Assignment # 03

Discuss the following Mechanical components

Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not
necessarily boil. A boiler is water containing vessel which transfers heat from a fuel
source (oil, gas, coal) into steam which is piped to a point where it can be used to run
production equipment, to sterilize, provide heat, to steam-clean, etc.
How does boiler works:
Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled combustion of the fuel to heat water.
The key boiler components involved in this process are the burner, combustion
chamber, heat exchanger, and controls. The burner mixes the fuel and oxygen together
and, with the assistance of an ignition device, provides a platform for combustion. This
combustion takes place in the combustion chamber, and the heat that it generates is
transferred to the water through the heat exchanger. Controls regulate the ignition,
burner firing rate, fuel supply, air supply, exhaust draft, water temperature, steam
pressure, and boiler pressure. Hot water produced by a boiler is pumped through pipes
and delivered to equipment throughout the building, which can include hot water coils
in air handling units, service hot water heating equipment, and terminal units. Steam
boilers produce steam that flows through pipes from areas of high pressure to areas of
low pressure, unaided by an external energy source such as a pump. Steam utilized for
heating can be directly utilized by steam using equipment or can provide heat through a
heat exchanger that supplies hot water to the equipment.
Classification of Boilers:
Classification of boilers can happen according to several methods.
According to fuel type:

 Solid fuel fired – Coal, Wood.

 Oil fired – heavy or light fuel oil
 Gas fired- natural gas, LPG.
According to heat utilization design:

 Fire tube boiler- The fire tube boiler, the oldest design, is made so the
products of combustion pass through tubes surrounded by water in a shell.
 Water tube boiler- A water-tube boiler is one in which the products of
combustion pass around the outside and heat tubes containing the water.
The water tube diameter is much smaller than the shell diameter of a fire-
tube boiler, so much higher pressures can be obtained, well over 2000 psi.

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According to water flow type:

 Natural circulation.
 Forced circulation.

Pumps
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action. Pumps can be classified into three major groups according to the
method they use to move the fluid: direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps. Pumps
operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid.
Types of pumps:

 Centrifugal Pumps (Roto-dynamic pumps) -The centrifugal or roto-dynamic pump

produce a head and a flow by increasing the velocity of the liquid through the
machine with the help of a rotating vane impeller. Centrifugal pumps include radial,
axial and mixed flow units. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward or axially
into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping
system.
 Positive Displacement Pumps -The positive displacement pump operates by
alternating of filling a cavity and then displacing a given volume of liquid. The
positive displacement pump delivers a constant volume of liquid for each cycle
against varying discharge pressure or head. A positive displacement pump makes a
fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume
into the discharge pipe.
 Rotary positive displacement pumps -Rotary vane pump Positive displacement rotary
pumps move fluid using a rotating mechanism that creates a vacuum that captures
and draws in the liquid.
 Reciprocating positive displacement pumps -Reciprocating pumps move the fluid
using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), while
valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.

Turbine
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. A turbine is a turbo machine with at least one moving part
called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on
the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine
examples are windmills. Gas, steam, and water turbines usually have a casing around the
blades that contains and controls the working fluid.

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Types of turbines:

 Impulse Turbine – It runs by impulse of steam. Nozzle directs the steam on the
curves blades, which causes them to rotate. The blades are in the form of buckets.
 Reaction Turbine – It has no nozzle. Two rows of moveable blades are separated by
one row of fixed blades. Fixed blades are attached to the casing and act as nozzles.
Blades are like the wings of a plane. Velocity of steam is increased when it passes
through the fixed blades.

Condenser
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, typically by cooling it. In so doing, the latent
heat is given up by the substance, and will transfer to the condenser coolant. Condensers
are typically heat exchangers which have various designs and come in many sizes ranging
from rather small to very large.
Types of Condensers:

 Air-Cooled Condensers - An air-cooled condenser consists of a coil of ample surface

that air is blown by a fan or induced by natural draft. This type of condenser is
universally used in small capacity refrigerating units. Mostly designed for residential
or small office air conditioners.
 Combined Air- and Water-cooled Condensers - This type of condenser is known as an
evaporative condenser and consists of a coil cooled by water sprayed from above
and then cold air enters from the bottom and is blown across the coils. As water
evaporates from the coil it creates a cooling effect that condenses the refrigerant
within the coil. The refrigerant gas in the coil is hot which changed to the liquid state
by combining the sprayed water and the large column of moving air supplied by the
fan. The water that does not evaporate is recirculated by means of a pump.
 Water-Cooled Condensers - A water-cooled condenser is similar to a steam surface
condenser in that cooling is accomplished by water alone that circulates through
tubes or coils enclosed in a shell. In a water-cooled condenser the refrigerant
circulates through the annular space between the tubes or coils. Because of its
construction, a water-cooled condenser is also referred to as a double-pipe
condenser.

Evaporator
An evaporator is a device used to turn the liquid form of a chemical into its gaseous
form. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas.

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Types of evaporator:

 Natural circulation type

 Forced circulation type

Expansion valve
Thermostatic expansion valve or TEV is one of the most commonly used throttling
devices in the refrigerator and air conditioning systems. The thermostatic expansion valve is
the automatic valve that maintains proper flow of the refrigerant in the evaporator as per
the load inside the evaporator. If the load inside the evaporator is higher it allows the
increase in flow of the refrigerant and when the load reduces it allows the reduction in the
flow of the refrigerant. This leads to highly efficient working of the compressor and the
whole refrigeration and the air conditioning plant.
Function:
The expansion valve removes pressure from the liquid refrigerant to allow expansion
or change of state from a liquid to a vapour in the evaporator. The high-pressure liquid
refrigerant entering the expansion valve is quite warm. This may be verified by feeling the
liquid line at its connection to the expansion valve. The liquid refrigerant leaving the
expansion valve is quite cold. The orifice within the valve does not remove heat, but only
reduces pres-sure. Heat molecules contained in the liquid refrigerant are thus allowed to
spread as the refrigerant moves out of the orifice. Under a greatly reduced pressure the
liquid refrigerant is at its coldest as it leaves the expansion valve and enters the evaporator.

Compressor
A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors
are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid
through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas.
Liquids are relatively incompressible.
Function:
The compressor is the heart of the cooling cycle. The cycle begins when the
compressor draws in cool, low-pressure refrigerant gas from the indoors. The motor-driven
compressor’s sole function is to "squeeze" the refrigerant, raising its temperature and
pressure so that it exits the compressor as a hot, high-pressure gas. The compressor pushes
the hot gas to the finned condenser coil in the outdoor side of the air conditioner where
fans blow cool outside air over the coil and through the fins, extracting the heat from the
refrigerant and transferring it to the outside air.

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Types of Compressors:

 Reciprocating Compressors -The reciprocating compressors are one of the most

widely used types of the refrigerating compressors. They have piston and cylinder
arrangement like the automotive engine. The reciprocating motion of the piston due
to external power compresses the refrigerant inside the cylinder.
 Screw Compressors -The screw compressors comprise of the pair of meshing screws
between which the refrigerant gets compressed. They can produce high pressure for
small quantity of gas.
 Rotary Compressors - The rotary compressors have two rotating elements, like gears,
between which the refrigerant is compressed. These compressors can pump the
refrigerant to lower or moderate condensing pressures.
 Centrifugal Compressor - The centrifugal compressors comprise of the impeller or
the blower that can handle large quantities of gas but at relatively lower condensing
pressure.

Pictures

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