Patterns in Nature and

Regularities in the World

Pattern

 A Pattern is an arrangement which helps observers

anticipate what they might see or what happens
next.
 The human mind is programmed to make sense of
data or to bring order where there is disorder. It
seeks to discover relationships and connections
between seemingly unrelated bits of
inforamtions.
Fibonacci Numbers
and the
Golden Ratio
Assignment (for next session)
 With a partner, bring a tape measure/steel tape/ruler.
Think – Pair - Share
Identify the next element for each set.
1. 2, 4, 6, 8, ___
10; 𝑎𝑥 = 2x; x = 1, 2, 3, 4, …

2. 11, 20, 29, 38, 47, ___

56, 𝑎𝑥 = 11 + 9x; x = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
3. 42, 40, 38, 35, 33, 31, 28, ___
26, alternating subtraction series of 2 twice, 3 once
4. F2, E4, D8, C16, ___
B32, letters decreasing in order; numbers are multiplied by 2
?
Fibonacci Numbers and
the Golden Ratio
Who Was Fibonacci?
▪ Born in Pisa, Italy in 1175 AD
▪ Full name was Leonardo Pisano
▪ Grew up with a North African
education under the Moors
▪ Traveled extensively around the
Mediterranean coast
▪ Met with many merchants and learned
their systems of arithmetic
▪ Realized the advantages of the Hindu-
Arabic system
 Fibonacci’s Mathematical
Contributions
• Introduced the Hindu-Arabic number system into Europe. Based on ten
digits and a decimal point.
• Europe previously used the Roman number system. Consisted of Roman
numerals.
• Persuaded mathematicians to use the Hindu-Arabic number system

• Wrote five mathematical works. Four books and one preserved

letter.
1. Liber Abbaci (The Book of Calculating) written in 1202
2. Practica geometriae (Practical Geometry) written in 1220
3. Flos written in 1225
4. Liber quadratorum (The Book of Squares) written in 1225
5. A letter to Master Theodorus written around 1225
The Fibonacci Rabbit Problem
 The Fibonacci Rabbit Problem
• Suppose a newly-born pair of rabbits, one male, one
female, are put in a field.
• Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so that
at the end of its second month a female can produce
another pair of rabbits.
• Suppose that our rabbits never die and that the
female always produces one new pair (one male, one
female) every month from the second month on.
The puzzle that Fibonacci posed was...
How many pairs will there be in one year?
Generalize

Pairs this Pairs last + Pairs 2

month = month months ago
Change Fibonacci’s problem slightly so that
each pair of adult rabbits produces 2 pairs of
baby rabbit. Which recursion formula best
describes the rabbit population?

A. This month = Last month + (Two months ago)

B. This month = Last month + 2*(Two months ago)
C. This month = 2*Last month + (Two months ago)
Exponential Growth
1 46,368 2 years
1
2
3
5
8 14,930,352 3 years
13
21
34

55 4,807,526,976 4 years
89

144 1 year
 The Fibonacci Numbers
 Were introduced in The Book of Calculating (Abacus)
 Originally the series begins with 0 and 1
 Later on Fibonacci omitted the 0 and starts and 1
 Next number is found by adding the last two numbers together
 Number obtained is the next number in the series
 Pattern is repeated over and over
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, …

F(n + 2) = F(n + 1) + F(n)

The 16th term of the Fibonacci sequence is
987 and the 17th term is 1597. What is the
19th term?

A. 2584

B. 4181

C. 6765
What is the 25th Fibonacci number?

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233,

377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946,
17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, …
What is the 25th Fibonacci number? 𝐹25 = 75025
Binet’s Formula (when F1 & F2 = 1):

𝑛 𝑛
1+ 5 1− 5
2 − 2
𝐹𝑛 =
5
25 25
1+ 5 1− 5
2 − 2
𝐹25 =
5
= 75025
What do Fibonacci numbers have to
do with the Golden Ratio?
 Fibonacci Numbers

1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 …

1 1 4 9 25 64 169 441 1156 3025

Adding up the squares
1+1+4=6 =3x2
1 + 1 + 4 + 9 = 15 =5x3
1 + 1 + 4 + 9 +25 = 40 =8x5
1 + 1 + 4 + 9 + 25 + 64 = 104 = 13 x 8

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52 + 82 = 13 x 8
Constructing a Golden Rectangle

What is the area of a rectangle?

- Base x Height
- Sum of all the area of the squares in the
rectangle
Golden Spiral
 The relationship of this sequence to the
Golden Ratio lies not in the actual numbers of
the sequence, but in the ratio of the
consecutive numbers. Let's look at some of
the ratios of these numbers:

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55…

 2
=2 Bigger
1
3
= 1.5 Smaller
Notice that as we continue
2
5
= 1.67 Bigger
3
down the sequence, the 8
= 1.6 Smaller
5

ratios seem to be converging

13
= 1.625 Bigger
8
21
= 1.615 Smaller
upon one number (from both 13
34
= 1.619 Bigger
sides of the number).
21
89
= 1.618 Smaller
55
55
= 1.618
34

Fibonacci Number calculator

 1 377 1.61802575
1 610 1.61803714
2 987 1.61803279
3 1.5 1,597 1.61803445
5 1.66666667 2,584 1.61803381
8 1.6 4,181 1.61803406
13 1.625 6,765 1.61803396
21 1.61538462 10,946 1.618034
34 1.61904762 17,711 1.61803399
55 1.61764706 28,657 1.61803399
89 1.61818182 46,368 1.61803399
144 1.61797753 75,025 1.61803399
233 1.61805556
 The Golden Ratio is what we call an
irrational number: it has an infinite number
of decimal places and it never repeats itself!
Generally, we round the Golden Ratio to
1.618.
The Golden Ratio

 Represented by the Greek letter phi ( or  )

1+ 5
 It is an irrational number with a value  =
2
 Ratio of phi is 1 : 1.618 or 0.618 : 1
 Mathematical definition is 2 =  +1
 The Golden Ratio and The Fibonacci Numbers
 The golden ratio arises from the Fibonacci numbers
 Obtained by taking the ratio of successive terms in the Fibonacci series
 Limit is the positive root of a quadratic equation and is called the golden ratio

If you take two successive terms of the series

a, b, and a + b then
b a+b a
  +1
a b b
b
We define the golden ratio,  to be the limit of ,so
a
1
= +1

2 − −1 = 0
1+ 5
=  1.618
2
 The Golden Ratio in Music
The Fibonacci series appears in the foundation of aspects of art, beauty and life.
Even music has a foundation in the series, as:
• There are 13 notes in the span of any note through its octave.
• A scale is composed of 8 notes, of which the 5th and 3rd notes create the basic
foundation of all chords, and are based on a tone which are combination of 2 steps and
1 step from the root tone, that is the 1st note of the scale.

8 notes of the octave scale 13 notes of the chomatic scale

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The Golden Ratio in Music
Mozart wrote some of the most
beautiful piano concertos. Within
these pieces of music, Mozart
implemented the Fibonacci
sequence. In the margins of the
score for different compositions,
Mozart jotted down mathematical
equations. He began composing
piano sonatas at the age of 18 and
wrote a total of 18 sonatas with three
movements, each in sonata form.
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Mozart composed his famous sonatas so that the movement from the Exposition to the
Development and Recapitulation was at the Golden Ratio. For example, the Mozart Sonata
279, No. 1 contained a total of 100 measures. The first movement was 38 measures for the
Exposition. The second and third movements were 62 measures. The ratio of 62 to 100 is
0.618 which equals exactly the golden proportion
 The Golden Section in Architecture
The Parthenon in Athens, built by the ancient Greeks
from 447 to 438 BC, is regarded by many to illustrate
the application of the Golden Ratio in design.

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 The Great Pyramid of Giza (also
known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the
Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest
of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid
complex bordering what is now El Giza,
Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders
of the Ancient World, and the only one to
remain largely intact.
The Golden Ratio in Art

Annunciation is a painting by the Italian Renaissance artists Leonardo

da Vinci and Andrea del Verrocchio, dating from circa 1472–1475. It is housed in
the Uffizi gallery of Florence, Italy.
The Mona Lisa is a half-
length portrait painting by
the Italian Renaissance
artist Leonardo da Vinci
that has been described
as "the best known, the
most visited, the most
written about, the most
sung about, the most
parodied work of art in the
world"
The Last Supper is a
late 15th-century
mural painting by
Leonardo da Vinci
housed by the
refectory of the
Convent of Santa
Maria delle Grazie in
Milan.
The Vitruvian Man, created around 1490. The official title
of the drawing is “Le proporzioni del corpo umano
secondo Vitruvio,” or “The proportions of the human body
according to Vitruvius.”
 The Fibonacci numbers are Nature's numbering system. They appear
everywhere in Nature, from the leaf arrangement in plants, to the pattern
of the florets of a flower, the bracts of a pinecone, or the scales of a
pineapple. The Fibonacci numbers are therefore applicable to the growth of
every living thing, including a single cell, a grain of wheat, a hive of bees,
and even all of mankind.
Golden Spiral/Ratio in Cinematography