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2 Wind Speed Measurements PDF
2 Wind Speed Measurements PDF
Wind Energy I
7 Wind - blades
interaction
3 Wind field
characterization 8 Power losses at
4 Wind power the rotor blade
9 Control strategies
10 Power curves
11 General questions
before exam
Intrusive sensors
Cup anemometer
Non-intrusive sensor
Prandtl tube
2 · (ptotal pstatic )
u=
air
u
urot
Calibration
5
4
u [m/s]
3
[V]
UU[V]
2
1
0
Different models
Over-speeding
gusts at 2/3 Hz, 9 m/s
v [m/s]
u [m/s]
t [s]
measured turbulence intensity
33 % 8 %
hot-wire anemometer cup anemometer
Inclined flow
tilt response anemometer Type 3.3351.00.000 , serial 0807011 at ca. 10 m/s
dataset 1796_09
0,1
nozzle
0,08
0,06
-20°
0,04 nozzle
rel. deviation of anemoemter frequency
0,02
0
+20°
-0,02
-0,04
-0,06
-0,08
-0,1
-0,12
-0,18
-0,2
-34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
tilt angle /°
Summary
effected by inertia
wear of bearings
sensitive to icing
www.thiesclima.com
Measurement principle
Different models
system is expensive
system is expensive
Motivation
alternative to
cup anemometry --> 1D, 1Hz, wear of
bearings, over-speeding
ultrasonic anemometry --> expensive, wake
effects of transducer supports
Properties
wind velocity and direction measurements
temporal resolution up to resonance
frequency
Measurement principle
Measurement principle
Measurement principle
Measurement principle
Measurement principle
1
F = · · A · cD · v 2 Rohr
l
2
drag coefficient cD considered constant for
tube
Re ⇥ 103 . . . 2 · 105 leads to
Gewinde
⌅
s⇤v ⇥v =m·
2
s
2D-PSD
y
Iy1 Ix1
Calculation of position:
L α x (Ix2 + Iy1 ) (Ix1 + Iy2 ) L
xspot = ·
Ix1 + Ix2 + Iy1 + Iy2 2
(Ix2 + Iy2 ) (Ix1 + Iy1 ) L
yspot = ·
Ix2 cathode Iy2 Ix1 + Ix2 + Iy1 + Iy2 2
L
Different spheres
2D Calibration
Sphere anemometer Ultrasonic anemometer
Gusts measurements
u [m/s]
t [s]
http://www.bard-offshore.de/projekte/nearshore/hooksiel.html
Cantilever
Mirror
0,4mm
1,5mm
Detailed illustration
of the cantilever
Measurement at off-shore
met mast FINO 3 (research
met mast in North and
Baltic Sea)
http://fh-kiel.de/fileadmin/data/presse
particulate material
u
wind
ulos
s e r 2 · ulos
La fD = fL ·
c
LiDAR - Design
Selection of wavelength:
eye safety
little absorption in
the atmosphere
availability of
components
LiDAR - Design
!"#$%&'(#)%"*#%*(%"#)"'%'+,-./0*1%2230$*3)&.$
Summer school: Remote sensing for wind energy
Risø National Laboratory, DTU
~u
June 2011
! >.+)(*3)&.$ 2$)"()230+
For 3D velocity vector:
! ?%"#)"'%'+*-./0*@?AB*.33,<)C$0*3)&.$ .#*-./030";#5*
! 9%=0*0G.=230+*%<*=0.+'$0=0"#+
directions necessary " H'$C)"0*=%'"#0&*3)&.$
" I$%'"&,C.+0&*-)"&*2$%<)3)";
" J)&.$ %"*<3%.#)";*23.#<%$=*@90.7025!8B
LiDAR - Design
#$%#$&
continuous LiDAR
pulsed LiDAR
&+*<%$*<3%-*
(cw -laser)
0*3)&.$ .#*-./030";#5*
0"#+
";
@90.7025!8B
Source: QuinetiQ
: / Natural Power Source: Leosphere, Sgurr Energy
R
D
2
·D
=
⇡ · R2
Vertical spatial resolution decreases with increasing
distance to LiDAR
‣ limited range of cw LiDar (~ 150-200 m)
‣ best resolution close to the optics (~ 10 m)
Up to 50 measurement point/sec
Measurement points on the surface
of a cone
changing measurement height
through focus
spatial resolution depends on
measurement height
pulsed - LiDAR
pulsed - LiDAR
R
D