Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement
Thesis Statement
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
Thesis Statement:
Kashmir issue ever since the partition has resulted in great violence and tensions
between Pakistan and India and has led to major breaches of peace within
Kashmir which indeed has costed thousands of lives and turmoil prevailing in
this state despite a very mesmerizing land terrain and a central geographic
emplacement.
In the 18th century, Pashtun Durrani Empire ruled Kashmir until it was conquered by the Sikh
ruler Ranjit Singh in 1819. Straight after the First Anglo-Sikh War in between (1845–1846),
Kashmir was surrendered under the Treaty of Lahore to the purely British administered : “The
East India Company”, who sold it shortly afterwards through the Treaty of Amritsar to Gulab
Singh, Raja of Jammu, who thereafter was entitled the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir. From
those very times until the 1947 Partition of India, the state of kashmir Kashmir was ruled by the
Hindu Maharajas of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, with Muslims being the majority
population all over. While India was being partitioned, a Hindu Raja Hari Singh was the ruler of
Kashmir. Facts as alluded from ( The Telegraph 2001) say : “Because of its location, Kashmir
could choose to join either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir, was
Hindu while most of his subjects were Muslim. Unable to decide which nation to join, he chose
to remain neutral”. From the above excerpted lines this can be concluded that the neutral
behavior of MahaRaja Hari Singh alone was enough to give rise to resentment between the
After the partition Muslims had expected Kashmir to be annexed to its territory but this
seemed a no way. Both the now divided states made claims on Kashmir based on its
religious and historic associations but nothing was put in action in order to give
Kashmiris a say in wherever they wanted to move. Even Lord Mountbatten, the ruler of
Burma insisted on deciding the fate of Kashmir but Raja Hari Singh remonstrated.
On 27th October of the year 1947, small attempts on Pakistan’s side happened to invade
Kashmir which in turn led to a war and bigger unrest. Hence, the fate of Kashmir remains
undecided between Pakistan and India with India controlling the majority of the state in
terms of area and population, sources from (IeEssWorRegGeog W/Cd, 2002) quote .
As the Muslim Troops from Pakistan made advances towars Kashmir to free it from the
ongoing tyranny, Maharraja Hari Singh implored the Indian government to intervene but
since both the countries had signed a non intervening manifesto, this could not help.
Howeve , the volunteers from National Conference fully supported Indian military to
force out the Muslims. After great tensions India decided to seek assistance from the UN
Security Council, thereby calling the war off after approximately six months . The UN
security council passed a mandate through United Nations Commission for India and
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
Pakistan (UNCIP) 47 on April the 21st, 1948. The declaration pointed out on a CEASE
FIRE notice that the Government of Pakistan should leave Jammu and Kashmir and
asked Indian forces to regulate its forces to a minimum possible extent which would
make it easy to hold a plebiscite but nothing went into the favour of the decision as both
the sides did not agree over the explication of the idea of disarmament of the forces.
In the November of 1948, a plebiscite was agreed but, since one thing jumbled over the
other as the Muslims did not approve of their withdrawal from Kashmir without a
plebiscite under international protection so that the Kashmiri Muslims could feel free to
vote without any menace from the opponent side which India refused, in this way the
The UN security council kept passing new resolutions over the next few years to propose
unilateral withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces in order to demilitarise the entire
region. The UN Security Council adjudicators passed almost 11 proposals and all of them
These two wars had strung up due to the unresolved issue. In the month of April 1965 ,
the Indian forces broke into Pakistani region known a Rann of Kutch , the war like
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
atmosphere lasted for a short time after an agreement was signed , retreating from
waging a war. In the War of 1971, Pakistani forces surrendered in the East, which led to
the creation of East Pakistan, now known as Bangladesh. After these wars ended, Simla
Conference was announced in 1972 in which both the countries were directed to figure
The 1987 elections were considered to be deceptive . There was a massive outbreak in the
valley which indicated the utter failure of democracy . After the candidates running for
elections came to know, they started disobedience movements. In 1988, the protests
began to haul interpreting anti-Indian slogans and tag lines which was followed by a
curfew so that the insurgency could be brought in control and Indian cozenage be
Pakistani Government declared these mutineers “Kashmiri Freedom Fighters” who were
standing for their rights and offered them a moral buck up where as the Indians call these
insurgents to be Islamic Terrorists who were being aided by Afghanistan and Muslim
held Kashmiris.
Somewhere in the middle of the year 1999, several insurgents and Pakistani warriors
from Pakistan administered Kashmir voluntarily sneaked into Jammu and Kashmir.
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
These freedom fighters took advantage of extreme cold weathers when the Indian forces
would retreat to lower mountains and occupied empty peaks in Kargil range bypassing
the high way that linked Srinagar to Leh. By inhibiting the high way , they could easily
terminate the only connection between the valley of Kashmir and Ladakh. This created
an ruthless mess between both the parties. As the fears of war grew, Pakistan had to
withdraw the siege and removed its troops from the region upon the immediate
instructions of the then president of United States, Bill Clinton. India restored its control
Over all these surmounting years after the major wars , there has been a merciless
Media blackout , human rights abuse and curfews~ the one mainly imposed in 2016 after
the killing of the popular Mujahid Burhan Wani by the Indian forces to cease and
silence the Muslim unrest , mostly in the India administered Kashmir and Muslims have
been sacrificing there generations after generations in the plight of both the countries.
According to the official reports at SMHS, a hospital in Srinagar, about 570 people
sought treatment after their eyeballs had been ruptured with gun pellets during random
attacks.
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
Article 370 states that Kashmir is a separate entity and will not be governed by Indian
constitution but recently the BJP government has lifted that article and now Kashmir has become
an Indian province much to the resentment of the Kashmiri brothers. After this, Kashmiris have
retaliated against this and have carried out violence protest leading to killings. To stop this
anarchy the Indian government has imposed curfew which has been going on for more than three
months. Because of the curfew Kashmiris are struggling to get the basic necessities of life
The BBC stated that it has been three months and the situation seems to worsen with time instead
of improving, almost 11 migrants have been killed, internet services still seem to be discontinued
while schools and businesses remain closed due to the prevailing fear.
Conlusion :
There have been several attempts to resolve this issue, both by local governments and
international institutions such as United Nation and Security Council but a practical
solution is yet to be reached. The issue of Kashmir remains unsolved although, attempts
have been made to give Kashmiris their human rights and insure a peaceful future.
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
It is the right of Kashmiris to decide whether they want to join Pakistan or India or they want
United States in order to maintain peace in Kashmir. We look forward to seeing a prospering and
• References :
https://www.fpri.org/article/2019/09/modis-grand-strategy-in-kashmir/
asia-india-
50233281?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cx1m7zg0wwzt/kashmir
&link_location=live-reporting-story
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-
50233281?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/cx1m7zg0wwzt/kashmir
&link_location=live-reporting-story
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/20-years-kargil-war-india-pakistan-remain-
tense-kashmir-190725205420082.html
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”
https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1399992/A-brief-history-of-the-Kashmir-conflict.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_conflict#cite_note-1
now holds about 55% of the old state of Kashmir, Pakistan 30%, and China 15%.
now holds about 55% of the old state of Kashmir, Pakistan 30%, and China 15%.
THE END.
AYESHA HABIB
FINAL PAPER
Date: 27/11/2019
“KASHMIR CONFLICT”