐶 ∗ 𝑦𝑛

𝐶 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑦 𝑛−1 ∗ 𝑑𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑄 = = 𝑑𝑦
𝐶 ∗ 𝑦𝑛 𝑦

𝑑𝑄 𝑛
= 𝑑𝑦
𝑄 𝑦

𝑞 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝐻𝑚

𝑑𝑞 𝑚
𝑑𝑞 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝐻 𝑚−1 𝑑𝐻 → 𝑞
= 𝑀 𝑑𝐻
 𝑚
∗ 𝑑𝐻
𝐹=𝐻
𝑛
𝑦 ∗ 𝑑𝑦

𝑚 ∗ 𝑦 𝑑𝐻
𝐹= ∗
𝑛 ∗ 𝐻 𝑑𝑦
𝐻 = 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑦1 = 𝑦
𝐻 = 𝑦 − 𝑦2
𝑑𝐻 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝐻
=1
𝑑𝑦

Change in the head over outlet = change in depth of

𝑚∗𝑦
𝐹=
𝑛∗𝐻

2. PORPORTIONALITY
An outlet is said to be proportional if the rate of change of discharge through
outlet is equal to rate of change of discharge in the channel.
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑄
=
𝑞 𝑄
A channel is proportional if flexibility = 1
𝑚𝑦
= 1 for channel to be proportional
𝑛𝐻

𝐻 𝑚
=
𝑦 𝑛

𝐻
Note: The ratio of is known as SETTING
𝑦
Head H = depth of how below F.S.L.

SETTING
For an orifice type of outlet constructed on mide rectangular channel to be
proportional.
𝐻 𝑚 1/2
𝑦
= 𝑛
= 5/3 = 0.9

HYPER PROPORTIONAL OUTLET

An outlet is said to be hyper proportional if it flexibility > 1
F>1
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑄
>
𝑞 𝑄

(𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 ) > (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙)

𝑚𝑦
>1
𝑛𝐻

𝐻 𝑚
<
𝑦 𝑛
 𝐻 𝐻
< ( )𝑃
𝑦 𝑦

𝑚
Setting 𝐻 < ( 𝑛 ∗ 𝑦) 𝑃

SUB PORPORTIONAL OUTLET

An outlet is said to be sub proportional if it flexibility < 1

F<1
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑄
<
𝑞 𝑄

𝑚𝑦
<1
𝑛𝐻

𝐻 𝑚
>
𝑦 𝑛

𝐻 𝐻
( ) >( )
𝑦 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑚
𝐻 > ( )𝑦
𝑛

3. SENSITIVITY (S)
It is defined as the ratio of rate of change of discharge there the outlet to the rate
of change of depth of how in the channel.
𝑑𝑞/𝑞
𝑆=
𝑑𝑦/𝑦

𝑑𝑞/𝑞
𝐹=
𝑑𝑄/𝑄

𝑑𝑞
𝑞
𝐹=
𝑑𝑦
𝑛( )
𝑦

𝑆
𝐹= → 𝑆=𝑛∗𝐹
𝑛

𝑄 = 𝑘 ∗ 𝑦𝑛
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑦 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑄 𝑛
= ∗ 𝑑𝑦
𝑄 𝑦

n = channel index
for mide rectangular channel (proportional)

5
𝑆= 𝑎𝑠 𝐹=1
8