PSYCHOLOGY

Perception and depth perception

 PRESENTED TO:
Mam.Shaziya Nawaz
 PRESENTED BY:
Group No. 9
Mahnoor Mukhtiar
Muhammad Zain
Farhana Khan
Muhammad Madni
Perception

“Recognition and interpretation

of sensory information”
According to Edmund Fatino:
“Organization process by which
we interpret our sensory input”
Perception Vs Sensation

Perception
 Perception is identifying the
process through which we
interpret and organize
sensory information to
produce our conscious
experience of objects and
objects relationship
Sensation
 Sensation is concerned with
the initial contact between
organism and their physical
environment.
Difference between Sensation and
Perception

The main difference between sensation

and perception is that sensation receives
and show secondary stimulus from the
external world while perception interprets
analysis and integrates the stimulus with
other secondary information.
Laws of perceptual organization

 Law of proximity or nearness

 Law of similarity

 Law of good form or figure

Law of proximity or nearness

 Proximity means nearness.

 According to this law,the things situated near to eachother; form a figure
or pattern and are perceived as a whole figure.
 This proximity may be in space and time.
 If different words are set nearer to eachother, they form an organization.
 Consequently we perceive them in a movement.
Law of proximity or nearness:
Law of similarity or likeness:

 The perceptual tendency to group together similar elements.

 If different objects are similar in shape ,we classify them in a group
as:
Law of good form:

 The stimuli having similar shape are grouped together. This group
may be of five types:
1. Good continuation
2. Symmetry
3. Closure
4. Common direction
5. Inclusiveness
Factors influencing perception

 a) Perceptual constancy

 b) Perception of space

 c) Perception of distance

 d) Perception of direction

 e) Perception of illusion
a) Perceptual Constancy

 Isalso called object constancy or

constancy phenomenon.
 The tendency of animals and humans to
see familiar objects as having standard
shape,size,color or location regardless of
changings in the angle of
perspective,distance or lighting.
b) Perception of space

 The process through which humans and others organisms become

aware of the relative positions of their own bodies and objects
around them.
 Space perception provides cues,such as depth and distance that
are important for movement to the environment.
 Space is perceived in three dimensions. This is because of the
ability to transfer a two dimensional retinal vision into a three
dimensional vision.
c) Perception of distance

 Distance perception refers to a process in which

an observer perceives an interval between two
points in space.
 The interval does not have to linear but
perception of straight line distance has been
most extensively studied.
d) Perception of direction

 The cues with regard top the direction of the

sound source are provided with the binocular
cues like time difference and intensity
difference cues.
 Time difference cues help us to judge the right
direction of sound forces.
e) Perceptual Illusion

 The dictionary definition of a perceptual illusion is, "the

perception of something objectively existing in such a
way as to cause misinterpretation of its actual nature.“
 These are perceptual experiences which information
arising from real stimuli leads to an incorrect
perception,false impression of the object .
Perception Disorders

 There are basically two main types of disorders

1) illusion
2)Halucination
Illusion
Illusion

 What is the reason behind illusion……

 Our minds are not made to view exacts
cuts or two pictures at the same time. So
our mind made up a illusion.
 Illusion occurs for lack or concentration or
focus.
Illusion

Types of illusion
1. Optical
2. Auditory
3. tactile
TYPES

 Optical illusion

“An optical illusion is characterized by visually

perceived images that differ from object reality”.
TYPES

 Auditory illusion:

“ An auditory illusion is an illusion of hearing”.

In this the listener hear either sounds which are
not present in the stimulus or impossible sounds.
TYPES

Tactile Illusion:

“tactile illusion are illusion that exploit

the sense of touch”.
EXAMPLES

Some examples of Some examples of Some examples of

illusion… illusion… illusion
Count the black dots Are the horizontal lines All confused
are parallel or do they
make slope…
2) Hallucination:

 What is a hallucination in psychology?

 A hallucination is a sensation or sensory perception that
a person experiences in the absence of a relevant
external stimulus. ... Auditory hallucinations (e.g. hearing
voices or some other sound) are most common type of
hallucination in schizophrenia. Visual hallucinations are
also relatively common.
Hallucination:

 Common Causes of Hallucinations

 Schizophrenia. More than 70% of people with this illness get visual
hallucinations, and 60%-90% hear voices.
 Parkinson's disease.
 Alzheimer's disease.
 Migraines.
 Brain tumor.
Depth perception:

 Depth perception is the visual ability to

perceive the world in three dimensions (3D) and
the distance of an object.
 Depth perception is so important that it may be
hard-wired into our brains.
Depth sensation:

 Depth sensation is the corresponding term for

animals, since although it is known that animals
can sense the distance of an object (because
of their ability to move accurately, or to
respond consistently, according to that
distance), it is not known whether they
"perceive" it in the same subjective way that
humans do.
Depth cues:

 Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues.

These are typically classified into two:

1.Monocular cues

2.Binocular cues
Monocular cues:

 The cues that can be represented in just two

dimensions and observed with just one
eye.Monocular cues include size: distant
objects subtend smaller visual angles than near
objects, grain, size, and motion parallax .
Binocular cues:

 The cues that are based on the receipt of

sensory information in three dimensions from
both eyes.Binocular cues include stereopsis, eye
convergence, disparity, and yielding depth
from binocular vision through exploitation of
parallax.
Disorders affecting depth perception:

 There are following disorders affecting depth

perception:

 Ocular conditions such as Amblyopia,Optic nerve

hypoplasia,and strabismus may reduce the sensation of
depth.

 Since (by definition), binocular depth perception

requires two functioning eyes, a person with only one
functioning eye has no binocular depth perception.
Disorders affecting depth perception:

 Depth perception must be learned using an

unconscious inference, which is much less likely to
happen after a few years of age.