MATERIAL AND METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION

ASSIGNMENT NO 1
TYPES OF FOOTINGS

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. IHSAN ULLAH SHAH
SUBMIITED BY:
ZEESHAN IQBAL (BSCET01191036)
FAISAL SALEEM (BSCET01191036)

Department of Technology
The University of Lahore

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TABLE OF CONTENS
1.1 TYPES OF FOOTINGS USED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: . Error! Bookmark
not defined.
1.2 TYPES OF FOOTINGS: .................................................................................................. 4
1.2.1 1. STRIP FOOTING: .................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 2. SPREAD FOOTING: ................................................................................................ 5
1.2.3 3. ISOLATED FOOTINGS: ......................................................................................... 6
1.2.4 4. STEPPED FOOTINGS: ............................................................................................ 6
1.2.5 5. COMBINED FOOTINGS:........................................................................................ 7
1.2.6 6. STRAP FOOTING: ................................................................................................... 7
1.2.7 7. MAT FOUNDATION:.............................................................................................. 8
1.2.8 8. SLOPED FOOTING: ................................................................................................ 8
1.2.9 9. PILE FOUNDATION:……………………………………………………………..9

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TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1(STRIP FOOTING) ____________________________________________________ 5
FIGURE 2(SPREAD FOOTING) __________________________________________________ 5
FIGURE 3(ISOLATED FOOTING) ________________________________________________ 6
FIGURE 4(STEPPED FOOTING) _________________________________________________ 6
FIGURE 5(COMBINED FOOTING) _______________________________________________ 7
FIGURE 6(STRAP FOOTING) ___________________________________________________ 7
FIGURE 7(MAT FOUNDATION) _________________________________________________ 8
FIGURE 8(SLOPED FOOTING) __________________________________________________ 8
FIGURE 9(PILE FOUNDATION) _________________________________________________ 9

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 FOOTING

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Footing is one of the most important parts of a structure which transfers loads of a structure to
the underlying soil.

Purposes:
1. The depth of the soil at which safe bearing strata exists.

2. The type and condition of soil.

3. The type of the superstructure.

1.2 TYPES OF FOOTINGS:

The different types of footings used for building construction are described below:
1. Wall footing/Strip footing.
2. Spread Footings
3. Isolated footings.
4. Stepped footings.
5. Combined footings.
6. Sloped footings.
7. Mat or Raft foundation.
8. Strapped footings
9. Pile foundation.

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1. STRIP FOOTING:
It is a component of shallow foundation which distributes the weight of a load bearing wall
across the area of the ground. It is also known as wall footing.

Figure 1(STRIP FOOTING)

2. SPREAD FOOTING:
As the name suggests, a spread is given under the base of the foundation so that the load of the
structure is distributed on wide area of the soil in such a way that the safe bearing capacity of the
soil is not exceeded.

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 Figure 2(SPREAD FOOTING)

3. ISOLATED FOOTINGS:
It is square, circular or individually rectangular slab of uniform thickness, provided under each
column.

Figure 3(ISOLATED FOOTING)

4. STEPPED FOOTINGS:
The main purpose of using stepped footing is to keep the metal columns away from direct
contact with soil to save them from corrosive effect. They are used to carry the load of metal
columns and transmit this load to the below ground.

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 Figure 4(STEPPED FOOTING)

5. COMBINED FOOTINGS:
When two or more columns are supported by a footing it is called combined footing. This
footing may be of rectangular or trapezoidal in plan. Combined footing is provided under
following situations.

When columns are close to each other and their individual footings overlap.

Soil having low bearing capacity and requires more area under individual footing.

The column end is situated near the property line and the footing can not be extended.

Figure 5(COMBINED FOOTING)

6. STRAP FOOTING:
In such footing, the outer and inner column is connected by a strap beam, does not transfer any
load to the soil. The individual footing areas of the columns are so arranged that the C.G of the
combined loads of the two columns pass through the C.G of the two footing areas. Once this
criterion is achieved, the pressure distribution below each individual footing will be uniform.

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 Figure 6(STRAP FOOTING)

7. MAT FOUNDATION:
This foundation covers the entire area under the structure. This foundation has only RCC slab
covering the whole area or slab and beam together. Mat foundation is adopted when heavy
structures are to be constructed on soft made-up ground or marshy sites with uncertain behavior.
Mat foundation is also known as raft foundation.

Figure 7(MAT FOUNDATION)

8. SLOPED FOOTING:
The footings having sloping top or side faces are known as sloped footings. This type of footing
is useful in the construction of formwork.

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 Figure 8(SLOPED FOOTING)

9. PILE FOUNDATION
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is pushed into the
ground so that structures can be supported on the top of it.

Pile foundations are used in following situations:

1. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the weight of
the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to
the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
2. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure.

Pile foundation are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.

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Figure 9(PILE FOUNDATION)

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