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Ankit Akela Minor Project
Ankit Akela Minor Project
Ankit Akela Minor Project
―WASTEWATER TREATMENT‖
SUBMITTED TO
SUBMITTED BY
Ankit Akela
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MADHEPURA -852113
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Ankit Akela
ROLL NO. -16128 REG. NO- 16101128031
CIVIL ENGINEERING
As rainfall runs over the surface of roofs and the ground, it may pick up various contaminants
including soil particles and other sediment, heavy metals, organic compounds, animal waste,
and oil and grease. Some jurisdictions require stormwater to receive some level of treatment
before being discharged directly into waterways. Examples of treatment processes used for
stormwater include sedimentation basins, wetlands, buried concrete vaults with various kinds
of filters, and vortex separators (to remove coarse solids).
The site where the raw wastewater is processed before it is discharged back to the environment
is called a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The order and types of mechanical, chemical
and biological systems that comprise the wastewater treatment plant are typically the same for
most developed countries:
• Mechanical treatment
o Influx (Influent)
o Removal of large objects
o Removal of sand and grit
o Pre-precipitation
• Biological treatment
o Oxidation bed (oxidizing bed) or aeration system
o Post precipitation
• Chemical treatment (this step is usually combined with
settling and other processes to remove solids, such as
filtration. The combination is referred to in the U.S. as
physic
Primary treatment removes the materials that can be easily collected from the raw wastewater
and disposed of. The typical materials that are removed during primary treatment include fats,
oils, and greases (also referred to as FOG), sand, gravels and rocks (also referred to as grit),
larger settleable solids and floating materials (such as rags and flushed feminine hygiene
products). This step is done entirely with machinery.
Many plants have a sedimentation stage where the sewage is allowed to pass slowly through
large tanks, commonly called "primary clarifiers" or "primary sedimentation tanks". The tanks
are large enough that sludge can settle and floating material such as grease and oils can rise to
the surface and be skimmed off. The main purpose of the primary clarification stage is to
produce both a generally homogeneous liquid capable of being treated biologically and a
sludge that can be separately treated or processed. Primary settling tanks are usually equipped
with mechanically driven scrapers that continually drive the collected sludge towards a hopper
in the base of the tank from where it can be pumped to further sludge treatment stages.
Secondary treatment
It is designed to substantially degrade the biological content of the sewage such as are derived
from human waste, food waste, soaps and detergent. The majority of municipal and industrial
plants treat the settled sewage liquor using aerobic biological processes. For this to be effective,
the biota requires both oxygen and a substrate on which to live. There are number of ways in
which this is done. In all these methods, the bacteria and protozoa consume biodegradable
soluble organic contaminants (e.g. sugars, fats, organic short-chain carbon molecules, etc.) and
bind much of the less soluble fractions into floc. Secondary treatment systems are classified as
fixed film or suspended growth. Fixed-film treatment process including trickling filter and
rotating biological contactors where the biomass grows on media and the sewage passes over
its surface. In suspended growth systems—such as activated sludge—the biomass is well
mixed with the sewage and can be operated in a smaller space than fixed-film systems that treat
the same amount of water. However, fixed-film systems are more able to cope with drastic
changes in the amount of biological material and can provide higher removal rates for organic
material and suspended solids than suspended growth systems.
Roughing filters are intended to treat particularly strong or variable organic loads, typically
industrial, to allow them to then be treated by conventional secondary treatment processes.
Characteristics include typically tall, circular filters filled with open synthetic filter media to
which wastewater is applied at a relatively high rate. They are designed to allow high hydraulic
loading and a high flow-through of air. On larger installations, air is forced through the media
using blowers. The resultant wastewater is usually within the normal range for conventional
treatment processes.
Tertiary treatment
Tertiary treatment provides a final stage to raise the effluent quality before it is discharged to
the receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.). More than one tertiary treatment
process may be used at any treatment plant. If disinfection is practiced, it is always the final
process. It is also called "effluent polishing".
ROLE OF BACTERIA IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
Treatment plants should be designed to take advantage of the decomposition of organic
materials by bacterial activity. This is something anyone can equate to lower costs, increased
capacity, and an improved quality of effluent; even freedom from bad odours which may
typically result when anaerobe bacteria become dominant and in their decomposition process,
produce hydrogen sulphide gas and similar by-products.
Considering the fact that the total organic load of wastewater or sewage is composed of
constantly changing constituent, it would be quite difficult to degrade all of these organics by
the addition of one enzyme, or even several enzymes. Enzymes are specific catalysts and do
not reproduce. What is needed is the addition of an enzyme manufacturing system right in the
sewage that can be pre - determined as to its activity and performance and which has the initial
or continuing capacity to reduce waste.
At the present time, the addition of specifically cultured bacteria seems to be the least
expensive and most generally reliable way to accomplish desirable results. When you add the
right bacteria in proper proportions to the environment, you have established entirely new
parameters of potential for the treatment situation.
Biolytix
Carbon filtering
Cesspit
Chlorine disinfection
Combined sewer
Composting toilet
Constructed wetland
Dissolved air flotation
Distillation
Electrocoagulation
Electrodeionization
Electrolysis
Expanded granular sludge bed digestion
Facilitative lagoon
Flocculation & sedimentation
Fluidized Bed Biofilter
Flotation process
Froth flotation
Fuzzy Filter
Humanure (composting)
Imhoff tank
Iodine
Ion exchange
Living machines
Membrane Bioreactor
Nanotechnology
N-Viro
Effluent
wastewater flow rate Q= 1000 m3/d
BOD or bsCOD
influent soluble substrate concentration (bsCOD) S0 = 192
g/m3
nbVSS concentration in influent X0,i = 30 g/m3 or mg/l
inert inorganic Total Suspended Solids (iTSS) iTSS = 10 g/m3
Kinetic Coefficients
maximum rate of soluble substrate utilization k= 12.5 g COD/g∙d
g VSS/g COD
biomass yield Y= 0.4
used
endogenous decay coefficient kd = 0.1 g VSS/g VSS∙d
half-velocity constant Ks = 10 g COD/m3
fraction of biomass that remains as cell debris fd = .15 g VSS/g VSS
biomass fraction 0.85
A schematic cross-section of the contact face of the bed media in a trickling filter
Trickling filter consists of a fixed bed of rocks, gravel, slag, polyurethane foam, sphagnum
peat moss, or plastic media over which sewage or other wastewater flows downward and is
contacted with a layer or film of microbial slime covering the bed media. Aerobic conditions
are maintained either by forced air flowing through the bed or natural convection of air if the
filter medium is porous. The process mechanism involves adsorption of organic compounds in
the sewage or other wastewater by the layer of microbial slime, diffusion of air into the slime
layer to furnish the oxygen required for the biochemical oxidation of the organic compounds
to release carbon dioxide gas, water and other oxidized end products. As the slime layer
thickens, it becomes more difficult for air to penetrate the layer and an inner anaerobic layer is
probably formed. For some plastic-mesh material filters this slime layer will build and
eventually slough off the smooth plastic walls into the treated effluent as a sludge that requires
subsequent removal and disposal. Other filters utilizing higher-density media such as sand,
foam and peat moss do not produce a sludge that must be removed.
The terms trickle filter, trickling biofilter, biofilter, biological filter and biological
trickling filter are often used to refer to a trickling filter.
These systems have also been described as intermittent filters, packed media bed filters,
alternative septic systems, percolating filters, attached growth processes, and fixed film
processes.
Types
Two of the basic types of trickle filters are those applied to the treatment of sewage and those
applied to the treatment of industrial wastewater.
Sewage treatment trickle filters
Onsite sewage facilities (OSSF) are recognized as viable, low-cost, long-term, decentralized
approaches to sewage treatment if they are planned, designed, installed, operated and
maintained properly (USEPA, 1997).
Sewage trickling filters are used in areas not serviced by municipal wastewater treatment plants
(WWTP). They are typically installed in areas where the traditional septic tank system are
failing, cannot be installed due to site limitations, or where improved levels of treatment are
required for environmental benefits such as preventing contamination of ground water or
surface water.
Sites with a high water table, high bedrock, heavy clay, small land area, or which require
minimal site destruction (for example, tree removal) are ideally suited for trickling filters.
All varieties of sewage trickling filters have a low and sometimes intermittent power
consumption. They can be somewhat more expensive than traditional septic tank-leach field
systems, however their use allows for better treatment, a reduction in size of disposal area, less
excavation, and higher density land development.
AERATED LAGOONS
An aerated lagoon or aerated basin is a holding and/or treatment pond provided with artificial
aeration to promote the biological oxidation of wastewaters. There are many other biological
processes for treatment of wastewaters, for example activated sludge, trickling filters, rotating
biological contactors and bio filters. They all have in common the use of oxygen (or air) and
microbial action to bio treats the pollutants in wastewaters.
Types of aerated lagoons or basins
Ponds or basins using floating surface aerators achieve 80 to 90% removal of BOD with
retention times of 1 to 10 days. The ponds or basins may range in depth from 1.5 to 5.0 metres.
In a surface-aerated system, the aerators provide two functions: they transfer air into the basins
required by the biological oxidation reactions, and they provide the mixing required for
dispersing the air and for contacting the reactants (that is, oxygen, wastewater and microbes).
Typically, the floating surface aerators are rated to deliver the amount of air equivalent to 1.8
to 2.7 kg O2/kWh. However, they do not provide as good mixing as is normally achieved in
activated sludge systems and therefore aerated basins do not achieve the same performance
level as activated sludge units. Biological oxidation processes are sensitive to temperature and,
between 0 °C and 40 °C, the rate of biological reactions increase with temperature. Most
surface aerated vessels operate at between 4 °C and 32 °C
Temperature
There are two conventional operational temperature levels for anaerobic digesters, which are
determined by the species of methanogens in the digesters:
There are a greater number of species of mesophiles than thermophiles. These bacteria are also
more tolerant to changes environmental conditions than thermophiles. Mesophilic systems are
therefore considered to be more stable than thermophilic digestion systems.
A drawback of operating at thermophilic temperatures is that more heat energy input is required
to achieve the correct operational temperatures. This increase in energy is not be outweighed
by the increase in the outputs of biogas from the systems. It is therefore important to consider
an energy balance for these systems.
Solids
Typically there are two different operational parameters associated with the solids content of
the feedstock to the digesters:
• High-solids
• Low-solids
Digesters can either be designed to operate in high solid content, with a total suspended solids
TSS) concentration greater than ~20%, or a low solids concentration less than ~15%.[55] High-
solids digesters process thick slurry that requires more energy input to move and process the
feedstock. The thickness of the material may also lead to associated problems with abrasion.
High-solids digesters will typically have a lower land requirement due to the lower volumes
associated with the moisture.
Low-solids digesters can transport material through the system using standard pumps that
require significantly lower energy input. Low-solids digesters require a larger amount of land
than high-solids due to the increase volumes associated with the increased liquid: feedstock
ratio of the digesters. There are benefits associated with operation in a liquid environment as it
enables more thorough circulation of materials and contact between the bacteria and their food.
This enables the bacteria to more readily access the substances they are feeding off and
increases the speed of gas yields.
Digestion systems can be configured with different levels of complexity:
• One-stage or single-stage
• Two-stage or multistage
A single-stage digestion system is one in which all of the biological reactions occur within a
single sealed reactor or holding tank. Utilising a single stage reduces construction costs,
however facilitates less control of the reactions occurring within the system. Acidogenic
bacteria, through the production of acids, reduce the pH of the tank. Methanogenic bacteria, as
outlined earlier, operate in a strictly defined pH range. Therefore the biological reactions of the
different species in a single stage reactor can be in direct competition with each other. Another
one-stage reaction system is an anaerobic lagoon. These lagoons are pond-like earthen basins
used for the treatment and long-term storage of manures. Here the anaerobic reactions are
contained within the natural anaerobic sludge contained in the pool.
In a two-stage or multi-stage digestion system different digestion vessels are optimised to bring
maximum control over the bacterial communities living within the digesters. Acidogenic
bacteria produce organic acids and more quickly grow and reproduce than methanogenic
bacteria. Methanogenic bacteria require stable pH and temperature in order to optimise their
performance.
Typically hydrolysis, acetogenesis and acidogenesis occur within the first reaction vessel. The
organic material is then heated to the required operational temperature (either mesophilic or
thermophilic) prior to being pumped into a methanogenic reactor. The initial hydrolysis or
acidogenesis tanks prior to the methanogenic reactor can provide a buffer to the rate at which
feedstock is added. Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment in
order to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste. In this instance their may be a pasteurisation
or sterilisation stage prior to digestion or between the two digestion tanks. It should be noted
that it is not possible to completely isolate the different reaction phases and often there is some
biogas that is produced in the hydrolysis or acidogenesis tanks.
Residence
The residence time in a digester varies with the amount and type of feed material, the
configuration of the digestion system and whether it be one-stage or two-stage.
In the case of single-stage thermophilic digestion residence times may be in the region of 14
days, which comparatively to mesophilic digestion is relatively fast. The plug-flow nature of
some of these systems will mean that the full degradation of the material may not have been
realised in this timescale. In this event digestive exiting the system will be darker in colour and
will typically have more odour.
In two-stage mesophilic digestion, residence time may vary between 15 and 40 days. In the
case of mesophilic UASB digestion hydraulic residence times can be (1hour-1day) and solid
retention times can be up to 90 days. In this manner the UASB system is able to separate solid
in hydraulic retention times with the utilisation of a sludge blanket.
Continuous digesters have mechanical or hydraulic devices, depending on the level of solids in
the material, to mix the contents enabling the bacteria and the food to be in contact. They also
allow excess material to be continuously extracted to maintain a reasonably constant volume
within the digestion tanks.
Products
There are three principal products of anaerobic digestion: biogas, digestate and water. Biogas
is the ultimate waste product of the bacteria feeding off the input biodegradable feedstock, and
is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with a small amount hydrogen and trace hydrogen
sulphide. Most of the biogas is produced during the middle of the digestion, after the bacterial
population has grown, and tapers off as the putrescible material is exhausted. The gas is
normally stored on top of the digester in an inflatable gas bubble or extracted and stored next
to the facility in a gas holder.
Biogas may require treatment or 'scrubbing' to refine it for use as a fuel. Hydrogen sulphide
is a toxic product formed from sulphates in the feedstock and is released as a trace component
of the biogas.
Volatile siloxanes can also contaminate the biogas; such compounds are frequently found in
household waste and wastewater. In digestion facilities accepting these materials as a
component of the feedstock, low molecular weight siloxanes volatilise into biogas.
Digestive
Digestive is the solid remnants of the original input material to the digesters that the microbes
cannot use. It also consists of the mineralised remains of the dead bacteria from within the
digesters. Digestive can come in three forms; fibrous, liquor or a sludge-based combination of
the two fractions. In two-stage systems the different forms of digestive come from different
digestion tanks. In single stage digestion systems the two fractions will be combined and if
desired separated by further processing.
Wastewater
The final output from anaerobic digestion systems is water. This water originates both from the
moisture content of the original waste that was treated but also includes water produced during
the microbial reactions in the digestion systems. This water may be released from the
dewatering of the digestate or may be implicitly separate from the digestate.
The wastewater exiting the anaerobic digestion facility will typically have elevated levels of
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), these are measures
of the reactivity of the effluent and show an ability to pollute. Some of this material is termed
'hard COD' meaning it cannot be accessed by the anaerobic bacteria for conversion into biogas.
If this effluent was put directly into watercourses it would negatively affect them by causing
eutrophication. As such further treatment of the wastewater is often required. This treatment
will typically be an oxidation stage where air is passed through the water in a sequencing batch
reactors or reverse osmosis unit.
ANAEROBIC LAGOONS
Anaerobic lagoons are used to dispose of animal waste, particularly that of cows and pigs. The
waste is washed into the lagoon by flushing the animal pens with water. Solid waste,
particularly the fibrous type of cows, is sometimes separated before the wastewater enters the
lagoon to prevent the build up of solid material. Anaerobic organisms naturally present in the
manure and the environment decompose the waste in the anaerobic conditions of the lagoon.
Areas with cold winters are inappropriate for anaerobic lagoons because the activity of the
microorganisms is highly dependent on temperature. It is critical to have the proper size for the
lagoon, with volume being more important than surface area. A minimum of two meters is
necessary for anaerobic conditions, but the depth should not exceed 6 meters. Sometimes a
secondary lagoon is used to accept wastes while the primary lagoon is undergoing maintenance
or for other purposes.
If the anaerobic lagoon system is being used for energy production, the primary lagoon has a
cover floating on the surface of the water. The cover captures the biogas produced by anaerobic
bacteria. The biogas produced by anaerobic lagoons is 50 to 75% methane, with carbon dioxide
making up most of the rest. The gas is usually used to produce electricity using a microturbine
or reciprocating engine, but it can also be used for water or space heating. The gas usually
undergoes pretreatment, particularly dehydration, prior to combustion. Sometimes the carbon
dioxide, which is incombustible, is also removed.
PLANTS VISITED
0.35 MLD MBBR ( MOVING BED BIO REACTOR) ,
JANAKPURI WEST
The purpose of MBBR system is to increase the amount of biomass in a biological treatment
reactor by providing a media upon which it can grow. Thus the media of an MBBR system is
central to its operation. It must perform the required task of acting as a carrier or residence for
the biomass while also giving a long service life.
The MBBR process employs a submerged ring media onto which micro organisms attach. The
biomass retained on the ring media provides effective treatment for the effluent. The ring media
are kept in motion by coarse bubble aeration. The air introduced into the tank is sufficient to
ensure thorough mixing and turnover of the media within the reactor. The media can be used
in aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic zones. The MBBR does not incorporate return sludge.
ADVANTAGES OF MBBR PROCESS:
• High effluent quality.
• Small footprint.
• Simplicity of design, installation and operation.
• Site specific designs for small to large populations.
• Retrofits activate sludge plants to improve capacity and effluent quality.
• Easily retained media.
• Low capital and operating costs.
• Robust package treatment plant for small communities.
40 MGD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT, DELHI JAL
BOARD, NILOTHI
a. Quantity of organics.
V=[(V1+V2)/2]*T
Foam formation and poorly settling sludge are two most common problems of ASP process. A
sludge that exhibits poor settling characteristics is called as bulking sludge. Filamentous micro-
organisms (fungi) are found to be responsible for bulked sludge. To control these organisms’
chlorination and reduction of sludge age to less than 6 days is done.
Dual fuel engine is used for power supply in which diesel and gas are used in the ratio 20:80.
There are three generators of 600 KVA which generates about 1200KVa electricity. There are
also many step-down and step-up transformers for the electricity supply and control. To cool
the air water coolers are present.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Rose George, The Big Necessity: The Unmentionable World of Human Waste and Why it
Matters
Appropriate Technology for Sewage Pollution Control in the Wider Region, Caribbean
Environment Programme Technical Report #40 1998