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Phlogiston 27
Phlogiston 27
PHLOGISTON
27
ЧАСОПИС ЗА ИСТОРИЈУ И ФИЛОЗОФИЈУ
НАУКЕ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЈЕ
Београд – Belgrade
2019
ФЛОГИСТОН
број 27 – 2019
Издавач
Музеј науке и технике – Београд
Скендер-бегова 51
тел: 30 37 962; факс: 32 81 479
е-пошта: Phlogiston@MuzejNT.rs
Museum of Science and Technology – Belgrade
51 Skender-begova Street
Tel: +381 11 30 37 962; Fax: +381 11 32 81 479
Email: Phlogiston@MuzejNT.rs
Лектура / Proofreading
Катарина Спасић (KAUKAI) / Katarina Spasić (KAUKAI)
Превод / Translation
Катарина Спасић (KAUKAI) / Katarina Spasić (KAUKAI)
Прелом / Layout
Кранислав Вранић / Kranislav Vranić
Штампа / Printing
BiroGraf Comp doo, Земун
9 Nebojša Kujundžić
The Polarizing Nature of Technology
Небојша Кујунџић
Поларизирајућа �риро�а �ехноло�ије
29 Милан П. Личина и Ненад Перић
Вир�уелна реалнос� и ви�ео-и�ре као �роширени ме�ији филма
Milan P. Ličina and Nenad Perić
Virtual Reality and Video Games as an Extended Film Medium
45 Драгољуб А. Цуцић и Никола Конески
Школовање Михајла Пу�ина �о о�ласка из Панчева 1872. �о�ине
Dragoljub A. Cucić and Nikola Koneski
Mihajlo Pupin’s Education Before Leaving Pančevo in 1892
69 Александра В. Мокрањац
Архи�ек�ура и ме�афизика
Aleksandra V. Mokranjac
Architecture and Metaphysics
99 Марина Милановић
О реума�ским болес�има у с�исима ан�ичких �исаца
Marina Milanović
On Rheumatic Diseases in the Works of Classical Authors
115 Anand P. Batra and Tristan Hübsch
On the Mirage of the Classical Electron of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit
Ананд П. Батра и Тристан Хибш
О илузији класично� елек�рона Уленбека и Гу�сми�а
141 Aleksandar Vujin
DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
Александар Вујин
Ош�ећење и �о�равка ДНК: кра�ак ис�орија� конце��а и
ис�раживања
185 Мирјана З. Ротер Благојевић
Прило� обележавању 125 �о�ина о� рођења ака�емика Алек-
сан�ра Дерока (1894–1988)
Mirjana Z. Roter Blagojević
Contribution to the Celebration of the 125th Anniversary of the
Birth of Academician Aleksandar Deroko (1894–1988)
211 Bojana M. Jerković-Babović and Nebojša S. Fotirić
Patterns of Fluidity; Mostar Interchange in Belgrade
Бojaнa М. Jeркoвић-Бaбoвић и Небојша Фотирић
Обрасци флуи�нос�и; Мос�арска �е�ља у Бео�ра�у
ПРИКАЗИ / REVIEWS
249 Емилија Вуковић
Ур. Драган Војводић и Мидраг Марковић, Уме�ничко наслеђе
ср�ско� наро�а на Косову и Ме�охији – Ис�орија, и�ен�и�е�,
у�роженос�, заш�и�а
Emilija Vuković
Ed. Dragan Vojvodić and Miodrag Marković, Umetničko nasleđe
srpskog naroda na Kosovu i Metohiji – Istorija, identitet, ugroženost,
zaštita
253 Мирјана З. Ротер Благојевић
Снежана Тошева, Гра�и�ељс�во у служби �ржаве
Mirjana Z. Roter Blagojević
Snežana Toševa, Graditelјstvo u službi države
259 Дрaгaнa Meцaнoв
Бранислав Фолић, Нова школа архи�ек�уре у Бео�ра�у
Dragana Mecanov
Branislav Folić, Nova škola arhitekture u Beogradu
265 Горан Бабић
Драгиша Милосављевић, После�њи чувари зла�иборске ба
ш�ине, С�оменици �ра�иционално� �ра�и�ељс�ва
Goran Babić
Dragiša Milosavljević, Poslednji čuvari zlatiborske baštine,
Spomenici tradicionalnog graditelјstva
269 Зорица Никић
Јелена Пераћ, Анас�ас Јовановић (1817-1899) – Пионир �риме
њене уме�нос�и и �изајна
Zorica Nikić
Jelena Perać, Anastas Jovanović (1817–1899) – Pionir primenjene
umetnosti i dizajna
Nebojša Kujundžić1
University of Prince Edward Island, Department of Philosophy, Canada
Abstract
In what follows, I intend to inquire into what I term “the polarizing
nature of technology”. What I mean by the latter expression is that
one of the defining and well-known features of technology seems
to be its tendency to deeply polarize humanity and to irreconcilably
divide people into categories of “technological optimists” and “tech-
nological pessimists.” I believe that this tendency is so pervasive in
the modern world that writing about it may border on invoking a set
of platitudes. Yet, there are profound and useful lessons to be learned
through inquiry into polarizing technology. It is less known, for exam-
ple, that this tendency of technology is deeply rooted in the Western
tradition, and it can be traced back to Aristotle, more specifically to
his discussion of episteme and techne. I am firmly convinced that it
is not a coincidence that the Greeks should be chosen as the point
of departure in any journey into the depths of polarizing technology.
Keywords: technological determinism, technological optimism, techno-
logical pessimism
1. Introduction
Let me begin by noting that, in the ancient Greek terminology, episteme
signified a broad scope of knowledge while techne signified what we re-
fer to as both craft and art. Aristotle made a significant effort to further
elucidate these two important concepts, especially in his Nicomachean
Ethics. According to Aristotle’s theory, not only are the purely theoretical
and the purely practical spheres of knowledge contrasted, but they also
1 nkujundzic@upei.ca
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form two different grounds for the attainment of virtue. Episteme, char-
acterized as pure knowledge, is an activity whose end is in itself. Techne,
on the other hand, is an activity designed to produce something separate
and distinct from the very activity of making. I take this latter feature of
Aristotle’s techne to be the key for understanding the nature and evolu-
tion of the current model of technology. As a side note, the fundamental
distinction between the so-called “pure” and “applied” sciences, which
has been formulated more or less throughout Modernity and which be-
came quite prominent in the 20th century, echoes Aristotle’s contrast be-
tween the practical and theoretical spheres of knowledge.
Firstly, I agree with Aristotle that the so-called “dual” nature of
technology (its propensity to be used and misused by humanity) stems
from the separation of technological products from their producers. In
the activities whose end is in itself (pure knowledge, performative arts,
etc.) the activity is inexorably tied to the disposition and the character of
agents that produce them. For example, a physicist and a musician are
bound, and constantly challenged, by the rigors of their respective dis-
ciplines, which demand from them to excel in terms of precision, intel-
ligence, interpretation, creativity, and so forth. The products of techne,
in other words, tend to assume a life of their own. Once these products
become separated from their creators, it is possible and indeed quite
likely for the former to escape their creators’ control. Secondly, and this
is where I envision a departure from Aristotle’s legacy, the dual nature
of technology is not an accidental but an essential feature of technol-
ogy. In my opinion, the necessity to polarize (polarize: “to cause to con-
centrate about two conflicting or contrasting positions”) attitudes of
people who find themselves in the midst of technology is inherent to its
very nature. As a side note, I believe that at least one of the reasons that
the role of humanities, and in particular, philosophy, has been on the
wane in the Western canon has to do with its being increasingly found
to reside in the seemingly idle domain of pure knowledge. The latter
domain proved itself incapable of either finding its outlet in techne or
producing conditions for its essential insights to be performed in a mea-
surable or a consistent manner.
It does not take much of an effort to find allegoric representations of
the polarizing nature of technology I have been referring to. The history
of Western civilization is replete with narratives that explore both the
monstrous and the angel-like effects of technology on humanity. I have
chosen two well -known and extremely powerful narratives of this kind
as an illustration – that of the monster created by Dr. Frankenstein and
that of the mystical box offered to humanity by Pandora.
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That is the reason why I find the ancient Pandora’s box legend poten-
tially much more realistic and balanced when it comes to a richer range
of attitudes towards technology. The latter narrative can be found in sev-
eral variations, including the story of Hesiod’s jars, as well as the story of
Anesidora (“she who offers gifts”). The point of the narrative is rather
simple: yes, technological curiousity (the act of opening the box is a met-
aphoric representation of the hunger to explore and to know, and that
hunger ultimately results in the desire to dominate nature), indeed has
the potential to unleash unspeakable peril for humanity and for the en-
tire planet. Yet this peril has always come, and will always come, with the
all-pervasive glimmer of hope. I find that this story captures the polariz-
ing nature of technology very well: the dual nature of the consequences
of human curiosity and desire to intervene into nature is (metaphorically
speaking) already packed in the box. Also, the act of “opening the box” is
an early expression of a human foray into unpredictability, which is laden
with human curiosity and its undeniable propensity to either destroy or
cherish its objects.
2. Winner’s Legacy
I agree with Langdon Winner, who criticizes the traditional view of tech-
nology as essentially “neutral” – a mere tool which, once it comes into
being, may be used to effect either good or evil. To use an analogy, which
is admittedly not ideal, to illustrate the latter point, it is like an act of
entering a gambling parlor. In my opinion, it cannot be maintained that
the visitor’s activity of entering the parlor is “neutral”. The fact that the
outcome of the visit (winning or losing there) is underdetermined (by
the very nature of gambling) does not preclude the highly polarizing na-
ture of the visit, which cannot help but influence the visitor’s outlook. It
is my intention to understand why historically speaking, there has been
very little attempt to frame discussions of technology into this insight
and thereby potentially unify these two attitudes towards technology. I
should add that Langdon Winner recognized, a while ago, these attitudes
in his seminal work Autonomous Technology. He writes the following in
his Introduction:
“One consequence of this state of affairs is that discussions of the
political implications of advanced technology have a tendency to
slide into a polarity of good versus evil. Because there is no middle
ground for talking about such things, statements often end up be-
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“It was not war alone, however, that conjured the specter of de-
generation and even catastrophe. The disenchantment ran deeper
into the essentials of modern life. War, it appeared to many mourn-
ers, was but a symptom of the cancerous diseases that are at the
vitals of modern civilization. The mechanization and urbanization
of society, so it was said, stunted man’s creative urges, stultified
his initiative, deprived him of his wholeness, and uprooted him. Not
harmony and altruism, but cacophony and divisiveness were the
rules of life.”4
Despite such profound concerns, the defenders of technology, how-
ever, found even greater and deeper roots of techno-optimism in the
fervor of rebuilding that followed the defeat of totalitarianism mid-twen-
tieth century:
“An ‘American Age of Plenty’ was in the making: abundance, widely
shared, promised release from drudgery, increased leisure, and the
opportunity to advance beyond the satisfaction of material needs
toward the realization of spiritual and moral values. Machine tech-
nology guaranteed that the ‘monstrous offences’ of ‘plague, fam-
ines, mass hysteria, superstitions, fanaticisms’ would be dispelled,
gave assurance of a decent life, a life of air and light and chosen
food and education and recreation and length of years.”5
However, even in the giddy maelstrom of progress and optimism,
there were dark words of caution, often coming from prominent scien-
tists, such as Robert Oppenheimer. Chambers wraps up his essay with a
bunch of questions inspired by such words of caution:
“The belief in progress has arisen during an age of faith in man’s
capacities for rational and effective action. Could it survive when
many men could no longer cling to the Enlightenment’s view of hu-
manity? [...] Could it survive when the acceleration of technological
change threatened to engulf man and alienate him from traditional
systems of morality and value? [...] Could it survive an era of war,
social chaos and totalitarianism?”6
Before I proceed with the further discussion of polarizing technology,
let me introduce two fundamental concepts of the philosophy of tech-
nology, technological determinism and autonomous technology. These
concepts will prove themselves useful for the purposes of my analysis.
What does in mean to invoke technological determinism while dis-
cussing the impact of technology on society? In general, technological
determinism is the claim that technology plays a crucial role in the shap-
4 Ibid., 206.
5 Ibid., 215.
6 Ibid., 224.
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ing of society. To put it simply and bluntly, a society that utilizes steam en-
gines and a society that utilizes computers can hardly be compared and
may indeed be incommensurable given the vast differences that emerge,
on every level of analysis, within their mechanisms of operation. As Bruce
Bimber points out, in his essay on Karl Marx and technological determin-
ism, the concept of technological determinism is a fairly elusive concept
and it is often used either ambiguously or even vaguely.
“Accounts labeled technological determinism range from positive
descriptions of an inevitable or autonomous technological order
based on certain laws, to claims that technology is the dominant
factor in social change but that its influence derives from the cul-
tural meaning or importance given to it by people. The literature re-
veals surprisingly little agreement about what the concept means
and about its underlying causal mechanisms. Yet, despite this rath-
er poor conceptualization, the idea that the course of human his-
tory is determined by technological developments has remained a
subject of attention.”7
Autonomous technology, on the other hand, maintains that technol-
ogy develops following a logic of its own, out of human control. One
should note that the concept of autonomous technology logically as-
sumes technological determinism. Even if technology follows a logic of
its own, it is still invariably “the dominant factor in social change”.
Langdon Winner’s work Autonomous Technology is the first in-depth
and extensive inquiry into the phenomenon of autonomous technology.
In this book, Winner introduces a number of key features of autonomous
technology. Probably the most central concepts, well known in the litera-
ture, are technological imperative and reverse adaptation. The technologi-
cal imperative shows how the technologically specific objectives: more IT
mobility, improved access to energy sources, better transportation, etc,
replace and dominate intrinsic human purposes and interests. Reverse
adaptation shows how humanity becomes conditioned to adapt to con-
stantly changing and evolving technological means (example: adapting
first to cars and then to treadmills).
When we overlap technological determinism and autonomous tech-
nology with the nature of polarizing technology (which generates either
pessimism or optimist regarding technology) we get the following four
combinations: optimistic technological determinism, pessimistic techno-
logical determinism, optimistic autonomous technology, and pessimistic
autonomous technology.
7 Bruce Bimber, “Karl Marx and the Three Faces of Technological Determinism”,
Social Studies of Science, 2, 20 (1990): 334.
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It appears that the two most powerful and influential matrix sections,
out of the resulting four, have been the stance of optimistic technological
determinism and pessimistic autonomous technology.
Why has optimistic technological determinism been so dominant and
pervasive, especially in the so-called “developed world”? The roots of the
junction between technological determinism and optimism are so deep
and so ingrown in the soil of the Western intellectual history that it is
very difficult to trace them. Perhaps a good, albeit recent, source is the
work of Auguste Comte, and the subsequent development of positivism.
According to Comte, technology is a manifestation of the third major
stage of the development of humanity, the scientific stage, which was
preceded by the theological and the metaphysical stage. It is apparent
that, for Comte, the progress of humanity is built on the basis of gradual
and inevitable principles of the development of technology and science.
The latter could then be understood as a new God (on the human scale),
or a replacement for the metaphysical principles (once again, on the hu-
man scale) that used to give order to the chaos of nature.
Of course, the thought of Karl Marx has been instrumental for the
theme of technological determinism, to the point of sometimes equivo-
cating Marxism and technological determinism. According to Marx, the
prime task of future philosophy is, most importantly, to stop observing
the world and detaching itself from the world through contemplation.
The task is to change the world through praxis. It goes without saying
that the change has to be informed by and empowered by technology
since technology, as the basic manifestation of the means of production,
is capable of profoundly transforming humanity. I should add, as a cau-
tionary note, that Marx based his account of technology on a more fun-
damental story of the transformation of what begins as a purely labor
process into an intricate social process. Within that transformation, tech-
nology is always subordinate to human action and human intentionality.
More recently, in the mid-20th century, Robert Heilbroner developed
one of the most intriguing approaches to technological determinism.
He believes that technological developments prescribe the evolutionary
path for society to follow. These developments, of course, are closely
tied to the progress of science. Since the nature of reality determines sci-
entific discoveries, there exists a comforting ideal that science is progres-
sively capturing the true nature of the world. With each new discovery
we become closer to the objective truth of the universe, or at least there
is optimism that these discoveries will eventually cumulate in a scientific
model that coincides with this ultimate truth. In the interim, science has
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This leads us to the need to examine the sources of the latter stance
– pessimistic autonomous technology. First of all, a question might be
raised as to why be cautious when it comes to autonomous technology?
One answer to this question may be found in some of the assumptions
necessary for conceding autonomy. Upon a closer look, it appears the
latter assumptions are many, and that they represent a mutually support-
ing, holistic set of assumptions. Let me sketch some to the assumptions
I have been talking about, many of them well-known in various fields of
philosophy, including metaphysics, ethics, and philosophy of mind. Even
judging from a very rudimentary sketch of these assumptions, one can
discern at least one common theme: an implicit value judgment that el-
evates human beings and human intelligence and separates them from
machines and other animals.
What indeed is a truly autonomous creature? Characterizing any
creature as a truly autonomous creature assumes that the creature is a
free, rational, and intentional entity capable of making choices. It is also
assumed that a truly autonomous creature is endowed with the ability
to make its choices freely. Because of the scope of my discussion, I will
deliberately forgo a metaphysical discussion of what it means to choose
freely. The latter ability ties back with intentionality since it seems nec-
essary for creatures free to make choices to also be conscious of their
choices, i.e. to be able to make them intentionally. Finally, an ability to
make one’s choices freely and intentionally also ties with an ability to be
conscious of and to predict the outcomes of one’s choices. A creature
capable of deliberation informed by the consequences of its choices is
said to be deliberating rationally. According to the traditional, and to a
large extent still accepted view, once machines, animals or irrational hu-
mans are given an opportunity to act in an autonomous manner, their
actions result in disastrous consequences precisely because their actions
are neither entirely rational and intentional, nor they can (at least in this
traditional paradigm) be genuinely free. The latter means, above all, that
non-autonomous creatures or entities tend to act in a manner that is
nothing but an outcome of a set of inputs they receive (and this implies
their choices cannot be genuinely free). Even more importantly, non-au-
tonomous creatures appear to act not informed by the consequences of
their actions. As a side note, I believe it is not at all a simple task to show
that human actions are not an outcome of inputs and that human actions
are genuinely informed by the consequences they produce.
It seems to me that most authors who wrote, especially from a philo-
sophical point of view, on the autonomous nature of technology in the
20th century chose to view it as a clear lose-lose predicament for human-
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ity. Jacques Ellul, for example, spares no punches when he portrays the
future of “modern man”:
“Modern man can think only in terms of figures, and the higher the
figures, the greater his satisfaction. He looks for nothing beyond
the marvelous escape mechanism that technique has allowed him,
to offset the very repressions caused by the life technique forces
him to lead. He is reduced, in the process, to a near nullity. Even if
he is not a worker on the assembly line, his share of autonomy and
individual initiative becomes smaller and smaller. He is constrained
and repressed in thought and action by an omnivorous reality which
is external to him and imposed upon him. He is no longer permitted
to display any personal power.”9
What force can possibly cause this litany of grievances? Judging from
the picture of technology Ellul paints, it seems no person can truly be
free; even those lucky enough to escape the oppression of manual labor
are nevertheless “forced” to lead a certain type of lifestyle – they appear
“reduced to nullity,” and inevitably “repressed” by the reality imposed
on them. One needs to stop and reflect on the hypothetical reality that
has not been “imposed” on humanity. What kind of reality would that
be? The one that humanity can change or modify at will? If anything, tech-
nology has ironically been the only force available to humanity to achieve
that kind of a change.
Ellul has famously expressed his dissatisfaction with the ability of
those who invent and control technology to deal with, or even pre-
dict, the consequences of technological development. Ellul’s critique
of 20th century technocrats is so vicious that it borders on “generic ad
hominem”:
“We are forced to conclude that our scientists are incapable of any
but the emptiest platitudes when they stray from their specialties.
[…] Their pomposities, in fact, do not rise to the level of the aver-
age. They are vague generalities inherited from the nineteenth cen-
tury, and the fact they represent the furthest limits of thought of
our scientific worthies must be symptomatic of arrested develop-
ment or a mental block. Particularly disquieting is the gap between
the enormous power they wield and their critical ability, which must
be estimated as null.10
It is largely true that, perhaps because of the specialization of scien-
tific research, it is difficult for scientists to formulate a coherent and wise
view of the society. Yet this does not preclude (and 20th century abounds
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13 Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near (New York: Penguin Books, 2005), 487.
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4. Conclusion
References
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Небојша Кујунџић
Универзитет Острва Принца Едварда, Одељење за филозофију, Канада
28
оригиналан научни рад udc 004.946
Милан П. Личина1
Универзитет Метрополитан, Факултет дигиталних уметности, Београд
Ненад Перић2
Универзитет Метрополитан, Београд
и Универзитет „Унион – Никола Теслa“, Београд
Апстракт
Тема овог рада је виртуелна реалност у смислу њеног уврштавања
у уметност, при чему се виртуелна реалност посматра као кате-
горија проширеног медија филма. Кроз анализу технолошког раз-
воја који је довео до стварања, тестирања и комерцијализације ВР
садржаја анализира се свеобухватност примене ове технологије.
У најширем смислу, виртуелна реалност се може сматрати, ако не
новом, онда свакако посебном врстом комуникације, где је кори-
снику омогућено да искуси виртуелна окружења као стварна. Рад
садржи анализу улоге видео-игара у контексту виртуелне реално-
сти и потенцира да оно што највише указује на ВР као надградњу
филмске уметности кроз механику видео-игара јесте доживљај
филмског искуства кроз активно учешће у наративу.
Кључне речи: Виртуелна стварност, виртуелна реалност, рачунарска
графика, видео-игре, корисник, филм
1 slavonic@gmail.com
2 nesaperic@hotmail.com
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3 James Monaco, How to Read a Movie. Movies, Media, and Beyond (London /
New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
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8 Ibid.
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9 Philip Brey, „The Physical and Social Reality of Virtual Worlds“, in The Ox-
ford Handbook of Virtuality, ed. Mark Grimshaw (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2014).
38
М. П. Личина и Н. Перић, Виртуелна реалност и видео-игре
39
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41
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5. Закључак
42
М. П. Личина и Н. Перић, Виртуелна реалност и видео-игре
Литература
1. Artaud, Antonin. The Theatre and its Double Trans (New York: Grove
Weidenfeld, 1958).
2. Brey, Philip. „The Physical and Social Reality of Virtual Worlds“. In The
Oxford Handbook of Virtuality, edited by Mark Grimshaw. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2014.
3. Chesher, Chris. „Colonizing Virtual Reality Construction of the Discourse
of Virtual Reality 1984-1992“. Cultronix, 1, 1 (1994). Преузето 14. 3. 2019.
www.casa.ucl.ac.uk/cyberspace/Colonizing_Virtual_Reality.pdf.
4. Herbert, Franke. „The New Visual language: The Influence of Computer
Graphics on Art“. Leonardo, 2, 18 (1985): 105–107.
5. Митровић, Биљана. „Идентитети текста и идентитети у тексту MMORPG
(massively multiplayer online, role-playing game) видео-игара“. Доктор-
ска дисертација, Факултет драмских уметности у Београду, 2017.
6. Monaco, James. How to Read a Movie. Movies, Media, and Beyond. London
/ New York: Oxford University Press, 1977.
7. Петровић, Никола. „Од молитве до виртуелне стварности“. P.U.L.S.E.
(2015). Преузето 17. 3. 2019. pulse.rs/od-molitve-do-virtuelne-stvarnosti/.
8. Severny, Andrei. „The Movie Theater of the Future Will Be In Your
Mind“. TrIbeca. Преузето 15. 3. 2019. www.tribecafilm.com/stories/
future-of-the-movie-theater-is-in-your-mind.
9. Steuer, Jonathan. „Defining Virtual Reality Dimensions Determining
Telepresence“. Journal of Communication, 42, 4 (1992): 73–94.
10. Šuvaković, Miško. „Platforme bioarta”. U Zbornik radova Akademije
umetnosti, urednik Manojlo Maravić, 9–19. Novi Sad: Akademija
umetnosti, 2014.
43
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Milan P. Ličina
Metropolitan University, Faculty of Digital Arts, Belgrade
Nenad Perić
Metropolitan University, Belgrade and “Union – Nikola Tesla” University,
Belgrade
44
оригиналан научни рад УДК 62:929 Пупин М.
Драгољуб А. Цуцић1
Регионални центар за таленте „Михајло Пупин“, Панчево
Никола Конески2
Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет, мастер академске
студије, студијски програм: Историја, Београд
Апстракт
Михајло Пупин учио је, прво Главну школу, а затим и Вишу реалну
школу у Панчеву од 1867. до 1872. године. У раду су представљени
учитељи Михајла Пупина у Идвору и Црепаји, као и сви они који су
му предавали у Главној школи и Вишој реалној школи у Панчеву,
под пуним именом и презименом. Велики број података који се
износе у раду се први пут представља јавности. Такође, на основу
досадашњих сазнања, приказана је хронологија школовања Ми-
хајла Пупина до његовог одласка у Праг.
Кључне речи: Михајло Пупин, Панчево, школовање, Главна школа,
Виша реална школа
1. Увод
1 dragoljub.cucic@gmail.com; dragoljub.cucic@rctpupin.edu.rs
2 nikolakoneski31@gmail.com
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46
Д. А. Цуцић и Н. Конески, Школовање Михајла Пупина
4 Оливера Скоко, Дакле, Ви с�е �ај Урош Пре�ић? Изложба из фонда Народ-
ног музеја Зрењанин поводом 160 година од рођења сликара (Зрењанин: На-
родни музеј Зрењанин, 2018), 41.
5 Војислав Исаковић, “Један сликарски рад г. Мих. Пупина као средњошкол-
ца”, Гласник ис�оријско� �руш�ва у Новом Са�у, 5, 13 (1932): 462. [Користимо
прилику да се захвалимо Живојину Жики Петровићу, директору и уреднику
научне телевизије Brain’s, који нас је упутио на текст др Војислава Исаковића].
47
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15 Ibid., 10.
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17 Ibid., 32–33.
18 Ibid., 34.
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Д. А. Цуцић и Н. Конески, Школовање Михајла Пупина
20
Fünfter Jahresbericht über die Kaiserl. Königl. Oberrealschule in der Militärgrenz-
Communität Pančova : für das Studienjahr 1868 (Wien: A. Pichler’s Witwe und
Sohn, 1868).
21 Militär-Shematismus des Österreichischen Kaiserthumes für 1868, 1867, 755.
22 Именик ученика који су након краја другог семестра добили примућство
налази се у Музеју Михајла Пупина у Идвору.
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35
Извесно је да се ради о Леополду Цајтлеру, који је радио и као учитељ у
Кудрицу.
36 Ласло Сеги, С�у�ен�и са �анашње �ери�орије Војво�ине на евро�ским
универзи�е�има 1338–1919 (Нови Сад: Архив Војводине, 2010).
37 Спасовић, Зла�а вре�не: Образовање женске �еце у Јужном Бана�у о�
1874. �о 1918. �о�ине, 115.
38 ИАП, Маг. II 1693,1863.
39 ИАП, Маг. II 5863/1871.
40 ИАП, Маг. II 2098,1864.
41 „Г. Бранко Рајић”, Панчевац, 9.5.1871.
42 „Суспендован”, Панчевац, 30.11.1872.
43 Више о Бранку Рајићу: „Биографски речник писаца из Панчева”, у Књижев-
на �о�о�рафија Панчева, ур. Миодраг Матицки (Панчево: Градска библиотека
Панчево, Институт за књижевност и уметност Београд, 2001), 671; Миховил
Томандл, С�оменица Панчевачко� ср�ско� црквено� �евачко� �руш�ва: 1838-
1938; Про�рам �рославе с�о�о�ишњице (Панчево: Историјски архив у Панчеву;
Српско црквено певачко друштво, 2008), 95, 195–198.
44
Александар – заштитник људи, онај који брани људе; Бранко – изведено из
Бран+ко, онај који се брани, бранити.
45 ИАП, Маг. II 2702/1860.
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8. Закључак
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Извори
Литература
66
Д. А. Цуцић и Н. Конески, Школовање Михајла Пупина
67
Dragoljub A. Cucić
Regional Talent Centre “Mihajlo Pupin”, Pančevo
Nikola Koneski
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Master Academic Studies of
History, Belgrade
Michael Pupin studied, first the k.k. Hauptschule, then the k.k. Oberre-
alschule in Panchevo, from 1867 to 1872. The paper presents the teachers
of Michael Pupin in Idvor and Crepaji, as well as all those who taught him at
the k.k. Hauptschule and the k.k. Oberrealschule in Panchevo, under full name
and surname. A large number of data presented in the paper are presented
to the public for the first time. Also, based on the acquired information, the
chronology of Michael Pupin’s education was shown until his departure to
Prague.
Key words: Michael Pupin, Panchevo, education
68
oригиналан научни рад УДК 72.01:111
Александра В. Мокрањац1
Удружење ликовних уметника примењених уметности и дизајна
(УЛУПУДС), Архитектонска секција, Београд
Архитектура и метафизика
Апстракт
Уз уважавање Бергсоновог става (Henri Bergson, 1859–1941) да
„превод никад не достиже извор/оригинал“,2 предметно раз-
матрање укључује и настојање да се Бергсонова наслућујућа ана
ли�ика, односно – анали�ична �ре�осећајнос� огледа (Уво� у
ме�афизику3), најверније представи на српском језику, ради
подвлачењења њихове савремености и актуелности. Значај пре-
цизности4 неупитан је за архитектуру, почевши од древног Египта
и првог именом упамћеног архитекта, Имхотепа.5 Идеја-водиља
истраживања јесте да без правилног и прецизног мишљења – не
може бити ни ваљаног делања, те тиме тек не ни у сложеном ства-
ралачком домену архитектуре, било као теорије или праксе.
1 altes@ptt.rs
2 У традицији чувене француске пословице « Traduire c’est trahir », односно –
Прево� је из�аја. У дословном преводу – Превес�и је (ис�о ш�о и) из�а�и – у
смислу из�ајс�ва. Прим. прев. Александра Мокрањац.
3 Henri Bergson, „(L’) Introduction à la Métaphysique“, у збирци огледа La
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70
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
dans l’objet lui-même, ni des symboles par lesquels je pourrais le traduire, puisque
j’aurai renoncé à toute traduction pour posséder l’original. Bref, le mouvement
ne sera plus saisi du dehors et, en quelque sorte, de chez moi, mais du dedans,
en lui, en soi. Je tiendrai un absolu. » – „Кад говорим о изворном/апсолутном
покрету, […] то је стога што саосећам, у�убљујем се у (унутарња) стања
(датог предмета у покрету) и што се упијам/утискујем у њих напором маште.
Био, дакле, тај предмет покретан или непокретан, зависно од тога хоће ли
уследити неки покрет, или какав други – ни ја нећу искусити исту ствар. И
то што будем искусио неће зависити ни од тачке гледишта коју бих могао
заузети према предмету, јер – бићу у предмету самом, нити (ће зависити) од
симбола којима бих могао да га преведем, будући да сам одустао од сваког
превођења да бих задобио извор/оригинал. Укртако, предмет неће више
бити обухваћен споља, и у извесном смислу – с моје стране, већ изнутра, у
њему (самом), по себи. Достићи ћу (тако) извор/праузорк/апсолут“, Bergson,
(L’) Introduction à la Métaphysique, 99.
11 Miloutine Borissavliévitch, Les Théories de l’Architecture – Essai critique sur les
principales doctrines relatives à l’esthétique de l’Architecture (Paris: Payot, 1926).
12 Немачки историчар књижевности, философ и књижевник који се посебно
исказао на пољу естетике. Фридрих Теодор Вишер је употребљавао израз
Einfühlen у идеалистичким истраживањима везаним за архитектонске
форме. Сâм израз sich einfühlen увео је још Хердер (Johann Gottfried Herd-
er, 1744–1803) у 18. веку.
13 Moravánszky, The optical construction of urban space: Hermann Maertens, Ca
millo Sitte and the theories of ‘aesthetic perception’, 655-666.
14 Роберт Вишер је први у свом докторату über das optische Formgefühl (On
the Optical Form-feeling), објављеном 1873. године, у научној форми употребио
појам Einfühlung.
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22 Ibid., 100–101.
23 Ibid., 101.
24 Ibid.
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29 Ibid., 102–103.
30 Bergson, (L’) Introduction à la Métaphysique, op. cit., 102.
31 „Навод је дат према Лудвиг Витгенштајн, Философска ис�раживања,
превела Ксенија Марицки-Гађански, Нолит, Београд, с. а. – прим. прев.
(Растко Јовановић).“ Петер М. С. Хекер (Peter Michael Stephan Hacker), „О
човековој природи – оглед о Витгенштајну“, у Veliki filozofi, ur. Frederik Rafael
i Rej Monk, (Beograd: Dereta (1997/2004), 296, PI §109.
32 За евентуално више, погледати есеј, Александра Мокрањац, „Партенон
и вршњаци“, у Гра� и Храм – Храмови и �ра�ови у нама (Београд: Службени
гласник, 2015), 75–80.
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36 Ibid., 103.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., 103–104.
39 Фердинан де Сосир (Ferdinand de Saussure, 1857–1913) утемељитељ је
модерне семиологије, заједно са Чарлсом Пирсом (Charles Sandres Peirce,
1839–1914).
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44 Ibid., 105.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid., 113.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid., 123–124.
80
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
49 Ibid., 105.
50 „Психологија, заправо, делује кроз анализу, као све друге науке. Она
(стварно) ја, дато јој претходно корз једноставно наслућивање (интуицију),
своди на – чула/осете, осећања, представе, итд, које (потом) проучава
одвојено. Она, дакле, замењује (стварно) ја – низом чинилаца које су
психолошке датости. Но, јесу ли ти чиниоци (одиста) и – делови? Сво питање
јесте у томе, а његовим избегавањем често је проблем људске личности
постављан на неразрешив начин.“ Ibid.
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51 Ibid., 105.
52 Ibid., 106.
53 Ibid., 106–107.
54 „Од изворног предосећаја (интуиције), ионако збркано-нејасне
(« confuse »), што науци (ипак) добавља њен предмет, наука одмах прелази на
анализу, која у недоглед умножава гледишта о том предмету. Убрзо постиже
то да поверује да би могла, састављајући/обједињујући сва та гледишта – да
изнова створи и (сâм) предмет. Да ли је зачуђујуће што увиђа да тај предмет
нес�аје �ре� њом?, (она је) као дете које би да себи направи чврсту играчку –
од сенки што се оцртавају дуж зида.“ Ibid., 107.
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59 Ibid.
60 Ibid., 109.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., 110.
84
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
63 Ibid., 112.
64 Ibid., 117.
65 Ibid., 117–118.
66 Ibid., 118.
67 Ibid., 119–120.
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71 Ibid., 112.
72 Мокрањац, Гра� и Храм – Храмови и �ра�ови у нама, 24.
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79 Ibid., 658–659.
80 Ibid., 663.
81 За више видети у Branko Mitrović, “Leon Battista Alberti and the Homogeneity
of Space”, Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 4, 63 (2004): 424–439.
82 (�арафраза) Шмарсова (Schmarsow). Ibid., 658.
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« C’est que, si nous sommes libres toutes les fois que nous
voulons rentrer en nous-mêmes, ils nous arive rarement de
le vouloir. » 83
Henri Bergson, Essai sur les données immédiates de la
conscience (1888)
Извесност да се људско трајање одвија на путањи константног пара-
докса сред којег постајемо слободни истог часа када се повучемо у
себе, а да за том слободом, нај�риручнијом од свих – најређе и по-
сежемо, сублимат је Бергсонових О�ле�а о не�осре�ним чињеницама
свес�и ((L’) Essai sur les données immediates de la conscience, 1888). За-
узврат, ништа мања загонетка Бергсоновог тумачења слободе гласи
да се „сваки захтев за разјашњењем теме слободе – своди [...] на
питање – ‘може ли се време адекватно представити простором?’“84
Бавећи се простором, архитектура – посредством архитекта, дакле,
у крајњој линији – обликује време. Но, не тек на оном дизајну блиском
обликовно/знаковно–симболичком нивоу, већ и у далеко дубљем
смислу – о�ре�ељујући саму у�о�ребу времена свог доба. Стог је и
питање слобо�е архи�ек�уре (и архи�ека�а) – вишезначно и с без-
бројним последицама.
Колико год било мање-више очигледно да се све човекове вре-
менске одреднице, од прадревних до модерних – своде на, и изра-
жавају помоћу просторних �оказа�еља – почевши од казаљки праи-
сторијског сата у виду излазака и залазака Сунца или Месеца, преко
поднева, поноћи (знатно компликованије за приближно одређивање
пре‐модерним помагалима)... све до најмодернијих атомских часов-
ника што за бројач користе стандардну резонантну фреквенцу атома,
суштина Бергсоновог питања остаје у придеву – а�еква�но.
Одговор архитектуре – и као друштвене праксе и као уметно-
сти, морао би на овом месту да понуди �о�вр�не �оказе, у смислу
– квали�а�ивних. Успела архитектура, сигурно – вишеструко узвраћа
утрошено време – и самом ствараоцу/ствараоцима, па на известан
начин и њеним корисницима, посматрачима и тумачима, дакле –
заједници у целини.
90
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
91
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89 Ibid., 24.
90 Александра Мокрањац, Љубави Силвије Пла� (Београд: Службени гласник,
2016), 12, 116.
91 Bergson, (L’) Introduction à la Métaphysique, op. cit., 111.
92
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
93
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Извор илустрације
Литература
94
Aleksandra V. Mokranjac
Serbian Association of Applied Artists and Designers (ULUPUDS),
Architectural Section, Belgrade
95
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98 Ibid.
99 Ibid.,100–101.
100 Александра Мокрањац, Ан�оло�ија Архи�ек�уре и Цивилизације (Бео-
град: Службени гласник, 2012), 19.
101 Bergson, (L’) Introduction à la Métaphysique,110.
96
А. В. Мокрањац, Архитектура и метафизика
102 Henri Bergson, (L’) Essai sur les données immediates de la conscience (Paris :
104 Aleksandra Mokranjac, “The Architect Milan Lojanica’s Belgrade Realm and
97
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present, future... – yet according to the affinities, artistry and skills of ar-
chitects, its creators. This is the greatest wealth of Architecture, its ability
– even in cases when it is, for a long time, part of our everyday life – to
displace us from the security of already seen and well-known to the areas
of uncertainty and contemplation – if we only dare to fully surrender to it.
Key words: Architecture, presentiment/intuition/metaphysics versus
analysis/science, apsolute/authentic–primordial/original versus
analogue/replica–copy/translation; independence/synthesis versus
general/analysis, movement/flow/memory/recall/duration, concept
versus symbol, time
98
oригинaлaн нaучни рaд УДК 616.72-002(38)
Марина Милановић1
Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет,
Одељење за класичне науке, Београд
О РЕУМАТСКИМ БОЛЕСТИМА
У СПИСИМА АНТИЧКИХ ПИСАЦА2
Апстракт
У овом раду циљ нам је да истражимо поједина писана документа
антике која се дотичу теме реуматизма. Одређене реуматске бо-
лести, попут подагре (arthritis urica), често се спомињу и детаљно
су описане, док су неке од њих мање посведочене, као што је то
случај са артритисом. Тражећи узроке (реуматоидног) артритиса
(arthritis rheumatoides) историчари медицине се и дан-данас спо-
ре око времена настанка саме болести – поставља се питање да
ли је то болест новог доба или је постојала и у антици. Иако су па-
леопатолози најпозванији да се баве овом темом, ми ћемо поку-
шати да понудимо тражене одговоре истражујући писане античке
изворе. Наиме, сматрамо да поједини описи последица и тегоба
које су оболели проживљавали указују на постојање реуматоид-
ног артритиса и у антици.
Кључне речи: античка медицина, Хипократ, реуматизам, подагра,
артритис
1. Увод
1 marinamilanovic@outlook.com
2 Рад је урађен у оквиру пројекта 179064: Ис�орија ср�ске филозофије, који
финансира Министарство просвете, науке и технолошког развоја Републике
Србије.
99
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100
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
Гихт, улози или подагра је реуматска болест коју изазива висок ниво
мокраћне киселине у крви и таложење у ткивима, посебно у зглобо-
вима, што доводи до појаве великих отока и јаких болова обично у
пределу ногу. Данашњи истраживачи сматрају да је Хипократ ову бо-
лест најбоље научно објаснио. Он је претпоставио да је за појаву бола
и отока зглоба ножног палца одговорна одређена материја у крви
која повремено „капље“ у зглоб изазивајући запаљење. На енглеском
језику гихт се каже gout од латинске речи gutta што значи кап, капља.
На грчком ποδάγρα означава замку за ноге. Често су цитирана Хипо-
кратова три афоризма које је у извесној мери потврдила и савремена
медицина – гихт се никад не јавља код мушкараца пре пубертета и
код жена пре менопаузе, и никада од ове болести не обољевају евну-
си.9 Такође је уочио да су тегобе које прате гихт израженије у јесен и
у пролеће.10
Један од Хипократових текстова говори о томе да постоји повеза-
ност између обољевања од гихта, то јест подагре, и распусног начина
живота.11 Сматрало се да ово обољење изазива пасиван начин живо-
та и прекомерно уживање у јелу и пићу, што је имало за последицу
да болест буде учесталија међу вишим слојевима друштва. Подагра
101
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12 Decimus Junius Juvenalis, Saturae, 13. 96: „Pauper locupletem optare podag-
ram / nec dubitet Ladas...“
13 Aristophanes, Plutus, 559–560, Пенија (Сиромаштво) говори Плуту (Богат-
ству): παρὰ τω� μὲν γὰρ ποδαγρω�ντες και ̀ γαστρώδεις και ̀ παχύκνημοι και ̀
πίονές ει�σιν α�σελγω�ς, παρ᾽ ε̕μοὶ δ᾽ ἰσχνοὶ καὶ σφηκώδεις και ̀ τοις� ε̕χθροις�
α�νιαροί. Превод Марине Милановић.
14 Sen. Ep. 95. 20–21: „Non mutata feminarum natura sed victa est; nam cum
virorum licentiam aequaverint, corporum quoque virilium incommoda aequarunt.
[...] Beneficium sexus sui vitiis perdiderunt et, quia feminam exuerant, damnatae
sunt morbis virilibus.“ Луције Анеј Сенека, Писма �рија�ељу, прев. Албин Вил-
хар (Београд: Дерета, 2003), 278,
15 Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Dialogi, 7. 17. 4.
16 Vincenzo Savica et al, „Morbus dominorum: Gout as the disease of lords“,
Journal of nephrology, 26 (2013): 113.
102
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
103
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24 Ibid., 9. 23: „Heri veni in Cumanum, cras ad te fortasse; sed cum certum sciam,
faciam te paulo ante certiorem. Еtsi M. Caeparius, cum mihi in silva Gallinaria ob-
viam venisset quaesissemque quid ageres, dixit te in lecto esse quod ex pedibus
laborares. Тuli scilicet moleste, ut debui, sed tamen constitui ad tevenire, ut et
viderem te et viserem et cenarem etiam; non enim arbitror cocum etiam te ar-
thriticum habere. Еxspecta igitur hospitem cum minime edacem tum inimicum
cenis sumptuosis.” Превод Марине Милановић.
25 Gaius Petronius Arbiter, Satуricon, 140: „Sed et podagricum se esse lumbo-
rumque solutorum omnibus dixerat, et si non servasset integram simulationem,
periclitabatur totam paene tragoediam evertere.“ Арбитер Гај Петроније,
Са�ирикон, прев. Радмила Шалабалић (Београд: Српска књижевна задруга,
1976), 169.
26 Marcus Valerius Martialis, Epigrammata, 7. 39: „Discursus varios vagumque
mane / Et fastus et have potentiorum / Cum perferre patique iam negaret,
/ Coepit fingere Caelius podagram. / Quam dum volt nimis adprobare veram / Et
sanas linit obligatque plantas / Inceditque gradu laborioso, / Quantum cura po-
104
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
test et ars doloris! / Desit fingere Caelius podagram.“ Марко Валерије Марцијал,
Е�и�рами, прев. Марина Брицко (Загреб: Матица хрватска, 1998), 225.
27 Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Epistulae, 1. 12. 4–6: „Sed tam longa, tam
iniqua valetudine conflictabatur, ut haec tanta pretia vivendi mortis rationibus
vincerentur. Tertio et tricensimo anno, ut ipsum audiebam, pedum dolore
correptus est. Patrius hic illi; nam plerumque morbi quoque per successiones
quasdam ut alia traduntur. 5 Hunc abstinentia sanctitate, quoad viridis aetas, vicit
et fregit; novissime cum senectute ingravescentem viribus animi sustinebat, cum
quidem incredibiles cruciatus et indignissima tormenta pateretur. 6 Iam enim
dolor non pedibus solis ut prius insidebat, sed omnia membra pervagabatur.“
11: „Implevit quidem annum septimum et sexagensimum, quae aetas etiam
robustissimis satis longa est; scio. Evasit perpetuam valetudinem; scio.“ Гај Пли-
није Млађи, Писма, прев. Албин Вилхар (Београд: Српска књижевна задруга,
1982), 18–19.
28 Simon M. Helfgott, „Was Gout Rampant Among the Romans?“, The Reuma-
tologist (2013); Bhattacharjee, A brief history of gout, 62; Jerome О. Nriagu, „Sat-
urnine gout among Roman aristocrats – Did lead poisoning contribute to the fall
of the Empire?“, The New England journal of medicine (1983): 660.
105
Phlogiston 27/2019 http://www.muzejnt.rs
Као што смо могли да видимо, гихт односно подагра је болест која
је постојала и у античко доба, што је потврђено многобројним сведо-
чанствима, од којих смо неке презентовали у овом раду. Прича о (ре-
уматоидном) артритису је унеколико компликованија јер постоје три
теорије о генези ове болести.32 Прва теорија гласи да је артритис ста-
ра болест која је постојала међу нашим античким прецима, мада није
прецизно дефинисана и описана.33 Ту тезу је заступао Алфред Гарод
(Alfred Garrod), који је увео термин реума�ои�ни ар�ри�ис. Друга
група истраживача, међу којима је пионир Чарлс Шорт (Charles Short),
сматра да је то болест новог доба, настала под утицајем спољашњих
фактора и генетског фактора који раније није постојао.34 Трећа тео-
рија претпоставља да је болест настала међу урођеницима Северне
29 Nriagu, Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats – Did lead poisoning contrib-
ute to the fall of the Empire?, 660.
30 Видети више у: Јоhn Scarborough, „Review: The Myth of Lead Poisoning
among the Romans: An Essay Review; Reviewed Work: Lead and Lead Poisoning
in Antiquity by Jerome O. Nriagu“, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied
Sciences, 4, 39 (1984): 469–475.
31 Michael Psellos, Chronographia, 1, 64.
32 Детаљније о поменутим теоријама генезе реуматоидног артритиса:
Pouya Entezami, David A. Fox, Philip J. Clapham and Kevin C. Chung, „Historical
Perspective on the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis“, Hand Clinics, 1, 27 ( 2011):
1–10.
33 Aceves-Avila et al, The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis: a reappraisal, 751–757.
34 Charles L. Short, „The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis“, Arthritis and Rheuma-
tism, 17 (1974): 193–205.
106
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
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108
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
109
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кој реуми. Упркос тој болести или пак тренутном стању, Теренција је
дочекала веома дубоку старост – умрла је у 102. години. Такође, Ци-
церон је о Посејдонију писао како је био тешко болестан, трпећи јаке
болове зглобова, али да је ипак примио Помпеја (Gnaeus Pompeius
Magnus) који је дошао да посети великог филозофа – sed cum audisset
eum graviter esse aegrum, quod vehementer eius artus laborarent, voluisse
tamen nobilissimum philosophum visere.50 Хроничне болове трпео је и
Цицеронов пријатељ Гнеј Октавије (Gnaeus Octavius):
„Али он надовезује, ʼЕпикур даје упуте како треба презирати
болʼ. Међутим, сама помисао да се презире оно што је највеће
зло је бесмислена. Али какво је то правило? ʼНајвећи је болʼ, он
каже, ʼкратакʼ. Прије свега, шта ти подразумеваш под речју кра-
так, затим који бол називаш највећим? Како то? Зар највећи бол
не може трајати више дана? А можда и мјесецима! Уколико слу-
чајно не мислиш на онај бол који човјека усмрти у оном момен-
ту када га спопадне! Ко би се, међутим, бојао таквог бола? Да си
камо среће могао олакшати оне болове који су, видио сам, спо-
падали мог врло оданог и надасве образованог пријатеља Гнеја
Октавија, сина Маркова, и то не једанпут или за кратко вријеме,
него често и на дуже вријеме. Какве је болове, бесмртни бо-
гови, подносио кад је изгледало да му сви удови горе! Ипак га
нису сматрали биједним, јер ти болови нису били највеће зло,
него само болови једног патеника. Он би био биједан да се
одао уживањима и животу пуном порока и срамних дијела.“51
На основу издвојених примера може се закључити да су се реу-
матске тегобе наводиле и без помињања медицинских термина са-
мих болести. Могуће је да се у наведеним случајевима управо радило
о реуматоидном артритису какав данас познајемо. То се нарочито
односи на последњи ексцерпт јер се каже да поменути Гнеј Октавије
110
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
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Литература
112
М. Милановић, О реуматским болестима у списима античких писаца
5. Copeman, William Sydney Charles. A short history of the gout and the
rheumatic diseases. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California
Press, 1964.
6. Eamon, William. „The tale of Monsieur Gout“. Bulletin of the History of
Medicine, 4, 55 (1981): 564–567.
7. Entezami, Pouya, David A. Fox, Philip J. Clapham and Kevin C. Chung.
„Historical Perspective on the Etiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis“. Hand
Clinics, 1, 27 (2011): 1–10.
8. Gritzalis, Konstantinos C., Marianna Karamanou and George Androutsos.
“Gout in the writings of eminent ancient Greek and Byzantine physicians”.
AMHA - Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica, 1, 9 (2011): 83–88.
9. Helfgott, Simon M. „Was Gout Rampant Among the Romans?“ The
Reumatologist (2013).
10. Jaцaнoвић, Мирјана и Драган Jaцaнoвић. „Бoл у трaдициoнaлнoj
српскoj нaрoднoj култури“. Tимoчки мe�ицински �лaсник, 1, 29 (2004):
46–48.
11. Joshi, Vinay Ramachandra. „Rheumatology, Past, Present and Future“.
Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 60 (2012): 21–24.
12. Kourilovitch, Maria, Claudio Galarza-Maldonado and Esteban Ortiz-
Prado. „Diagnosis and classification of rheumatoid arthritis“. Journal of
Autoimmunity, 48–49 (2014): 26-30.
13. Marson, Piero and Giampiero Pasero. „Hippocrates and rheumatology”.
Clinical and experimental rheumatology, 6, 22 (2004): 687.
14. Nriagu, Jerome О. „Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats – Did lead
poisoning contribute to the fall of the Empire?“ The New England journal
of medicine (1983): 660–663.
15. Parish, Lawrence C. „An Historical Approach to the Nomenclature of
Rheumatoid Arthritis“. Аrthritis and rheumatology, 2, 6 (1963): 138–158.
16. Rothschild, Bruce M. and Robert J. Woods. „Symmetrical erosive disease
in archaic Indians: the origin of rheumatoid arthritis in the New World?“.
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 5, 19 (1990): 278–284.
17. Savica, Vincenzo, Domenico Santoro, Biagio Ricciardi, Carlo Alberto
Ricciardi, Lorenzo Calò and Guido Bellinghieri. „Morbus dominorum:
Gout as the disease of lords“. Journal of nephrology, 26 (2013): 113–116.
18. Scarborough, Јоhn. „Review: The Myth of Lead Poisoning among the
Romans: An Essay Review; Reviewed Work: Lead and Lead Poisoning in
Antiquity by Jerome O. Nriagu“. Journal of the History of Medicine and
Allied Sciences, 4, 39 (1984): 469–475.
19. Short, Charles L. „The antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis“. Аrthritis and
Rheumatism, 17 (1974): 193–205.
113
Marina Milanović
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Classics,
Belgrade
114
scientific review UDC 537.612
Anand P. Batra
Howard University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington
Tristan Hübsch1
Howard University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Washington
Abstract
The idea that the electron is an extended charged object the spinning
of which is responsible for its magnetic moment is shown to require
a sizable portion of the electron to spin at speeds very close to the
speed of light, and in fact to explode within an unacceptably short
time, ~10–31s. The experimentally well-established magnetic moment
of elementary particles such as the electron must, therefore, be
accepted as an intrinsic property, with no need for classical models
based on spatially extended objects. Emphasizing these facts in
education, as early as possible, is important for the framing of the
proper mindset.
Keywords: spin, magnetic moment, reverse-engineering, scientific model
1 thubsch@howard.edu; thubsch@mac.com
2 Acknowledgments (Part I): We should like to thank Profs. Walter P. Lowe,
James H. Stith and Demetrius D. Venable for critical reading of the manuscript
and constructive suggestions. TH is grateful to the Physics Department at the
Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Novi Sad, Serbia, for recurring
hospitality and resources; Acknowledgments (Part II): TH should like to thank
Drenka Dobrosavljević for inviting this contribution, the late first author (Anand
P. Batra) for decades of enduring friendship and collaboration, and the Physics
Department at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of the University of Novi Sad, Ser-
bia, for recurring hospitality and resources.
115
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1. Introduction
This article is based on the article of the same title3 from 2012, included
herein in its original form as Part I, with but minor edits. The portend
of this article was twofold: On one hand, we felt that 85 years after the
introduction of spin into the vernacular of (fundamental) elementary
particle physics, it behooved one to recall the historical development of
this, by now standard, but figurative nomenclature and concept. Indeed,
many a standard term in elementary particle physics must not be regard-
ed as a literal descriptor of the corresponding phenomenon, but as a
mnemonic crutch at best – and the case of “spin” provides a perfect ex-
ample. On the other hand, both the historical circumstances and a more
detailed analysis of certain consequences of the “classical electron”,
imagined as a spinning, spatially extended electrically charged body pro-
vided a lesson to be learned about the scientific process itself. In particu-
lar, we demonstrate that the originally suggested interpretation of the
model has easily derivable consequences that vehemently disagree with
Nature, so that the originally suggested interpretation cannot possibly
be accepted literally. This then forces a conceptual re-evaluation of the
meaning of the model and lets us draw the main conclusions: (1) The
mental image of a spinning, spatially extended electron is merely a men-
tal caricature, a convenient mnemonic to associate the (individually
measured) magnetic moment of a particle to its reverse-engineered (but
universal) concept of spin, often also regarded as “intrinsic angular mo-
mentum,” by now long since known to have been superseded (only two
years later) by the far more rigorous and precise description by Dirac4;
(2) We call on educators to follow our suit, and use these historical and
conceptual facts about spin as a didactic vehicle to convey the gist of the
scientific process: Scientific models are provisional, used on account of
their practical and pragmatic value in describing and predicting natural
phenomena, but subject to re-evaluation and even radical revision when
the totality of their consequences fails to fully agree with Nature. This
defines the asymptotically improving process of the scientific method,
which then necessarily includes each and every logical consequence of
the considered model as its prediction is presumably to be tested by
subsequent experiments. In principle, each scientific model has infinite
3 Anand P. Batra and Tristan Hübsch, “On the mirage of the classical electron of
Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit”, accessed on June 25, 2012, arxiv.org/abs/1203.1510.
4 Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, “The quantum theory of the electron,” Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London, 778, 117 (1928): 610–624.
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or (2)
for the radius of the electron. Note that the oft-quoted result neglects
the numerical factor of , on grounds of offering estimates rather
than precise results: after all, we have neglected all the multiple contribu-
tions to beyond the spherically symmetric monopole term. In addition,
we have used here the relativistic relationship between the rest-energy,
the mass and the speed of light; before 1905, several similar formulas
were being proposed by various researchers of the time, differing only
in the numerical proportionality factors that were, however, all of order
~1. Herein, we lump these variations of the model in the numerical pa-
rameter .
In turn, given that the electron is assumed to have some spatial exten-
sion, its moment of inertia for spinning about an axis that passes through
its center-of-mass must be
, (3)
where is a numerical constant not greater than 1, and equals to 1 if all
the mass of the electron is concentrated at the distance from the axis
of rotation. Being that we expect some of the mass to be also distrib-
uted at smaller distances, it follows that 1 , for example, for a
spherical shell, whereas for a solid spherical ball, .
Anticipating that the rotation might be relativistic, the angular mo-
mentum of the spinning electron then has a magnitude of
, (4)
where is the tangential speed of rotation of the electron, at the dis-
tance of from the center-of-mass, and (by 1925, the
special theory of relativity was fairly well-accepted generally, and certain-
ly amongst theorists). Combining equations (4) and (2), we have
, (5)
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, (6)
. (8)
Using the above results, Eq. (7) for the ratio and (2) for the ra-
dius of the electron, , this becomes
. (9)
This estimate may be used to determine how fast it would take for
the electron to radiate away all of its rest energy :
9 In fact, Hendrik Antoon Lorentz was suspicious of the idea of spin, having es-
timated , which must mean that he used – ironically – a non-relativistic
expression for angular momentum; see George E. Uhlenbeck, “Personal reminis-
cences,” Physics Today , 6, 29 (June, 1976): 43–48.
10 Lev D. Landau and Evgenii Mikhailovich Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields
(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1975), 67; John David Jackson, Classical Electrodynam-
ics, 3rd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999), section 14.2.
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
, (10)
11 J. Beringer et al.
(Particle Data Group), “Review of particle physics,” Physi-
cal Review, D 86 (2012): 010001.
12 Ibid.
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
cized that he decided not to publish his views.16 Electron spin was
eventually introduced by Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit who took the
precaution of not consulting Pauli for his opinion.17 Pauli continued
to reject the notion until he was finally convinced of the usefulness
of spin by the calculations of L.H. Thomas18.”
Indeed, Wolfgang Pauli was already in the 1920’s known to be ex-
tremely critical, and the matter of publishing the electron spin idea seems
to have been supported and to some degree engineered by Paul Ehren-
fest, who was at the time both Uhlenbeck’s and Goudsmit’s PhD advisor.
For, Uhlenbeck’s and Goudsmit’s original article19 appeared in the Zus-
chriften und vorläufige Mitteilungen [Notices and Preliminary Communica-
tions] section of the journal Die Naturwissenschaften [Natural Sciences],
communicated (as customary) by Ehrenfest himself, who therein notes
both the existence of supporting experimental evidence (citing work by
“Prof. W. J. de Haas,” but without further detail, which in itself was not
that unusual, and suggests Ehrenfest’s authoritative but private informa-
tion), as well as that neither Uhlenbeck nor Goudsmit were aware of this.
In addition, Ehrenfest himself was apparently both aware of the various
theoretical issues in the model and quite unconcerned with their implica-
tions to his graduate students’ professional careers, explaining his swift
transmission for publication of their manuscript20: “Sie Beide sind jung;
Sie konnen eine Dummheit leisten” [You are both young; you can afford
a foolishness.].
Scerri also adds21:
“Interestingly, it later emerged and is now generally agreed that
the term electron spin is something of a misnomer since the elec-
tron does not strictly behave like a spinning object (see, for exam-
ple, Atkins22, p. 115).”
16 Ralph de Laer Kronig, “The turning point,” in Theoretical Physics in the Twen-
tieth Century. A Memorial Volume to Wolfgang Pauli, eds. Markus Fierz and Victor
Frederick Wiesskopf (New York: Interscience Publishers, 1960), 5–39.
17 See footnote 7.
18 Llewellyn H. Thomas, “The kinematics of an electron with an axis,” Philosophi-
cal Magazine, 13, 3 (1927): 1–22.
19 See footnote 7.
20 Thomas S. Kuhn, “Oral history: Interview of George Uhlenbeck”, Niels
Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, USA
(March 31, 1962), accessed on May 1, 2019, www.aip.org/history-programs/
niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4922-2.
21 See footnote 15.
22 Peter W. Atkins, Molecular Quantum Mechanics (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1983).
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23 John L. Heilbron, “Oral history: Interview of Ralph Kronig,” Niels Bohr Li-
brary & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD, USA (No-
vember 12, 1962), accessed on May 1, 2019, www.aip.org/history-programs/
niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4721.
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
2. A Theorist’s Hindsight
The past century of developments in physics has not only vindicated the
exuberant exploratory mindset of the 1920’s when the notion of electron
spin has emerged, but also brought about a deeper understanding of the
phenomenon. The reader interested in the myriads of ways in which the
notion of electron spin ended up influencing these developments, may
find a good starting point and a generous bibliographical resource in the
swift review by Richard G. Milner25. The excellent historical review of
developments in fundamental physics by Robert P. Crease and Charles
C. Mann26 is also a valuable bibliographical resource, but even more so in
understanding the personal investments in the various paradigm shifts in
the fundamental physics as they occurred in the twentieth century.
At the dawn of the 2020’s, I should like to proffer a less-frequently
mentioned, and perhaps more pragmatic justification of the electron
spin: Unabashedly benefitting from a century’s worth of hindsight, this
theoretical viewpoint is conceptually simpler and perhaps more to the
point. It adopts some of the methodology, together with a retrospective
and introspective critical analysis of that same methodology, such as es-
poused in recent textbooks.27
Observability: It is straightforward that angular momentum ( ) itself
is not a directly measurable physical quantity – there exists no such thing
as an “angular-momentum-o-meter”. Even in common, everyday expe-
riences, the angular momentum of macroscopic and readily observable
24 Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 41.
25 Richard G. Milner, “A short history of spin,” in Proceedings of the XVth Inter-
national Workshop on Polarized Sources, Proceedings of Science (PSTP 2013) 003,
accessed June 18, 2014, http://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5016.
26 Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann, The Second Creation: Makers of the Rev-
olution in Twentieth-Century Physics, 2nd ed. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University
Press, 1996).
27 Tristan Hübsch, Fundamentalna fizika elementarnih čestica (Novi Sad: Univer-
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
(11)
between the observed (and by now extremely accurately measured31)
magnetic moment of the electron ( ), its gyro-magnetic ratio ( ) and
intrinsic angular momentum, i.e. spin ( ).
Conceptual Justification: Almost a century removed from the un-
certain and exploratory times of Uhlenbeck and Goudsmit and the ex-
perimentally very well-justified correlation32 notwithstanding, one may
legitimately seek a conceptual rationale for the relation (11). And indeed,
there is one: The three components of angular momenta are well known
to necessarily satisfy the so-called angular momentum algebra:
, (12)
33 Ibid.
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3. Further Consequences
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38 Richard P. Feynman’s tracing the initial idea to Paul A.M. Dirac does not take
away from the ultimate formulation by Pauli; see Feynman’s (first) part in Richard
P. Feynman and Steven Weinberg, Elementary particles and the laws of physics
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
39 Wolfgang Pauli, “The connection between spin and statistics,” Physical Re-
view, 8, 58 (1940): 716–722; Wolfgang Pauli, “Relativistic field theories and el-
ementary particles,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 13 (1941): 203–232.
40 Wolfgang Pauli, “Exclusion principle, Lorentz group and reflexion of space-
time and charge,” in Niels Bohr and the Development of Physics: Essays Dedicated
to Niels Bohr on the Occasion of His Seventieth Birthday, eds. Wolfgang Pauli, Léon
Rosenfeld and Victor Frederick Weisskopf (London: Pergamon Press, 1955).
41 See footnote 15.
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
• Any two, and in fact any (arbitrarily large) number of particles with
integral spin (dubbed bosons) are not prohibited by the exclusion
principle from being in the same quantum state, and so they may
form a collective, coherent entity dubbed a condensate. This possi-
bility was recognized in 1938 by Fritz London,42 even before Pauli’s
definitive formulation of the eponymous principle.43 Within quan-
tum field theory, this bosonic degeneracy may then be identified
as giving rise to the “background fields”, such as the electrostatic
field, which thus may be regarded as a collective effect of myriads
of elementary particles that are continually exchanged and so me-
diate interactions between distant objects.
• In stark contradistinction, no two particles with half-integral spin
(dubbed fermions) can exist in the same quantum state, therefore
cannot condense, cannot form “background fields,” and so do not
produce any such directly observable macroscopic phenomenon.
Fermions, such as the electron, the proton, the neutron and the ev-
er-elusive neutrino, thereby forever remain within the profoundly
microscopic realm, where the laws of Nature do appear perplexing
and perhaps even paradoxical – but only when steadfastly clinging
to macroscopic notions in forming one’s foundational framework
of understanding.
Furthermore, owing to the inherent double-valuedness of spinorial
quantities and the self-evident single-valuedness of all conceivable single
instances of observation, it follows that all spinor-dependent observable
quantities must depend on even numbers of spinorial quantities. This is
sometimes cited as a “super-selection rule”, which must necessarily be
built into the foundational framework of any understanding of Nature.
In contemporary textbooks of quantum mechanics,44 angular mo-
menta that stem from (potentially) observable physical rotations are
traced to the action of the rotation generators in (12) on (reference
frame-dependent) positional degrees of freedom in any particular system.
In contradistinction, angular momenta that stem from intrinsic direction-
distinguishing features (such as magnetic moments) are identified with
the action of the rotation generators in (12) on (intrinsic and state-de-
pendent) directional degrees of freedom in any particular system.
This framework of understanding also includes the previously known
(unsurprising and undisputed) intrinsic notion of directionality in elec-
42 Fritz Wolfgang London, “The λ-phenomenon of liquid helium and the Bose–
Einstein degeneracy,” Nature, 3571, 141 (1938): 643–644.
43 See footnote 39.
44 See footnote 36.
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4. Afterword
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A. P. Batra &T. Hübsch, On the Mirage of the Classical Electron
Appendix
This article uses several symbols that are standard within physics litera-
ture, but are perhaps not as widely known to the general readership, as
well as some that have been introduced for convenience. Preferring to
err on the side of caution and convenience for the reader, a table of sym-
bols with their brief definition is included below:
Table: Symbols used in this article, and their meaning; listed in the order
of appearance
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Also, we use the symbols: “∝” denoting proportional to, “≈” denoting
approximately equal to, “~” denoting on the order of magnitude of, and
“×” denoting the vector product of vectors.
References
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138
Ананд П. Батра
Универзитет Хауард, Одељење за физику и астрономију, Вашингтон
Тристан Хибш
Универзитет Хауард, Одељење за физику и астрономију, Вашингтон
139
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140
scientific review UDC 575.212/.218(091)
547.963.3(091)
Aleksandar Vujin1
McGill University, Studies at the University, PhD Studies of Biology,
Montreal, Canada
Abstract
The physical basis of hereditary information for cellular life on Earth
is the DNA molecule. As such, its chemical integrity is of paramount
importance for the faithful transmission of genetic information. How-
ever, DNA is under a constant assault by damaging agents found both
in the cell and the outside environment. To repair the various types
of DNA damage, many specialized enzymatic repair pathways have
arisen over the course of evolution. In this review, we follow the de-
velopment of ideas and knowledge preconditioning the origin of DNA
repair research, beginning with the 19th and 20th century discoveries
of the role of DNA as a molecule of heredity, which combined with
early radiobiological research of the first half of the 20th century to
enable the development of the field of DNA repair. The discovery of
DNA repair mechanisms followed soon thereafter, and we describe
how photoreactivation, excision repair, homologous recombination
repair, and non-homologous end joining were discovered. We also
briefly survey the major consequences the discovery of DNA repair
has had on other domains of science and human life: the rise of
biotechnology, and genetic engineering in particular; and a deeper
understanding of hereditary and spontaneous genetic diseases, par-
ticularly cancer. Much still remains to be uncovered about the basic
mechanisms of DNA repair, their control in the context of living cells,
and the potential to co-opt these processes for technolog ical use.
Keywords: DNA damage, DNA repair, genotoxic stress, excision repair,
homologous-recombination, non-homologous end joining
1 aleksandar.vujin@mail.mcgill.ca
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1. Introduction
The general shape of the DNA molecule permeates popular culture to-
day to such an extent that it is instantly recognizable to most people:
two longitudinal strands twisting around each other into a double helix,
joined by perpendicular lines which form a ladder-like structure. While ex-
tremely simplified, this popular scientific image nevertheless points out
the two most salient structural elements of the molecule: the sugar back-
bone (the longitudinal strands) and the nitrogenous bases, also known as
2 Harvey F. Lodish et al., Molecular Cell Biology, 6th ed. (New York: W. H. Free-
man, 2008), 111, 18.
3 Laurence Loewe and William G. Hill, “The Population Genetics of Mutations:
Good, Bad and Indifferent”, Philosophical Transactions Royal Society of London Se-
ries B: Biological Sciences, 1544, 365 (2010): 1155–1156.
142
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
4 These names are not strictly correct, because purine and pyrimidine are prop-
erly a 9-atom and a 6-atom (respectively) heterocyclic aromatic ring compounds
from which the nucleobases are derived, but this naming convention has become
common.
5 For example, ATGGAGCTA. By convention, the 5’ end is written on the left and
the 3’ end on the right.
6 A concise introduction is provided in Richard P. Bowater and Zoë A. Waller,
“DNA Structure,” in Els (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2014).
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A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
paper published the following year.25 For his part, Boveri was aware of
Sutton’s work, and fully credited him with the discovery.26
Further evidence for the chromosome theory of inheritance came
from the laboratory of the renowned American geneticist Thomas Hunt
Morgan, who established some of the principles of classical genetics,27 of
which perhaps the most important to the field of DNA damage and repair
is the isolation of the first genetic mutants. In 1910, Morgan isolated a
random mutation in the normally red-eyed flies which produced a white-
eyed male.28 He called the gene white29, and was able to show that it is
inherited in a sex-specific manner, linked to the X chromosome. Morgan’s
discoveries that mutations are linked to specific chromosomes showed
that genetic material could be altered to produce phenotypic changes,
which was a necessary precondition to the concept of DNA damage.
Another early indication of DNA damage and its links to deleterious out-
comes were observations by Boveri, who in 1902 noticed that if multi-
polar mitosis30 is induced during sea urchin development, it results in the
development of tumor-like cell masses.31 Boveri further refined his ideas
in his 1914 book Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren32, noting that
aneuploidy33 is often associated with malignancies. Crucially, Boveri did
not believe that aneuploidy is the necessary or direct cause of cancer, but
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The next important steps in the history of the field of DNA damage and
genotoxic stress were made possible by radiobiological experimenta-
tion. The era of radiobiology was ushered in 1877, with the discovery
that light, and in particular (ultra)violet light, has an adverse effect on the
growth of bacteria.36 After their discovery by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
in 1895, X-rays were quickly shown to have biological effects by Leop-
old Freund, who in 1896-7 demonstrated that X-ray exposure causes hair
loss, desquamation, erythema, and ulceration on human skin.37 How-
ever, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation or X-rays on biological mac-
romolecules was not yet understood on a mechanistic level. In 1917, it
was proposed by Franklin I. Harris and H. Spencer Hoyt that absorption
148
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
38 Franklin. I. Harris and H. Spencer Hoyt, “The Possible Origin of the Toxicity of
Ultra-Violet Light”, Science, 1187, 46 (1917): 319–20.
39 Frederick L. Gates, “On Nuclear Derivatives and the Lethal Action of Ultra-
Violet Light”, Science, 1768, 68 (1928): 480.
40 Ibid.
41 Hermann Joseph Muller, “The Production of Mutations by X-Rays”, Proceed-
ings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 9, 14
(1928): 714–726.
42 Ibid., 720–22.
43 The mutagenic effects of increased temperature were already known.
44
Edgar Altenburg, “The Limit of Radiation Frequency Effective in Producing
Mutations”, American Naturalist, 683, 62 (1928): 540–545.
45 Edgar Altenburg, “The Artificial Production of Mutations by Ultra-Violet
Light”, American Naturalist, 719, 68 (1934): 491–507.
46 For a review of Muller’s life and achievements, see Guido P. A. Pontecorvo,
“Hermann Joseph Muller, 1890–1967”, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the
Royal Society, 14 (1968): 348–389.
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A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
son and Crick66 to deduce the symmetry present in the DNA molecule,
and, because they also knew of Chargaff’s findings, produce the correct
model of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds of A:T/G:C base-
pairing.67 The landmark papers on DNA structure by Watson and Crick68,
Wilkins and colleagues69 and Franklin and Gosling70, were published in
April 1953, ushering in the era of molecular biology and finally enabling a
structural and mechanistic understanding of DNA damage.
Today, several distinct genetic pathways for the repair of damaged DNA
are recognized.71 On the basis of lesion type, DNA repair pathways can
be divided into two groups: those that repair single stranded lesions or
errors, and those that repair double strand breaks. Some of the better
understood single strand lesion repair pathways include: photoreactiva-
tion, which is a form of direct reversal of pyrimidine base dimerization
that often occurs with UV light exposure; nucleotide excision repair,
which also primarily repairs pyrimidine dimers but does so by cutting out
(excising) a portion of the damaged strand several nucleotides in size,
after which the remaining gap is filled by specialized DNA polymerases;
base excision repair, in which a single chemically altered nucleobase is
cut out by enzymes called glycosidases which sever the glycosidic bond
between the base and deoxyribose; single strand break repair, in which
a discontinuity in the sugar backbone is repaired by a DNA ligase; and
mismatch repair, which corrects errors of base mismatches72 which arise
during DNA replication.
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81 Alan Garen and Norton David Zinder, “Radiological Evidence for Partial Ge-
netic Homology between Bacteriophage and Host Bacteria,” Virology, 4, 1 (1955):
347–376.
82 Ibid., 371.
83 Claud S. Rupert, Sol H. Goodgal and Roger M. Herriott, “Photoreactivation in
Vitro of Ultraviolet-Inactivated Hemophilus Influenzae Transforming Factor”, The
Journal of General Physiology, 3, 41 (1958): 451–471.
84 Ibid., 463.
85 For a good overview of post-World War II radiobiological research in the
United States, United Kingdom, France, and Spain, see Angela N. H. Creager and
María Jesús Santesmases, “Radiobiology in the Atomic Age: Changing Research
Practices and Policies in Comparative Perspective”, Journal of the History of Biol-
ogy, 4, 39 (2006): 637–647.
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A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
pioneers of molecular biology, and the possibility of DNA repair was ini-
tially overlooked. In a paper written as a personal reflection on the 21st
anniversary of the discovery of the double helix, Crick wrote “We totally
missed the possible role of enzymes in repair although, due to Claud
Rupert’s early very elegant work on photoreactivation, I later came
to realise that DNA is so precious that probably many distinct repair
mechanisms would exist”,86 underscoring the importance of Rupert’s
discovery of the enzymatic nature of photoreactivation. In the decades
following Rupert’s discovery, much subsequent work has been done to
characterize the repair enzymes active in photoreactivation, which are
now known as photolyases, and which have been found to reverse py-
rimidine dimerization, one of the most common lesions that form on
DNA following UV treatment.87
The year Rupert and colleagues published their paper also saw the
publication of a short report88 by Ruth Hill on the isolation of the first ra-
diation-sensitive strain of E. coli, Bs-1, a significant event since up to then
only radiation-resistant mutants have been uncovered. This discovery, as
well as that of other radiation-sensitive lines discovered later, opened the
way for a genetic dissection of DNA repair. Soon thereafter, Hill and col-
leagues reported that host cell reactivation of irradiated bacteriophages
is much less efficient in E. coli Bs-1 than in the parent strain from which it
had been derived.89 Crucially, they discovered that the radiation-sensitive
bacteria reactivated a much smaller fraction of the irradiated bacterio-
phage than the control cells without regard to light,90 which suggested
that the mutation may affect a process other than photoreactivation.
However, the nature of the damage caused to DNA was at this time still
not understood. The discovery of pyrimidine dimers as the first distinct
lesion in the DNA acted as an important spur in the next quantum leap of
the DNA repair field — the discovery of excision repair.
86 Francis Crick, “The Double Helix: A Personal View”, Nature, 5451, 248 (1974):
767.
87 For a review of research on photolyases, including the early discoveries by
Rupert, see Aziz Sancar, “Structure and Function of Photolyase and in Vivo En-
zymology: 50th Anniversary”, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 47, 283 (2008):
32153–32157.
88 Ruth F. Hill, “A Radiation-Sensitive Mutant of Escherichia Coli”, Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta, 3, 30 (1958): 636–637.
89
Solon A. Ellison, Rose R. Feiner and Ruth F. Hill, “A Host Effect on Bacterio-
phage Survival after Ultraviolet Irradiation”, Virology, 1, 11 (1960): 294–296.
90 Ibid., 295.
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As we have seen, the role of DNA as the genetic material has been firmly
established by the 1950s, as was the knowledge that nucleobases absorb
irradiation at spectra known to be lethal and mutagenic. In parallel to the
research on radiation recovery, great research effort was being put into
characterizing the chemical effects that irradiation caused in the DNA,
and particularly in the nucleobases. A significant breakthrough came in
1960, when Rob Beukers reported the discovery of reversible dimeriza-
tion in thymine.91 In 1958, Beukers started irradiating frozen solutions of
thymine with UV radiation92 and eventually managed to isolate a photo-
product in which the two pyrimidine rings were covalently bound — a di-
mer.93 Furthermore, he found that this dimerization could be partially re-
versed by re-irradiation with UV light.94 Only two months after Beukers’
original publication, a group of German researchers demonstrated that
thymine dimerization also occurs in vivo: irradiated Enterococcus bac-
teria exhibited an increasing proportion of thymine dimerization when
treated with increasing UV doses,95 which offered a hint that pyrimidine
dimerization may have a biologically significant effect. This represented a
critical step in the discovery of excision repair, which was discovered and
initially characterized through the concomitant efforts of three groups:
that of Richard Setlow, including his wife Jane Setlow and his collabora-
tors, Paul Swenson and William Carrier; that of Paul Howard-Flanders and
his post-doctoral fellow Richard Boyce; and that of Philip Hanawalt and
his student David Pettijohn.96
Excited by the discovery of thymine dimers, the Setlows started in-
vestigating the biological consequences of this photochemical lesion.
91 Rob Beukers and Wouter Berends, “Isolation and Identification of the Irradia-
tion Product of Thymine”, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 3, 41 (1960): 550–551.
92 For Beuker’s reflection on the discovery of and subsequent research on thy-
mine dimers, see Rob Beukers, André P. Eker and Paul H. Lohman, “50 Years Thy-
mine Dimer”, DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 3, 7 (2008): 530–543.
93 See footnote 91.
94 Rob Beukers and Wouter Berends, “Effects of Uv Irradiation on Nucleic Acids
and Their Components”, Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, 1, 49 (1961): 181–189.
95 Adolf Wacker, Hanswerner Dellweg and Dieter Weinblum, “Strahlenche-
mische Veränderung Der Bakterien-Desoxyribonucleinsäure in Vivo”, Naturwis-
senschaften, 20, 47 (1960): 477.
96 For an excellent review describing the discovery of excision repair, see Errol
C. Friedberg, “Nucleotide Excision Repair of DNA: The Very Early History”, DNA
Repair (Amsterdam), 7, 10 (2011): 668–672.
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A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
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synthesis.102 This was the first study to link DNA damage, in the form of
pyrimidine dimers, with an inhibition of a critical metabolic process in the
cell, and provided an explanation for the lethal effects of UV irradiation.
Setlow and colleagues also showed that photoreactivation can partially
rescue DNA synthesis in both sensitive and resistant cells, but that only
resistant cells exhibit appreciative recovery in the dark.103 They were
aware that Claud Rupert and Daniel Wulff had shown that photoreacti-
vation splits thymine dimers back into monomers,104 but they detected
no dimer splitting in the irradiated resistant bacteria in the dark.105 Thus,
they concluded: “Since thymine dimers are not split in the resistant cells,
we are investigating other molecular mechanisms that may account for
the resumption of DNA synthesis, such as the possibility of polymerizing
at a slow rate around a block or that the dimer is cut out of the DNA
chain by nucleases and is replaced by two thymines”.106 Today we know
that both of these hypothesized mechanisms operate in the cell; thymine
dimers and other lesions can be bypassed by specialized DNA polymer-
ases107 and, as Setlow himself would soon show, the dimers are indeed
enzymatically removed and the resulting gap is filled out by new DNA
synthesis. This UV radiation-dependent DNA synthesis was the second
important discovery of 1963. Back in 1958, Matthew Meselson and Fred-
erick Stahl used heavy and light nitrogen isotopes to demonstrate that
DNA replicates in a semi-conservative fashion.108 In the Meselson-Stahl
experiment, the original DNA duplex, containing only heavy nitrogen at-
oms, unwinds and two new DNA strands are synthesized by the addition
of nucleotides containing only light nitrogen atoms. The resulting DNA,
therefore, had a molecular weight half-way between DNA containing just
102 Richard B. Setlow, Paul A. Swenson and William L. Carrier, “Thymine Dimers
and Inhibition of DNA Synthesis by Ultraviolet Irradiation of Cells”, Science, 3598,
142 (1963): 1464–1466.
103 Ibid., 1464–1465
104 Daniel L. Wulff and Claud S. Rupert, “Disappearance of Thymine Photodimer
in Ultraviolet Irradiated DNA Upon Treatment with a Photoreactivating Enzyme
from Baker’s Yeast”, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 3, 7
(1962): 237–240.
105 See footnote 102.
107 Known as translesion polymerases. For a review, see Myron F. Goodman and
160
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
heavy or just light nitrogen, which Meselson and Stahl were able to mea-
sure, showing that the molecules were hybrids of old and new strands.
In 1963, Pettijohn and Hanawalt published the results of their experi-
ments using radioactive nucleotide analogs to measure DNA replication
after UV irradiation.109 Finding that less than 6% of DNA was replicated
post-UV, and that the resulting molecules were intermediate in density
between unreplicated and fully replicated DNA, they concluded that “[...]
some type(s) of photochemical damage to DNA may result in the partial
replication of the DNA molecule”.110
The two discoveries of 1963 culminated the following year in a pa-
per by Richard Setlow and William Carrier in which they described that
thymine dimers are removed from the DNA of UV-resistant bacteria in
the time it takes for DNA synthesis to resume, and furthermore, that
the dimers can be detected in the oligonucleotides111 separate from the
genomic DNA.112 Crucially, the thymine dimers remained in the genomic
DNA of UV-sensitive bacteria after UV treatment, demonstrating the ex-
istence of a genetically controlled DNA error repair mechanism.113 The
general picture of excision repair, in broad strokes, thus emerged by
the mid-1960s, and although research on this and other excision-based
pathways continues today, it was these discoveries that can be said to
have truly inaugurated the field of DNA repair research. Removal and re-
placement of damaged pieces of the DNA duplex were not previously
envisioned, and this influenced the way DNA was viewed away from a
stable repository of genetic information towards a vulnerable molecule
protected and corrected by dynamic cellular processes.
It is worthwhile to note that the form of excision repair discovered by
the Setlow, Howard-Flanders, and Hanawalt groups was later renamed
nucleotide excision repair by Errol Friedberg in 1976,114 in order to distin-
112 Richard
B. Setlow and William L. Carrier, “The Disappearance of Thymine Di-
mers from DNA: An Error-Correcting Mechanism”, Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 51 (1964): 226–231.
113 Ibid.
114 James Duncan, Lenore Hamilton and Errol C. Friedberg, “Enzymatic Degrada-
tion of Uracil-Containing DNA. Ii. Evidence for N-Glycosidase and Nuclease Ac-
tivities in Unfractionated Extracts of Bacillus Subtilis”, Journal of Virology, 2, 19
(1976): 345.
161
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guish it from base excision repair, in which DNA glycosidases cut out only
the damaged nucleobase, and not an entire stretch of nucleotides.115
However, the principles of excision and DNA synthesis discovered during
the 1960s for nucleotide excision repair also apply to most of the other
DNA repair pathways, which underscores the magnitude of these find-
ings. In addition to excision repair, the 1960s also saw the discovery of
double-strand break repair, which operates on different principles but is
no less important for the maintenance of DNA integrity.
In the early 1960s, as research on excision repair was in full swing, the
notion that genetic recombination and DNA repair are related processes
was not yet appreciated.116 Genetic recombination is a process that most
prominently occurs between paternal and maternal homologous chromo-
somes during meiosis, the specialized cell division which gives rise to gam-
etes. In meiosis, DNA double-strand breaks are enzymatically produced on
the homologous chromosomes, and the resulting free DNA ends “invade”
homologous sequences on the chromosome from the other parent.117
This serves both to help homologous chromosomes to faithfully segre-
gate to opposing cells and to increase genetic diversity by shuffling allele
combinations. Despite its prominence in meiosis, homologous recombina-
tion can also occur in mitotic cells, as well as in bacterial cells.
The idea of genetic recombination was first proposed by Frans Jans-
sens in 1909, who formulated the idea under the name “chiasmatype
theory” on the basis of cytological observations of bridge-like connect-
115 Readers interested in the history of base excision repair are directed to an ex-
cellent review by Errol Friedberg, Errol C. Friedberg, “A History of the DNA Repair
and Mutagenesis Field: The Discovery of Base Excision Repair”, DNA Repair (Am-
sterdam) 37 (2016): A35-39; as well as his book, Errol C. Friedberg, Correcting the
Blueprint of Life : An Historical Account of the Discovery of DNA Repair Mechanisms
(Plainview, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1997).
116 Dean W. Rupp, “Early Days of DNA Repair: Discovery of Nucleotide Excision
162
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
118 For an excellent review of Janssen’s work, see Romain Koszul, Matthew
Meselson, Karine Van Doninck, Jean Vandenhaute and Denise Zickler, “The Cen-
tenary of Janssens’s Chiasmatype Theory,” Genetics, 2, 191 (2012): 309–317.
119 Harriet B. Creighton and Barbara McClintock, “A Correlation of Cytological
and Genetical Crossing-over in Zea Mays”, Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America, 8, 17 (1931): 497.
120 Matthew Meselson and Jean-Jacques Weigle, “Chromosome Breakage Ac-
companying Genetic Recombination in Bacteriophage”, Proceedings of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 47 (1961): 857–868.
121 James Herbert Taylor, “Distribution of Tritium-Labeled DNA among Chromo-
somes During Meiosis : I. Spermatogenesis in the Grasshopper”, The Journal of
Cell Biology, 2, 25 (1965): 57–68.
122 Paul Howard-Flanders and Richard P. Boyce, “A Biochemical Pathway in the
Repair of DNA after UV-Irradiation That May Have Steps in Common with Those
of Genetic Recombination by Breakage-Reunion”, Genetics, 2, 50 (1964): 256–257.
123 Dean Rupp, “Early Days of DNA Repair: Discovery of Nucleotide Excision Re-
pair and Homology-Dependent Recombinational Repair”, Yale Journal of Biology
and Medicine, 4, 86 (2013): 502.
163
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124 Alvin J. Clark and Ann D. Margulies, “Isolation and Characterization of Recom-
126 AlvinJ. Clark, Michael Chamberlin, Richard P. Boyce and Paul Howard-Flan-
ders, “Abnormal Metabolic Response to Ultraviolet Light of a Recombination De-
ficient Mutant of Escherichia Coli K12”, Journal of Molecular Biology, 2, 19 (1966):
442–454.
127 Paul Howard-Flanders and Richard P. Boyce, “DNA Repair and Genetic Recom-
129 Morrical,
DNA-Pairing and Annealing Processes in Homologous Recombination
and Homology-Directed Repair, 12–13.
130 Chatterjeeand Walker, “Mechanisms of DNA Damage, Repair, and Mutagen-
esis.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 5, 58 (2017): 246, 250.
164
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
and James M. Pipas, “Somatic Cells Efficiently Join Unrelated DNA Segments End-
to-End”, Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, 2 (1982): 1258–1269.
135 Richard Bowater and Aidan J. Doherty, “Making Ends Meet: Repairing Breaks
Gene and Its Role in DNA Repair and V(D)J Recombination”, Science, 5177, 265
(1994): 1442-1445; Tracy Blunt et al., “Defective DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase
Activity Is Linked to V(D)J Recombination and DNA Repair Defects Associated
with the Murine Scid Mutation”, Cell, 5, 80 (1995): 813-823; Zhiying Y. Li et al.,
“The XRCC4 Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Involved in DNA Double-Strand Break
Repair and V(D)J Recombination”, Cell, 7, 83 (1995): 1079–1089.
165
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factors to process the DNA ends to make them compatible for ligation,
i.e. the re-joining of the cut strands by the enzyme Ligase IV.137
Ligase IV is just one member of the critically important ligase family
of enzymes. Ligases catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bonds
between 5’ phosphates and 3’ hydroxyl groups of adjacent nucleotides,
correcting a discontinuity in the DNA chain. They are critically important
for both DNA replication and most DNA repair pathways, including nucle-
otide and base excision repair, single strand break repair, and of course
non-homologous end joining.138 The discovery of breakage and recombi-
nation of DNA molecules139 prompted a frenzied search to identify the
enzymatic activity controlling the molecular joining. In 1967, teams from
five laboratories independently discovered DNA ligases in E. coli and bac-
teriophages.140 The 1970s and the following decades saw an exponential
increase in the understanding of ligases and their roles in DNA repair,
which also enabled the birth of biotechnology. Biotechnology can be de-
fined as the domestication and co-option of naturally evolved systems
for technological use by humans. The sub-field of biotechnology called
genetic engineering arose directly as a consequence of basic research
into the nature of DNA repair and recombination. In the following sec-
tion, a brief survey is given of the development and continuing impact
of two specific technologies: restriction endonucleases and genomic
editing.
166
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
167
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The relationship of DNA damage research and medicine started off in re-
verse. During the early 1960s, most research on excision repair was done
in bacteria. By the second half of the decade, it has been demonstrated
that human cells, specifically the cancer cell line HeLa148, also repair UV-
induced DNA damage by excision of thymine dimers.149 The first proof
of a functional relationship between DNA repair deficiency and disease
came in 1968 through the efforts of James E. Cleaver. Cleaver was in-
terested in the genetic disease Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), whose
sufferers exhibit extreme sensitivity to sunlight and often develop skin
cancers or cancers of other tissues exposed to the sun. He compared
the UV response of fibroblast cells isolated from normal skin to those of
147 For
a personal take on this development by one of the organizers of the
meeting at which the results were announced, see Robin Lovell-Badge, “CRIS-
PR Babies: A View from the Centre of the Storm”, Development, 3, 146 (2019):
dev175778.
148 Derived in 1951 from the cervical adenocarcinoma of Henrietta Lacks, an Afri-
can American woman who did not provide consent for the use of her cells, raising
a medical ethics controversy.
149 James D. Regan, James E. Trosko and William L. Carrier, “Evidence for Excision
168
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
dence That Xeroderma Pigmentosum Cells Do Not Perform the First Step in the
Repair of Ultraviolet Damage to Their DNA”, Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences of the United States of America, 3, 64 (1969): 1035–1041.
152 Cell signaling enzyme which regulates activities of other proteins by the addi-
in Lisa Woodbine, Andrew R. Gennery and Penny A. Jeggo, “The Clinical Impact
of Deficiency in DNA Non-Homologous End-Joining”, DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 16
(2014): 84–96.
155 Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet, “The Biological Effects and Clinical Implications
of Brca Mutations: Where Do We Go from Here?”, European Journal of Human
Genetics, 24, Supplement 1 (2016): S3–S9.
169
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In this review, we have traced the origin of the concept of DNA dam-
age and repair from the very early days before the nature of the genetic
material was understood, through the major discoveries of the mid-20th
century about the genetic role of DNA, its structure, and crucially, both
its susceptibility to mutagenizing effects of environmental factors and
the ability of the cell to detect, directly reverse, or remove and repair
the damage caused. We have also seen how controlled DNA damage and
repair form the basis for biotechnology and genome editing, and the im-
portance of DNA repair for human health and disease.
Beyond the scope of this review, but nevertheless deserving of men-
tion, are the wider questions of the cellular response to DNA damage. A
complex network of kinases and other signaling molecules, known as the
DNA damage response (DDR), regulates the cell’s response to a newly
156 Philip
J. Stephens et al., “Massive Genomic Rearrangement Acquired in a Sin-
gle Catastrophic Event During Cancer Development”, Cell, 1, 144 (2011): 27–40.
157 Agata Rode, Kendra Korinna Maass, Karolin Viktoria Willmund, Peter Lichter
and Aurélie Ernst, “Chromothripsis in Cancer Cells: An Update”, International
Journal of Cancer, 10, 138 (2016): 2331.
158 Reviewed in Yi Du, Hirohito Yamaguchi, Jennifer L. Hsu and Mien-Chie Hung,
“PARP Inhibitors as Precision Medicine for Cancer Treatment”, National Science
Review, 4, 4 (2017): 576–592.
159 Ibid., 578.
170
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
160 For
an excellent introduction to the various cellular pathways falling under
DDR, see Alberto Ciccia and Stephen J. Elledge, “The DNA Damage Response:
Making It Safe to Play with Knives,” Molecural Cell, 2, 40 (2010): 179–204.
161 Readers interested in the chromatin control of DNA repair and in general the
control of DNA repair in a cellular context are directed to Bianca M. Sirbu and
David Cortez, “DNA Damage Response: Three Levels of DNA Repair Regulation”,
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 8, 5 (2013): a012724.
162 For more information on the mechanisms of DNA damage tolerance, see Er-
rol C. Friedberg, “Suffering in Silence: The Tolerance of DNA Damage,” Nature
Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 12, 6 (2005): 943–953.
163 For a good survey of cell death mechanisms caused by DNA damage, see Olga
Surova and Boris Zhivotovsky, “Various Modes of Cell Death Induced by DNA
Damage,” Oncogene, 33, 32 (2013): 3789–3797.
171
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References
1. Adli, Mazhar. “The Crispr Tool Kit for Genome Editing and Beyond”. Na-
ture Communications, 1, 9 (2018): 1911.
2. Altenburg, Edgar.”The Artificial Production of Mutations by Ultra-Violet
Light”. American Naturalist, 719, 68 (1934): 491–507.
3. Altenburg, Edgar.”The Limit of Radiation Frequency Effective in Produc-
ing Mutations.” American Naturalist 683, 62 (1928): 540–545.
4. Astbury, William T. and Florence O. Bell. “X-Ray Study of Thymonucleic
Acid”. Nature, 3573, 141 (1938): 747–748.
5. Avery, Oswald T., Colin M. MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty. “Studies on the
Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumo-
coccal Types : Induction of Transformation by a Desoxyribonucleic Acid
Fraction Isolated from Pneumococcus Type III”. Journal of Experimental
Medicine, 2, 79 (1944): 137–158.
6. Beukers, Rob and Wouter Berends. “Effects of Uv Irradiation on Nucleic
Acids and Their Components”. Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta, 1, 49 (1961):
181–189.
7. Beukers, Rob and Wouter Berends. “Isolation and Identification of the
Irradiation Product of Thymine”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 3, 41
(1960): 550–551
8. Beukers, Rob, André P. Eker and Paul H. Lohman. “50 Years Thymine Di-
mer”. DNA Repair (Amsterdam), 3, 7 (2008): 530–543.
9. Blunt, Tracy, Nicholas J. Finnie, Guillermo E. Taccioli, Graeme C. Smith,
Jocelyne J. Demengeot, Tanya M. Gottlieb, Ryushin Mizuta, Alummoottil
164 See, for example, the recent discovery of a novel mammalian cNHEJ protein,
PAXX: Takashi Ochi et al., “DNA Repair. PAXX, a Paralog of XRCC4 and XLF, Inter-
acts with Ku to Promote DNA Double-Strand Break Repair”, Science, 6218, 347
(2015): 185-188; Satish K. Tadi et al., “PAXX Is an Accessory c-NHEJ Factor That
Associates with Ku70 and Has Overlapping Functions with XLF”, Cell Reports, 2,
17 (2016): 541–555.
172
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174
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175
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176
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177
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178
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179
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180
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
119. Woodbine, Lisa, Andrew R. Gennery and Penny A. Jeggo. “The Clinical
Impact of Deficiency in DNA Non-Homologous End-Joining.” DNA Repair
(Amsterdam), 16 (2014): 84–96.
120. Wulff, Daniel L. and Claud S. Rupert. “Disappearance of Thymine Pho-
todimer in Ultraviolet Irradiated DNA Upon Treatment with a Photo-
reactivating Enzyme from Baker’s Yeast.” Biochemical and Biophysical
Research Communications, 3, 7 (20 1962): 237–240.
181
Александар Вујин
Универзитет Макгил (McGill), студије при универзитету, докторске
студије, студијски програм: Биологија, Монтреал, Канада
182
A. Vujin, DNA Damage and Repair: A Brief History of Concept and Research
183
прегледни рад УДК 72:929 Дероко А.
Апстракт
Рад садржи општи преглед живота и рада академика Александра
Дерока (1894–1988), једне од најзначајнијих научних и уметничких
личности 20. века у Србији. На основу расположиве литературе
и обимне заоставштине која се чува у Архиву Српске академије
наука и уметности (САНУ) и другим институцијама, кроз сажети
приказ се сагледава његов изузетно богат професионални рад
у различитим областима – истраживањима и заштити културне
баштине, универзитетској настави, градитељској делатности и
уметности. Указује се на континуитет који је остварен у домену
проучавања старина и истраживању остатака средњовековних
манастира и утврђених градова, као и традиционалног народног
градитељства, што је непосредно утицало на његов педагошки
рад и архитектонско стваралаштво, чинећи их јединственом це-
лином. Вишедеценијски рад на Архитектонском одсеку Техничког
факултета у Београду, касније Архитектонском факултету, који је
започео на предмету Византијска и стара српска архитектура, а
касније наставио кроз предмет Народна архитектура, чине га на-
стављачем дела Михаила Валтровића, Драгутина Милутиновића
и Петра Поповића на пољу изучавања градитељског наслеђа и на-
ставе из ове области у Србији. Његов ангажман у оквиру Српске
академије науке и уметности, од 1955. године, резултирао је зна-
чајним истраживањима и публикацијама које су и данас један од
најдрагоценијих доприноса истраживању средњовековног мону-
менталног, али и традиционалног народног градитељства. Његова
архитектонска дела подигнута у Београду, али и по целој земљи
1 roterm@arh.bg.ac.rs
185
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1. Увод
2 Рођен је 16. (по старом календару 4.) септембра 1894. године, у Београду.
Крштен је у Саборној цркви. Крштеница из 1919. године се чува у заоставшти-
ни Александра Дерока у Архиву САНУ, инв. бр. 14678, фасцикла бр. 4.
3 У Архиву САНУ су сачувана два реферата о његовом животу и раду (један
на 7 страна и други на 2), куцани на машини, али са његовим интервенцијама
оловком, инв. бр. 14678, фасцикла бр. 4. О животу и раду академика Дерока
видети и у: Зоран М. Јовановић, Алексан�ар Дероко (Београд: РЗЗСК и ДКС,
1991); Марија Вранић-Игњачевић и Дубравка Милошевић, Алексан�ар Деро-
ко 1894-1988, Ле�ен�е Бео�ра�ско� универзи�е�а, каталог изложбе (Београд:
Универзитетска библиотека, 2004); Слободан Богуновић, „Дероко Алексан-
дар“, у Архи�ек�онска енцикло�е�ија Бео�ра�а XIX-XX век,II (Београд: Бео-
градска књига, 2005), 750–757.
186
М. З. Ротер Благојевић, Обележавање 125 година од рођења А. Дерокa
187
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188
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189
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190
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191
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19
Оригинални цртежи, варијанте перспективног изгледа Храма чувају се у
документацији Музеја науке и технике у Београду.
20
Оригинални планови и документација се чувају у Историјском архиву
Београда (ИАБ, 6-11-30-27, 6-8-14- 29. Такође видети: Јовановић, Алексан�ар
Дероко, 62–68; Богуновић, Дероко Алексан�ар, 752–753.
21 Дипломирала је на Групи за француску књижевност на Београдском
универзитету 1928. Образовала се и на Сорбони у Паризу, у Риму је студирала
уменост, а у Београду и права. Преводила је на француски и са њега, као и са
енглеског језика. Видети: Алексан�ар Дероко 1894-1988, 26–27.
22 Фасцикла бр. 1, Рукописи, Архив САНУ, инв. бр. 14678.
23 Објављени су у едицији Цр�ежи, бр. 1, 1956; бр. 3, 1958; бр. 4, 1959; и бр.
10, 1965, у издању Архитектонског факултета Универзитета у Београду.
24 Милан П. Ракочевић, гл. и одг. ур, Високошколска нас�ава архи�ек�уре у
192
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194
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195
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31 Ibid., 136.
32 Јовановић, Алексан�ар Дероко, 41 - 45
196
М. З. Ротер Благојевић, Обележавање 125 година од рођења А. Дерокa
33 Ibid., 42 – 43.
34 Ibid., 46–48.
197
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4. Градитељски опус
198
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199
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200
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201
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5. Уметнички рад
204
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6. Закључна разматрања
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206
М. З. Ротер Благојевић, Обележавање 125 година од рођења А. Дерокa
Литература
207
Mirjana Z. Roter Blagojević
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade
208
М. З. Ротер Благојевић, Обележавање 125 година од рођења А. Дерокa
but also during his long-term work at the Committee for Maintenance and
Restauration of Church and Monastery Buildings with the Ministry of Religion.
He left a special mark on the research of medieval fortifications and until
1974, he directed the work of the InterAcademy Board for Material Culture,
whose theme was Medieval Cities in Yugoslavia, by collecting, together with
his collaborators, material that still represents the most complete research
of medieval cities in the wider region of the Balkans.
Deroko’s architectural works also originated from his study of medieval
monumental and vernacular architecture. Apart from Temple of Saint Sava
in Belgrade, which is undoubtedly his most important architectural work
(together with arch. B. Nestorović), he also designed a large number of
churches (in Split, Sarajevo, Kraljevo, etc.), exploring the new ways of modern
church architecture, which would not be burdened by strict cannons and
patterns of the Byzantine style. Providing particular modernised solutions for
sacral spaces, he relied on old Christian architecture and simple circular forms
of a rotunda with a dome, thus making a significant advance in this type of
architecture. Apart from these, Boarding School of the Faculty of Theology
in Belgrade (designed together with arch. P. Anagnosti), constructed just
before the War, also shows a modern, free approach to tradition, the same
as the schools, villas in Dedinje and Topčider Hill, residential buildings and
tombstones, which he designed all over the country.
Apart from this, he also worked with other art forms, painting and
sculpture, book design, posters, etc., which were published and presented
in exhibitions, organised in his old age. He also published his memoirs, which
testify of his rich erudition and vitality of spirit, which radiated onto his
students, collaborators and admirers.
Key words: Deroko, architectural education, heritage, tradition, protec-
tion, architecture
209
аnnouncement UDC 72.01:725.95(497.11Београд)
Bojana M. Jerković-Babović1
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade
Nebojša S. Fotirić2
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture, Belgrade
Abstract
The main idea of this paper is to research the patterns of fluidity in the
relationship between contemporary urban perceptual experiences
and architectural elements of Mostar Interchange in Belgrade. Fluidity
is positioned as the main conceptual phenomenon, simultaneously
causing and manifesting in contemporary transformations of
perceptual and spatial conditions into a constant process of dynamic
interactions and flows. This research is contextualized by reading
the new sense of perceptive, sensory and experiential values of
this city area through the analysis of the architectural patterns
of fluid experience. Accordingly, this research is focused on the
relations between the elements of form, tectonics and ambient
in the Mostar Interchange architecture and dynamic perceptual
experiences in the process of constant movement. The dynamic
concept of flows is placed into the spatial perspective as a design
method and architectural criterium for creation of the patterns of
fluidity. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to put fluidity and notion
of flow into the spatial perspective through the patterns of relations,
continuity, dynamism, sequence and repetition of formal, tectonic
and ambient elements.
Key words: fluidity, flows, architecture, Mostar Interchange
1 bojana.jerkovic@arh.bg.ac.rs
2 fotiric@arh.bg.ac.rs
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1. Introduction
3 Zigmunt Bauman, Fluidni život, translated by Siniša Božović and Nataša Mrdak
(Novi Sad: Mediteran publishing, 2009), 42.
4 Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Networked Society (Oxford: Blackwell Publish-
ers, 1996), 429.
5 Manuel Castells, The Rise of the Networked Society, With a New Preface Volume
I: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (London: John Willey and
Sons, 2009), 441.
212
B. M. Jerković-Babović & N. S. Fotirić, Patterns of fluidity
Scholars Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin argue that transfer and
transport networks have become the communicative devices of modern
life.6 Furthermore, cities consisted of place and flow relations that shape
the contemporary everyday experience.
213
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4. Patterns of fluidity
The main idea presented in this paper is to place the Mostar Interchange,
modernistic urban landscape, as a former symbol of modernization and
development of Belgrade, into contemporary pattern reading of its spa-
tial qualities and potentials.
Modernism as a dogmatical non-pattern, especially in terms of
decoration and ornament, developed patterns associated with Fordism,
Taylorism, cybernetics, urban plans, city types, -road node systems,
structure engineering etc.8 Accordingly, patterns in modernism were
predominantly connected with dynamic, functional, rational components
in architectural and urban design recognizable in Mostar Interchange
design itself. On the other hand, postmodern context brought opposed
pattern notions such as fragmented, heterogeneous, delirious,
formless, non-material, illusionary etc.9 In addition, postmodernism
developed pattern concepts such as historic, folding, sprawl, density,
non-place, high-tech, difference, repetition etc. This transformation and
reorientation towards more conceptual, dynamic patterns was a logical
spatial reflection of new social conditions and new reading of urban
214
B. M. Jerković-Babović & N. S. Fotirić, Patterns of fluidity
215
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5. Conclusion
The aim of this paper was to present the contemporary meaning of the
fluidity patterns in the relationships between contemporary urban ex-
perience and architectural elements of Mostar Interchange in Belgrade.
This research is based on the new sense of perceptive, sensory and expe-
riential values of the urban and architectural spaces through the analysis
of the patterns of formal, functional and ambient aspects of the Mostar
Interchange. The dynamic concept of flows is put into the spatial per-
spective in recognition of fluidity patterns according to the contextual
pattern transformations from modernism to the present. Patterns of
fluidity refer to contemporary understanding of conceptual, dynamic,
immaterial and functional patterns of diversified effects in the dynamic
context of Mostar Interchange as one of the main infrastructure nodes in
Belgrade and specific urban landscape with unique architectural values.
Sources of illustrations
References
216
B. M. Jerković-Babović & N. S. Fotirić, Patterns of fluidity
4. Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Networked Society, With a New Preface
Volume I: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. London:
John Willey and Sons, 2009.
5. Castle, Helen. “The Patterns of Architecture“. Architectural Design, 79, 6
(2009): 4-16.
6. Graham, Stephen and Simon Marvin. Splintering Urbanism: Networked
Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition. London:
Routledge, 2009.
217
Бојана М. Јерковић-Бабовић
Универзитет у Београду, Архитектонски факултет, Београд
Небојша С. Фотирић
Универзитет у Београду, Архитектонски факултет, Београд
218
Стручни радови
УДК 378.6:[069.5:54(497.11)
378.6:[069.5:552(497.11)
Весна М. Живковић1
Централни институт за конзервацију, Београд
Апстракт
Збирка великана српске хемије и Збирка минерала и стена, две
збирке Природно-математичког факултета Универзитета у Бео-
граду, представљају једне од многих универзитетских збирки које
постоје широм света, још од формирања Ашмолеан музеја у Ок-
сфорду у Великој Британији у 17. веку. Док се Збирка минерала и
стена развијала упоредо са формирањем наставне и истраживач-
ке базе на Универзитету, Збирка великана српске хемије припада
групи универзитетских збирки формираних у 20. веку, које, иако
су повезане са едукацијом и истраживањем, настају не за дидак-
тичке потребе, већ из специфичних разлога. Збирка минерала и
стена је дидактичка збирка чији је историјски значај препознат и
признат. Збирке сличне Збирци великана српске хемије се форми-
рају или прикупљањем опреме и архивске грађе које немају више
значаја у даљем развоју специфичне области на коју се односе, или
су посвећене личностима значајним за развој те области. Њихов
настанак подразумева да је препознат историјски значај опреме
и материјала који би у супротном били одбачени јер више немају
улогу у процесу сазнања, али су значајни за историјат развоја од-
ређене области. Тема рада је историјат настанка ове две збирке,
њихова улога и значај у области историје културе и науке и раз-
воја високог образовања у Србији, интерпретација представљене
221
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1. Увод
3 Marta C. Lourenço, „Between two worlds: The distinct nature and contempo-
rary significance of university museums and collections in Europe” (PhD disserta-
tion, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers 2005), 50, преузето 20. 2 .2011,
webpages.fc.ul.pt/~mclourenco/.
4 Marta C. Lourenço, „Contributions to the history of university museums and
collections in Europe”, Museologia, 3 (2003): 18, 19.
5 Ibid., 20.
6 Ibid; Lourenço, Between two worlds, 60.
222
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223
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224
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225
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21 Ibid.
22 Постојала су три предлога за назив изложбе. Поред коначно одабраног, у
обзир су узети и Живо� и �ело Симе Лозанића и Сима Лозанић и ње�ово �оба,
Ibid.
226
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228
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229
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32
Noć muzeja, „Hemija u Srbiji – juče, danas, sutra”, прeузeтo 27. 7. 2011, www.
nocmuzeja.rs/2011/Hemija-u-Srbiji-juce-danas-sutra.html.
33 Slavica Blagojević-Babič, Istorijat muzeja minerala i stena i njegove najstarije
230
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231
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232
В. М. Живковић, Прилог историјату две збирке...
233
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234
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45 Ibid., 42–43.
46 Ibid., 45–46; Додуше, прве геолошке збирке су настале зато што се
веровало да геолошки примерци имају моћ лечења и симболичко значење,
Lourenço, Contributions to the history, 21.
47 Lourenço, Between two worlds, 43; први музеји за учење уз хемијске
лабораторије настали су у 19. веку, Lourenço, Contributions to the history, 21.
48 Lourenço, Between two worlds, 76.
49 Ibid., 44, 78.
236
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6. Закључак
240
В. М. Живковић, Прилог историјату две збирке...
Извор илустрација
Из документације Весне Живковић
Литература
241
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242
В. М. Живковић, Прилог историјату две збирке...
243
Vesna M. Živković
Central Institute for Conservation, Belgrade
244
В. М. Живковић, Прилог историјату две збирке...
245
Прикази
Емилија Вуковић1
Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултет, Београд
1
vukovic.emilija@hotmail.rs
2
Зборник радова је представљен 10. маја у Свечаној сали САНУ. Том
приликом говорили су: уредници, дописни члан САНУ Миодраг Марковић
и проф. др Драган Војводић, академик Владимир С. Костић, председник
САНУ, академик Гојко Суботић и академик Александар Лома.
249
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250
Прикази
251
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252
Мирјана Ротер Благојевић1
Универзитет у Београду, Архитектонски факултет, Београд
Снежана Тошева
Гра�и�ељс�во у служби �ржаве
Дела�нос� и ос�варења Архи�ек�онско� о�ељења
Минис�арс�ва �рађевина у ср�ској архи�ек�ури 1918–1941.
Београд, Музеј науке и технике – Београд и Друштво
конзерватора Србије, 2018.
1
roterm@arh.bg.ac.rs
253
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254
Прикази
255
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256
Прикази
257
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258
Драгана Ј. Мецанов1
Bexel Consulting, Доха, Катар
Бранислав Фолић
Нова школа архи�ек�уре у Бео�ра�у
Београд, Универзитет у Београду - Архитектонски факултет,
2017.
1. Уводне напомене
1
mecanov@gmail.com
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2. Ревалоризације
260
Прикази
261
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5
Бранислав Фолић, Нова школа архи�ек�уре у Бео�ра�у (Бео-
град: Архитектонски факултет, 2017), 90.
6
Ibid., 91.
7
Ibid., 288.
8
Ibid., 309.
9
Ibid., 332.
262
Прикази
263
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14
Фолић, Нова школа архи�ек�уре у Бео�ра�у, 339.
15
Ibid., 340–342.
16
Ibid., 359.
17
Ibid., 363.
18
Ibid., непагинирано. (Извод из Предговора проф. арх. Бранислава
Миленковића на почетку монографије).
264
Горан М. Бабић1
Универзитет у Београду, Архитектонски факултет, Београд
Драгиша Милосављевић
После�њи чувари зла�иборске баш�ине, С�оменици
�ра�иционално� �ра�и�ељс�ва
Београд, Службени гласник, 2018.
1
gary@arh.bg.ac.rs
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266
Прикази
267
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268
Зорица Никић11
Универзитет уметности у Београду, Факултет примењених уметности
и дизајна, докторске студије, студијски програм: Примењена уметност
и дизајн, Београд
Јелена Пераћ
Анас�ас Јовановић (1817–1899)
Пионир �римењене уме�нос�и и �изајна
Београд, Музеј примењене уметности, 2017.
1
zorica_nikic@yahoo.com
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270
Прикази
271
Phlogiston часопис за историју науке
Упутство за ауторе
Уредништво часописа за историју науке ФЛОГИСТОН одлучило је
да доследном применом Ак�а о уређивању научних часо�иса1
Министарства за науку и технолошки развој Републике Србије,
којим се посебно одређује опремање часописа у целини, унапреди
квалитет ФЛОГИСТОНА и на тај начин допринесе његовом потпу-
нијем укључивању у међународни систем размене научних инфор-
мација. Из тих разлога, радови који се предају редакцији морају
бити опремљени на стандардан начин. Уредништво ФЛОГИСТОН-a
је такође прихватило препоруку Министарства за науку и технолош-
ки развој Републике Србије о доследној примени правила цитирања
литературе, тако да се саставни делови референци (ауторска имена,
наслов рада, извор итд.) наводе у свим радовима објављеним у ча-
сопису на исти начин, у складу са усвојеном формом навођења.
У складу са светском традицијом заступљеном у часописима
из области историје и других хуманистичких наука, Уредништво
ФЛОГИСТОН-a одлучило се за 16. издање система навођења из-
вора и литературе Универзитета у Чикагу (The Chicago Manual of
Style. 16th edition),2 и то за стил хуманистичких наука (Humanities
Style), Notes-Bibliography верзију. Тај стил цитирања је веома при-
лагодљив разноврсним информацијама и обрађује изворе које не
предвиђају други стилови цитирања. Он подразумева цитирања
која представљају библиографску јединицу у напоменама (фуснота-
ма) и библиографији ( литератури). У даљем тексту УПУТСТВА биће
приказани начини цитирања извора који се најчешће користе као
референсна литература у научном раду.
У складу са Ак�ом о уређивању научних часо�иса и О�ш�им ме-
рилима за о�абир �омаћих часо�иса за �раћење, вре�новање у
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I НАУЧНИ ЧЛАНЦИ
1. ори�иналан научни ра� (рад у коме се износе необјављивани
резултати сопствених истраживања научним методом);
2. �ре�ле�ни ра� (рад који садржи оригиналан, детаљан и кри-
тички приказ истраживачког проблема или подручја у коме је
аутор остварио одређени допринос, видљив на основу аутоци-
тата);
3. кра�ко или �ре�хо�но сао�ш�ење (оригиналан научни рад
пуног формата, али мањег обима или прелиминарног каракте-
ра);
4. сао�ш�ење (претходно поднето на научном скупу, ако није и
објављено);
5. научна кри�ика, о�носно �олемика (расправа о одређеној
научној теми заснована искључиво на научној аргументацији) и
осврти.
II СТРУЧНИ ЧЛАНЦИ
– прилози у којима се излажу искуства корисна за унапређење про-
фесионалне праксе, али која нису нужно заснована на научном ме-
тоду (искуства из праксе, баштина, казуистика, студије случаја и сл.);
274
Упутство за ауторе
IV ПРИКАЗИ
– прикази књига (само под условом да имају аутора), монографија
или зборника радова научних скупова, случаја, научног догађаја и сл.
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III КОНТАКТ-ПОДАЦИ
Адреса или е-адреса аутора даје се у напомени при дну прве стра-
нице чланка. Ако је аутора више, даје се само адреса једног, обично
првог аутора.
IV НАСЛОВ РАДА
Наслов треба прецизно да упути на садржај рада, укључујући речи
прикладне за индексирање и претраживање. Ако таквих речи нема
у наслову, потребно је да се наслову придода поднаслов.
V АПСТРАКТ
Апстракт је кратак информативан приказ садржаја рада, на језику
основног текста, у обиму од 100 до 250 речи. Треба да садржи по-
датке као што су циљ истраживања, метод, резултати истраживања
и закључак. Пожељно је да садржи термине који се често користе
за индексирање и претрагу рада. Треба да стоји између заглавља
(имена аутора, афилијације, наслова рада) и кључних речи, након
којих следи текст рада.
VI КЉУЧНЕ РЕЧИ
Кључне речи треба да буду учестали термини или фразе који нај-
боље упућују на садржај рада, а омогућавају лако индексирање
и претраживање. Треба их додељивати у складу с неким најшире
прихваћеним међународним извором (попис, речник или тезаурус;
на пример: листа кључних речи Web of Science). Број кључних речи
не треба да буде већи од 10. Стоје непосредно након апстракта.
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ТАБЕЛЕ
– Табела не треба да буде шира од 12 цм.
– Фонт може да буде мањи од основног текста (12 pts), али
не мањи од 9 pts.
Уређивачки одбор задржава право да графичке прилоге који не
задовољавају техничке стандарде часописа не уврсти у коначан рад.
X РЕЗИМЕ
Резиме треба да садржи исто што и апстракт, али у проширеном
обиму који не би смео да прелази 1/10 обима текста. Резиме се даје
на крају чланка, након одељка Литература.
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НАПОМЕНЕ (ФУСНОТЕ)
Напомене (фусноте) дају се при дну стране на којој се налази ко-
ментарисан део текста. Могу садржати мање важне детаље, одгова-
рајућа допунска објашњења, назнаке о коришћеним изворима, али
не могу бити замена за цитирану литературу.
Библиографска напомена се састоји од два дела: броја у тексту и
броја у напомени на дну стране (фуснота). Напомене се означавају
у низу, почевши од броја 1, кроз цео чланак, поглавље или текст.
Бројеви у тексту морају бити у експоненту (superscript) и морају да
следе реченице, мисли, наводе (обавезно обележене знацима на-
вода), знаке интерпункције и затворене заграде. Напомена мора да
има број нормалне величине.5
БИОГРАФИЈЕ АУТОРА
Аутори свих прилога у часопису ФЛОГИСТОН имаће и објављене био-
графије у истом броју. Неопходно је да биографије, писане у трећем
лицу, обима до 500 карактера, садрже следеће податке:
• име и презиме
• годину рођења
• о образовању (о завршеним, односно тренутним студијама)
• о запослењу и другим професионалним (стручним) активно-
стима и ангажманима
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Упутство за ауторе
РЕЦЕНЗИЈЕ
Сваки научни рад оцењују барем два рецензента. Рецензентима
се не открива идентитет аутора, и обратно, осим када обе стране
изразе спремност на непосредну комуникацију. У случају да рад
добије једну позитивну и једну негативну рецензију, уредништво
одређује трећег рецензента. Аутори који добију условно позитивне
рецензије дужни су да уваже примедбе рецензената, као и лекто-
ра и уређивачког одбора, а, уколико то не желе, да повуку рад из
штампе. Коначну одлуку о објављивању позитивно рецензираног
текста доноси уређивачки одбор. Измене текста након достављених
рецензија нису дозвољене, осим ако се односе на примедбе рецен-
зената. Уређивачки одбор такође одлучује о категоризацији пози-
тивно оцењених рукописа, на основу критеријума наведених у Ак�у
о уређивању научних часо�иса Министарства за науку и технолошки
развој Републике Србије.
НАВОЂЕЊЕ ИЗВОРА
Саставни делови библиографских јединица (ауторска имена, на-
слов рада, извор итд.) наводе се у складу са усвојеном формом
навођења. У примерима који следе наведене су најчешће цитиране
врсте референци. Неопходно је обратити пажњу на то да се библио-
графска одредница истог дела разликује у зависности од тога да ли
се налази у оквиру фусноте или у списку литературе на крају текста.
Испред сваке одреднице треба да стоји редни број.
I КЊИГЕ
1 ауор:
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора, Наслов књи�е (Место издања: Издавач,
година), страна.6
Пример: Павле Миленковић, Школа Анала, о�ле�и о социо-
лошкој ис�орио�рафији (Нови Сад: Stylos, 2004), 25.
литература
Презиме, име аутора. Наслов књи�е. Место издања: Издавач,
година.
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7 Код три аутора додаје се и треће име и презиме, а прво и друго се одвајају
зарезом.
8 За књиге штампане на страном језику користи се у наставку скраћеница et al.
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Упутство за ауторе
литература
Презиме, име аутора. Наслов књи�е. Уредник, Главни и одговор-
ни уредник, Превео, Приредио Име и презиме.9 Место издања:
Издавач, година.
Полавље или неки руи ео књие – чланци из зборника раова:
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора, „Наслов поглавља“, у Наслов књи�е, ур.10
Име и презиме (Место издања: Издавач, година), страна.
Пример: John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana,
and the Moral Economy of War”, in Anthropology and Global
Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
Пример: Marko Žilović, „Zašto nisam postao inženjer?“, u Zbornik
Beogradske otvorеne škole. Radovi studenata 2006/2007 (Beograd:
BOŠ, 2008), 175.
литература
Презиме, име аутора. „Наслов поглавља“. У Наслов књи�е, уред-
ник Име и презиме, страна. Место издања: Издавач, година.
Пример: Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana,
and the Moral Economy of War”. In Anthropology and Global
Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T.
Mitchell and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 2010.
Пример: Žilović, Marko. „Zašto nisam postao inženjer?“. U Zbornik
Beogradske otvorene škole. Radovi studenata 2006/2007, 171–187.
Beograd: BOŠ, 2008.
Полавље риређено ома књие ориинално објављено на
руом месу (као у римарном извору):
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора, „Наслов поглавља“, у Наслов књи�е, уред-
ник Име и презиме, том Наслова књи�е, уредник Име и презиме
(Место издања: Издавач, година), страна.
литература
Презиме, име аутора. „Наслов поглавља“. У Наслов књи�е, уред-
ник Име и презиме. Том Наслова књи�е, уредник Име и презиме,
страна. Место издања: Издавач, година.11
9 Уколико има више лица која носе секундарну одговорност, наводе се сва.
10Уколико је приређено издање збирка или зборник, обавезно се наводи
уредник или приређивач.
11
Уколико је том оригинално издат негде другде, додаје се и: Оригинално
објављено у Име, презиме, ур., Наслов, �ом (Место издања: Издавач, го-
дина).
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II ПЕРИОДИКА
Ра у часоису у шаманом облику (јеан ауор):
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора, „Наслов текста“, Наслов часо�иса, број,
свеска (година): страна.12
Пример: Далибор Денда, „Војни фактор и изградња фабрике ауто-
мобила у Краљевини Југославији“, Токови ис�орије 3–4 (2008): 10.
литература
Презиме, име. „Наслов текста“. Наслов часо�иса, број, свеска
(година): стране.13
Пример: Денда, Далибор. „Војни фактор и изградња фабрике
аутомобила у Краљевини Југославији“. Токови ис�орије 3–4
(2008): 9–27.
Ра у часоису (више ауора):
напомена или фуснота
Име презиме и име и презиме, „Наслов текста“, Наслов часо�и-
са, број, свеска (година): страна.
литература
Презиме, име и име и презиме. „Наслов текста“. Наслов часо�и-
са, број, свеска (година): стране.
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www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/index.html
15 Због боље прегледности модела, у неким примерима се наводи само
један аутор. Међутим, ако постоји више аутора, поступак је исти као што је
објашњено у примерима за опис књига са два или четири аутора.
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литература
Презиме, име аутора. „Наслов текста“. Наслов часо�иса број,
свеска (година): стране. Преузето датум. http://adresa.
Маисарска еза или окорска исерација:
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора, „Наслов тезе или дисертације“ (магистар-
ска теза или докторска дис., Назив факултета, година), страна.
литература
Презиме, име аутора. „Наслов тезе или дисертације“.
Магистарска теза или докторска дис., Назив факултета, година.
Ра изложен на научном, сручном скуу или конференцији:
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме, „Наслов рада“ (рад представљен на Назив скупа
или конференције, Град, Држава, датум одржавања, година).
литература
Презиме, име аутора. „Наслов рада“. Рад представљен на, Назив
скупа или конференције, Град, Држава, датум одржавања, годи-
на.
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Виео-заис:
напомена или фуснота
Наслов филма, медиј, редитељ Име и презиме (Место издања:
Издавач, година).
литература
Наслов филма. Редитељ Име и презиме. Место издања: Издавач,
година. Медиј.
CMS каже да су подаци за видео-записе углавном слични запи-
сима за књиге, са додатком у виду податка о врсти медија. Сцене
које су појединачно доступне на DVD-у, могу се третирати као
поглавља и цитирати по наслову или броју. Документа која се
могу повремено појављивати, а ту се мисли на критички комен-
тар нпр., цитирају се по аутору и наслову.17
Навођење необјављених раова
Инервју:
напомена или фуснота
Име и презиме аутора интервјуа, Интервју аутора, Место, датум,
година.
литература
Презиме, име аутора интервјуа. Интервју аутора. Место, датум,
година.
Препорука у CMS-у је да је интервјуе најбоље цитирати у напо-
менама, а само повремено их наводити у библиографији.18
Докумени извршних влаиних орана:
напомена или фуснота
Име министарства, Наслов �екс�а, Име и презиме аутора
(Место издања: Издавач, година), преузето датум, http://adresa.
литература
Име министарства. Наслов �екс�а. Име и презиме аутора.
Место издања: Издавач, година. Преузето датум. http://adresa.
Веб сај (web site):
Овде се не може наћи прецизан модел навођења, јер из ис-
куства знамо да извори са интернета често немају потребне
податке за навођење.19 Најчешће немају ауторе текстова, па чак
ни наслове, а нејасно је и коме припада сајт. Уколико елементи
постоје, наводе се као текстови из часописа, са додатком адре-
се. Ако елемената за навођење нема, најчешће се наводи само
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19Изузетак представљају електронски часописи који имају све неопходне
податке. Начин њиховог навођења је наведен у тексту.
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Упутство за ауторе
287
MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND T ECH NOLO GY - BELGRADE
Phlogiston Journal of the History of Science
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I SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
II TECHNICAL ARTICLES
III NEWS ITEMS
IV REVIEWS
V SPECIAL TYPES OF ARTICLES
I SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
1. Original scientific paper (paper presenting unpublished results of
one’s own scientific research);
2. Review (paper containing original, detailed and critical review of
the research problem or area in which the author has made a
contribution, visible on the basis of self-quotation);
3. Short or preliminary communication (original scientific, full format
paper, but with small-scale or preliminary character);
4. Communication (previously submitted at a scientific conference, if
not published);
5. Scientific review and/or thesis (discussion on a specific scientific
topic based exclusively on scientific argumentation) and reviews.
Exceptionally, in some areas, scientific paper in the journal can take the
form of monographic study, as well as the critical edition of scientific
material (historical and archival, lexicographic, bibliographic, data
review, etc.) - hitherto unknown or poorly accessible for scientific
research.
II TECHNICAL ARTICLES
Articles presenting experiences useful for improvement of professional
practice, which are not necessarily based on the scientific method
(practices, heritage, casuistry, case studies etc.);
IV REVIEWS
- Book reviews (provided that they have an author), monographs or
collections of papers from scientific conferences, cases, scientific
events etc.
22 CEON, Radni dokumenti ERD 19-01/03-11
290
Instructions for Authors
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V ABSTRACT
The abstract is a brief informative presentation of the content of work
in the language of the body text, containing from 100 to 250 words. It
should include information such as research objective, method, results
and conclusion. It is desirable that it contains terms that are often used
for indexing and search. The abstract should be placed between the
header (the author’s name, affiliation, title of paper) and key words,
followed by the body text.
VI KEY WORDS
Keywords should be common terms or phrases that best indicate the
content of the work, and allow easy indexing and search. They should
be awarded in accordance with a widely accepted international sources
(list, dictionary or thesaurus, for example: the list of keywords Web
of Science). The number of keywords should not be higher than 10.
Keywords are placed immediately after the abstract.
292
Instructions for Authors
Moreover, when less known abbreviations are used for the first
time their full name in the original should be specified in the
parenthesis.
TABLES
- Table should not be wider than 12 cm.
- Font cannot be smaller than the body text (12 pts.), but not smaller
than 9 pts.
The Editorial Board reserves the right not to include the illustrations
that do not meet the technical standards of the journal in the final
work.
X SUMMARY
Summary should contain the same as an abstract, but in the extended
scope which should not exceed 1/10 of the text volume. Summary is
given at the end of the article, after the section References.
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NOTES (FOOTNOTES)
Notes (footnotes) are provided at the bottom of the page containing the
commented text. It may contain fewer important details, corresponding
explanations, indication of sources used, but it cannot substitute
references.
Bibliographic note consists of two parts: the number in the text and
number in the note at the bottom of the page (footnotes). Notes are
indicated in sequence, starting with number 1, throughout the article,
chapter or text. The numbers in the text should be superscript and
must follow sentences, thoughts, statements (mandatory marked with
quotation marks), punctuation and closing parenthesis. Note must have
a normal sized number.24
AUTHORS’ BIOGRAPHIES
Biographies of all the authors of articles in The Phlogiston Journal will
be published. The biographies, written in a third person, containing 500
characters, shall include the following data:
• Name and surname
• Year of birth
• Education (completed and/or current studies)
• Employment and other professional activities and engagements
REVIEWS
Every scientific work is evaluated by at least two reviewers. Reviewers
cannot reveal the identity of the author, and vice versa, except when
both parties express willingness to direct communication. In the event
24 “Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide“, Тhe Chicago Manual of Style Оnline.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/ tools_citationguide.html
294
Instructions for Authors
that the work gets one positive and one negative review, the editorial
board appoints the third reviewer. Authors who receive conditional
positive reviews are obliged to take into account the remarks of the
reviewers, editors and the editorial board, and, if they do not want
that, to withdraw the work from the press. The final decision on
the publication of a positive evaluated manuscript is adopted by
the editorial board. Amendments to the text, after the review are
not allowed, unless they relate to the remarks of the reviewers. The
editorial board also decides on categorization of the positively evaluated
manuscript, based on the criteria listed in the Act on Editing of Scientific
Journals of the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of
the Republic of Serbia.
LISTING SOURCES
Main components of bibliographic units (copyright name, title,
source, etc.) shall be specified in accordance with the adopted form of
reference. In the examples that follow, the common types of reference
are specified. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the
bibliographic units of the same work differ depending on whether it is
located within the footnotes or in the reference list at the end of the
text. There should be a serial number in front of each reference.
I BOOKS
1 author:
Note or footnote
Author’s name and surname, Book title (Place of publication:
Publisher, year), page.25
Example: Pavle Milenković, Škola Anala, ogledi o sociološkoj
istoriografiji (Novi Sad: Stylos, 2004), 25.
Reference
Surname, name of the author. Book title Place of publication:
Publisher, year.
Example: Milenković, Pavle. Škola Anala, ogledi o sociološkoj
istoriografiji (Novi Sad: Stylos, 2004).
If the author has an initial, it is stated between the first name and
surname in the footnote, and after the name in the references (if the
first listed author, and if it is not, then, as in a footnote).
2 authors:
Note or footnote
Author’s name and surname, Book title (Place of publication:
Publisher, year), page.
Example: Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate
History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52.
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Reference
Surname, name of the author. Book title Place of publication:
Publisher, year.26
Example: Ward, Geoffrey C. and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate
History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.
4 or more authors:
Note or footnote
Author’s name and surname,27 Book title (Place of publication:
Publisher, year), page.
Reference
Surname, name, name and surname, name and surname, name and
surname and name and surname of the author. Book title Place of
publication: Publisher, year.
The primary responsibility of the editor, translator or publisher, when
the author is not specified:
Note or footnote
Name and surname, editor, editor in chief, translator, publisher,
Book title (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page.
References
Surname, name, editor, editor in chief, translator, publisher, Book
title (Place of publication: Publisher, year), page.
Authorised books accompanied by the editorćs name or secondary
responsibility (editor, translator or publisher with the author):
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, Book title, editor, editor in chief,
translator, publisher. Name and surname (Place of publication:
Publisher, year), page.
Reference
Surname, name of the author. Book title. Editor, editor in chief,
translated by, published by Name and surname.28 Place of
publication: Publisher, year.
Chapter or other part of the book - articles from the collection of
works:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, “Chapter Title““ , in Book title,
editor.29 Name and surname (Place of publication: Publisher, year),
page.
Example: John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana,
and the Moral Economy of War”, in Anthropology and Global
26 In case of three authors, third name and surname is added and the first and
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Instructions for Authors
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II PERIODICALS
Paper in a journal in the printed form (one author):
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, “Text title“, Journal title, number,
volume (year): page.31
Example: Dalibor Denda, „Vojni faktor i izgradnja fabrike automobila
u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji“, Tokovi istorije 3-4 (2008): 10.
References
Surname, name. “Text title“. Journal title, number, volume (year):
page.32
Example: Denda, Dalibor. „Vojni faktor i izgradnja fabrike automobila
u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji“. Tokovi istorije 3-4 (2008): 9-27.
Paper in a journal in the printed form (moree author):
Note or footnote
Name, surname and name and surname, “Text title“, Journal title,
number, volume (year): page.
References
Name, surname and name and surname, “Text title“, Journal title,
number, volume (year): page.
Article in a popular magazine:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, “Text title“, Journal title, date of
publication, page.
References
Surname, name of the author. “Text title“. Journal title, date of
publication.
Newspaper article:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, “Text title“, Newspaper title,
column, date.
Newspaper can have several edition or special editions for specific
geographic areas (such as, for example, Belgrade edition of Politika,
Blic for Vojvodina, etc.), thus the units may be repositioned or
deleted in various editions. Therefore it is recommended to skip the
number of pages (in accordance with CMS).33
Newspapers are usually specified in footnotes and notes, but not in
the references (in accordance with CMS).
However, if they are mentioned as bibliographic unit, it should be
done in the following manner:
References
Surname, name of the author. “Text title“. Newspaper title, date,
column.
31 Only pages used during writing are specified.
32 Article pages are specified.
33 “Documentary Note or Humanities Style“, Тhe Chicago Manual of Style.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle. org/index. html
298
Instructions for Authors
34 For easier reference models, in some cases, only one author is listed.
However, if there are several authors, the procedure is the same as described in
the examples in the book description with two or four authors.
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Sound recording:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, Recording title, production house
– media.
References
Surname, name of the author. Recording title. Name of the
production house, publisher – media.
According to CMS, sound recordings are specified under the name
of the composer, writer or other person in charge of the contents.
Name of the performer may be added after the title. Production
house and recording number are usually sufficient to identify the
recording.35
Video recording:
Note or footnote
Film title, media, director Name and surname (Place of publication:
Publisher, year).
References
Film title. Director Name and surname. Place of publication:
Publisher, year. Media.
According to CMS, data for video recordings are usually similiar
to book recordings, with addition of data on media type. Scenes
individually available on DVD, may be treated as chapters and
referred to according to title or number. Documents which may
occassionaly appear, such as critical commentary, e.g. quoted
according to the author and title.36
Listing unpublished works Interview:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, Author’s interview, Place, date,
year.
References
Surname, name of the author. Author’s interview. Place, date, year.
In accordance with CMS recommednations, interviews should be
quoted in footnote, and ocasionaly quoted in references.37
300
Instructions for Authors
References
Name of the ministry. Text title. Name and surname of the author.
Place of publication: Publisher, year. Downloaded date. http://
address.
Web site:
Hereinafter the precise referencing model is presented, since we
know from experience that the sources from the Internet often do
not have the necessary referencing data.38 Generally there are no
authors of texts, or even titles, and it is unclear to whom the site
belongs. If these elements exist, they are referred to as articles
from the magazine, with the addition of address. If there are no
referencing elements, only address and donwloading date are
specified. If there are some data, they are listed as follows:
Note or footnote
Name of organization, “Text title“, Name of the website owner,
downloaded date, http://address.
References
Name of organization. “Text title“, Name of the website owner,
downloaded date, http://address.
Or:
Note or footnote
Name and surname of the author, Paper title, edition Name and
surname of the editor or publisher, in Name of the database,
downloaded date, http://address.
References
Name of database. Downloaded date. http://address.
Blog recording or comments:
Note or footnote
Name and surname, date of comments posting (time), comments
on Name and surname, “Text title“, Blog title date, year, dowloaded
date, http://address.
References
Blog title. http://address.
E-mail message:
Note or footnote
Name and surname, e-mail message to the author, date.
References
These messages are always never mentioned in bibliography or
references.
Additional notes:
- After the first mentioning, the same reference in subsequent
footnotes may be reduced to the author’s surname, part of the
title and page number.
38Exception are electronic magazines which have all the necessary data. The
manner of referencing is mentioned in the text.
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302
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
001
ISSN 0354-6640
ISSN 0354-6640
99 770354
7 7 0 3 5 4 664005
664005 ˃
ISSN 0354-6640
9 770354 664005