1.

Categories of Foundation Problem

 Foundation Cracks, Wall/Floor Cracks and Other
Types Of Fractures
 Foundation Settling Or Sinking
 Foundation Upheaval
 Doors That Stick Or Don’t Open And Close
Properly
 Gaps Around Window Frames Or Exterior Doors
 Sagging Or Uneven Floors
 A Damp Crawl Space In A Pier And Beam House

2. Limit state in EC7

3. Shallow Foundation using DA1/2
4. Wave equation concept and pile modelling
• For soils, three types of waves are readily encountered and are of importance.
The first two are termed body waves, which are propagated within the soil and
comprise the compressional wave (P-wave) and shear wave (S-wave).

• In relatively soft saturated near surface sediments (which is likely to be the

case for a large number of geotechnical problems) the P-wave (Vp) is
dominated by the bulk modulus of the pore fluid (the water is ‘hard’ compared
to the soil) and the resultant Vp may be close to that of the pore fluid. If the
soil is unsaturated, Vp can range from that of the soil matrix (with no pore
fluid) to that for the saturated case. Therefore the use of Vp to determine the
properties of soils is problematic.

• However, pore fluids do not carry shear stresses, so the velocity of S-waves
(Vs) is only influenced by the soil and not by the pore fluid. It can also be
shown that during most dynamic loading events, it is cyclic changes in shear
stresses that influence the behaviour of the soil. From the theory of
propagating waves it can be shown that the wave velocity through the soil is
related to the stiffness of the soil by
G = ρVs2 (1)

• where G is the shear modulus of the soil, and ρ is the soil density. Therefore
changes in Vs within a soil can be used to determine the small strain stiffness,
and measurement of S-waves is commonly employed to determine the
dynamic behaviour of soils at small strains.
Piles technique
• Densification Techniques
• Vibro techniques
• Dynamic compaction
• Blasting
• Compaction Grouting
• Reinforcement Techniques
• Stone Column
• Compaction Pile
• Grouting & Mixing
• Drainage Technique

5. Problem in group pile installed on slope surface

 Blow Count Is Above Pile Penetration Requirements
 Piles Are Driving Significantly Deeper Than Estimated
 Blow Count for Bearing Piles Abruptly Changes or Decreases
 Blow Count Is Slightly Lower Than Expected
 Blow Count Is Significantly Lower Than Expected
 Previously Installed Piles Show Lateral Movement When New
Piles Are Driven
 Piles Are Driving Out of Alignment
 Piles Are Driving Out of Location
 Deep Pile Obstructions Are Encountered
 Concrete Piles Develop Partial Horizontal Cracks in Easy
Driving
5. Group pile design.
6. Drilled shaft design
7. Cofferdam design
9. Concept and importance of Soil Structure interaction
• The process in which the response of the soil influences the motion of the structure
and the motion of the structure influences the response of the soil is termed as soil-
structure interaction (SSI).
• Stiffness relates increments of stress and increments of strain. A knowledge of soil
stiffness is required to calculate ground movements and to obtain solutions to
problems of soil–structure interaction, such as loads on retaining walls.
• Degree of influence of SSI on Response of Building depends on:
a.Stiffness of Ground
b.Dynamic characteristic of building itself, that is natural period, damping factor.
c.Foundation types.

• The position where the SSI takes place.

a) through the bottom surface of the foundation.
b) through the pile foundation.
c) through the bottom surface and side wall surface.
d) through the basement surface and the piles.
10. Dynamic Shallow foundation design
A square foundation with dimensions B × B has to be constructed on a dense sand. Its
depth is Df = 1 m. The unit weight and the static angle of friction of the soil can be
assigned representative values of 18 kN/m3 and 39o, respectively. The foundation may
occasionally be subjected to a maximum dynamic load of 1800 kN increasing at a
moderate rate. Determine the size of the foundation using a safety factor of 3.
11.Braced support design

Strut spacing at 4.0 m center to center

1.5 m

3.0 m

12 m 3.0 m

3.0 m

1.5 m

Clay
c = 18 kPa, γ = 14.93 kN/m3
ɸ = 3°, γsat = 15.93 kN/m3
γH 15.93 x 12
a) Ns = = = 10.62 > 4
c 18

Therefore, the soil is soft to medium clay material. By assuming both of the soils are
homogeneous, Pech (1969) diagram is used for the soft to medium clay.

1.5 m
Fa 3m
3.0 m
Fb
3.0 m
Fc 9m
3.0 m
Fd
1.5 m

107.16 kPa
Pa =γH [1- 4c/ γH]
Pa = 14.93 (12) [ 1 – (4*18)/(14.93*12)]
= 107.16 kPa
 1.5 m
Fa 3m
3.0 m
1.5 m
Fb1
Fb2
3.0 m 3m
Fc1
Fc2
3.0 m 4.5 m
Fd
1.5 m

Strut loads
ƩMb = 0
1
= 2(107.16) x 3 x 4 x (1.5 + 3.0 /3) + (1.5 x 107.16 x 4) (1.5/2) - (Fa x 3) = 0

Fa = 696.54 kN
ƩH = 0
1
Fb1 = (1.5 + 4.5) (107.16) x 4 – 696.54
2

= 589.38 kN
Fb2 = Fc1 = (1/2) (3)(107.16)(4) = 642.96 kN
ƩMc = 0
= (Fd x 3) – (4.5 x 107.16 x 4 x 4.5/2) = 0
Fd = 1446.7 kN
ƩH = 0
Fc2 + Fd - (4.5) (107.16) x 4 = 0
Fc2 = (4.5 x 107.16 x 4) – 1446.7 kN = 482.18 kN
Therefore,
Fa = 696.54 kN
Fb = 589.38 kN + 642.96 kN = 1232.34 kN
Fc = 642.96 kN + 482.18 kN = 1125.14 kN
Fd = 1446.7 kN
Moment of the pile wall section

1.5 m 3m 3m
3m 1.5 m
642.96 642.96 642.96 642.96

160.74
1.43 1.57
1.57 1.43
A B B A
53.58
53.58

589.38
589.38
Then the moments are
At A = 40.185 kN-m/meter of wall
At B = 421.41 kN-m/meter of wall
Hence the maximum moment is 421.41 kN-m/meter of wall. The section modulus of the
sheet piles is:
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 421.41
S= = 170𝑥103 = 0.002479 m3/m of the wall. σall = 170 x 103 kN/m2
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙

Maximum moment for wales

RL2
Mmax = 8

R = 1446.7 kN
L = 4m (spacing of struts)
Mmax = 2893.4 kNm
A suitable section for the wales based on the Mmaxof wales values.