AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
BUILDING UTILITIES I: PLUMBING
Plumbing and sanitary system
 Plumbing is an art and science of
creating and maintaining sanitary
conditions in buildings used by
humans.
 Plumbing Is the art and technique
of installing pipes, fixtures & other
apparatuses in buildings & for
bringing the supply, liquids,
substances &/or ingredients &
removing them;
 From the Latin plumbum for lead
as pipes were once made from lead.
It refers to a system of pipes and
fixtures installed in a building for
the distribution of potable water
and the removal of waterborne
wastes.
History
Practice of plumbing in the Philippines
Birth of plumbing profession traced back
to the 17th century as Spaniards
established Walled City known as
Intramuros as a model community.
In 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was
duly recognized by the government.
Master Plumber John F. Hass became the
1st Chief of Division of Plumbing
Construction and Construction.
A plumbing code based on the Plumbing
Code of the US was incorporated into the
Building Code for the City of Manila
In 1935, the National Master Plumbers
Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP)
was organized and registered with the
SEC.
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 1
BUILDING UTILITIES
1955 – Approval of R.A. 1378, plumbing
law of the Philippines approved by pres.
Ramon Magsaysay
1959 – National plumbing code of the
Philippines
1999 – Revised plumbing code of 1999
was approved by pres. Joseph Estrada
Plumbing system
Includes all potable water supply and
distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures
and traps; all sanitary and storm drainage
systems; vent pipes, roof drains, leaders
and downspouts; and all building drains
and sewers, including their respective
joints and connections; devices,
receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises;
potable, tap, hot and chilled water piping;
potable water treating or using equipment;
fuel gas piping; water heaters and vents .
Plumbing system components:
 Water supply and distribution
system
 Sewage system
 Storm drain system
 Fire protection system
Water supply and distribution system
Water supply and distribution system
definition carries water from the water
source, street main or a pump to the
building and to various points in the
building at which water is used.
• Cold water supply
• Hot water supply
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
Level 1 : point source (dug well, drilled
well)
• A protected dug or drilled well, a
rain water tank or a developed
spring with outlets but without
distribution system
• About 15 to 25 households can be
served with an outreach of not
more than 250 meters
• For medium density rural housing
Level 2: communal faucet
• A system composed of a source
transmission pipe reservoir, piped
distribution network and communal
faucet located not more than 25
meters from the farthest house
• The system provides one faucet per
4 to 6 households
• Suitable for rural areas
• Reliable but higher construction
cost
Level 3: water works or individual
connection system
• A system composed of a source
transmission pipe reservoir, piped
distribution network and household
taps
• Its suitable for highly populated
areas/ urban areas
Sewage disposal system
General rules in designing the sanitary
system:
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 2
BUILDING UTILITIES
• The pipes should take the shortest
possible route to the house sewer
or the terminating point of the
sanitary system
• Control components such as clean-
outs, traps, and vents, should be
located strategically so as to ensure
efficient circulation.
Changes in direction of sanitary drainage
lines
• Horizontal to Horizontal change in
direction use 45° wye branches,
combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, or
other approved fittings of equivalent
sweep
• Vertical to Horizontal change in
direction 45° wye branches or other
approved fittings of equivalent sweep
• Horizontal to vertical change in
direction use 45° or 60° wye branches,
combination wye -1/8 bend branches
Minimum slope of sanitary drainage lines
• Minimum slope or pitch of
horizontal drainage pipe – 2%
SEPTIC TANK - A watertight covered
receptacle designed and constructed to
receive the discharge of sewage from a
building sewer, separate solids from the
liquid, digest organic matter and store
digested solids through a period of
detention, and allow the clarified liquids to
discharge for final disposal
Can be constructed by the following
material:
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
• Reinforced concrete
• Plastered concrete hollow block
• Pre-fabricated materials
• Thin metal and plastic
Septic tank - Minimum dimensions-u l=
1500mm w=900mmm d=1200mm
Have a minimum of 2 compartments: first
compartment: not less than 2/3 capacity of
the total capacity of tank. Digestive
chamber
Secondary compartment: maximum
capacity of 1/3 totalm capacity of tank.
Leaching chamber
Storm drainage system
Storm drainage system, receives runoff
from inlets and conveys the runoff to some
point where it is then discharged into a
channel, water body, or piped system
The storm drainage system helps prevent
floods by diverting rainwater into nearby
waterways. The water and pollutants flow
into storm drains and through underground
pipes directly into the nearest stream, pond
or water reservoir.
Fire protection system
The firefighting system plays a very
important role to stop the spread of fire
breakouts in different building and
structures.
Fire protection systems include various
devices designed to diminish or eliminate
the threat of a fire event. Fire protection
systems include detection devices such as
smoke detectors, fire response systems
such as sprinklers and a fire emergency
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 3
BUILDING UTILITIES
plan can supports and maintains the
equipment and building.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
BACKFLOW – Flow of water into a
supply system from any source other than
its regular source.
BACK PRESSURE – air pressure in
drainage pipe greater than atmospheric
pressure.
BACK VENT PIPE – a part of a vent
pipe which connects directly with
individual trap underneath or behind the
fixtures and extended to the branch or
main soil, or waste pipe at any point higher
than the fixture trap.
BALL COCK – a faucet opened or closed
by the fall or rise of ball floating on the
surface of water.
BATTERY OF FIXTURE – is any two
or more similar adjacent fixture which
discharge into a common horizontal or soil
branch.
BELL OR HUB - Portion of a pipe which
for a short distance is sufficiently enlarged
to receive the end of another pipe or of the
same diameter for the purpose of making a
joint.
BIBB - synonymous with faucet, cook,
tap, plug.
BIDET – plumbing fixture used for
washing the middle part of the body
especially the genitals.
BLOW OFF - a controlled outlet on a
pipe line used to discharge water.
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
BRANCH – any part of the piping system
other than the main, risk or stack.
BRANCH INTERVAL- a length of soil
or waste stack corresponding to a storey
height but in no case not less than 8 feet.
BRANCH VENT - a vent pipe connected
from a branch of a drainage system to a
vent stack.
BUILDING SUBDRAIN – a portion of a
drainage system which cannot be drain by
gravity into the building sewer.
CALKING – plugging an opening with
oakum, lead and other materials.
CAP – fitting at the end of the pipe and is
screwed for the purpose of closing the end.
CATCH BASIN – a receptacle which
liquids are retained for sufficient period of
time and to deposit settleable materials.
CESSPOOL - a pit used for detention of
sewage.
CHECK VALVE – a valve that
automatically closes to prevent the flow of
water in a reverse direction.
CIRCUIT VENT – a group vent
extending from a front of the last fixture
connection on a horizontal branch to vent
stack.
COMMON VENT – unit vent or dual
vent.
CONDUCTOR LEADER OR
DOWNSPOUT - a vertical pipe to
convey rain water.
CONTINUOUS VENT – is a vertical
vent that is continuous to drain to which
vent connect.
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 4
BUILDING UTILITIES
CORPORATION COCK – stop valve
placed in a service pipe close to the water
drain.
DEAD END – the extended portion of a
pipe closed at one end no connection are
made on the extended portion thus
permitting the stagnation of water.
DEVELOPED LENGTH – a length
along the centerline of the pipe and
fittings.
DOUBLE OFFSET – two offset in
succession or in series in the same line.
DOWNSPOUT – a vertical portion of a
vertical rain conductor.
DRAIN – a sewer of other pipe or conduit
used for conveying ground water, surface
water, storm water or sewerage.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM – a drainage pipe
of plumbing system that takes the waste
water from plumbing fixture and deliver it
to the sewer.
DRY VENT – vent that does not carry
water or water bomb waste.
FAUCET – a valve on a water pipe y
means of which water can be drawn or
held within the pipe, valve is place at the
end of the pipe.
FIXTURE – a receptacle attached to the
plumbing system other than a trap in
which water or waste may be collected or
retained for ultimate discharge into the
plumbing system.
FIXTURE BRANCH – a supply pipe
between the fixture and the water
distributing pipe.
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
FIXTURE DRAIN – a drain from a trap
of a fixture to the junction of the drain
with any other drain.
FIXTURE UNIT - one fixture unit is
equivalent to the flow rate of one cubic
foot of water is 7.5 gallons of water per
minute.
FLOOD LEVEL – a level in the fixture at
which water begins to overflow.top of the
rim of the fixture.
FLUSH VALVE – a valve used for
flusing a fixture by using water directly
from the water supply system.
GATE VALVE – a valve which the flow
of water is cut off by means of a disk
fitting against and sliding on a machine
smooth faces. The motion of the disk
being at right angles to the direction of the
flow.
GLOBE VALVE – a valve which the
flow of water is cut off by means of a
circular disk that fit against the valve seat.
GRADE – the slope or the fall of the line
of the pipe in reference to the horizontal
plane and is usually expressed in percent.
GROUND WATER – in water that is
standing in or passing through the ground
HORIZONTAL BRANCH – a branch
drain extending laterally from a soil or
waste stack with or without section or
branches that receives the discharge from
one or more fixture drains and conducts to
the soil or waste stack or to the building
drain.
HOUSE DRAIN – is part of the lowest
piping (horizontal) of a plumbing system
which receives the discharge pipe inside of
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 5
BUILDING UTILITIES
the building and conveys to the house
sewer.
SANITARY SEWER – a sewer intended
to receive sanitary sewage with or without
industrial waste.
SEAL – a vertical distance between the
dip and the crown weir
SEPTIC TANK - a water light receptacle
which receives the discharge of a
plumbing system and is design to separate
solid from liquids digest the organic matter
through a period of detention and allow the
effluent to discharge into the storm drain
or directly to the ground outside the tank
through the system of open joint or
perforated piping.
SERVICE PIPE – a pipe from the water
main or source of water supply to the
building served.
SEWAGE – a liquid waste conducted
away from the residence, business,
industrial establishment and with such
ground, surface and storm water may be
present.
SEWER – a pipe or conduit for carrying
sewage and liquid waste.
SOIL PIPE – is any pipe which conveys
the discharge of water closets, urinals and
fixtures having similar actions.
SOIL STACK PIPE – a vertical soil soil
pipe conveying fecal matter ad liquid
waste.
STACK VENT – is the extension of a soil
or waste stack above the highest horizontal
drain connected to a stack.
STAND PIPE – vertical pipe used for the
storage of water frequently under pressure.
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION BUILDING UTILITIES

TRAP – a fitting or device as constructed defined as one coulomb of charge per

so as to prevent the passage of air, gas, second.
vermin through the pipe without materially
affecting the flow of sewerage through it. Current Symbol – I

VENT – a pipe or opening used for Ampere Symbol – A

ensuring the circulation of air in the
plumbing system.
WASTE PIPE – a pipe which conveys
liquid waste.
WET VENT – is the portion of a pipe
through which liquid waste flow.
I = 0.5 mA
VOLTAGE
is the pressure from an electrical circuit's
power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting
loop, enabling them to do work such as
illuminating a light.

BUILDING UTILITIES II: OHM

ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL The flow of current in an electric circuit is
SYSTEMS impeded by resistance.
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY Direct Current Circuit

R - Resistance
ELECTRICITY ENERGY Alternating Current
Is a form of energy resulting from the flow Z - Impendance
of electric charge.
Conductors
Energy is the ability to do work or apply
force to move an object Materials or substances which allow
electricity to flow through them.
Alternating current (AC)
Insulators
Is an electricity current that reverses
direction. Materials resist the flow of current.

Direct Current (DC) Series Circuits

Electricity current flows in one direction.
AMPERE
Is abbreviated to Amp, Amps or A.
Is the basic unit of current in metric
system.
Elements are connected one after the other
in series.
In any series circuit, the total Resistance R
is the sum of the resistance around the
circuit.
(Total Resistance) R= rab = rbc = rcd

AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 6

 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION BUILDING UTILITIES

Parallel Circuits INSULATED CABLES IN OPEN

When two or more branches or loads in a
circuit are connected between the same
two points.
The Total Resistance (RT) of a Parallel
Circuit is NOT equal to the sum of the
resistors
RACEWAYS
This wiring system specifically intended
for industrial application, and it relies upon
both the cable and the tray for safety.
INSULATED CABLES IN CLOSED
RACEWAYS

Energy This system is the most general type and

Is the technical term for the common
expression, work.
It is the product of power and time.
Energy or work = power x time
Watt
The unit of electric Power is Watt (W)
One watt is also defined as the current
flow of one ampere with voltage of one
volt
its applicable to all types in all wiring type
of facilities.
FLEXIBLE METAL CLAD
Assembly of wires and plastic insulated
bound together with a tape or a braid
wrapped with a spiral wound interlocking
strip of steel tape.
Used for residences and rewiring of
existing buildings.
BUSDUCT

W = IR Bolted in connection with stiff metal

housing installed with angles, bends and
INTERIOR WIRING SYSTEMS curves.

the electrical system that brings the
power from the pole or other point on
the exterior power distribution line to the
point on or inside the building from
which it is distributed to the building
circuits.
Bus is made from solid copper and
assembled metal housing.
CABLEBUS
uses insulated cables rigidly mounted in
open space frame

EXPOSED INSULATED CABLES Carries higher ampacity in free air than in

This wiring system relies upon the conduit rating
construction of the cable itself for
ASSEMBLIES
protection both of and from the “hot”
conductors. • Flat Cable Assemblies

• Lighting Track

AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 7

 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION BUILDING UTILITIES

• Cable Tray/Open Raceway Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit

(Thin layer steel sheet conduit)
FLAT CABLE
Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit
Consist of 2 – 4 conductors (Thick sheet of steel conduit)
Connection extend directly to the device or
NON - METALLIC CONDUIT
to an outlet box with receptacle for easy
disconnection. These materials when utilized as an
electric raceway must be so labeled and
LIGHTING TRACK must be resistant to moisture and chemical
Factory assembles channel with corrosion.
conductors for 1 – 4 circuits permanently
installed in the track.
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM AND
CABLE TRAY / OPEN RACEWAY MATERIALS SERVICE AND
Continuous open support for approved UTILIZATION
cables. TRANSFORMERS
Requires that cables be self-protected or Are devices that changes or transforms
jacketed types. alternating current of one voltage to
Free air rated cables, easy installation, alternating current of another voltage.
maintenance and relatively low cost but
SERVICE SWITCH
bulky and require special access.
The service switch or “service
STEEL CONDUIT disconnecting” means may compromise
Protect and enclose wiring from one to six properly rated switches.
mechanical injury and corrosion These are frequently assembled into a
Provide grounded metal enclosure for the switchboard
wiring in order to avoid shock hazard SWITCHES
Provide a system ground path An electrical device switch is a device
Types of Conduit intended for on/off control of an electrical
circuit and is rated by current and voltage.
• Metallic Conduit
CONTRACTORS
• Non-metallic conduit
A contractor is a switch instead of handle-
Metallic Conduit operated, movable bladed and fixed grip, a
contractor uses to co ntract blocks of silver
Metallic conduits are made of steel which
coated
are very strong but costly as well.
SPECIAL SWITCHES
There are two types of metallic conduits.

AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 8

 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION
• Time control switch
• Remote Control Switch
• Automatic Transfer Switch
TIME CONTROL SWITCH
This device comprises a precision low
speed miniature drive motor to which
some type of electric contract making
device is connected.
REMOTE CONTROL SWITCH
A contractor that latches mechanically
after being operated.
These devices are useful in lighting control
and energy conservation techniques.
AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH
This device is an essential part of all
standby power arrangement.
A double throw switch generally 3 pole so
arrange that on failure of normal service is
restored and automatically transfers it.
FUSE
A simple device consisting of a fusible ink
or wire of low melting temperature that
when enclosed in an insulating fiber tube
is called cartridge fuse.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
An electronic device that performs the
same protective function as a fuse and acts
a switch.
PANEL BOARDS
Also known as a distribution boards.
Panel boards is the place where the power
or electricity is produced.
AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D | 9
BUILDING UTILITIES
BUILDING UTILITIES III:
ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING
INTRODUCTION:
ACOUSTICS
The science of sound and vibration which
refers to the stress fluctuations as well as
waves in a material medium
The art and science of designing a room or
building which insures both comfort and
communication, and provides special
features as the purpose and use of the
structure requires
The science of sound phenomena in
buildings dealing with the production,
transmission, and absorption of sound in
order to secure the distinct conditions in
every part of the building or room
All acoustic situations have three
common elements:
SOURCE can be made louder or quieter
TRANSMISSION PATH the path can be
made to transmit more or less sound
RECEIVER the listener assumed to have
a pair of healthy young ears with a
detection range of 20 to 20,000 Hz.
TYPES OF ACOUSTICS
¤ PHSYCO ACOUSTICS
deals with the reaction of human beings to
audible sound
¤ ENVIRONMENTAL
ACOUSTICS
deals with the effects of the environment
upon audible sound waves
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION BUILDING UTILITIES

 ARCHITECTURAL SOURCES OF SOUND

ACOUSTICS / ROOM
 SPEECH – produced by human
ACOUSTICS
voice
may be defined as the technology of
designing spaces, structures, and  MUSIC – produced by an
mechanical systems to meet hearing needs. instrument

 LANDSCAPE ACOUSTICS  NOISE – produced by impact, by

 ELECTRO ACOUSTICS vibrating bodies, even by speech or
music
deals with the generation and detection of
audible sound waves

¤ SONICS SOUND

deals with the technical application of NATURAL ELEMENTS THAT

mechanical waves in basic scientific AFFECT SOUND
research, industry, and medicine.
TEMPERATURE - particles of sound
tend to follow cold air

SOUND CLOUDS - if heavy, clouds can act as a

reflecting surface
Is a physical wave, or a mechanical
vibration, or simply a series of pressure WIND - may change the direction of
variations in an elastic medium. sound

For airborne sound – the medium is air
For Structure-borne sound – the media
are concrete, steel, wood, glass and a
combination of all of these
Any vibratory motion of bodies, the
transmission of these vibrations in a
medium, and the
sensation produced on the human auditory
mechanism
An alteration in pressure (particle
displacement in velocity) projected and
propagated in an elastic material
BODIES OF WATER - can also act as a
reflecting surface
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
SOUND REFLECTION sound reflected
off a surface, usually one which is hard,
rigid and / or flat
 FLAT SURFACE – uniform
reflection
 CONVEX SURFACE – sound
dispersion
 CONCAVE SURFACE – sound
concentration

Also Audible signals

AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D |

10
 AC 513 – ARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION BUILDING UTILITIES

SOUND 3. SOUND ABSORBED BY

SURFACE TREATMENT
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND
4. DIFFUSED SOUND
SOUND ABSORPTION
5. DIFFRACTED SOUND
sound waves absorbed into a material upon
contact 6. TRANSMITTED SOUND

change of sound energy into some other 7. SOUND DISSIPATED WITHIN

form
THE STRUCTURE
SOUND DIFFUSION- occurs when
sound waves are dispersed equally in a 8. SOUND CONDUCTED BY
room THE STRUCTURE
SOUND DIFFRACTION - acoustical
phenomenon which causes sound waves to
be bent or scattered around such obstacles
as corners, columns, walls, beams, etc.

SOUND REFRACTION

- change of sound wave direction as it

moves from one medium to another of
different

density

SOUND TRANSMISSION

sound which penetrates through surface

FLANKING TRANSMISSION - sound

travelling along parts of the building other
than the common wall or floor.

DIRECT TRANSMISSION - sound

coming through the common wall or
floor.

BEHAVIOR OF SOUND IN AN
ENCLOSED SPACE

1. INCIDENT or DIRECT SOUND

2. REFLECTED SOUND

AVORQUE| ESTRELLA | FLORES | ROBERTO| AR5D |

11