UGC - B.Sc. Life Sciences - New PDF

Structure of B.Sc.
Life Sciences under CBCS
CORE Ability Skill Enhancement Discipline Specific

COURSE(12) Enhancement Courses (SEC) (2) Elective DSE (4)
Compulsory
Courses (2)
I CC-Botany I English
CC-Zoology I communication
CC-Chemistry I
CC-Botany II Environmental
II CC-Zoology II Science
CC-Chemistry II
III CC-Botany III SEC-I
CC-Zoology III
CC-Chemistry III
IV CC-Botany IV SEC-II
CC-Zoology IV
CC-Chemistry IV
V SEC-III DSE-Botany I
DSE- Zoology I
DSE-3 Chemistry I
VI SEC-IV DSE-Botany II
DSE- Zoology II
DSE-3 Chemistry II
1
Details of Courses
Core Courses –Botany
1. Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)

2. Plant Ecology and Taxonomy
3. Plant Anatomy and Embryology
4. Plant Physiology and Metabolism
Discipline Specific Electives-Botany (Any two)
1. Cell and Molecular Biology

2. Economic Botany and Biotechnology
3. Analytical Techniques in Plant Sciences
4. Bioinformatics
5. Research Methodology
Core Courses: Zoology
1. Animal Diversity
2. Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology of Vertebrates
3. Physiology and Biochemistry
4. Genetics and Evolutionary Biology
Discipline Specific Electives: Zoology (Any two)
1. Applied Zoology
2. Animal Biotechnology
3. Aquatic Biology
4. Immunology
5. Reproductive Biology
6. Insect, Vector and Diseases
Core Courses-Chemistry
1. Conceptual Organic Chemistry
2. Molecules of Life
3. Chemical Bonding
4. Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences
2
Discipline Specific Electives-Chemistry (Any two)
1. Analytical Methods in Chemistry

2. Molecular Modelling & Drug Design
3. Research Methodology for Chemistry
4. Green Chemistry
5. Bio-inorganic & Environmental Chemistry
6. Instrumental Methods of Analysis
Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses
1. Environmental Science
2. English/MIL Communication
Skill Enhancement Courses (Any four)
Botany
1. Biofertilizers
2. Herbal Technology
3. Nursery and Gardening
4. Floriculture
5. Medicinal Botany
6. Plant Diversity and Human Welfare
7. Ethnobotany
8. Mushroom Culture Technology
9. Intellectual Property Rights
Chemistry
1. IT Skills for Chemists

2. Basic Analytical Chemistry
3. Chemical Technology & Society
4. Chemoinformatics
5. Business Skills for Chemists
6. Analytical Clinical Biochemistry
7. Green Methods in Chemistry
8. Pharmaceutical Chemistry
9. Chemistry of Cosmetics & Perfumes
10. Pesticide Chemistry
11. Fuel Chemistry
Zoology
3
1. Apiculture
2. Aquarium Fish Keeping
3. Aquatic Biology
4. Medical Diagnostics
5. Public Health and Hygiene
5. Sericulture
4
Scheme of B.Sc. Life Sciences under CBCS
SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits
I Ability Enhancement English 2

Compulsory Course-I Communications/
Environmental
Science
Core Course Botany I Biodiversity 4

(Microbes, Algae,
Fungi and
Archegoniate)
Core Course Botany I Practical Biodiversity 2

(Microbes, Algae,
Fungi and
Archegoniate)
Core Course Zoology I Biodiversity- 4

Animals
Core Course Zoology I Practical Biodiversity- 2

Animals
Core course Chemistry I Conceptual 4

Organic
Chemistry
Core Course Chemistry I Conceptual 2

Practical Organic
Chemistry
II Ability Enhancement English 2

Compulsory Course-II Communications/
Environmental
Science
Core course Botany II Plant Ecology and 4

Taxonomy
5
Core Course Botany -II Practical Plant Ecology and 2
Taxonomy
Core Course Zoology II Comparative 4

Anatomy and
Developmental
Biology of
Vertebrates
Core Course Zoology II Practical Comparative 2

Anatomy and
Developmental
Biology of
Vertebrates
Core Course Chemistry II Molecules of Life 4
Core Course Chemistry II Molecules of Life 2

Practical
III Core Course Botany III Anatomy and 4

Embryology of
Angiosperms
Core Course Botany III Practical 2
Core Course Zoology III Physiology and 4

Biochemistry
Core Course Zoology III Physiology and 2

Practical Biochemistry
Core Course Chemistry III Chemical 4

Bonding
Core Course Chemistry III Chemical 2

Practical Bonding
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Skill Enhancement Course-I SEC-I 2
Core Course Botany IV Plant Physiology 4

and Metabolism
IV
Core Course Botany –IV Plant Physiology 2
Practical and Metabolism
Core Course Zoology IV Genetics and 4

Evolutionary
Biology
Core Course Zoology IV Genetics and 2

Practical Evolutionary
Biology
Core Course Chemistry IV Physical 4

Chemistry for the
Biosciences
Core Course Chemistry IV Physical 2

Practical Chemistry for the
Biosciences
Skill Enhancement Course-II SEC-II 2
V Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany 1 4

Botany -I
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany 1 2

Botany I Practical
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology I 4

Zoology I
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology I 2

Zoology I Practical
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry I 4

Chemistry I
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry I 2

Chemistry I Practical
Skill Enhancement Course -III SEC-III 2
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VI Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany II 4
Botany -II
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany II 2

Botany II Practical
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology II 4

Zoology II
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology II 2

Zoology II Practical
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry II 4

Chemistry III
Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry II 2

Chemistry III Practical
Skill Enhancement Course -IV SEC-IV 2
Total: 120
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Core Course: Botany
Paper I
Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)
(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Microbes (10 Lectures)
Viruses – Discovery, general structure, replication (general account), DNA virus (T-phage);
Lytic and lysogenic cycle, RNA virus (TMV); Economic importance; Bacteria – Discovery,
General characteristics and cell structure; Reproduction – vegetative, asexual and recombination
(conjugation, transformation and transduction); Economic importance.
Unit 2: Algae (12 Lectures)
General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and

reproduction; Classification of algae; Morphology and life-cycles of the following: Nostoc,
Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Fucus, Polysiphonia. Economic importance of algae
Unit 3: Fungi (12 Lectures)
Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization,

cell wall composition , nutrition, reproduction and classification; True Fungi- General
characteristics, ecology and significance, life cycle of Rhizopus (Zygomycota) Penicillium,
Alternaria (Ascomycota), Puccinia, Agaricus (Basidiomycota); Symbiotic Associations-Lichens:
General account, reproduction and significance; Mycorrhiza: ectomycorrhiza and

endomycorrhiza and their significance
Unit 4: Introduction to Archegoniate (2 Lectures)
Unifying features of archegoniates, Transition to land habit, Alternation of generations.
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Unit 5: Bryophytes (10 Lectures)
General characteristics, adaptations to land habit, Classification, Range of thallus organization.

Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Marchantia and
Funaria. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecology and economic importance of
bryophytes with special mention of Sphagnum.
Unit 6: Pteridophytes (8 Lectures)
General characteristics, classification, Early land plants (Cooksonia and Rhynia). Classification
(up to family), morphology, anatomy and reproduction of Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris.
(Developmental details not to be included). Heterospory and seed habit, stelar evolution.
Ecological and economical importance of Pteridophytes.
Unit 4: Gymnosperms (6 Lectures)
General characteristics, classification. Classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and

reproduction of Cycas and Pinus. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecological and
economical importance.
Practical
5. EMs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawing/Photograph of Lytic and

Lysogenic Cycle.
6. Types of Bacteria from temporary/permanent slides/photographs; EM bacterium; Binary

Fission; Conjugation; Structure of root nodule.
7. Gram staining
8. Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron

micrographs), Oedogonium, Vaucheria, Fucus* and Polysiphonia through temporary
preparations and permanent slides. (* Fucus - Specimen and permanent slides)
9. Rhizopus and Penicillium: Asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures
through permanent slides.
10. Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and tease mounts.

10
11. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberry
leaves; section/tease mounts of spores on Wheat and permanent slides of both the hosts.
12. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; Sectioning of gills of
Agaricus.
13. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose)
14. Mycorrhiza: ecto mycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza (Photographs)
15. Marchantia- morphology of thallus, w.m. rhizoids and scales, v.s. thallus through
gemma cup, w.m. gemmae (all temporary slides), v.s. antheridiophore, archegoniophore,
l.s. sporophyte (all permanent slides).
16. Funaria- morphology, w.m. leaf, rhizoids, operculum, peristome, annulus, spores
(temporary slides); permanent slides showing antheridial and archegonial heads, l.s.
capsule and protonema.
17. Selaginella- morphology, w.m. leaf with ligule, t.s. stem, w.m. strobilus, w.m.
microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), l.s. strobilus (permanent slide).
18. Equisetum- morphology, t.s. internode, l.s. strobilus, t.s. strobilus, w.m. sporangiophore,
w.m. spores (wet and dry)(temporary slides); t.s rhizome (permanent slide).
19. Pteris- morphology, t.s. rachis, v.s. sporophyll, w.m. sporangium, w.m. spores
(temporary slides), t.s. rhizome, w.m. prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte
(permanent slide).
20. Cycas- morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), t.s. coralloid root, t.s. rachis, v.s. leaflet,
v.s. microsporophyll, w.m. spores (temporary slides), l.s. ovule, t.s. root (permanent
slide).
21. Pinus- morphology (long and dwarf shoots, w.m. dwarf shoot, male and female), w.m.
dwarf shoot, t.s. needle, t.s. stem, , l.s./t.s. male cone, w.m. microsporophyll, w.m.
microspores (temporary slides), l.s. female cone, t.l.s. & r.l.s. stem (permanent slide).
Suggested Readings
1. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West. Press Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.
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2nd edition.
2. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R., Case, C.L. (2010). Microbiology: An Introduction, Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 10th edition.
3. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi & Their Allies, MacMillan
Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi.
4. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John

Wiley and Sons (Asia), Singapore. 4th edition.
5. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R., (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw
Hill, Delhi, India.
6. Vashishta, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A., (2010). Pteridophyta, S. Chand. Delhi, India.
7. Bhatnagar, S.P. and Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd
Publishers, New Delhi, India.
8. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta. Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book

Depot, Allahabad.
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Core Course Botany
Paper–II
Plant Ecology and Taxonomy
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Introduction (2 Lectures)
Unit 2: Ecological factors (10 Lectures)
Soil: Origin, formation, composition, soil profile. Water: States of water in the environment,
precipitation types. Light and temperature: Variation Optimal and limiting factors; Shelford law
of tolerance. Adaptation of hydrophytes and xerophytes.
Unit 3: Plant communities (6 Lectures)
Characters; Ecotone and edge effect; Succession; Processes and types.
Unit 4: Ecosystem (8 Lectures)
Structure; energy flow trophic organisation; Food chains and food webs, Ecological pyramids
production and productivity; Biogeochemical cycling; Cycling of carbon, nitrogen and
Phosphorous
Unit 5: Phytogeography (4 Lectures)
Principle biogeographical zones; Endemism
Unit 6 Introduction to plant taxonomy (2 Lectures)
Identification, Classification, Nomenclature.
Unit 7 Identification (4 Lectures)
Functions of Herbarium, important herbaria and botanical gardens of the world and India;
Documentation: Flora, Keys: single access and multi-access
Unit 8 Taxonomic evidences from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and molecular
data. (6 Lectures)
13
Unit 9 Taxonomic hierarchy (2 Lectures)
Ranks, categories and taxonomic groups
Unit 10 Botanical nomenclature (6 Lectures)
Principles and rules (ICN); ranks and names; binominal system, typification, author citation,
valid publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations.
Unit 11 Classification (6 Lectures)
Types of classification-artificial, natural and phylogenetic. Bentham and Hooker (upto series),
Engler and Prantl (upto series).
Unit 12 Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and cladistics (4 Lectures)
Characters; variations; OTUs, character weighting and coding; cluster analysis; phenograms,
cladograms (definitions and differences).
Practical
1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer, maximum

and minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH, and analysis of two soil samples for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates,
sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency by rapid field test.
3. Comparison of bulk density, porosity and rate of infiltration of water in soil of three habitats.
4. (a) Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each). (b)Study
of biotic interactions of the following: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite (Orobanche),
Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants)
5. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the college
campus by species area curve method. (species to be listed)
6. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and
comparison with Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law
7. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S. flower,
section of ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position according to
Bentham & Hooker’s system of classification):Brassicaceae -Brassica, Alyssum / Iberis;
Asteraceae -Sonchus/Launaea, Vernonia/Ageratum, Eclipta/Tridax; Solanaceae -Solanum
nigrum, Withania; Lamiaceae -Salvia, Ocimum; Liliaceae - Asphodelus / Lilium / Allium.
14
8. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium
label (to be submitted in the record book).
Suggested Readings
1. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of Ecology. Prentice Hall, U.S.A. 4th edition.
2. Sharma, P.D. (2010) Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th
edition.
3. Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, CA, U.S.A.
4. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rd edition.
15
Core Course Botany
Paper-III
Plant Anatomy and Embryology
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Meristematic and permanent tissues (8 Lectures)
Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues.
Unit 2: Organs (4 Lectures)
Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.
Unit 3: Secondary Growth (8 Lectures)
Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity. Secondary growth in root and
stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood).
Unit 4: Adaptive and protective systems (8 Lectures)
Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; General account of adaptations in xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Unit 5: Structural organization of flower (8 Lectures)
Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of ovules; Types of embryo sacs,
organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Unit 6: Pollination and fertilization (8 Lectures)
Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double fertilization; Seed-structure appendages and

dispersal mechanisms.
Unit 7: Embryo and endosperm (8 Lectures)
Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot embryo; Embryo-
endosperm relationship.
16
Unit 8: Apomixis and polyembryony (8 Lectures)
Definition, types and practical applications.
Practical
1. Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs.
2. Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma); Macerated xylary elements,

Phloem (Permanent slides, photographs)
3. Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent
slides).
4. Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent
slides).
5. Leaf: Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides).
6. Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).
7. Structure of anther (young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory) (Permanent
slides).
8. Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/

campylotropous.
9. Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of Embryo sac Development

(Permanent slides/photographs).
10. Ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus cells through electron micrographs.
11. Pollination types and seed dispersal mechanisms (including appendages, aril, caruncle)
(Photographs and specimens).
12. Dissection of embryo/endosperm from developing seeds.
13. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.
17
Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas

Publication House Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
18
Core Course Botany
Paper-IV
Plant Physiology and Metabolism
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Plant-water relations (8 Lectures)
Importance of water, water potential and its components; Transpiration and its significance;
Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation.
Unit 2: Mineral nutrition (8 Lectures)
Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role of

essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport,
carriers, channels and pumps.
Unit 3: Translocation in phloem (6 Lectures)
Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure flow model; Phloem loading and
unloading.
Unit 4: Photosynthesis (12 Lectures)
Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene); Photosystem I and II, reaction

center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and
CAM pathways of carbon fixation; Photorespiration.
Unit 5: Respiration (6 Lectures)
Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation, Glyoxylate,

Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Unit 6: Enzymes (4 Lectures)
Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme inhibition.
Unit 7: Nitrogen metabolism (4 Lectures)
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Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.
Unit 8: Plant growth regulators (6 Lectures)
Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene.
Unit 9: Plant response to light and temperature (6 Lectures)
Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome (discovery and structure), red
and far red light responses on photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.
Practical
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by
excised twig.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.
4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. Demonstrate the activity of catalase and study the effect of pH and enzyme
concentration.
6. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in
photosynthesis.
7. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.
8. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.
Demonstration experiments (any four)
1. Bolting.
2. Effect of auxins on rooting.
3. Suction due to transpiration.
4. R.Q.
20
5. Respiration in roots.
Suggested Readings
1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., (2010). Plant Physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 5th
Edition.
2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley &
Sons, U.S.A. 4th Edition.
3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual.

Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
21
Discipline Specific Elective Botany
Cell and Molecular Biology
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Techniques in Biology (8 Lectures)
Principles of microscopy; Light Microscopy; Phase contrast microscopy; Fluorescence

microscopy; Confocal microscopy; Sample Preparation for light microscopy; Electron
microscopy (EM)- Scanning EM and Scanning Transmission EM (STEM); Sample Preparation
for electron microscopy; X-ray diffraction analysis.
Unit 2: Cell as a unit of Life (2 Lectures)
The Cell Theory; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Cell size and shape; Eukaryotic Cell
components.
Unit 3: Cell Organelles (20 Lectures)
Mitochondria:  Structure, marker enzymes, composition; Semiautonomous nature; Symbiont

hypothesis; Proteins synthesized within mitochondria; mitochondrial DNA.
Chloroplast  Structure, marker enzymes, composition; semiautonomous nature, chloroplast

DNA.
ER, Golgi body & Lysosomes:  Structures and roles.
Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes: Structures, composition, functions in animals and plants and

biogenesis.
Nucleus:   Nuclear Envelope- structure of nuclear pore complex; chromatin; molecular

organization, DNA packaging in eukaryotes, euchromatin and heterochromatin, nucleolus and
ribosome structure (brief).  
Unit 4: Cell Membrane and Cell Wall (6 Lectures)

 
The functions of membranes; Models of membrane structure; The fluidity of membranes;

Membrane proteins and their functions; Carbohydrates in the membrane; Faces of the
membranes; Selective permeability of the membranes; Cell wall.  
22
Unit 5: Cell Cycle (6 Lectures)
Overview of Cell cycle, Mitosis and Meiosis; Molecular controls.
Unit 6: Genetic material (6 Lectures)
DNA: Miescher to Watson and Crick- historic perspective, Griffith’s and Avery’s
transformation experiments, Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiment, DNA structure, types of
DNA, types of genetic material.
DNA replication (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): bidirectional replication, semi–conservative,

semi discontinuous RNA priming, Ǿ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear, ds-DNA,
replicating the 5 ́end of linear chromosome including replication enzymes.
Unit 7: Transcription (Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes) (6 Lectures)
Types of structures of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), RNA polymerase- various types;
Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes), genetic code.
Unit 8: Regulation of gene expression (6 Lectures)
Prokaryotes:Lac operon and Tryptophan operon ; and in Eukaryotes.
Practical
1. To study prokaryotic cells (bacteria), viruses, eukaryotic cells with the help of light and
electron micrographs.
2. Study of the photomicrographs of cell organelles
3. To study the structure of plant cell through temporary mounts.
4. To study the structure of animal cells by temporary mounts-squamous epithelial cell and
nerve cell.
5. Preparation of temporary mounts of striated muscle fiber
6. To prepare temporary stained preparation of mitochondria from striated muscle cells /cheek
epithelial cells using vital stain Janus green.
7. Study of mitosis and meiosis (temporary mounts and permanent slides).
8. Study the effect of temperature, organic solvent on semi permeable membrane.
9. Demonstration of dialysis of starch and simple sugar.
10. Study of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis on Rhoeo leaf.
11. Measure the cell size (either length or breadth/diameter) by micrometry.
12. Study the structure of nuclear pore complex by photograph (from Gerald Karp)Study of
special chromosomes (polytene & lampbrush) either by slides or photographs.
13. Study DNA packaging by micrographs.
23
14. Preparation of the karyotype and ideogram from given photograph of somatic metaphase
chromosome.
Suggested Readings
1. Karp, G. 2010. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 6th Edition.
John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
2. De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. 2006. Cell and Molecular Biology. 8th
edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
3. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition.
ASM Press & Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
4. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009. The World of the
Cell. 7th edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
24
Economic Botany and Biotechnology
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Origin of Cultivated Plants (4 Lectures)
Concept of centres of origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s work
Unit 2: Cereals (4 Lectures)
Wheat -Origin, morphology, uses
Unit 3: Legumes (6 Lectures)
General account with special reference to Gram and soybean
Unit 4: Spices (6 Lectures)
General account with special reference to clove and black pepper (Botanical name, family, part
used, morphology and uses)
Unit 5: Beverages (4 Lectures)
Tea (morphology, processing, uses)
Unit 6: Oils and Fats (4 Lectures)
General description with special reference to groundnut
Unit 7: Fibre Yielding Plants (4 Lectures)

General description with special reference to Cotton (Botanical name, family, part used,
morphology and uses)
Unit 8: Introduction to biotechnology (2 lecture)
Unit 9: Plant tissue culture (8 Lectures)

25
Micropropagation ; haploid production through androgenesis and gynogenesis; brief account of
embryo & endosperm culture with their applications
Unit 10: Recombinant DNA Techniques (18 Lectures)
Blotting techniques: Northern, Southern and Western Blotting, DNA Fingerprinting; Molecular
DNA markers i.e. RAPD, RFLP, SNPs; DNA sequencing, PCR and Reverse Transcriptase-
PCR. Hybridoma and monoclonal antibodies, ELISA and Immunodetection. Molecular
diagnosis of human disease, Human gene Therapy.
Practical
1. Study of economically important plants : Wheat, Gram, Soybean, Black pepper, Clove
Tea, Cotton, Groundnut through specimens, sections and microchemical tests
2. Familiarization with basic equipments in tissue culture.
3. Study through photographs: Anther culture, somatic embryogenesis, endosperm and

embryo culture; micropropagation.
4. Study of molecular techniques: PCR, Blotting techniques, AGE and PAGE.
Suggested Readings
1. Kochhar, S.L. (2011). Economic Botany in the Tropics, MacMillan Publishers India
Ltd., New Delhi. 4th edition.
2. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier Science Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
3. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and
Applications of recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
26
Analytical Techniques in Plant Sciences
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Imaging and related techniques (15 Lectures)
Principles of microscopy; Light microscopy; Fluorescence microscopy; Confocal microscopy;

Use of fluorochromes: (a) Flow cytometry (FACS); (b) Applications of fluorescence
microscopy: Chromosome banding, FISH, chromosome painting; Transmission and Scanning
electron microscopy – sample preparation for electron microscopy, cryofixation, negative
staining, shadow casting, freeze fracture, freeze etching.
Unit 2: Cell fractionation (8 Lectures)

Centrifugation: Differential and density gradient centrifugation, sucrose density gradient, CsCl2
gradient, analytical centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, marker enzymes.(
Unit 3: Radioisotopes
Use in biological research, auto-radiography, pulse chase experiment. (4 Lectures)
Unit 4: Spectrophotometry
Principle and its application in biological research. (4 Lectures)
Unit 5: Chromatography (8 Lectures)
Principle; Paper chromatography; Column chromatography, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion-exchange

chromatography; Molecular sieve chromatography; Affinity chromatography.
Unit 6: Characterization of proteins and nucleic acids (6 Lectures)
Mass spectrometry; X-ray diffraction; X-ray crystallography; Characterization of proteins and

nucleic acids; Electrophoresis: AGE, PAGE, SDS-PAGE
Unit 7:Biostatistics (15 Lectures)
Statistics, data, population, samples, parameters; Representation of Data: Tabular, Graphical;

Measures of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, mode, median; Measures of dispersion: Range,
mean deviation, variation, standard deviation; Chi-square test for goodness of fit.
Practicals
27
1. Study of Blotting techniques: Southern, Northern and Western, DNA fingerprinting,
DNA sequencing, PCR through photographs.
2. Demonstration of ELISA.
3. To separate nitrogenous bases by paper chromatography.
4. To separate sugars by thin layer chromatography.
5. Isolation of chloroplasts by differential centrifugation.
6. To separate chloroplast pigments by column chromatography.
7. To estimate protein concentration through Lowry’s methods.
8. To separate proteins using PAGE.
9. To separate DNA (marker) using AGE.
10. Study of different microscopic techniques using photographs/micrographs (freeze

fracture, freeze etching, negative staining, positive staining, fluorescence and FISH).
11. Preparation of permanent slides (double staining).
Suggested Readings
1. Plummer, D.T. (1996). An Introduction to Practical Biochemistry. Tata McGraw-Hill

Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. 3rd edition.
2. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy, Oxford University

Press, New York. U.S.A.
3. Ausubel, F., Brent, R., Kingston, R. E., Moore, D.D., Seidman, J.G., Smith, J.A.,
Struhl, K. (1995). Short Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons. 3rd
edition.
4. Zar, J.H. (2012). Biostatistical Analysis. Pearson Publication. U.S.A. 4th edition.
28
Discipline Centric Elective Botany
Bioinformatics
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Introduction to Bioinformatics (5 Lectures)
Introduction, Branches of Bioinformatics, Aim, Scope and Research areas of Bioinformatics.
Unit 2: Databases in Bioinformatics (5 Lectures)
Introduction, Biological Databases, Classification format of Biological Databases, Biological

Database Retrieval System.
Unit 3 : Biological Sequence Databases (25 Lectures)
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Tools and Databases of NCBI,
Database Retrieval Tool, Sequence Submission to NCBI, Basic local alignment search tool
(BLAST), Nucleotide Database, Protein Database, Gene Expression Database.
EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database (EMBL-Bank): Introduction, Sequence Retrieval,

Sequence Submission to EMBL, Sequence analysis tools.
DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ): Introduction, Resources at DDBJ, Data Submission at
DDBJ.
Protein Information Resource (PIR): About PIR, Resources of PIR, Databases of PIR, Data
Retrieval in PIR.
Swiss-Prot: Introduction and Salient Features.
Unit 4: Sequence Alignments (10 Lectures)
Introduction, Concept of Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA), MSA by

CLUSTALW, Scoring Matrices, Percent Accepted Mutation (PAM), Blocks of Amino Acid
Substitution Matrix (BLOSUM).
Unit 5: Molecular Phylogeny (8 Lectures)
Methods of Phylogeny, Software for Phylogenetic Analyses, Consistency of Molecular

Phylogenetic Prediction.
Unit 6: Applications of Bioinformatics (7 Lectures)
29
Structural Bioinformatics in Drug Discovery, Quantitative structure-activity relationship
(QSAR) techniques in Drug Design, Microbial genome applications, Crop improvement.
Practical
1. Nucleic acid and protein databases.
2. Sequence retrieval from databases.
3. Sequence alignment.
4. Sequence homology and Gene annotation.
5. Construction of phylogenetic tree.
Suggested Readings
1. Ghosh Z. and Bibekanand M. (2008) Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications.

Oxford University Press.
2. Pevsner J. (2009) Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics. II Edition. Wiley-

Blackwell.
3. Campbell A. M., Heyer L. J. (2006) Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and

Bioinformatics.  II Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
30
Discipline Centric Elective Botany
Research Methodology
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Basic concepts of research (10 Lectures)

Research-definition and types of research (Descriptive vs analytical; applied vs fundamental;
quantitative vs qualitative; conceptual vs emperical). Research methods vs methodology.
Literature-review and its consolidation; Library research; field research; laboratory research.
Unit 2: General laboratory practices (12 Lectures)
Common calculations in botany laboratories. Understanding the details on the label of reagent
bottles. Molarity and normality of common acids and bases. Preparation of solutions. Dilutions.
Percentage solutions. Molar, molal and normal solutions. Technique of handling micropipettes;
Knowledge about common toxic chemicals and safety measures in their handling.
Unit 3: Data collection and documentation of observations (6 Lectures)
Maintaining a laboratory record; Tabulation and generation of graphs. Imaging of

tissuespecimens and application of scale bars. The art of field photography.
Unit 4: Overview of Biological Problems (6 Lectures)
History; Key biology research areas, Model organisms in biology (A Brief overview): Genetics,
Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Genomics, Proteomics-
Transcriptional regulatory network.
Unit 5: Methods to study plant cell/tissue structure (6 Lectures)

Whole mounts, peel mounts, squash preparations, clearing, maceration and sectioning; Tissue
preparation: living vs fixed, physical vs chemical fixation, coagulating fixatives, non-coagulant
fixatives; tissue dehydration using graded solvent series; Paraffin and plastic infiltration;
Preparation of thin and ultrathin sections.
Unit 6: Plant microtechniques (12 Lectures)

Staining procedures, classification and chemistry of stains. Staining equipment. Reactive dyes
and fluorochromes (including genetically engineered protein labeling with GFP and other tags).
31
Cytogenetic techniques with squashed plant materials.
Unit 7: The art of scientific writing and its presentation (8 Lectures)
Numbers, units, abbreviations and nomenclature used in scientific writing. Writing references.
Powerpoint presentation. Poster presentation. Scientific writing and ethics, Introduction to
copyright-academic misconduct/plagiarism.
Practical
1. Experiments based on chemical calculations.
2. Plant microtechnique experiments.
3. The art of imaging of samples through microphotography and field photography.
4. Poster presentation on defined topics.
5. Technical writing on topics assigned.
Suggested Readings
1. Dawson, C. (2002). Practical research methods. UBS Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Stapleton, P., Yondeowei, A., Mukanyange, J., Houten, H. (1995). Scientific writing for
agricultural research scientists – a training reference manual. West Africa Rice
Development Association, Hong Kong.
3. Ruzin, S.E. (1999). Plant microtechnique and microscopy. Oxford University Press,
New York, U.S.A.
32
Core Course Chemistry: 1
Conceptual Organic Chemistry
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Stereochemistry (18 Lectures)

Writing of Fischer projection, Newmann and Sawhorse projection and Wedge formulae.
Interconversion of one type of structural representation into another type.
Conformations: Restricted rotation about single bonds, Various conformations of ethane,

butane, ethane-1,2-diol and cyclohexane. Relative stability of different conformations in terms
of energy difference is to be discussed for all these compounds.
Geometrical Isomerism: Requirements for a molecule to show geometrical isomerism, Cis-

Trans and E/ Z notation along with CIP rules for geometrical isomers.
Optical Isomerism: Optical activity, specific and molar rotation, chirality, enantiomerism,
diastereoisomerism, racemic mixtures and their resolution by salt formation method.
Relative and absolute configuration: D / L nomenclature system for configuration of

carbohydrates (difference between d/l and D/L notations). Threo and Erythro designation. R-
and S- configuration (upto two chiral centres).
Unit 2: Addition Reactions (10 Lectures)
Alkenes and Alkynes: Hydrogenation, addition of halogens, Hydrohalogenation

(Markovnikov’s and anti-Markovnikov’s addition), hydration, hydroxylation (cis and trans),
oxymercuration-demercuration, hydroboration-oxidation, ozonolysis. Reactivity of alkenes vs
alkynes.
Aldehydes and ketones: (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone)

Addition of sodium bisulphite, hydrogen cyanide and alcohols.
Addition- elimination reactions with ammonia and its derivatives
Name reactions: Aldol, cross Aldol, Claisen, Knoevengel, Cannizzaro, cross Cannizzaro
Unit 3: Substitution Reactions (15 Lectures)
Free radical substitution reactions: Halogenation of alkanes, allylic compounds and alkyl
benzenes.
33
Nucleophilic substitution reactions: Alkyl, allyl and benzyl halides – substitution of halogen
by some common nucleophiles. Mechanism of SN1 and SN2 reactions (stereochemistry, nature
of substrate, nucleophile and leaving group)
Benzene diazonium chloride: Replacement of diazo group
Alcohols, amines and phenols: Substitution of active hydrogen, replacement of hydroxyl

group in alcohols (using PCl5, SOCl2 and HI)
Carboxylic acid derivatives: Hydrolysis

Ethers: Cleavage by HI
Electrophilic Substitution Reactions (aromatic compounds): General mechanism of

electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, halogenation, sulphonation, Friedel Crafts
alkylation and acylation), directive influence of substituents.
Unit 4: Elimination Reactions (6 Lectures)
Alkyl halides (dehydrohalogenation, Saytzeff’s rule), vicinal dihalides (dehalogenation),

alcohols (dehydration), Quaternary ammonium salts (Hofmann’s elimination). Mechanism of E1
and E2 reactions (nature of substrate and base), elimination vs substitution
Unit 5: Oxidation (6 Lectures)
Aromatic side chain: Oxidation with potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate
Alcohols: Oxidation with potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, catalytic

dehydrogenation and Oppenauer oxidation. Oxidation of 1,2–diols with periodic acid and lead
tetraacetate.
Aldehydes: Oxidation with potassium permanganate, chromic acid and Tollen’s reagent
Ketones: Oxidation with potassium permanganate, sodium hypoiodite (iodoform reaction) and
Baeyer–Villiger oxidation
Unit 6: Reductions (5 Lectures)
Aldeydes and Ketones: Catalytic hydrogenation, reduction with sodium borohydride, lithium
aluminium hydride, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Lithium aluminium hydride, sodium-ethanol and
Rosenmund reduction.
34
Nitro compounds: Acidic, alkaline and neutral reducing agents, lithium aluminium hydride and
electrolytic reduction.
Recommended Texts:
1. I. L. Finar: Organic Chemistry (Vol. I & II), E. L. B. S.
2. R. T. Morrison & R. N. Boyd: Organic Chemistry, Pearson Education.
3. Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl : Advanced Organic Chemistry, S. Chand
4. Peter Sykes: A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Orient Longman.
5. Eliel, E. L. & Wilen, S. H. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds; Wiley: London,
1994.
6. T. W. Graham Solomon’s Organic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons.
7. P.S. Kalsi, Stereochemistry, Conformation and Mechanism, John Wiley and Sons.
8. D. Nasipuri, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, New Age International
Publishers.
35
PRACTICAL-1
1. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization using the following solvents:

a. Water
b. Alcohol
2. Determination of the melting points of organic compounds (by Kjeldahl method and
electrically heated melting point apparatus).
3. Determination of optical activity by using polarimeter
Organic preparations: Carry out the following preparations using 0.5 - 1 g of starting
compound. Recrystallize the product and determine the melting point of the recrystallized
sample.
4. To prepare acetanilide by the acetylation of aniline.
5. To prepare p-bromoacetanilide.
6. Benzolyation of aniline or β-naphthol by Schotten-Baumann reaction
7. Hydrolysis of benzamide or ethyl bezoate.
8. Semicarbazone derivative of one the following compounds: acetone, ethyl methyl
ketone, diethylketone, cyclohexanone, benzaldehyde.
9. Nitration of nitrobenzene.
10. Oxidation of benzaldehyde by using alkaline potassium permanganate.
Recommended Texts:
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Practical Organic
Chemistry, 5th Ed., Pearson (2012).
2. Mann, F.G. & Saunders, B.C. Practical Organic Chemistry, Longman, London & New
York.
3. Ahluwalia, V.K.; Dhingra, S. & Gulati, A. College Practical Chemistry, Universities
Press.
36
Core Course Chemistry-II
Molecules of Life
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Carbohydrates (10 Lectures)
Classification of carbohydrates, reducing and non-reducing sugars, General properties of

Glucose and Fructose, their open chain structure. Epimers, mutarotation and anomers.
Determination of configuration of glucose (Fischer proof).
Cyclic structure of glucose. Haworth projections. Cyclic structure of fructose.
Linkage between monosachharides, structure of disachharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose) and
polysachharides (starch and cellulose) excluding their structure elucidation.
Unit 2: Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins (12 Lectures)
Classification of Amino Acids, Zwitterion structure and Isoelectric point.

Overview of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of proteins. Determination
of primary structure of peptides, determination of N-terminal amino acid (by DNFB and
Edman method) and C–terminal amino acid (by thiohydantoin and with carboxypeptidase
enzyme). Synthesis of simple peptides (upto dipeptides) by N-protection (t-butyloxycarbonyl
and phthaloyl) & C-activating groups and Merrifield solid phase synthesis.
Unit 3: Enzymes and correlation with drug action (12 Lectures)
Mechanism of enzyme action, factors affecting enzyme action, Coenzymes and cofactors and
their role in biological reactions, Specificity of enzyme action (including stereospecificity),
Enzyme inhibitors and their importance, phenomenon of inhibition (competitive and non-
competitive inhibition including allosteric inhibition). Drug action - receptor theory. Structure –
activity relationships of drug molecules, binding role of –OH group, -NH2 group, double bond
and aromatic ring.
Unit 4: Nucleic Acids (10 Lectures)
Components of Nucleic acids: Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine (structure only), other
components of nucleic acids, Nucleosides and nucleotides (nomenclature), Structure of
polynucleotides; Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA (types of RNA), Genetic
code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation.
Unit 5: Lipids (8 Lectures)

Introduction to lipids, classification.
37
Oils and fats: Common fatty acids present in oils and fats, Omega fatty acids, Trans fats,
Hydrogenation, Saponification value, Iodine number.
Biological importance of triglycerides, phospholipids, glycolipids, and steroids (cholesterol).
Unit 6: Concept of Energy in Biosystems (8 Lectures)
Calorific value of food. Standard caloric content of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Oxidation of foodstuff (organic molecules) as a source of energy for cells. Introduction to
metabolism (catabolism, anabolism), ATP: the universal currency of cellular energy,
ATP hydrolysis and free energy change.
Conversion of food into energy. Outline of catabolic pathways of Carbohydrates - Glycolysis,
Fermentation, Krebs Cycle. Overview of catabolic pathways of fats and proteins.
Interrelationships in the metabolic pathways of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
Recommended Texts:
1. Morrison, R. T. & Boyd, R. N. Organic Chemistry, Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
(Pearson Education).
2. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 1), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
3. Finar, I. L. Organic Chemistry (Volume 2), Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.
4. Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H.
Freeman.
5. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H. Freeman.
PRACTICAL-2
1. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography

2. To determine the concentration of glycine solution by formylation method.
3. Study of titration curve of glycine
4. Action of salivary amylase on starch
5. Effect of temperature on the action of salivary amylase on starch.
6. To determine the saponification value of an oil/fat.
7. To determine the iodine value of an oil/fat
8. Differentiate between a reducing/nonreducing sugar.
9. Extraction of DNA from onion/ cauliflower
10. To synthesize aspirin by acetylation of salicylic acid and compare it with the ingredient
of an aspirin tablet by TLC.
Recommended Texts:
1. Furniss, B.S.; Hannaford, A.J.; Rogers, V.; Smith, P.W.G.; Tatchell, A.R. Vogel’s
Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, ELBS.
2. Ahluwalia, V.K. & Aggarwal, R. Comprehensive Practical Organic Chemistry,
Universities Press.
38
Core Course Chemistry: III
CHEMICAL BONDING, TRANSITION METAL & COORDINATION CHEMISTRY
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: The covalent bond and the structure of molecules (10 Lectures)
Valence bond approach, Concept of resonance in various organic and inorganic compounds,
Hybridization and structure, equivalent and non-equivalent hybrid orbitals, Bent’s rule and its
applications, VSEPR model for predicting shapes of molecules and ions containing lone pairs,
sigma and pi bonds.
Unit 2: Molecular Orbital Approach (10 Lectures)
LCAO method, symmetry and overlap for s-s ,s-p and p-p combinations, MO treatment of
homonuclear diatomic molecules of 2nd period (B2, C2 ,N2, O2 , F2 ) and heteronuclear di-atomic
molecules (CO, NO) and their ions.
Unit 3: Intermolecular forces: (8 Lectures)
van der Waals forces, Hydrogen bonding and its applications, effects of these forces on melting
point, boiling point and solubility.
Unit 4: Transition Elements (3d series) (12 Lectures)
General group trends with special reference to electronic configuration, variable valency,
colour, magnetic and catalytic properties, ability to form complexes and stability of various
oxidation states (Latimer diagrams) for Mn, Fe and Cu.
Lanthanoids and actinoids: Electronic configurations, oxidation states, colour, magnetic

properties, lanthanide contraction, separation of lanthanides (ion exchange method only).
Unit 5: Coordination Chemistry (10 Lectures)
Valence Bond Theory (VBT): Inner and outer orbital complexes of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu
(coordination numbers 4 and 6). Structural and stereoisomerism in complexes with coordination
numbers 4 and 6.
Drawbacks of VBT. IUPAC system of nomenclature.
Coordination compounds in biological systems: Fe, Cu, Co, Mn, Ni, Zn and heavy metal ions.
Unit 6: Crystal Field Theory (10 Lectures)
39
Crystal field effect, octahedral symmetry. Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE), Crystal
field effects for weak and strong fields. Tetrahedral symmetry. Factors affecting the magnitude
of D. Spectrochemical series. Comparison of CFSE for Oh and Td complexes, Tetragonal
distortion of octahedral geometry.
Jahn-Teller distortion, Square planar coordination.
Suggested Texts:
1. James E. Huheey, “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of structure and reactivity”,
Prentice Hall, IV Edition.
2. D. S. Shriver and P.A. Atkins, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford University Press, IV
Edition.
3. Alan G. Sharpe, “Inorganic Chemistry”, University of Cambridge, III Edition.
4. J. D. Lee, “A New Concise Inorganic Chemistry”, ELBS IV Edition
5. Grey L. Miessler and Donald A. Tarr, “Inorganic Chemistry”, Prentice Hall, III Edition.
6. B. Douglas, D. H. McDaniel and J. J. Alexander, “Concepts and Models of Inorganic
Chemistry”, John Wiley and Sons, III Edition.
7. Rodgers, G.E. Inorganic & Solid State Chemistry, Cengage Learning India Ltd., 2008.
40
PRACTICAL-3
Titrimetric Analysis:
Preparations of standard solutions (concept of primary and secondary standards), Different units
of concentration (molarity, molality, normality and formality)
(A) Titrations involving Acids-Bases:
Principles of acid-base titrations, Principle behind selection of an appropriate indicator.
1. Standardization of NaOH solution (standard solution of oxalic acid to be prepared)

2. Determination of concentration of carbonate and hydroxide present in a mixture.
3. Determination of concentration of carbonate and bicarbonate present in a mixture.
4. Determination of concentration of free alkali present in soaps/detergents/shampoos.
(B) Titrations involving redox reactions:
Concept of electrode potential, principle behind selection of an appropriate indicator.
5. Standardization of KMnO4 solution (standard solution of Mohr’s salt to be prepared).

6. Determination of concentration of Fe(II) in Mohr’s salt and/or K2Cr2O7 using diphenylamine/
N-phenylanthranilic acid as internal indicator (standard solution of K2Cr2O7 and /or Mohr’s salt
to be prepared).
7. Determination of iron content in ores / alloys using appropriate redox titration.
(C) Complexometric Titrations

Principles of complexometric titrations
8. Determination of concentration of Mg (II) & Zn (II) by titrimetric method using EDTA.

9. Determination of concentration of Ca/Mg in drugs or in food samples.
10. Determination of concentration of total hardness of a given sample of water by
complexometric titration.
(At least 2 experiments from each set.)
Recommended Texts:
1. Vogel, A.I. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS.
2. Harris, D.C. & Freeman, W.H. & Co. Quantitative Chemical Analysis 7th Ed., New York.
41
Core Course Chemistry: IV
Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences
THEORY
Lectures: 60
Unit 1: Chemical Energetics (10 Lectures)
Review of the Laws of Thermodynamics.
Important principles and definitions of thermochemistry. Concept of standard state and standard
enthalpies of formation, integral and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation
of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data.
Variation of enthalpy of a reaction with temperature – Kirchhoff’s equation.
Statement of Third Law of thermodynamics and calculation of absolute entropies of substances.
Unit 2: Chemical Equilibrium (8 Lectures)
Free energy change in a chemical reaction. Thermodynamic derivation of the law of chemical
equilibrium. Distinction between ΔG and ΔGo, Le Chatelier’s principle. Relationships between
Kp, Kc and Kx for reactions involving ideal gases.
Unit 3: Ionic Equilibria (12 Lectures)
Strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of
ionization, ionization constant and ionic product of water. Ionization of weak acids and bases,
pH scale, common ion effect. Salt hydrolysis-calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of
hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of
sparingly soluble salts – applications of solubility product principle.
Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics (8 Lectures)
The concept of reaction rates. Effect of temperature, pressure, catalyst and other factors on
reaction rates. Order and molecularity of a reaction. Derivation of integrated rate equations for
zero and first order reactions. Half–life of a reaction. General methods for determination of
order of a reaction. Concept of activation energy and its calculation from Arrhenius equation.
Enzyme kinetics.
Unit 5: Spectroscopy (16 Lectures)

Introduction to spectroscopy: Electromagnetic radiation, fundamental definitions,
electromagnetic spectrum, introduction to concepts of absorption and emission spectroscopy,
Beer-Lambert law.
42
IR Spectroscopy: Fundamental and non-fundamental molecular vibrations, IR spectrum,
fingerprint and group frequency regions and their significance, Hooke’s law and vibrational
frequency. Factors affecting vibrational frequency.
Characterization of functional groups: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (only alicyclic systems),
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, hydroxy compounds and amines.
Study of hydrogen bonding.
Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic transitions, singlet and triplet states, dissociation and
predissociation.
UV spectroscopy: Types of electronic transitions, UV spectrum, λmax, εmax, chromophores,
auxochromes, bathochromic shift, hypsochromic shift (definitions and elementary examples)
and solvent effect. Characteristic UV transitions in common functional groups.
General applications of UV spectroscopy including distinction between cis-trans isomers.
Woodward rules for calculating λmax in the following systems:
 Conjugated dienes: alicyclic, homoannular, heteroannular.
 α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes and ketones.
 Extended conjugated systems: dienes, aldehydes and ketones.
PMR spectroscopy: Basic principles of NMR spectroscopy, PMR scale, chemical shifts
(concept of shielding and deshielding), factors influencing chemical shifts, simple spin-spin
couplings, coupling constant, chemical shift equivalence, anisotropic effects in alkenes,
alkynes, aldehydes and aromatics. Interpretation of PMR spectra of simple compounds.
Application of UV, IR and PMR in solving structures of simple molecules.
Unit 6: Photochemistry (6 Lectures)

Laws of photochemistry. Fluorescence and phosphorescence. Quantum efficiency and reasons
for high and low quantum yields. Primary and secondary processes in photochemical reactions.
Photochemical and thermal reactions.
Recommended Texts:
1. Atkins, P. W. & Paula, J. de Atkin’s Physical Chemistry 9th Ed., Oxford University
Press (2011).
2. Ball, D. W. Physical Chemistry Thomson Press, India (2007).
3. Castellan, G. W. Physical Chemistry 4th Ed. Narosa (2004).
4. Mortimer, R. G. Physical Chemistry 3rd Ed. Elsevier: NOIDA, UP (2009).
5. Chang, R. Physical Chemistry for the Biosciences. University Science Books (2005).
PRACTICAL-4
(I) Thermochemistry
1. Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter for different volumes.

2. Determination of the enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium
hydroxide.
43
3. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (endothermic and exothermic).
(III) pH-metric and potentiometric measurements
4. Preparation of sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer solutions and measurement of their pH.
5. Potentiometric titrations of (i) strong acid vs strong base (ii) weak acid vs strong
base
6. Determination of dissociation constant of a weak acid.
(IV) Study the kinetics of the following reactions:

7. Initial rate method: Iodide-persulphate reaction
8. Integrated rate method:
a. Acid hydrolysis of methyl acetate with hydrochloric acid.
b. Saponification of ethyl acetate
(V) Colourimetry
9. Verification of Lambert-Beer's Law for potassium dichromate/ potassium permanganate
solution.
10. Determination of pK (indicator) for phenolphthalein.
11. Study the kinetics of interaction of crystal violet with sodium hydroxide colourimetrically.
Recommended Texts:
1. Khosla, B.D.; Garg, V.C.; Gulati, A. & Chand, R. Senior Practical Physical Chemistry,
New Delhi.
44
Discipline Specific Electives
Select two papers
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE (ELECTIVES)
CHEMISTRY-DSE: ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY

Theory: 60 Lectures
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of analysis:
Sampling, evaluation of analytical data, errors, accuracy and precision, methods of their
expression, normal law of distribution if indeterminate errors, statistical test of data; F, Q and t
test, rejection of data, and confidence intervals.
(5 Lectures)
Optical methods of analysis:
Origin of spectra, interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy and
selection rules, validity of Beer-Lambert’s law.
UV-Visible Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source,

monochromator and detector) for single and double beam instrument;
Basic principles of quantitative analysis: estimation of metal ions from aqueous solution,
geometrical isomers, keto-enol tautomers. Determination of composition of metal complexes
using Job’s method of continuous variation and mole ratio method.
Infrared Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator

& detector) for single and double beam instrument; sampling techniques.
Structural illustration through interpretation of data, Effect and importance of isotope

substitution.
Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation

(choice of source, monochromator, detector, choice of flame and Burner designs. Techniques of
atomization and sample introduction; Method of background correction, sources of chemical
interferences and their method of removal. Techniques for the quantitative estimation of trace
level of metal ions from water samples.
(25 Lectures)
Thermal methods of analysis:
Theory of thermogravimetry (TG), basic principle of instrumentation.
Techniques for quantitative estimation of Ca and Mg from their mixture.
(5 Lectures)
Electroanalytical methods:
45
Classification of electroanalytical methods, basic principle of pH metric, potentiometric and
conductometric titrations. Techniques used for the determination of equivalence points.
Techniques used for the determination of pKa values.
(10 Lectures)
Separation techniques:
Solvent extraction: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique.
Mechanism of extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation.
Technique of extraction: batch, continuous and counter current extractions.
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent extraction: extraction of metal ions from aqueous
solution, extraction of organic species from the aqueous and nonaqueous media.
Chromatography: Classification, principle and efficiency of the technique.
Mechanism of separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange.
Development of chromatograms: frontal, elution and displacement methods.
Qualitative and quantitative aspects of chromatographic methods of analysis: IC, GLC, GPC,
TLC and HPLC.
Stereoisomeric separation and analysis: Measurement of optical rotation, calculation of

Enantiomeric excess (ee)/ diastereomeric excess (de) ratios and determination of enantiomeric
composition using NMR, Chiral solvents and chiral shift reagents. Chiral chromatographic
techniques using chiral columns (GC and HPLC).
Role of computers in instrumental methods of analysis.
(15 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J. & Denney, R.C. Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
 Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
7th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
 Christian, G.D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
 Harris, D. C. Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2001.
 Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International
Publisher, 2009.
 Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. & Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Cengage
Learning India Ed.
 Mikes, O. Laboratory Hand Book of Chromatographic & Allied Methods, Elles
Harwood Series on Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, 1979.
 Ditts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry; Methods of Separation, van Nostrand, 1974.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
46
PRACTICALS- DSE LAB: ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
I. Separation Techniques
1. Chromatography:
(a) Separation of mixtures
(i) Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, Al3+, and Cr3+.
(ii) Separation and identification of the monosaccharides present in the given mixture (glucose
& fructose) by paper chromatography. Reporting the Rf values.
(b) Separate a mixture of Sudan yellow and Sudan Red by TLC technique and identify them on
the basis of their Rf values.
(c) Chromatographic separation of the active ingredients of plants, flowers and juices by TLC
II. Solvent Extractions:
(i) To separate a mixture of Ni2+ & Fe2+ by complexation with DMG and extracting the Ni2+-
DMG complex in chloroform, and determine its concentration by spectrophotometry.
(ii) Solvent extraction of zisconium with amberliti LA-1, separation from a mixture of irons and
gallium.
3. Determine the pH of the given aerated drinks fruit juices, shampoos and soaps.
4. Determination of Na, Ca, Li in cola drinks and fruit juices using flame photometric
techniques.
5. Analysis of soil:
(i) Determination of pH of soil.
(ii) Total soluble salt
(iii) Estimation of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, nitrate
6. Ion exchange:
(i) Determination of exchange capacity of cation exchange resins and anion exchange resins.
(ii) Separation of metal ions from their binary mixture.
(iii) Separation of amino acids from organic acids by ion exchange chromatography.
III Spectrophotometry
47
1. Determination of pKa values of indicator using spectrophotometry.
2 Structural characterization of compounds by infrared spectroscopy.

3 Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
4 Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD).
5 Determination of Biological oxygen demand (BOD).
6 Determine the composition of the ferric-salicylate/ ferric-thiocyanate complex by Job’s
method.
Reference Books:
 Jeffery, G.H., Bassett, J., Mendham, J. & Denney, R.C. Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Chemical Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, 1989.
 Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis,
7th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
 Christian, Gary D; Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2004.
 Harris, Daniel C: Exploring Chemical Analysis, Ed. New York, W.H. Freeman, 2001.
 Khopkar, S.M. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. New Age, International
Publisher, 2009.
Learning India Ed.
 Ditts, R.V. Analytical Chemistry; Methods of Separation, van Nostrand, 1974.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: MOLECULAR MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN

Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to Molecular Modelling:
Introduction. Useful Concepts in Molecular Modelling: Coordinate Systems. Potential Energy

Surfaces. Molecular Graphics. Surfaces. Computer Hardware and Software. The Molecular
Modelling Literature.
(10 Lectures)
Force Fields:
Fields. Bond Stretching. Angle Bending. Introduction to nonbonded interactions. Electrostatic

interactions. van der Waals Interactions. Hydrogen bonding in Molecular Mechanics. Force
Field Models for the Simulation of Liquid Water.
(14 Lectures)
Energy Minimization and Computer Simulation:
Minimization and related methods for exploring the energy surface. Non-derivative method,
First and second order minimization methods. Computer simulation methods. Simple
48
thermodynamic properties and Phase Space. Boundaries. Analyzing the results of a simulation
and estimating Errors.
(12 Lectures)
Molecular Dynamics & Monte Carlo Simulation:
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Methods. Molecular Dynamics using simple models.

Molecular Dynamics with continuous potentials. Molecular Dynamics at constant temperature
and pressure. Metropolis method. Monte Carlo simulation of molecules. Models used in Monte
Carlo simulations of polymers.
(12 Lectures)
Structure Prediction and Drug Design:
Structure prediction - Introduction to comparative Modeling. Sequence alignment. Constructing

and evaluating a comparative model. Predicting protein structures by 'Threading’, Molecular
docking. Structure based de novo ligand design,
Drug Discovery – Chemoinformatics – QSAR.
(12 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 Leach, A.R. Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.
 Haile, J.M. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley and Sons,
1997.
 Gupta, S.P. QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya Publishers, 2008.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PRACTICAL- DSE LAB: MOLECULAR MODELLING & DRUG DESIGN

60 Lectures
i. Compare the optimized C-C bond lengths in ethane, ethene, ethyne and benzene.
Visualize the molecular orbitals of the ethane σ bonds and ethene, ethyne, benzene and
pyridine π bonds.
ii. (a) Perform a conformational analysis of butane. (b) Determine the enthalpy of
isomerization of cis and trans 2-butene.
iii. Visualize the electron density and electrostatic potential maps for LiH, HF, N2, NO and
CO and comment. Relate to the dipole moments. Animate the vibrations of these
molecules.
iv. (a) Relate the charge on the hydrogen atom in hydrogen halides with their acid
character. (b) Compare the basicities of the nitrogen atoms in ammonia, methylamine,
dimethylamine and trimethylamine.
v. (a) Compare the shapes of the molecules: 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol,
and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Note the dipole moment of each molecule. (b) Show how the
shapes affect the trend in boiling points: (118 ºC, 100 ºC, 108 ºC, 82 ºC, respectively).
vi. Build and minimize organic compounds of your choice containing the following
functional groups. Note the dipole moment of each compound: (a) alkyl halide (b)
49
aldehyde (c) ketone (d) amine (e) ether (f) nitrile (g) thiol (h) carboxylic acid (i) ester (j)
amide.
vii. (a) Determine the heat of hydration of ethylene. (b) Compute the resonance energy of
benzene by comparison of its enthalpy of hydrogenation with that of cyclohexene.
viii. Arrange 1-hexene, 2-methyl-2-pentene, (E)-3-methyl-2-pentene, (Z)-3-methyl-2-
pentene, and 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene in order of increasing stability.
ix. (a) Compare the optimized bond angles H2O, H2S, H2Se. (b) Compare the HAH bond
angles for the second row dihydrides and compare with the results from qualitative MO
theory.
Note: Software: ChemSketch, ArgusLab (www.planaria-software.com), TINKER 6.2

(dasher.wustl.edu/ffe), WebLab Viewer, Hyperchem, or any similar software.
Reference Books:
 Leach, A.R. Molecular Modelling Principles and Application, Longman, 2001.
 Haile, J.M. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Elementary Methods, John Wiley and Sons,
1997.
 Gupta, S.P. QSAR and Molecular Modeling, Springer - Anamaya Publishers, 2008.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR CHEMISTRY

(Credits: Theory-05, Tutorials-01)
Theory: 75 Lectures
Literature Survey:
Print: Sources of information: Primary, secondary, tertiary sources; Journals: Journal

abbreviations, abstracts, current titles, reviews, monographs, dictionaries, text-books, current
contents, Introduction to Chemical Abstracts and Beilstein, Subject Index, Substance Index,
Author Index, Formula Index, and other Indices with examples.
Digital: Web resources, E-journals, Journal access, TOC alerts, Hot articles, Citation index,
Impact factor, H-index, E-consortium, UGC infonet, E-books, Internet discussion groups and
communities, Blogs, Preprint servers, Search engines, Scirus, Google Scholar, ChemIndustry,
Wiki- Databases, ChemSpider, Science Direct, SciFinder, Scopus.
Information Technology and Library Resources: The Internet and World Wide Web.
Internet resources for chemistry. Finding and citing published information.
(20 Lectures)
Methods of Scientific Research and Writing Scientific Papers:
Reporting practical and project work. Writing literature surveys and reviews. Organizing a
poster display. Giving an oral presentation.
Writing scientific papers – justification for scientific contributions, bibliography, description of

methods, conclusions, the need for illustration, style, publications of scientific work. Writing
ethics. Avoiding plagiarism.
50
(20 Lectures)
Chemical Safety and Ethical Handling of Chemicals:
Safe working procedure and protective environment, protective apparel, emergency procedure
and first aid, laboratory ventilation. Safe storage and use of hazardous chemicals, procedure for
working with substances that pose hazards, flammable or explosive hazards, procedures for
working with gases at pressures above or below atmospheric – safe storage and disposal of
waste chemicals, recovery, recycling and reuse of laboratory chemicals, procedure for
laboratory disposal of explosives, identification, verification and segregation of laboratory
waste, disposal of chemicals in the sanitary sewer system, incineration and transportation of
hazardous chemicals.
(12 Lectures)
Data Analysis
The Investigative Approach: Making and Recording Measurements. SI Units and their use.
Scientific method and design of experiments.
Analysis and Presentation of Data: Descriptive statistics. Choosing and using statistical tests.
Chemometrics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Correlation and regression, Curve fitting,
fitting of linear equations, simple linear cases, weighted linear case, analysis of residuals,
General polynomial fitting, linearizing transformations, exponential function fit, r and its abuse.
Basic aspects of multiple linear regression analysis.
(13 Lectures)
Electronics
Basic fundamentals of electronic circuits and their components used in circuits of common
instruments like spectrophotometers, typical circuits involving operational amplifiers for
electrochemical instruments. Elementary aspects of digital electronics.
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books
 Dean, J. R., Jones, A. M., Holmes, D., Reed, R., Weyers, J. & Jones, A. (2011)
Practical skills in chemistry. 2nd Ed. Prentice-Hall, Harlow.
 Hibbert, D. B. & Gooding, J. J. (2006) Data analysis for chemistry. Oxford University
Press.
 Topping, J. (1984) Errors of observation and their treatment. Fourth Ed., Chapman
Hall, London.
 Harris, D. C. Quantitative chemical analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.
 Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis. Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
 Chemical safety matters – IUPAC – IPCS, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
 OSU safety manual 1.01.
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51
CHEMISTRY-DSE: GREEN CHEMISTRY
Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to Green Chemistry
What is Green Chemistry? Need for Green Chemistry. Goals of Green Chemistry. Limitations/
Obstacles in the pursuit of the goals of Green Chemistry
(4 Lectures)
Principles of Green Chemistry and Designing a Chemical synthesis
Twelve principles of Green Chemistry with their explanations and examples and special
emphasis on the following:
 Designing a Green Synthesis using these principles; Prevention of Waste/ byproducts;

maximum incorporation of the materials used in the process into the final products ,
Atom Economy, calculation of atom economy of the rearrangement, addition,
substitution and elimination reactions.
 Prevention/ minimization of hazardous/ toxic products reducing toxicity.
risk = (function) hazard × exposure; waste or pollution prevention hierarchy.
 Green solvents– supercritical fluids, water as a solvent for organic reactions, ionic
liquids, fluorous biphasic solvent, PEG, solventless processes, immobilized solvents and
how to compare greenness of solvents.
 Energy requirements for reactions – alternative sources of energy: use of microwaves
and ultrasonic energy.
 Selection of starting materials; avoidance of unnecessary derivatization – careful use of
blocking/protecting groups.
 Use of catalytic reagents (wherever possible) in preference to stoichiometric reagents;
catalysis and green chemistry, comparison of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis,
biocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis and photocatalysis.
 Prevention of chemical accidents designing greener processes, inherent safer design,
principle of ISD “What you don’t have cannot harm you”, greener alternative to Bhopal
Gas Tragedy (safer route to carcarbaryl) and Flixiborough accident (safer route to
cyclohexanol) subdivision of ISD, minimization, simplification, substitution,
moderation and limitation.
 Strengthening/ development of analytical techniques to prevent and minimize the
generation of hazardous substances in chemical processes.
(30 Lectures)
Examples of Green Synthesis/ Reactions and some real world cases
1. Green Synthesis of the following compounds: adipic acid, catechol, disodium iminodiacetate
(alternative to Strecker synthesis)
2. Microwave assisted reactions in water: Hofmann Elimination, methyl benzoate to benzoic
acid, oxidation of toluene and alcohols; microwave assisted reactions in organic solvents Diels-
52
Alder reaction and Decarboxylation reaction
3. Ultrasound assisted reactions: sonochemical Simmons-Smith Reaction (Ultrasonic
alternative to Iodine)
4 Surfactants for carbon dioxide – replacing smog producing and ozone depleting solvents
with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments.
5 Designing of Environmentally safe marine antifoulant.
6 Rightfit pigment: synthetic azopigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic
pigments.
7 An efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly lactic
acid) made from corn.
8 Healthier fats and oil by Green Chemistry: Enzymatic interesterification for production
of no Trans-Fats and Oils
9 Development of Fully Recyclable Carpet: Cradle to Cradle Carpeting
(16 Lectures)
Future Trends in Green Chemistry
Oxidation reagents and catalysts; Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents; Combinatorial green

chemistry; Proliferation of solventless reactions; co crystal controlled solid state synthesis
(C2S3); Green chemistry in sustainable development.
(10 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 Ahluwalia, V.K. & Kidwai, M.R. New Trends in Green Chemistry, Anamalaya
Publishers (2005).
 Anastas, P.T. & Warner, J.K.: Green Chemistry - Theory and Practical, Oxford
University Press (1998).
 Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
 Cann, M.C. & Connely, M.E. Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society, Washington (2000).
 Ryan, M.A. & Tinnesand, M. Introduction to Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society, Washington (2002).
 Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text RSC Publishing, 2nd Edition,
2010.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: GREEN CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
1. Safer starting materials
 Preparation and characterization of nanoparticles of gold using tea leaves.
2. Using renewable resources

53
 Preparation of biodiesel from vegetable/ waste cooking oil.
3. Avoiding waste
Principle of atom economy.
 Use of molecular model kit to stimulate the reaction to investigate how the atom
economy can illustrate Green Chemistry.
 Preparation of propene by two methods can be studied
(I) Triethylamine ion + OH- → propene + trimethylpropene + water
H2SO4/
(II) 1-propanol propene + water
 Other types of reactions, like addition, elimination, substitution and rearrangement

should also be studied for the calculation of atom economy.
4. Use of enzymes as catalysts
 Benzoin condensation using Thiamine Hydrochloride as a catalyst instead of cyanide.
5. Alternative Green solvents
Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared form dry ice.
Mechanochemical solvent free synthesis of azomethines
6. Alternative sources of energy

 Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of copper
(II).
 Photoreduction of benzophenone to benzopinacol in the presence of sunlight.
Reference Books:
 Anastas, P.T & Warner, J.C. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, Oxford University
Press (1998).
 Kirchoff, M. & Ryan, M.A. Greener approaches to undergraduate chemistry
experiment. American Chemical Society, Washington DC (2002).
 Ryan, M.A. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Tinnesand; (Ed), American Chemical
Society, Washington DC (2002).
 Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. I.K. Green Chemistry Experiment: A
monograph International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi. Bangalore CISBN 978-
93-81141-55-7 (2013).
 Cann, M.C. & Connelly, M. E. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American
Chemical Society (2008).
 Cann, M. C. & Thomas, P. Real world cases in Green Chemistry, American Chemical
Society (2008).
 Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text RSC Publishing, 2nd Edition,
2010.
 Pavia, D.L., Lampman, G.M., Kriz, G.S. & Engel, R.G. Introduction to Organic
Laboratory Techniques: A Microscale and Macro Scale Approach, W.B.Saunders, 1995.
54
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY-DSE: BIOINORGANIC & ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
Theory: 60 Lectures
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry
A brief introduction to bio-inorganic chemistry. Role of metal ions present in biological systems
with special reference to Na+, K+ and Mg2+ ions: Na/K pump; Role of Mg2+ ions in energy
production and chlorophyll. Role of Ca2+ in blood clotting, stabilization of protein structures
and structural role (bones).
(12 Lectures)
Environment and its segments
Ecosystems. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur.
Air Pollution: Major regions of atmosphere. Chemical and photochemical reactions in

atmosphere. Air pollutants: types, sources, particle size and chemical nature; Photochemical
smog: its constituents and photochemistry. Environmental effects of ozone, Major sources of air
pollution.
Pollution by SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, H2S and other foul smelling gases. Methods of estimation of
CO, NOx, SOx and control procedures.
Effects of air pollution on living organisms and vegetation. Greenhouse effect and Global
warming, Ozone depletion by oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons and Halogens, removal
of sulphur from coal. Control of particulates.
Water Pollution: Hydrological cycle, water resources, aquatic ecosystems, Sources and nature
of water pollutants, Techniques for measuring water pollution, Impacts of water pollution on
hydrological and ecosystems.
Water purification methods. Effluent treatment plants (primary, secondary and tertiary
treatment). Industrial effluents from the following industries and their treatment: electroplating,
textile, tannery, dairy, petroleum and petrochemicals, agro, fertilizer, etc. Sludge disposal.
Industrial waste management, incineration of waste. Water treatment and purification (reverse
osmosis, electro dialysis, ion exchange). Water quality parameters for waste water, industrial
water and domestic water.
(30 Lectures)
Energy & Environment
Sources of energy: Coal, petrol and natural gas. Nuclear Fusion / Fission, Solar energy,
Hydrogen, geothermal, Tidal and Hydel, etc.
55
Nuclear Pollution: Disposal of nuclear waste, nuclear disaster and its management.
(10 Lectures)
Biocatalysis
Introduction to biocatalysis: Importance in “Green Chemistry” and Chemical Industry.
(8 Lectures)
Reference Books:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.

 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi.
 J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New
Delhi.
 K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt., Ltd, New Delhi.
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
 S.E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press (2005).
 G.T. Miller, Environmental Science 11th edition. Brooks/ Cole (2006).
 A. Mishra, Environmental Studies. Selective and Scientific Books, New Delhi (2005).
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CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: BIO-INORGANIC & ENVIRONMENTAL

CHEMISTRY
60 Lectures
1. Determination of dissolved oxygen in water.
2. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
3. Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
4. Percentage of available chlorine in bleaching powder.
5. Measurement of chloride, sulphate and salinity of water samples by simple titration method
(AgNO3 and potassium chromate).
6. Estimation of total alkalinity of water samples (CO32-, HCO3-) using double titration method.
7. Measurement of dissolved CO2.
8. Study of some of the common bio-indicators of pollution.
9. Estimation of SPM in air samples.
10. Preparation of borax/ boric acid.
Separation of mixtures by chromatography: Measure the Rf value in each case. (Combination of
two ions to be given)
11. Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, A13+ and Cr3+ or paper chromatographic
separation of Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+
Reference Books:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
 R.M. Felder, R.W. Rousseau: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Wiley
Publishers, New Delhi.
56
 J. A. Kent: Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry, CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
 S. S. Dara: A Textbook of Engineering Chemistry, S. Chand & Company Ltd. New Delhi.
 K. De, Environmental Chemistry: New Age International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi.
 S. M. Khopkar, Environmental Pollution Analysis: Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi.
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CHEMISTRY-DSE: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Theory: 60 Lectures
Introduction to spectroscopic methods of analysis:
Recap of the spectroscopic methods covered in detail in the core chemistry syllabus: Treatment
of analytical data, including error analysis. Classification of analytical methods and the types of
instrumental methods. Consideration of electromagnetic radiation.
(4 Lectures)
Molecular spectroscopy:
Infrared spectroscopy:
Interactions with molecules: absorption and scattering. Means of excitation (light sources),
separation of spectrum (wavelength dispersion, time resolution), detection of the signal (heat,
differential detection), interpretation of spectrum (qualitative, mixtures, resolution), advantages
of Fourier Transform (FTIR). Samples and results expected. Applications: Issues of quality
assurance and quality control, Special problems for portable instrumentation and rapid
detection.
UV-Visible/ Near IR – emission, absorption, fluorescence and photoaccoustic. Excitation

sources (lasers, time resolution), wavelength dispersion (gratings, prisms, interference filters,
laser, placement of sample relative to dispersion, resolution), Detection of signal (photocells,
photomultipliers, diode arrays, sensitivity and S/N), Single and Double Beam instruments,
Interpretation (quantification, mixtures, absorption vs. fluorescence and the use of time,
photoaccoustic, fluorescent tags).
(16 Lectures)
Separation techniques
Chromatography: Gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, supercritical fluids, Importance

of column technology (packing, capillaries), Separation based on increasing number of factors
(volatility, solubility, interactions with stationary phase, size, electrical field), Detection: simple
vs. specific (gas and liquid), Detection as a means of further analysis (use of tags and coupling
to IR and MS), Electrophoresis (plates and capillary) and use with DNA analysis.
Immunoassays and DNA techniques
Mass spectroscopy: Making the gaseous molecule into an ion (electron impact, chemical
ionization), Making liquids and solids into ions (electrospray, electrical discharge, laser
57
desorption, fast atom bombardment), Separation of ions on basis of mass to charge ratio,
Magnetic, Time of flight, Electric quadrupole. Resolution, time and multiple separations,
Detection and interpretation (how this is linked to excitation).
(16 Lectures)
Elemental analysis:
Mass spectrometry (electrical discharges).
Atomic spectroscopy: Atomic absorption, Atomic emission, and Atomic fluorescence.
Excitation and getting sample into gas phase (flames, electrical discharges, plasmas),
Wavelength separation and resolution (dependence on technique), Detection of radiation
(simultaneous/scanning, signal noise), Interpretation (errors due to molecular and ionic species,
matrix effects, other interferences).
(8 Lectures)
NMR spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation, Factors affecting chemical shift, Spin-

coupling, Applications.
(4 Lectures)
Electroanalytical Methods: Potentiometry & Voltammetry

(4 Lectures)
Radiochemical Methods
(4 Lectures)
X-ray analysis and electron spectroscopy (surface analysis)
(4 Lectures)
Reference books:
Learning India Ed.
 Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th
Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
 P.W. Atkins: Physical Chemistry.
 G.W. Castellan: Physical Chemistry.
 C.N. Banwell: Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy.
 Brian Smith: Infrared Spectral Interpretations: A Systematic Approach.
 W.J. Moore: Physical Chemistry.
CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL - DSE LAB: INSTRUMENTAL METHODS OF

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
60 Lectures
1. Safety Practices in the Chemistry Laboratory
2. Determination of the isoelectric pH of a protein.
3. Titration curve of an amino acid.
58
4. Determination of the void volume of a gel filtration column.
5. Determination of a Mixture of Cobalt and Nickel (UV/Vis spec.)
6. Study of Electronic Transitions in Organic Molecules (i.e., acetone in water)
7. IR Absorption Spectra (Study of Aldehydes and Ketones)
8. Determination of Calcium, Iron, and Copper in Food by Atomic Absorption
9. Quantitative Analysis of Mixtures by Gas Chromatography (i.e., chloroform and carbon
tetrachloride)
10. Separation of Carbohydrates by HPLC
11. Determination of Caffeine in Beverages by HPLC
12. Potentiometric Titration of a Chloride-Iodide Mixture
13. Cyclic Voltammetry of the Ferrocyanide/Ferricyanide Couple
14. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
15. Use of fluorescence to do “presumptive tests” to identify blood or other body fluids.
16. Use of “presumptive tests” for anthrax or cocaine
17. Collection, preservation, and control of blood evidence being used for DNA testing
18. Use of capillary electrophoresis with laser fluorescence detection for nuclear DNA (Y
chromosome only or multiple chromosome)
19. Use of sequencing for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA
20. Laboratory analysis to confirm anthrax or cocaine
21. Detection in the field and confirmation in the laboratory of flammable accelerants or
explosives
22. Detection of illegal drugs or steroids in athletes
23. Detection of pollutants or illegal dumping
24. Fibre analysis
At least 10 experiments to be performed.
Reference Books:
Learning India Ed.
 Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th
Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
Reference Books:
 Svehla, G. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis, Pearson Education, 2012.
 Mendham, J. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Pearson, 2009.
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59
CORE COURSE ZOOLOGY I
ANIMAL DIVERSITY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Kingdom Protista 4

General characters and classification up to classes; Locomotory Organelles and locomotion in
Protozoa
Unit 2: Phylum Porifera 3

General characters and classification up to classes; Canal System in Sycon
Unit 3: Phylum Cnidaria 3

General characters and classification up to classes; Polymorphism in Hydrozoa
Unit 4: Phylum Platyhelminthes 3

General characters and classification up to classes; Life history of Taenia solium
Unit 5: Phylum Nemathelminthes 5

General characters and classification up to classes; Life history of Ascaris lumbricoides and
its parasitic adaptations
Unit 6: Phylum Annelida 3

General characters and classification up to classes; Metamerism in Annelida
Unit 7: Phylum Arthropoda 5

General characters and classification up to classes; Vision in Arthropoda, Metamorphosis in
Insects
Unit 8: Phylum Mollusca 4

General characters and classification up to classes; Torsion in gastropods
Unit 9: Phylum Echinodermata 4

General characters and classification up to classes; Water-vascular system in Asteroidea
Unit 10: Protochordates 2

General features and Phylogeny of Protochordata
Unit 11: Agnatha 2

General features of Agnatha and classification of cyclostomes up to classes
Unit 12: Pisces 4

General features and Classification up to orders; Osmoregulation in Fishes
60
Unit 13: Amphibia 4
General features and Classification up to orders; Parental care
Unit 14: Reptiles 4

General features and Classification up to orders; Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes, Biting
mechanism in snakes
Unit 15: Aves 5

General features and Classification up to orders; Flight adaptations in birds
Unit 17: Mammals 5

Classification up to orders; Origin of mammals
Note: Classification of Unit 1-9 to be followed from “Barnes, R.D. (1982). Invertebrate
Zoology, V Edition”
61
ANIMAL DIVERSITY
PRACTICAL (CREDITS 2)
1. Study of the following specimens:

Amoeba, Euglena, Plasmodium, Paramecium, Sycon, Hyalonema, and Euplectella,
Obelia, Physalia, Aurelia, Tubipora, Metridium, Taenia solium, Male and female Ascaris
lumbricoides, Aphrodite, Nereis, Pheretima, Hirudinaria, Palaemon, Cancer, Limulus,
Palamnaeus, Scolopendra, Julus, Periplaneta, Apis, Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Unio,
Loligo, Sepia, Octopus, Pentaceros, Ophiura, Echinus, Cucumaria and Antedon,
Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Branchiostoma, Petromyzon, Sphyrna, Pristis, Torpedo,
Labeo, Exocoetus, Anguilla, Ichthyophis/Ureotyphlus, Salamandra, Bufo, Hyla, Chelone,
Hemidactylus, Chamaeleon, Draco, Vipera, Naja, Crocodylus, Gavialis, Any six
common birds from different orders, Sorex, Bat, Funambulus, Loris
2. Study of the following permanent slides:

T.S. and L.S. of Sycon, Study of life history stages of Taenia, T.S. of Male and female
Ascaris
3. Key for Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes
An “animal album” containing photographs, cut outs, with appropriate write up about the
above mentioned taxa. Different taxa/ topics may be given to different sets of students for
this purpose.
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Ruppert and Barnes, R.D. (2006). Invertebrate Zoology, VIII Edition. Holt Saunders
International Edition.
 Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P., Olive, P.J.W., Golding, D.W. and Spicer, J.I. (2002). The
Invertebrates: A New Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science
 Young, J. Z. (2004). The Life of Vertebrates. III Edition. Oxford university press.
 Pough H. Vertebrate life, VIII Edition, Pearson International.
 Hall B.K. and Hallgrimsson B. (2008). Strickberger’s Evolution. IV Edition. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers Inc.
62
CORE COURSE ZOOLOGY II
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF

VERTEBRATES
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Integumentary System 4

Derivatives of integument w.r.t. glands and digital tips
Unit 2: Skeletal System 3

Evolution of visceral arches
Unit 3: Digestive System 4

Brief account of alimentary canal and digestive glands
Unit 4: Respiratory System 5

Brief account of Gills, lungs, air sacs and swim bladder
Unit 5: Circulatory System 4

Evolution of heart and aortic arches
Unit 6: Urinogenital System 4

Succession of kidney, Evolution of urinogenital ducts
Unit 7: Nervous System 3

Comparative account of brain
Unit 8: Sense Organs 3

Types of receptors
Unit 9: Early Embryonic Development 12

Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis w.r.t. mammals, vitellogenesis in birds;
Fertilization: external (amphibians), internal (mammals), blocks to polyspermy; Early
development of frog and humans (structure of mature egg and its membranes, patterns of
cleavage, fate map, up to formation of gastrula);types of morphogenetic movements; Fate of
germ layers; Neurulation in frog embryo.
Unit 10: Late Embryonic Development 10

Implantation of embryo in humans, Formation of human placenta and functions, other types
of placenta on the basis of histology; Metamorphic events in frog life cycle and its hormonal
regulation.
Unit 11: Control of Development 8

63
Fundamental processes in development (brief idea) – Gene activation, determination,
induction, Differentiation, morphogenesis, intercellular communication, cell movements and
cell death
64
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY OF
VERTEBRATES
1. Osteology:
a) Disarticulated skeleton of fowl and rabbit
b) Carapace and plastron of turtle /tortoise
c) Mammalian skulls: One herbivorous and one carnivorous animal.
2. Frog - Study of developmental stages - whole mounts and sections through permanent
slides – cleavage stages, blastula, gastrula, neurula, tail bud stage, tadpole external and
internal gill stages.
3. Study of the different types of placenta- histological sections through permanent slides or
photomicrographs.
4. Study of placental development in humans by ultrasound scans.
5. Examination of gametes - frog/rat - sperm and ova through permanent slides or
photomicrographs.
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Kardong, K.V. (2005) Vertebrates’ Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution. IV
Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
 Kent, G.C. and Carr R.K. (2000). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. IX Edition.
The McGraw-Hill Companies.
 Hilderbrand, M and Gaslow G.E. Analysis of Vertebrate Structure, John Wiley and Sons.
 Walter, H.E. and Sayles, L.P; Biology of Vertebrates, Khosla Publishing House.
 Gilbert, S. F. (2006). Developmental Biology, VIII Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc.,
Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
 Balinsky, B.I. (2008). An introduction to Embryology, International Thomson Computer
Press.
 Carlson, Bruce M (1996). Patten’s Foundations of Embryology, McGraw Hill, Inc.
65
CORE COURSE ZOOLOGY III
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Nerve and muscle 8

Structure of a neuron, Resting membrane potential, Graded potential, Origin of Action
potential and its propagation in myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibres, Ultra-structure
of skeletal muscle, Molecular and chemical basis of muscle contraction
Unit 2: Digestion 5
Physiology of digestion in the alimentary canal; Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids
Unit 3: Respiration 5
Pulmonary ventilation, Respiratory volumes and capacities, Transport of Oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood
Unit 4: Excretion 5
Structure of nephron, Mechanism of Urine formation, Counter-current Mechanism
Unit 5: Cardiovascular system 6

Composition of blood, Hemostasis, Structure of Heart, Origin and conduction of the cardiac
impulse, Cardiac cycle
Unit 6: Reproduction and Endocrine Glands 7

Physiology of male reproduction: hormonal control of spermatogenesis; Physiology of
female reproduction: hormonal control of menstrual cycle
Structure and function of pituitary, thyroid, Parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal
Unit 7: Carbohydrate Metabolism 8

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Pentose phosphate pathway, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogen
metabolism, Review of electron transport chain
Unit 8: Lipid Metabolism 5

Biosynthesis and β oxidation of palmitic acid
Unit 9: Protein metabolism 5

Transamination, Deamination and Urea Cycle
Unit 10: Enzymes 6

Introduction, Mechanism of action, Enzyme Kinetics, Inhibition and Regulation
66
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
1. Preparation of hemin and hemochromogen crystals

2. Study of permanent histological sections of mammalian pituitary, thyroid, pancreas,
adrenal gland
3. Study of permanent slides of spinal cord, duodenum, liver, lung, kidney, bone, cartilage
4. Qualitative tests to identify functional groups of carbohydrates in given solutions (Glucose,
Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose)
2. Estimation of total protein in given solutions by Lowry’s method.
3. Study of activity of salivary amylase under optimum conditions
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Tortora, G.J. and Derrickson, B.H. (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, XII
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Widmaier, E.P., Raff, H. and Strang, K.T. (2008) Vander’s Human Physiology, XI
Edition., McGraw Hill
 Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. (2011). Textbook of Medical Physiology, XII Edition,
Harcourt Asia Pvt. Ltd/ W.B. Saunders Company
 Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L. and Stryer, L. (2006). Biochemistry. VI Edition. W.H
Freeman and Co.
 Nelson, D. L., Cox, M. M. and Lehninger, A.L. (2009). Principles of Biochemistry. IV
Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co.
 Murray, R.K., Granner, D.K., Mayes, P.A. and Rodwell, V.W. (2009). Harper’s
Illustrated Biochemistry. XXVIII Edition. Lange Medical Books/Mc Graw3Hill.
67
CORE COURSE ZOOLOGY IV
GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Introduction to Genetics 3

Mendel’s work on transmission of traits, Genetic Variation, Molecular basis of Genetic
Information
Unit 2: Mendelian Genetics and its Extension 8

Principles of Inheritance, Chromosome theory of inheritance, Incomplete dominance and co-
dominance, Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, sex linked inheritance,
extra-chromosomal inheritance
Unit 3: Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosomal Mapping 9

Linkage and crossing over, Recombination frequency as a measure of linkage intensity, two
factor and three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence, Somatic cell genetics - an
alternative approach to gene mapping
Unit 4: Mutations 7
Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation, Aneuploidy and
Polyploidy; Gene mutations: Induced versus Spontaneous mutations, Back versus Suppressor
mutations,
Unit 5: Sex Determination 4

Chromosomal mechanisms, dosage compensation
Unit 6: History of Life 2

Major Events in History of Life
Unit 7: Introduction to Evolutionary Theories 5

Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism
Unit 8: Direct Evidences of Evolution 5

Types of fossils, Incompleteness of fossil record, Dating of fossils, Phylogeny of horse
Unit 9: Processes of Evolutionary Change 9

Organic variations; Isolating Mechanisms; Natural selection (Example: Industrial melanism);
Types of natural selection (Directional, Stabilizing, Disruptive), Artificial selection
Unit 10: Species Concept 6

Biological species concept (Advantages and Limitations); Modes of speciation (Allopatric,
Sympatric)
68
Unit 11: Macro-evolution 5
Macro-evolutionary Principles (example: Darwin’s Finches)
Unit 12: Extinction 6

Mass extinction (Causes, Names of five major extinctions, K-T extinction in detail), Role of
extinction in evolution
69
GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
1. Study of Mendelian Inheritance and gene interactions (Non Mendelian Inheritance) using
suitable examples. Verify the results using Chi-square test.
2. Study of Linkage, recombination, gene mapping using the data.
3. Study of Human Karyotypes (normal and abnormal).
4. Study of fossil evidences from plaster cast models and pictures
5. Study of homology and analogy from suitable specimens/ pictures
6. Charts:
a) Phylogeny of horse with diagrams/ cut outs of limbs and teeth of horse ancestors
b) Darwin’s Finches with diagrams/ cut outs of beaks of different species
7. Visit to Natural History Museum and submission of report
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (2008). Principles of Genetics. VIII
Edition. Wiley India.
 Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition. John Wiley
and Sons Inc.
 Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. X
Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
 Russell, P. J. (2009). Genetics- A Molecular Approach. III Edition. Benjamin
Cummings.
 Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin, R.C. and Carroll, S.B. Introduction to
Genetic Analysis. IX Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co.
 Ridley, M. (2004). Evolution. III Edition. Blackwell Publishing
 Barton, N. H., Briggs, D. E. G., Eisen, J. A., Goldstein, D. B. and Patel, N. H. (2007).
Evolution. Cold Spring, Harbour Laboratory Press.
 Hall, B. K. and Hallgrimsson, B. (2008). Evolution. IV Edition. Jones and Bartlett
Publishers
 Campbell, N. A. and Reece J. B. (2011). Biology. IX Edition, Pearson, Benjamin,
Cummings.
 Douglas, J. Futuyma (1997). Evolutionary Biology. Sinauer Associates.
70
DISCIPLINE CENTRIC ELECTIVE COURSES
DSE 1
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
THEORY (Credits 4)
Unit 1: Introduction 8
Concept and scope of biotechnology
Unit 2: Molecular Techniques in Gene manipulation 24

Cloning vectors: Plasmids, Cosmids, Phagemids, Lambda Bacteriophage, M13,
BAC, YAC, MAC and Expression vectors (characteristics)
Restriction enzymes: Nomenclature, detailed study of Type II.
Transformation techniques: Calcium chloride method and electroporation.
Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries and screening by colony and plaque
hybridization
Southern, Northern and Western blotting; DNA sequencing: Sanger method
Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA Finger Printing and DNA micro array
Unit 3: Genetically Modified Organisms 18

Production of cloned and transgenic animals: Nuclear Transplantation, Retroviral
Method, DNA microinjection
Applications of transgenic animals: Production of pharmaceuticals, production of
donor organs, knockout mice.
Production of transgenic plants: Agrobacterium mediated transformation.
Applications of transgenic plants: insect and herbicide resistant plants.
Unit 4: Culture Techniques and Applications 10

Animal cell culture, Expressing cloned genes in mammalian cells, Molecular
diagnosis of genetic diseases (Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia)
Recombinant DNA in medicines: Recombinant insulin and human growth hormone,
Gene therapy
71
ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
PRACTICAL (Credits 2)
1. Genomic DNA isolation from E. coli

2. Plasmid DNA isolation (pUC 18/19) from E. coli
3. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA.
4. Construction of circular and linear restriction map from the data provided.
5. Calculation of transformation efficiency from the data provided.
6. To study following techniques through photographs
a) Southern Blotting
b) Northern Blotting
c) Western Blotting
d) DNA Sequencing (Sanger's Method)
e) PCR
f) DNA fingerprinting
7. Project report on animal cell culture
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Brown, T.A. (1998). Molecular Biology Labfax II: Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. II
Edition, Academic Press, California, USA.
 Glick, B.R. and Pasternak, J.J. (2009). Molecular Biotechnology - Principles and
Applications of Recombinant DNA. IV Edition, ASM press, Washington, USA.
 Griffiths, A.J.F., J.H. Miller, Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M. (2009).
An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. IX Edition. Freeman and Co., N.Y., USA.
 Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition, John Wiley
and Sons Inc.
 Watson, J.D., Myers, R.M., Caudy, A. and Witkowski, J.K. (2007). Recombinant DNA-
Genes and Genomes- A Short Course. III Edition, Freeman and Co., N.Y., USA.
 Beauchamp, T.I. and Childress, J.F. (2008). Principles of Biomedical Ethics. VI Edition,
Oxford University Press.
72
DSE 2
APPLIED ZOOLOGY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Introduction to Host-parasite Relationship 3

Host, Definitive host, Intermediate host, Parasitism, Symbiosis, Commensalism,
Reservoir,
Zoonosis
Unit 2: Epidemiology of Diseases 7

Transmission, Prevention and control of diseases: Tuberculosis, typhoid
Unit 3: Rickettsiae and Spirochaetes 6

Brief account of Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia recurrentis and Treponema pallidum
Unit 4: Parasitic Protozoa 8

Life history and pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica, Plasmodium vivax and
Trypanosoma gambiense
Unit 5: Parasitic Helminthes 5

Life history and pathogenicity of Ancylostoma duodenale and Wuchereria bancrofti
Unit 6: Insects of Economic Importance 8

Biology, Control and damage caused by Helicoverpa armigera, Pyrilla perpusilla and
Papilio demoleus, Callosobruchus chinensis, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum
Unit 7: Insects of Medical Importance 8

Medical importance and control of Pediculus humanus corporis, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes,
Xenopsylla cheopis
Unit 8: Animal Husbandry 5

Preservation and artificial insemination in cattle; Induction of early puberty and
synchronization of estrus in cattle
Unit 9: Poultry Farming 5

Principles of poultry breeding, Management of breeding stock and broilers, Processing
and preservation of eggs
Unit 10: Fish Technology 5

Genetic improvements in aquaculture industry; Induced breeding and transportation of
fish seed
73
APPLIED ZOOLOGY
1. Study of Plasmodium vivax, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma gambiense,

Ancylostoma duodenale and Wuchereria bancrofti and their life stages through
permanent slides/photomicrographs or specimens.
2. Study of arthropod vectors associated with human diseases: Pediculus, Culex,
Anopheles, Aedes and Xenopsylla.
3. Study of insect damage to different plant parts/stored grains through damaged
products/photographs.
4. Identifying feature and economic importance of Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera,
Papilio demoleus, Pyrilla perpusilla, Callosobruchus chinensis, Sitophilus oryzae and
Tribolium castaneum
5. Visit to poultry farm or animal breeding centre. Submission of visit report
6. Maintenance of freshwater aquarium
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Park, K. (2007). Preventive and Social Medicine. XVI Edition. B.B Publishers.
 Arora, D. R and Arora, B. (2001). Medical Parasitology. II Edition. CBS Publications
and Distributors.
 Kumar and Corton. Pathological Basis of Diseases.
 Atwal, A.S. (1986). Agricultural Pests of India and South East Asia, Kalyani
Publishers.
 Dennis, H. (2009). Agricultural Entomology. Timber Press (OR).
 Hafez, E. S. E. (1962). Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea & Fabiger Publisher
 Dunham R.A. (2004). Aquaculture and Fisheries Biotechnology Genetic Approaches.
CABI publications, U.K.
 Pedigo, L.P. (2002). Entomology and Pest Management, Prentice Hall.
74
DCE 3
AQUATIC BIOLOGY
THEORY (Credits 4 )
UNIT 1: Aquatic Biomes
Brief introduction of the aquatic biomes: Freshwater ecosystem (lakes, wetlands,
streams and rivers), estuaries, intertidal zones, oceanic pelagic zone, marine
benthic zone and coral reefs.
UNIT 2: Freshwater Biology
Lakes: Origin and classification, Lake as an Ecosystem, Lake morphometry,
Physico–chemical Characteristics: Light, Temperature, Thermal stratification,
Dissolved Solids, Carbonate, Bicarbonates, Phosphates and Nitrates, Turbidity;
dissolved gases (Oxygen, Carbon dioxide). Nutrient Cycles in Lakes-Nitrogen,
Sulphur and Phosphorous.
Streams: Different stages of stream development, Physico-chemical
environment, Adaptation of hill-stream fishes.
UNIT 3: Marine Biology

Salinity and density of Sea water, Continental shelf, Adaptations of deep sea
organisms, Coral reefs, Sea weeds.
UNIT 4: Management of Aquatic Resources
Causes of pollution: Agricultural, Industrial, Sewage, Thermal and Oil spills,
Eutrophication, Management and conservation (legislations), Sewage treatment
Water quality assessment- BOD and COD.
75
PRACTICAL (Credits 2)
1. Determine the area of a lake using graphimetric and gravimetric method.
2. Identify the important macrophytes, phytoplanktons and zooplanktons
present in a lake ecosystem.
3. Determine the amount of Turbidity/transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, Free
Carbon dioxide, Alkalinity (carbonates & bicarbonates) in water collected
from a nearby lake/ water body.
4. Instruments used in limnology (Secchi disc, Van Dorn Bottle, Conductivity
meter, Turbidity meter, PONAR grab sampler) and their significance.
5. A Project Report on a visit to a Sewage treatment plant/Marine bio-
reserve/Fisheries Institutes.
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Anathakrishnan : Bioresources Ecology 3rd Edition
 Goldman : Limnology, 2nd Edition
 Odum and Barrett : Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition
 Pawlowski : Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1st

Edition
 Wetzel : Limnology, 3rd edition
 Trivedi and Goyal : Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies
 Welch : Limnology Vols. I-II
76
DSE 4
IMMUNOLOGY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Overview of the Immune System 10

Introduction to basic concepts in immunology, components of immune system, principles
of innate and adaptive immune system
Unit 2: Cells and Organs of the Immune System 8

Haematopoeisis, Cells of immune system and organs (primary and secondary lymphoid
organs) of the immune system
Unit 3: Antigens 8
Basic properties of antigens, B and T cell epitopes, haptens and adjuvants
Unit 4: Antibodies 8
Structure, classes and function of antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, antigen antibody
interactions as tools for research and diagnosis
Unit 5: Working of the immune system 12

Structure and functions of MHC, exogenous and endogenous pathways of antigen
presentation and processing, Basic properties and functions of cytokines, Complement
system: Components and pathways.
Unit 6: Immune system in health and disease 10

Gell and Coombs’ classification and brief description of various types of
hypersensitivities, Introduction to concepts of autoimmunity and
immunodeficiency,
Unit 7: Vaccines 4
General introduction to vaccines, Various types of vaccines
77
IMMUNOLOGY
1*. Demonstration of lymphoid organs

2. Histological study of spleen, thymus and lymph nodes through slides/ photographs
3. Preparation of stained blood film to study various types of blood cells.
4. Ouchterlony’s double immuno-diffusion method.
5. ABO blood group determination.
6*. Cell counting and viability test from splenocytes of farm bred animals/cell
lines.
7. Demonstration of
a) ELISA
b) Immunoelectrophoresis
(*Subject to UGC guidelines)
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R.A., Osborne, B. A. and Kuby, J (2006). Immunology, VI

Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company.
 David, M., Jonathan, B., David, R. B. and Ivan R. (2006). Immunology, VII Edition,
Mosby, Elsevier Publication.
 Abbas, K. Abul and Lechtman H. Andrew (2003.) Cellular and Molecular

Immunology. V Edition. Saunders Publication.
78
DSE 5
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
THEORY (CREDITS 4)
Unit 1: Reproductive Endocrinology
Gonadal hormones and mechanism of hormone action, steroids, glycoprotein hormones, and
prostaglandins, hypothalamo – hypophyseal – gonadal axis, regulation of gonadotrophin
secretion in male and female; Reproductive System: Development and differentiation of
gonads, genital ducts, external genitalia, mechanism of sex differentiation.
Unit 2: Functional anatomy of male reproduction
Outline and histological of male reproductive system in rat and human; Testis: Cellular
functions, germ cell, system cell renewal; Spermatogenesis: kinetics and hormonal
regulation; Androgen synthesis and metabolism; Epididymal function and sperm maturation;
Accessory glands functions; Sperm transportation in male tract
Unit 3: Functional anatomy of female reproduction
Outline and histological of female reproductive system in rat and human; Ovary:
folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression; Steroidogenesis and
secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles (rat and human) and their regulation,
changes in the female tract; Ovum transport in the fallopian tubes; Sperm transport in the
female tract, fertilization; Hormonal control of implantation; Hormonal regulation of
gestation, pregnancy diagnosis, foeto – maternal relationship; Mechanism of parturition and
its hormonal regulation; Lactation and its regulation
Unit 4: Reproductive Health
Infertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management; Assisted Reproductive
Technology: sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization, ET, EFT,
IUT, ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, PROST; Modern contraceptive technologies; Demographic
terminology used in family planning
79
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
1. Study of animal house: set up and maintenance of animal house, breeding techniques,
care of normal and experimental animals.
2. Examination of vaginal smear rats from live animals.
3. Surgical techniques: principles of surgery in endocrinology. Ovarectomy,

hysterectorny, castration and vasectomy in rats.
4. Examination of histological sections from photomicrographs/ permanent slides of

rat/human: testis, epididymis and accessory glands of male reproductive systems;
Sections of ovary, fallopian tube, uterus (proliferative and secretory stages), cervix
and vagina.
5. Human vaginal exfoliate cytology.
6. Sperm count and sperm motility in rat
7. Study of modern contraceptive devices
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Austin, C.R. and Short, R.V. reproduction in Mammals. Cambridge University Press.
 Degroot, L.J. and Jameson, J.L. (eds). Endocrinology. W.B. Saunders and Company.
 Knobil, E. et al. (eds). The Physiology of Reproduction. Raven Press Ltd.
 Hatcher, R.A. et al. The Essentials of Contraceptive Technology. Population

Information Programme.
80
GE 6
INSECT, VECTORS AND DISEASES
THEORY (Credits 4)
Unit I: Introduction to Insects 6

General Features of Insects, Morphological features, Head – Eyes, Types of
antennae, Mouth parts w.r.t. feeding habits
Unit II: Concept of Vectors 6
Brief introduction of Carrier and Vectors (mechanical and biological vector),
Reservoirs, Host-vector relationship, Vectorial capacity, Adaptations as vectors,
Host Specificity
Unit III: Insects as Vectors 8

Classification of insects up to orders, detailed features of orders with insects as
vectors – Diptera, Siphonaptera, Siphunculata, Hemiptera
Unit IV: Dipteran as Disease Vectors 24
Dipterans as important insect vectors – Mosquitoes, Sand fly, Houseflies;
Study of mosquito-borne diseases – Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Viral

encephalitis, Filariasis; Control of mosquitoes
Study of sand fly-borne diseases – Visceral Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous

Leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus fever; Control of Sand fly
Study of house fly as important mechanical vector, Myiasis, Control of house fly
Unit IV: Siphonaptera as Disease Vectors 6

Fleas as important insect vectors; Host-specificity, Study of Flea-borne diseases
– Plague, Typhus fever; Control of fleas
Unit V: Siphunculata as Disease Vectors 4

Human louse (Head, Body and Pubic louse) as important insect vectors; Study of
louse-borne diseases –Typhus fever, Relapsing fever, Trench fever, Vagabond’s
disease, Phthiriasis; Control of human louse
Unit VI: Hempitera as Disease Vectors 6

Bugs as insect vectors; Blood-sucking bugs; Chagas disease, Bed bugs as
mechanical vectors, Control and prevention measures
81
82
INSECT VECTORS AND DISEASES
1. Study of different kinds of mouth parts of insects
2. Study of following insect vectors through permanent slides/ photographs:
Aedes, Culex, Anopheles, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus
corporis, Phithirus pubis, Xenopsylla cheopis, Cimex lectularius,
Phlebotomus argentipes, Musca domestica, through permanent slides/
photographs
3. Study of different diseases transmitted by above insect vectors
Submission of a project report on any one of the insect vectors and disease transmitted
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Imms, A.D. (1977). A General Text Book of Entomology. Chapman & Hall, UK
 Chapman, R.F. (1998). The Insects: Structure and Function. IV Edition, Cambridge
University Press, UK
 Pedigo L.P. (2002). Entomology and Pest Management. Prentice Hall Publication
 Mathews, G. (2011). Integrated Vector Management: Controlling Vectors of Malaria

and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases. Wiley-Blackwell
83
Skill Enhancement Courses
Botany
Biofertilizers
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
Unit 1:General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation,
identification, mass multiplication, carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
(4 Lectures)
Unit 2: Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculant, associative
effect of different microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop
response to Azotobacter inoculum, maintenance and mass multiplication. (8 Lectures)
Unit 3:Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen
fixation, factors affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation.
(4 Lectures)
Unit 4: Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence

and distribution, phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation
and inoculum production of VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
(8 Lectures)
Unit 5:Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, Recycling of bio-
degradable municipal, agricultural and Industrial wastes – biocompost making methods,
types and method of vermicomposting – field Application. (6 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay  Publication, New
Delhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New  Delhi.
6. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic   Farming Akta
Prakashan, Nadiad
84
Skill Enhancement Course
Botany
Herbal Technology
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
Unit 1: Herbal medicines: history and scope - definition of medical terms - role of medicinal
plants in Siddha systems of medicine; cultivation - harvesting - processing - storage -
marketing and utilization of medicinal plants. (6 Lectures)
Unit 2: Pharmacognosy - systematic position m edicinal uses of the following herbs in

curing various ailments; Tulsi, Ginger, Fenugreek, Indian Goose berry and Ashoka. (6
Lectures)
Unit 3: Phytochemistry - active principles and methods of their testing - identification and
utilization of the medicinal herbs; Catharanthus roseus (cardiotonic), Withania somnifera
(drugs acting on nervous system), Clerodendron phlomoides (anti-rheumatic) and Centella
asiatica (memory booster). (6 Lectures)
Unit 4: Analytical pharmacognosy: Drug adulteration - types, methods of drug evaluation -

Biological testing of herbal drugs - Phytochemical screening tests for secondary metabolites
(alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds) (8 Lectures)
Unit 5: Medicinal plant banks micro propagation of important species (Withania somnifera,
neem and tulsi- Herbal foods-future of pharmacognosy) (4 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Glossary of Indian medicinal plants, R.N.Chopra, S.L.Nayar and I.C.Chopra, 1956.

C.S.I.R, New Delhi.
2. The indigenous drugs of India, Kanny, Lall, Dey and Raj Bahadur, 1984.
International Book  Distributors.
3. Herbal plants and Drugs Agnes Arber, 1999. Mangal Deep Publications.
4. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant source. V.V. Sivarajan and Balachandran Indra 1994.
Oxford IBH  publishing Co.
5. Ayurveda and Aromatherapy. Miller, Light and Miller, Bryan, 1998. Banarsidass, Delhi.
6. Principles of Ayurveda, Anne Green, 2000. Thomsons, London.
85
7. Pharmacognosy, Dr.C.K.Kokate et al. 1999. Nirali Prakashan.

Botany
Nursery and Gardening
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
Unit 1: Nursery: definition, objectives and scope and building up of infrastructure for
nursery, planning and seasonal activities - Planting - direct seeding and transplants. (4
Lectures)
Unit 2: Seed: Structure and types - Seed dormancy; causes and methods of breaking
dormancy - Seed storage: Seed banks, factors affecting seed viability, genetic erosion - Seed
production technology - seed testing and certification. (6 Lectures)
Unit 3:Vegetative propagation: air-layering, cutting, selection of cutting, collecting season,

treatment of cutting, rooting medium and planting of cuttings - Hardening of plants - green
house - mist chamber, shed root, shade house and glass house. (6Lectures)
Unit 4: Gardening: definition, objectives and scope - different types of gardening -

landscape and home gardening - parks and its components - plant materials and design -
computer applications in landscaping - Gardening operations: soil laying, manuring,
watering, management of pests and diseases and harvesting.
(8 Lectures)
Unit 5: Sowing/raising of seeds and seedlings - Transplanting of seedlings - Study of

cultivation of different vegetables: cabbage, brinjal, lady’s finger, onion, garlic, tomatoes,
and carrots - Storage and marketing procedures. (6
Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Bose T.K. & Mukherjee, D., 1972, Gardening in India, Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co., New Delhi.
2. Sandhu, M.K., 1989, Plant Propagation, Wile Eastern Ltd., Bangalore, Madras.
3. Kumar, N., 1997, Introduction to Horticulture, Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagercoil.
4. Edmond Musser & Andres, Fundamentals of Horticulture, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New Delhi.
5. Agrawal, P.K. 1993, Hand Book of Seed Technology, Dept. of Agriculture and
86
Cooperation, National  Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi.
6. Janick Jules. 1979. Horticultural Science. (3rd Ed.), W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco, USA.

Botany
Floriculture
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
Unit 1: Introduction: History of gardening; Importance and scope of floriculture and
landscape gardening. (2 Lectures)
Unit 2: Nursery Management and Routine Garden Operations: Sexual and vegetative
methods of propagation; Soil sterilization; Seed sowing; Pricking; Planting and
transplanting; Shading; Stopping or pinching; Defoliation; Wintering; Mulching; Topiary;
Role of plant growth regulators.
(8 Lectures)
Unit 3: Ornamental Plants: Flowering annuals; Herbaceous perennials; Divine vines; Shade
and ornamental trees; Ornamental bulbous and foliage plants; Cacti and succulents; Palms
and Cycads; Ferns and Selaginellas; Cultivation of plants in pots; Indoor gardening; Bonsai.
(4 Lectures)
Unit 4: Principles of Garden Designs: English, Italian, French, Persian, Mughal and
Japanese gardens; Features of a garden (Garden wall, Fencing, Steps, Hedge, Edging, Lawn,
Flower beds, Shrubbery, Borders, Water garden. Some Famous gardens of India. (4
Lectures)
Unit 5: Landscaping Places of Public Importance: Landscaping highways and Educational

institutions. (4 Lectures)
Unit 6: Commercial Floriculture: Factors affecting flower production; Production and

packaging of cut flowers; Flower arrangements; Methods to prolong vase life; Cultivation of
Important cut flowers (Carnation, Aster, Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Gerbera, Gladiolous,
Marigold,Rose, Lilium, Orchids). (6 Lectures)
Unit 7: Diseases and Pests of Ornamental Plants. (2 Lectures)
87
Suggested Readings
1. Randhawa, G.S. and Mukhopadhyay, A. 1986. Floriculture in India. Allied Publishers.
88
Botany
Medicinal Botany
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
Unit 1: History, Scope and Importance of Medicinal Plants. Indigenous Medicinal Sciences;
Definition and Scope-Ayurveda: History, origin, panchamahabhutas, saptadhatu and tridosha
concepts, Rasayana, plants used in ayurvedic treatments, Siddha: Origin of Siddha medicinal
systems, Basis of Siddha system, plants used in Siddha medicine. Unani: History, concept:
Umoor-e- tabiya, tumors treatments/ therapy, polyherbal formulations. (10 Lectures)
Unit 2: Conservation of endangered and endemic medicinal plants. Definition: endemic and
endangered medicinal plants, Red list criteria; In situ conservation: Biosphere reserves,
sacred groves, National Parks; Ex situ conservation: Botanic Gardens, Ethnomedicinal plant
Gardens. Propagation of Medicinal Plants: Objectives of the nursery, its classification,
important components of a nursery, sowing, pricking, use of green house for nursery
production, propagation through cuttings, layering, grafting and budding. (10 Lectures)
Unit 3: Ethnobotany and Folk medicines. Definition; Ethnobotany in India: Methods to

study ethnobotany; Applications of Ethnobotany: National interacts, Palaeo-ethnobotany.
folk medicines of ethnobotany, ethnomedicine, ethnoecology, ethnic communities of India.
Application of natural products to certain diseases- Jaundice, cardiac, infertility, diabetics,
Blood pressure and skin diseases. (10 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Trivedi P C, 2006. Medicinal Plants: Ethnobotanical Approach, Agrobios, India.
2. Purohit and Vyas, 2008. Medicinal Plant Cultivation: A Scientific Approach, 2nd edn.  
Agrobios, India.
89
Plant Diversity and Human Welfare
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
 
Unit 1: Plant diversity and its scope- Genetic diversity, Species diversity, Plant diversity at
theecosystem level, Agrobiodiversity and cultivated plant taxa, wild taxa. Values and uses of
Biodiversity: Ethical and aesthetic values, Precautionary principle, Methodologies for
valuation, Uses of plants, Uses of microbes. (8 Lectures)
Unit 2:Loss of Biodiversity: Loss of genetic diversity, Loss of species diversity, Loss of
ecosystem diversity, Loss of agrobiodiversity, Projected scenario for biodiversity loss,
Management of Plant Biodiversity: Organizations associated with biodiversity
management-Methodology for execution-IUCN, UNEP, UNESCO, WWF, NBPGR;
Biodiversity legislation and conservations, Biodiversity information management and
communication. (8 Lectures)
Unit 3:Conservation of Biodiversity: Conservation of genetic diversity, species diversity

and ecosystem diversity, In situ and ex situ conservation, Social approaches to conservation,
Biodiversity awareness programmes, Sustainable development. (8 Lectures)
Unit 4: Role of plants in relation to Human Welfare; a) Importance of forestry their

utilization and commercial aspects b) Avenue trees, c) Ornamental plants of India. d)
Alcoholic beverages through ages. Fruits and nuts: Important fruit crops their commercial
importance. Wood and its uses. (6 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2004). An Advanced Text Book of Biodiversity - Principles

and Practices. Oxford and IBH Publications Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
90
Botany
Ethnobotany
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30
 Unit 1: Ethnobotany
Introduction, concept, scope and objectives; Ethnobotany as an interdisciplinary science.
The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context; Major and minor ethnic groups or
Tribals of India, and their life styles. Plants used by the tribals: a) Food plants b) intoxicants
and beverages c) Resins and oils and miscellaneous uses. (6 Lectures)
Unit 2: Methodology of Ethnobotanical studies

a) Field work b) Herbarium c) Ancient Literature d) Archaeological findings e) temples and
sacred places. (6 Lectures)
Unit 3: Role of ethnobotany in modern Medicine

Medico-ethnobotanical sources in India;Significance of the following plants in ethno
botanical practices (along with their habitat and morphology) a) Azadiractha indica b)
Ocimum sanctum c) Vitex negundo. d) Gloriosa superba e) Tribulus terrestris f) Pongamia
pinnata g) Cassia auriculata h) Indigofera tinctoria. Role of ethnobotany in modern
medicine with special example Rauvolfia sepentina, Trichopus zeylanicus,
Artemisia,Withania.
Role of ethnic groups in conservation of plant genetic resources. Endangered taxa and forest
management (participatory forest management). (10 Lectures)
Unit 4: Ethnobotany and legal aspects

Ethnobotany as a tool to protect interests of ethnic groups. Sharing of wealth concept with
few examples from India. Biopiracy, Intellectual Property Rights and Traditional
Knowledge. (8 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1) S.K. Jain, Manual of Ethnobotany, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, 1995.

2) S.K. Jain (ed.) Glimpses of Indian. Ethnobotny, Oxford and I B H, New Delhi – 1981
3) Lone et al,. Palaeoethnobotany
4) S.K. Jain (ed.) 1989. Methods and approaches in ethnobotany. Society of ethnobotanists,
 Lucknow, India.
5) S.K. Jain, 1990. Contributions of Indian ethnobotny. Scientific publishers, Jodhpur.
6) Colton C.M. 1997. Ethnobotany – Principles and applications. John Wiley and sons –  
Chichester
7) Rama Ro, N and A.N. Henry (1996). The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra
91
Pradesh, India. Botanical Survey of India. Howrah. 8) Rajiv K. Sinha – Ethnobotany The
Renaissance of Traditional Herbal Medicine – INA –SHREE Publishers, Jaipur-1996 9)
92
Botany
Mushroom Culture Technology
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30 
Unit 1: Introduction, history. Nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms;

Poisonous mushrooms. Types of edible mushrooms available in India - Volvariella volvacea,
Pleurotus citrinopileatus, Agaricus bisporus. (5 Lectures)
Unit 2: Cultivation Technology : Infrastructure: substrates (locally available) Polythene bag,

vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack, mushroom
unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag. Pure culture: Medium,
sterilization, preparation of spawn, multiplication. Mushroom bed preparation - paddy straw,
sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves. Factors affecting the mushroom bed preparation
- Low cost technology, Composting technology in mushroom production. (12 Lectures)
Unit 3: Storage and nutrition : Short-term storage (Refrigeration - upto 24 hours) Long term
Storage (canning, pickels, papads), drying, storage in saltsolutions. Nutrition - Proteins -
amino acids, mineral elements nutrition - Carbohydrates, Crude fibre content - Vitamins.
(8 Lectures)
Unit 4: Food Preparation : Types of foods prepared from mushroom. Research Centres -
National level and Regional level. Cost benefit ratio - Marketing in India and abroad, Export
Value. (5 Lectures)
Suggested Readings
1. Marimuthu, T. Krishnamoorthy, A.S. Sivaprakasam, K. and Jayarajan. R (1991)

Oyster Mushrooms, Department of Plant Pathology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore.
2. Swaminathan, M. (1990) Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and
Publishing Co. Ltd., No. 88, Mysore Road, Bangalore - 560018.
3. Tewari, Pankaj Kapoor, S.C., (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications,
Delhi.
4. Nita Bahl (1984-1988) Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol. I & Vol. II.
93
Botany
Intellectual Property Rights
(Credits 2)
Lectures: 30 
Unit 1: Introduction to intellectual property right (IPR) (2 lectures)
Concept and kinds. Economic importance. IPR in India and world: Genesis and scope, some
important examples.IPR and WTO (TRIPS, WIPO).
Unit 2 : Patents (3 Lectures)
Objectives, Rights, Patent Act 1970 and its amendments. Procedure of obtaining patents,
Working of patents. Infringement.
Unit 3: Copyrights (3 Lectures)
Introduction, Works protected under copyright law, Rights, Transfer of Copyright,

Infringement.
Unit4: Trademarks (3 Lectures)
Objectives, Types, Rights, Protection of goodwill, Infringement, Passing off, Defences,

Domain name.
Unit 5: Geographical Indications (3 Lectures)
Objectives, Justification, International Position, Multilateral Treaties, National Level, Indian

Position.
Unit 6:Protection of Traditional Knowledge (4 Lectures)
Objective, Concept of Traditional Knowledge, Holders, Issues concerning, Bio-Prospecting

and Bio-Piracy, Alternative ways, Protectability, needfor a Sui-Generis regime, Traditional
Knowledge on the International Arena, at WTO, at National level, Traditional Knowledge
Digital Library.
Unit 7: Industrial Designs (2 Lectures)
Objectives, Rights, Assignments, Infringements, Defences of Design Infringement
Unit 8: Protection of Plant Varieties (2 Lectures)
Plant Varieties Protection-Objectives, Justification, International Position, Plant varieties
94
protection in India. Rights of farmers, Breeders and Researchers.National gene bank, Benefit
sharing.Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001.
Unit 9:Information Technology Related Intellectual Property Rights (4 Lectures)
Computer Software and Intellectual Property, Database and Data Protection, Protection of
Semi-conductor chips, Domain Name Protection
Unit 10: Biotechnology and Intellectual Property Rights. (4 Lectures)
Patenting Biotech Inventions: Objective, Applications, Concept of Novelty, Concept of

inventive step, Microorganisms, Moral Issues in Patenting Biotechnological inventions.
Suggested Readings
1. N.S. Gopalakrishnan & T.G. Agitha, (2009) Principles of Intellectual Property Eastern
Book Company, Lucknow.
2. Kerly’s Law of Trade Marks and Trade Names (14th Edition) Thomson, Sweet &
Maxweel.
3. Ajit Parulekar and Sarita D’ Souza, (2006) Indian Patents Law – Legal & Business
Implications; Macmillan India Ltd.
4. B.L.Wadehra (2000) Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright, Designs &
Geographical Indications; Universal law Publishing Pvt. Ltd., India.
5. P. Narayanan (2010) Law of Copyright and Industrial Designs; Eastern law House,
Delhi.
95
Skill Enhancement Course (any four) (Credit: 02 each)- SEC1 to SEC4
Chemistry
IT SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
Mathematics
Fundamentals, mathematical functions, polynomial expressions, logarithms, the exponential

function, units of a measurement, interconversion of units, constants and variables, equation
of a straight line, plotting graphs.
Uncertainty in experimental techniques: Displaying uncertainties, measurements in

chemistry, decimal places, significant figures, combining quantities.
Uncertainty in measurement: types of uncertainties, combining uncertainties. Statistical

treatment. Mean, standard deviation, relative error. Data reduction and the propagation of
errors. Graphical and numerical data reduction. Numerical curve fitting: the method of least
squares (regression).
Algebraic operations on real scalar variables (e.g. manipulation of van der Waals equation in
different forms).Roots of quadratic equations analytically and iteratively (e.g. pH of a weak
acid). Numerical methods of finding roots (Newton-Raphson, binary –bisection, e.g. pH of a
weak acid not ignoring the ionization of water, volume of a van der Waals gas, equilibrium
constant expressions).
Differential calculus: The tangent line and the derivative of a function, numerical
differentiation (e.g., change in pressure for small change in volume of a van der Waals gas,
potentiometric titrations).
Numerical integration (Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, e.g. entropy/enthalpy change from
heat capacity data).
Computer programming:
Constants, variables, bits, bytes, binary and ASCII formats, arithmetic expressions, hierarchy
of operations, inbuilt functions. Elements of the BASIC language. BASIC keywords and
commands. Logical and relative operators. Strings and graphics. Compiled versus interpreted
languages. Debugging. Simple programs using these concepts. Matrix addition and
multiplication. Statistical analysis.
BASIC programs for curve fitting, numerical differentiation and integration (Trapezoidal
rule, Simpson’s rule), finding roots (quadratic formula, iterative, Newton-Raphson method).
HANDS ON
96
Introductory writing activities: Introduction to word processor and structure drawing
(ChemSketch) software. Incorporating chemical structures, chemical equations, expressions
from chemistry (e.g. Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, Bragg’s law, van der Waals
equation, etc.) into word processing documents.
Handling numeric data: Spreadsheet software (Excel), creating a spreadsheet, entering and
formatting information, basic functions and formulae, creating charts, tables and graphs.
Incorporating tables and graphs into word processing documents. Simple calculations,
plotting graphs using a spreadsheet (Planck’s distribution law, radial distribution curves for
hydrogenic orbitals, gas kinetic theory- Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution curves as function
of temperature and molecular weight), spectral data, pressure-volume curves of van der
Waals gas (van der Waals isotherms), data from phase equilibria studies. Graphical solution
of equations.
Numeric modelling: Simulation of pH metric titration curves. Excel functions LINEST and
Least Squares. Numerical curve fitting, linear regression (rate constants from concentration-
time data, molar extinction coefficients from absorbance data), numerical differentiation
(e.g. handling data from potentiometric and pH metric titrations, pKa of weak acid),
integration (e.g. entropy/enthalpy change from heat capacity data).
Statistical analysis: Gaussian distribution and Errors in measurements and their effect on
data sets. Descriptive statistics using Excel. Statistical significance testing: The t test. The F
test.
Presentation: Presentation graphics
Reference Books:
 McQuarrie, D. A. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry University Science Books
(2008).
rd
 Mortimer, R. Mathematics for Physical Chemistry. 3 Ed. Elsevier (2005).
 Steiner, E. The Chemical Maths Book Oxford University Press (1996).
nd
 Yates, P. Chemical calculations. 2 Ed. CRC Press (2007).
 Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 6th Ed., Freeman (2007) Chapters 3-5.
 Levie, R. de, How to use Excel in analytical chemistry and in general scientific data
analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press (2001) 487 pages.
 Noggle, J. H. Physical chemistry on a Microcomputer. Little Brown & Co. (1985).
 Venit, S.M. Programming in BASIC: Problem solving with structure and style. Jaico
Publishing House: Delhi (1996).
97
BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
Introduction: Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature. Concept

of sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical
measurements. Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of
significant figures.
Analysis of soil: Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement,

Complexometric titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicators
a. Determination of pH of soil samples.

b. Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium ions as Calcium carbonate by complexometric
titration.
Analysis of water: Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating water,
water sampling methods, water purification methods.
a. Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.

b. Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.
Analysis of food products: Nutritional value of foods, idea about food processing and food
preservations and adulteration.
a. Identification of adulterants in some common food items like coffee powder, asafoetida,
chilli powder, turmeric powder, coriander powder and pulses, etc.
b. Analysis of preservatives and colouring matter.
Chromatography: Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography, paper

chromatography, TLC etc.
a. Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe3+ and Al3+).

b. To compare paint samples by TLC method.
Ion-exchange: Column, ion-exchange chromatography etc.
Determination of ion exchange capacity of anion / cation exchange resin (using batch
procedure if use of column is not feasible).
Analysis of cosmetics: Major and minor constituents and their function
a. Analysis of deodorants and antiperspirants, Al, Zn, boric acid, chloride, sulphate.
b. Determination of constituents of talcum powder: Magnesium oxide, Calcium oxide, Zinc
oxide and Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.
Suggested Applications (Any one):
a. To study the use of phenolphthalein in trap cases.

b. To analyze arson accelerants.
c. To carry out analysis of gasoline.
98
Suggested Instrumental demonstrations:
a. Estimation of macro nutrients: Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium in soil samples by flame

photometry.
b. Spectrophotometric determination of Iron in Vitamin / Dietary Tablets.
c. Spectrophotometric Identification and Determination of Caffeine and Benzoic Acid in Soft
Drink.
Reference Books:
 Willard, H.H., Merritt, L.L., Dean, J. & Settoe, F.A. Instrumental Methods of
Analysis. 7th Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Ltd., Belmont, California, USA, 1988.
 Skoog, D.A. Holler F.J. & Nieman, T.A. Principles of Instrumental Analysis,
Cengage Learning India Ed.
 Skoog, D.A.; West, D.M. & Holler, F.J. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry 6th
Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth (1992).
 Harris, D. C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, W. H. Freeman.
 Dean, J. A. Analytical Chemistry Notebook, McGraw Hill.
 Day, R. A. & Underwood, A. L. Quantitative Analysis, Prentice Hall of India.
 Freifelder, D. Physical Biochemistry 2nd Ed., W.H. Freeman and Co., N.Y. USA
(1982).
 Cooper, T.G. The Tools of Biochemistry, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. USA. 16
(1977).
 Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Qualitative Inorganic Analysis 7th Ed., Prentice Hall.
 Vogel, A. I. Vogel’s Quantitative Chemical Analysis 6th Ed., Prentice Hall.
 Robinson, J.W. Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis 5th Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York (1995).
99
CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Chemical Technology
Basic principles of distillation, solvent extraction, solid-liquid leaching and liquid-liquid

extraction, separation by absorption and adsorption. An introduction into the scope of
different types of equipment needed in chemical technology, including reactors, distillation
columns, extruders, pumps, mills, emulgators. Scaling up operations in chemical industry.
Introduction to clean technology.
Society
Exploration of societal and technological issues from a chemical perspective. Chemical and
scientific literacy as a means to better understand topics like air and water (and the trace
materials found in them that are referred to as pollutants); energy from natural sources (i.e.
solar and renewable forms), from fossil fuels and from nuclear fission; materials like plastics
and polymers and their natural analogues, proteins and nucleic acids, and molecular
reactivity and interconversions from simple examples like combustion to complex instances
like genetic engineering and the manufacture of drugs.
Reference Book:
John W. Hill, Terry W. McCreary & Doris K. Kolb, Chemistry for changing times 13th Ed.
100
CHEMOINFORMATICS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Introduction to Chemoinformatics: History and evolution of chemoinformatics, Use of

chemoinformatics, Prospects of chemoinformatics, Molecular Modelling and Structure
elucidation.
Representation of molecules and chemical reactions: Nomenclature, Different types of

notations, SMILES coding, Matrix representations, Structure of Molfiles and Sdfiles,
Libraries and toolkits, Different electronic effects, Reaction classification.
Searching chemical structures: Full structure search, sub-structure search, basic ideas,
similarity search, three dimensional search methods, basics of computation of physical and
chemical data and structure descriptors, data visualization.
Applications: Prediction of Properties of Compounds; Linear Free Energy Relations;

Quantitative Structure-Property Relations; Descriptor Analysis; Model Building; Modeling
Toxicity; Structure-Spectra correlations; Prediction of NMR, IR and Mass spectra; Computer
Assisted Structure elucidations; Computer Assisted Synthesis Design, Introduction to drug
design; Target Identification and Validation; Lead Finding and Optimization; Analysis of
HTS data; Virtual Screening; Design of Combinatorial Libraries; Ligand-Based and
Structure Based Drug design; Application of Chemoinformatics in Drug Design.
Hands-on Exercises
Reference Books:
 Andrew R. Leach & Valerie, J. Gillet (2007) An introduction to Chemoinformatics.
Springer: The Netherlands.
 Gasteiger, J. & Engel, T. (2003) Chemoinformatics: A text-book. Wiley-VCH.
 Gupta, S. P. (2011) QSAR & Molecular Modeling. Anamaya Pub.: New Delhi.
101
BUSINESS SKILLS FOR CHEMISTS
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Business Basics
Key business concepts: Business plans, market need, project management and routes to
market.
Chemistry in Industry
Current challenges and opportunities for the chemistry-using industries, role of chemistry in
India and global economies.
Making money
Financial aspects of business with case studies
Intellectual property
Concept of intellectual property, patents.
Reference
www.rsc.org
102
ANALYTICAL CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
THEORY: 30 Lectures
Basic understanding of the structures, properties and functions of carbohydrates, lipids
and proteins:
Review of concepts studied in the core course:
Carbohydrates: Biological importance of carbohydrates, Metabolism, Cellular currency of

energy (ATP), Glycolysis, Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentations, Krebs cycle.
Isolation and characterization of polysachharides.
Proteins: Classification, biological importance; Primary and secondary and tertiary

structures of proteins: α-helix and β- pleated sheets, Isolation, characterization, denaturation
of proteins.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, Characteristics (mention of Ribozymes), Classification; Active site,

Mechanism of enzyme action, Stereospecificity of enzymes, Coenzymes and cofactors,
Enzyme inhibitors, Introduction to Biocatalysis: Importance in “Green Chemistry” and
Chemical Industry.
Lipids: Classification. Biological importance of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides and

cholesterol; Lipid membrane, Liposomes and their biological functions and underlying
applications.
Lipoproteins.
Properties, functions and biochemical functions of steroid hormones.
Biochemistry of peptide hormones.
Structure of DNA (Watson-Crick model) and RNA, Genetic Code, Biological roles of DNA
and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation, Introduction to Gene therapy.
Enzymes: Nomenclature, classification, effect of pH, temperature on enzyme activity,

enzyme inhibition.
Biochemistry of disease: A diagnostic approach by blood/ urine analysis.

Blood: Composition and functions of blood, blood coagulation. Blood collection and
preservation of samples. Anaemia, Regulation, estimation and interpretation of data for
blood sugar, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and bilirubin.
Urine: Collection and preservation of samples. 6. Formation of urine. Composition and
estimation of constituents of normal and pathological urine.
Practicals
Identification and estimation of the following:

1. Carbohydrates – qualitative and quantitative.
103
2. Lipids – qualitative.
3. Determination of the iodine number of oil.
4. Determination of the saponification number of oil.
5. Determination of cholesterol using Liebermann- Burchard reaction.
6. Proteins – qualitative.
7. Isolation of protein.
8. Determination of protein by the Biuret reaction.
9. Determination of nucleic acids
Reference Books:
 T.G. Cooper: Tool of Biochemistry.
 Keith Wilson and John Walker: Practical Biochemistry.
 Alan H Gowenlock: Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry.
 Thomas M. Devlin: Textbook of Biochemistry.
 Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. & Stryer, L. Biochemistry, W.H. Freeman, 2002.
 Talwar, G.P. & Srivastava, M. Textbook of Biochemistry and Human Biology, 3rd Ed.
PHI Learning.
 Nelson, D. L. & Cox, M. M. Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry 7th Ed., W. H.
Freeman.
104
GREEN METHODS IN CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Theory and Hand-on Experiments
Introduction: Definitions of Green Chemistry. Brief introduction of twelve principles of

Green Chemistry, with examples, special emphasis on atom economy, reducing toxicity,
green solvents, Green Chemistry and catalysis and alternative sources of energy, Green
energy and sustainability
The following Real world Cases in Green Chemistry should be discussed:
 Surfactants for carbon dioxide – Replacing smog producing and ozone depleting
solvents with CO2 for precision cleaning and dry cleaning of garments.
 Designing of environmentally safe marine antifoulant.
 Rightfit pigment: Synthetic azo pigments to replace toxic organic and inorganic
pigments.
 An efficient, green synthesis of a compostable and widely applicable plastic (poly
lactic acid) made from corn.
Practicals
 Preparation and characterization of biodiesel from vegetable oil.

 Extraction of D-limonene from orange peel using liquid CO2 prepared from dry ice.
 Mechano chemical solvent free synthesis of azomethine.
 Solvent free, microwave assisted one pot synthesis of phthalocyanine complex of
copper(II).
Reference Books:
 Anastas, P.T. & Warner, J.K. Green Chemistry- Theory and Practical, Oxford
University Press (1998).
 Matlack, A.S. Introduction to Green Chemistry, Marcel Dekker (2001).
 Cann, M.C. & Connely, M.E. Real-World cases in Green Chemistry, American
 Ryan, M.A. & Tinnesand, M. Introduction to Green Chemistry, American
 Sharma, R.K.; Sidhwani, I.T. & Chaudhari, M.K. Green Chemistry Experiments:
A monograph I.K. International Publishing House Pvt Ltd. New Delhi,
Bangalore.
 Lancaster, M. Green Chemistry: An introductory text RSC publishing, 2nd
Edition.
 Sidhwani, I.T., Saini, G., Chowdhury, S., Garg, D., Malovika, Garg, N. Wealth
from waste: A green method to produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil and
generation of useful products from waste further generated “A Social Awareness
105
Project”, Delhi University Journal of Undergraduate Research and Innovation,
1(1): 2015.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
Theory: 30 Lectures
Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

Drug discovery, design and development; Basic Retrosynthetic approach. Synthesis of the
representative drugs of the following classes: analgesics agents, antipyretic agents, anti-
inflammatory agents (Aspirin, paracetamol, lbuprofen); antibiotics (Chloramphenicol);
antibacterial and antifungal agents (Sulphonamides; Sulphanethoxazol, Sulphacetamide,
Trimethoprim); antiviral agents (Acyclovir), Central Nervous System agents (Phenobarbital,
Diazepam),Cardiovascular (Glyceryl trinitrate), antilaprosy (Dapsone), HIV-AIDS related
drugs (AZT- Zidovudine).
Fermentation
Aerobic and anaerobic fermentation. Production of (i) Ethyl alcohol and citric acid, (ii)
Antibiotics; Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Chloromycetin and Streptomycin, (iii) Lysine,
Glutamic acid, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C.
Practicals
1. Preparation of Aspirin and its analysis.
2. Preparation of magnesium bisilicate (Antacid).
Reference Books:
 G.L. Patrick: Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry, Oxford University Press, UK.
 Hakishan, V.K. Kapoor: Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vallabh
Prakashan, Pitampura, New Delhi.
 William O. Foye, Thomas L., Lemke , David A. William: Principles of Medicinal
Chemistry, B.I. Waverly Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHEMISTRY OF COSMETICS & PERFUMES

(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
A general study including preparation and uses of the following: Hair dye, hair spray,
shampoo, suntan lotions, face powder, lipsticks, talcum powder, nail enamel, creams (cold,
vanishing and shaving creams), antiperspirants and artificial flavours. Essential oils and their
importance in cosmetic industries with reference to Eugenol, Geraniol, sandalwood oil,
eucalyptus, rose oil, 2-phenyl ethyl alcohol, Jasmone, Civetone, Muscone.
Practicals
1. Preparation of talcum powder.
2. Preparation of shampoo.
3. Preparation of enamels.
4. Preparation of hair remover.
106
5. Preparation of face cream.
6. Preparation of nail polish and nail polish remover.
Reference Books:
 E. Stocchi: Industrial Chemistry, Vol -I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK.
 P.C. Jain, M. Jain: Engineering Chemistry, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 Sharma, B.K. & Gaur, H. Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut
(1996).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
General introduction to pesticides (natural and synthetic), benefits and adverse effects,
changing concepts of pesticides, structure activity relationship, synthesis and technical
manufacture and uses of representative pesticides in the following classes: Organochlorines
(DDT, Gammexene,); Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion ); Carbamates (Carbofuran
and carbaryl); Quinones ( Chloranil), Anilides (Alachlor and Butachlor).
Practicals
1 To calculate acidity/alkalinity in given sample of pesticide formulations as per
BIS specifications.
2 Preparation of simple organophosphates, phosphonates and thiophosphates
Reference Book:
 Cremlyn, R. Pesticides. Preparation and Modes of Action, John Wiley & Sons, New
York, 1978.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
FUEL CHEMISTRY
(Credits: 02)
30 Lectures
Review of energy sources (renewable and non-renewable). Classification of fuels and their
calorific value.
Coal: Uses of coal (fuel and nonfuel) in various industries, its composition, carbonization of
coal.Coal gas, producer gas and water gas—composition and uses. Fractionation of coal tar,
uses of coal tar bases chemicals, requisites of a good metallurgical coke, Coal gasification
(Hydro gasification and Catalytic gasification), Coal liquefaction and Solvent Refining.
Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry: Composition of crude petroleum, Refining and

different types of petroleum products and their applications.
Fractional Distillation (Principle and process), Cracking (Thermal and catalytic cracking),
Reforming Petroleum and non-petroleum fuels (LPG, CNG, LNG, bio-gas, fuels derived
107
from biomass), fuel from waste, synthetic fuels (gaseous and liquids), clean fuels.
Petrochemicals: Vinyl acetate, Propylene oxide, Isoprene, Butadiene, Toluene and its
derivatives Xylene.
Lubricants: Classification of lubricants, lubricating oils (conducting and non-conducting)

Solid and semisolid lubricants, synthetic lubricants.
Properties of lubricants (viscosity index, cloud point, pore point) and their determination.
Reference Books:
 Stocchi, E. Industrial Chemistry, Vol-I, Ellis Horwood Ltd. UK (1990).
 Jain, P.C. & Jain, M. Engineering Chemistry Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi.
 Sharma, B.K. & Gaur, H. Industrial Chemistry, Goel Publishing House, Meerut
(1996).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zoology
Apiculture
(CREDITS 2)
Unit 1: Biology of Bees (4)

History, Classification and Biology of Honey Bees
Social Organization of Bee Colony
Unit 2: Rearing of Bees (10)

Artificial Bee rearing (Apiary), Beehives – Newton and Langstroth
Bee Pasturage
Selection of Bee Species for Apiculture
Bee Keeping Equipment
Methods of Extraction of Honey (Indigenous and Modern)
Unit 3: Diseases and Enemies (5)

Bee Diseases and Enemies
Control and Preventive measures
Unit 4: Bee Economy (2)

Products of Apiculture Industry and its Uses (Honey, Bees Wax, Propolis),
Pollen etc
Unit 5: Entrepreneurship in Apiculture (4)
108
Bee Keeping Industry – Recent Efforts, Modern Methods in employing artificial
Beehives for cross pollination in horticultural gardens
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Prost, P. J. (1962). Apiculture. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi.
 Bisht D.S., Apiculture, ICAR Publication.
 Singh S., Beekeeping in India, Indian council of Agricultural Research, NewDelhi.
109
Zoology
AQUARIUM FISH KEEPING

(CREDITS 2)
Unit1: Introduction to Aquarium Fish Keeping
The potential scope of Aquarium Fish Industry as a Cottage Industry, Exotic andEndemic
species of Aquarium Fishes
Unit 2: Biology of Aquarium Fishes

Common characters and sexual dimorphism of Fresh water and Marine Aquariumfishes
such as Guppy, Molly, Sword tail, Gold fish, Angel fish, Blue morph, Anemone fish and
Butterfly fish
Unit 3: Food and feeding of Aquarium fishes

Use of live fish feed organisms. Preparation and composition of formulated fish feeds
Unit 4: Fish Transportation

Live fish transport - Fish handling, packing and forwarding techniques.
Unit 5: Maintenance of Aquarium

General Aquarium maintenance – budget for setting up an Aquarium Fish Farm as a
Cottage Industry
110
Zoology
MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS
THEORY (Credits 2)
Unit 1: Introduction to Medical Diagnostics and its Importance 2
Unit 2: Diagnostics Methods Used for Analysis of Blood 10

Blood composition, Preparation of blood smear and Differential Leucocyte Count
(D.L.C) using Leishman's stain, Platelet count using haemocytometer, Erythrocyte
Sedimentary Rate (E.S.R), Packed Cell Volume (P.C.V.)
Unit 3: Diagnostic Methods Used for Urine Analysis 6

Urine Analysis: Physical characteristics; Abnormal constituents
Unit 4:Non-infectious Diseases 6

Causes, types, symptoms, complications, diagnosis and prevention of Diabetes (Type I
and Type II), Hypertension (Primary and secondary), Testing of blood glucose using
Glucometer/Kit
Unit 5: Infectious Diseases 3

Causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis and prevention of Tuberculosis and Hepatitis
Unit 6: Tumours 3
Types (Benign/Malignant), Detection and metastasis; Medical imaging: X-Ray of Bone
fracture, PET, MRI and CT Scan (using photographs).
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Park, K. (2007), Preventive and Social Medicine, B.B. Publishers
 Godkar P.B. and Godkar D.P. Textbook of Medical Laboratory Technology, II
Edition, Bhalani Publishing House
 Cheesbrough M., A Laboratory Manual for Rural Tropical Hospitals, A Basis for
Training Courses
 Guyton A.C. and Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, Saunders
 Robbins and Cortan, Pathologic Basis of Disease, VIIIEdition, Saunders
 Prakash, G. (2012), Lab Manual on Blood Analysis and Medical Diagnostics, S.
Chand and Co. Ltd.
111
Zoology
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CREDITS 2
Unit 1: Foundations of Research 5
Meaning, Objectives, Motivation: Research Methods vs Methodology, Types of

Research: Analytical vs Descriptive, Quantitative vs Qualitative, Basic vs
Applied
Unit 2: Research Design 8
Need for research design: Features of good design, Important concepts related to
good design- Observation and Facts, Prediction and Explanation, Development
of Models. Developing a research plan: Problem identification, Experimentation,
Determining experimental and sample designs
Unit 3: Data Collection, Analysis and Report Writing 12
Observation and Collection of Data-Methods of data collection- Sampling

Methods, Data Processing and Analysis Strategies, Technical Reports and Thesis
writing, Preparation of Tables and Bibliography. Data Presentation using digital
technology
Unit 4: Ethical Issues 5
Intellectual property Rights, Commercialization, Copy Right, Royalty, Patent

law, Plagiarism, Citation, Acknowledgement
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Anthony, M, Graziano, A.M. and Raulin, M.L. 2009. Research Methods: A Process
of Inquiry, Allyn and Bacon.
 Walliman, N. 2011.Research Methods- The Basics. Taylor and Francis, London,
New York.
 Wadhera, B.L.: Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs and
Geographical Indications, 2002, Universal Law publishing
 C.R.Kothari: Research Methodology, New Age International, 2009
 Coley, S.M. and Scheinberg, C.A. 1990, “Proposal writing”. Stage Publications
112
Zoology
SERICULTURE
(CREDITS 2)
Unit 1: Introduction (3)
Sericulture: Definition, history and present status; Silk route
Types of silkworms, Distribution and Races

Exotic and indigenous races
Mulberry and non-mulberry Sericulture
Unit 2: Biology of Silkworm (3)

Life cycle of Bombyx mori
Structure of silk gland and secretion of silk
Unit 3: Rearing of Silkworms (13)

Selection of mulberry variety and establishment of mulberry garden
Rearing house and rearing appliances
Disinfectants: Formalin, bleaching powder, RKO
Silkworm rearing technology: Early age and Late age rearing
Types of mountages
Spinning, harvesting and storage of cocoons
Unit 4: Pests and Diseases (4)

Pests of silkworm: Uzi fly, dermestid beetles and vertebrates
Pathogenesis of silkworm diseases: Protozoan, viral, fungal and bacterial
Control and prevention of pests and diseases
Unit 5: Entrepreneurship in Sericulture (2)

Prospectus of Sericulture in India: Sericulture industry in different states,
employment, potential in mulberry and non-mulberry sericulture. Visit to various
sericulture centres.
SUGGESTED READINGS
 Handbook of Practical Sericulture: S.R. Ullal and M.N. Narasimhanna CSB,

Bangalore
 Appropriate Sericultural Techniques; Ed. M. S. Jolly, Director, CSR & TI, Mysore.
 Handbook of Silkworm Rearing: Agriculture and Technical Manual-1, Fuzi Pub. Co.
Ltd., Tokyo, Japan1972.
 Manual of Silkworm Egg Production; M. N. Narasimhanna, CSB, Bangalore 1988.
 Silkworm Rearing; Wupang—Chun and Chen Da-Chung, Pub. By FAO, Rome 1988.
113
 A Guide for Bivoltine Sericulture; K. Sengupta, Director, CSR & TI, Mysore 1989.
 Improved Method of Rearing Young age silkworm; S. Krishnaswamy, reprinted
CSB, Bangalore, 1986.
114

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Structure of B.Sc.

Life Sciences under CBCS

CORE Ability Skill Enhancement Discipline Specific

Core Courses –Botany

1. Biodiversity (Microbes, Algae, Fungi and Archegoniate)

Discipline Specific Electives-Botany (Any two)

1. Cell and Molecular Biology

Core Courses: Zoology

Discipline Specific Electives: Zoology (Any two)

1. Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Courses

Skill Enhancement Courses (Any four)

1. IT Skills for Chemists

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits

I Ability Enhancement English 2

Core Course Botany I Biodiversity 4

Core Course Botany I Practical Biodiversity 2

Core Course Zoology I Biodiversity- 4

Core Course Zoology I Practical Biodiversity- 2

Core course Chemistry I Conceptual 4

Core Course Chemistry I Conceptual 2

II Ability Enhancement English 2

Core course Botany II Plant Ecology and 4

Core Course Zoology II Comparative 4

Core Course Zoology II Practical Comparative 2

Core Course Chemistry II Molecules of Life 4

Core Course Chemistry II Molecules of Life 2

III Core Course Botany III Anatomy and 4

Core Course Botany III Practical 2

Core Course Zoology III Physiology and 4

Core Course Zoology III Physiology and 2

Core Course Chemistry III Chemical 4

Core Course Chemistry III Chemical 2

Core Course Botany IV Plant Physiology 4

Core Course Zoology IV Genetics and 4

Core Course Zoology IV Genetics and 2

Core Course Chemistry IV Physical 4

Core Course Chemistry IV Physical 2

Skill Enhancement Course-II SEC-II 2

V Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany 1 4

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany 1 2

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology I 4

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology I 2

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry I 4

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry I 2

Skill Enhancement Course -III SEC-III 2

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Botany II 2

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology II 4

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Zoology II 2

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry II 4

Discipline Specific Elective DSE Chemistry II 2

Skill Enhancement Course -IV SEC-IV 2

(Credits: Theory-4, Practicals-2)

Unit 1: Microbes (10 Lectures)

Unit 2: Algae (12 Lectures)

General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; Range of thallus organization and

Unit 3: Fungi (12 Lectures)

Introduction- General characteristics, ecology and significance, range of thallus organization,