saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia

saqarTvelos istoriis wyaroebis komisia

al- hasan ibn talali

qristianoba
arabul
samyaroSi

Tbilisi - 2009
 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

qarTulad Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi

da saZieblebi daurTo medea abaSiZem
winasityvaoba qarTuli gamocemisaTvis
daurTo al-hasan b. talalma

redaqtori
akademikosi roin metreveli

ydis dizaini da dakabadoneba

giorgi bagrationi

Al Hasan Bin Talal

CHRISTIANITY IN ARAB WORLD

Translated with Introduction and

commentary by Medea D. Abashidze

Foreword by Al Hasan Bin Talal

Edited by Roin Metreveli

Layout by Giorgi Bagrationi

wigni gamoica sulierebis, kulturis, mecniere­bis

aRorZinebisa da ganviTarebis sruliad saqarTve-
los kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da uneta-
resis ilia II _is saerTaSoriso saqvelmoqmedo fon-
dis mxardaWeriT.

ISBN 978-9941-404-14-6

gamomcemloba `nekeri~, 2009

 

sarCevi

1. winasityvaoba qarTuli gamocemisaTvis 5

2 Sesavali qarTuli gamocemisaTvis 9

3. ra aris qristianoba? 17

4. nikeis mrwamsi 31

5. eklesiis daarseba 39

6. qristologiuri winaaRmdegobani 47

7. xatmebrZoloba 57

8. sqizma romsa da konstantinopols Soris 61

9. ra Secvala islamma? 65

10. maronitTa kavSiri romTan 75

11. uniaturi eklesiebis daarseba 82

12. arabuli protestantuli eklesiebi 89

13. arabi uniatebi da protestantebi 95

14. qristianebi Tanamedrove

arabul samyaroSi 98

15. komentarebi 102

 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

16. pirTa saxelebi 110

17. geografiuli saxelebi 114

18. bibliografia 119

 winasityvaoba qarTuli gamocemisaTvis 

winasityvaoba qarTuli gamocemisaTvis

inamdebare naSromi, romelic pirvelad

iorda­niis dedaqalaq amanis konfesiaTa-
Sorisi kvlevis samefo institutis mier
gamoica inglisur da arabul enebze,
gvacnobs muslimi arabi lideris Tvalsazriss qri-
stiani arabebis mier Seqmnili kulturuli memkvi-
dreobis Sesaxeb. iordania sakuneebis manZilze
cnobili iyo, rogorc sxvadasxva rwmenis mimdeva-
ri xalxebis mSvidobiani da urTierTpativiscemaze
damyarebuli TanaarsebobiT gamorCeuli qveyana.
wignis upirvelesi mizania, axlo aRmosavleTSi
mcxovreb muslimebsa da sxva aRmsareblobis mimde-
vrebs gaacnos qristianobis arsi da qristianuli
religiuri organizaciebi.
naSromSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba
qristianuli tradiciebis ganviTarebis istorias
aRmosavleTSi da qristianobis dRevandel sta-
tuss muslimur-arabul samyaroSi. wigni amomwurav
informacias iZleva masSi ganxilul yvela saki-
Txze. aman mkiTxvelis interesi gamoiwvia da gana-
piroba misi ramdenime enaze gamocema, maT Soris,
qarTulad. am publikaciiT qarTvel qristianebs
samxreT kavkasiaSi, uZvelesi qristianuli tra-
diciis memkvidreebs, saSualeba eZlevaT, gaecnon
arabuli samyaros SedarebiT naklebad cnobil Ta-
namoZmeebs, xolo qarTvel muslimebs, SesaZleblo-
ba eqmnebaT meti informacia miiRon qristianuli
religiis Sesaxeb da arabebTan an axlo aRmosav-
leTSi mcxovreb sxva muslimebTan erTad iamayon
 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

religiuri mravalferovnebiT.
muslimebi, romlebic, upirveles yovlisa,
islamis religiuri interesebis damcvelni arian,
didad afaseben arabi qristianebis Rvawls, rom-
lebic aRmosavleTSi mcxovreb qristianTa udi-
des nawils Seadgenen, swored maT aziares Sua
saukuneebSi arabebi berZnul-eliniur sulier
memkvidreobas, gaamdidres arabul-muslimuri ci-
vilizacia originaluri TxzulebebiT sxvadasxva
sferoSi. maT ixsnes arabuli memkvidreoba gana-
dgurebisagan arabTa da muslimTa dacemis xana-
Si, mecxramete da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi qri-
stianma arabebma SeZles cxovrebis moZvelebuli
tradiciuli wesebidan axal Tanamedrove wesebze
arabeTis SedarebiT umtkivneulo gadasvla. maT
gaacnes gare samyaros arabebi da islamis princi-
pebi, ris gamoc axlo aRmosavleTis qristianebi,
madlobas imsaxureben muslimi arabebisagan, da es
wigni amis dasturia.
axlo aRmosavleTis qristianuli tradi-
cia istoriul gaazrebasa da jerovan Sefasebas
saWiroebs muslimebis mxridan. qristianuli tra-
dicia adreuli epoqidan iRebs saTaveebs da eqvsi
saukuniT uswrebs islams. es iyo dro qristianuli
religiiis ganviTarebisa, qristianuli eklesiebis
sayovelTao ayvavebisa. maT Soris aris saqarTve-
losa da arabul qveynebSi dRemde arsebuli ekle-
siebi. axlo aRmosavleTis arabebi rogorc musli-
mur, ise qristianul sazogadoebaSi integrirebuli
qristiani arabebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
damakavSirebeli ori udidesi religiisa, rogorc
simbolo urTierTgagebisa da urTierTndobisa, an
xidi evropasa da dasavleT azias Soris, gansaku-
TrebiT maSin, rodesac religiebs Soris arsebu-
li gaugebrobani kvlavac did safrTxes uqadian
msoflios. samwuxarod, dResac mwiria informacia
 winasity v a o b a q a r T u l i g a m o c e m i s a T v i s 
axlo aRmosavleTis qristianebis Sesaxeb, miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom qristianobam swored aq daido sa-
Tave. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom qristiano-
bas upiratesad dasavlur movlenad aRiqvamen da
ara axlo aRmosavleTis civilizaciis ganuyofel
nawilad. nebismieri azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, romelic
momavalSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas muslimebsa da qri-
stianebs Soris, amas mxolod gaamyarebs.
qristianul-muslimuri kulturuli urTierT­
gavlena qristianuli eklesiis ganviTarebis adreul
etapze daiwyo. Tumca mravali muslimi Tvlis, rom
qristianuli dasavleTi maT usamarTlod epyro-
ba, da aseTi polarizaciis safrTxe izrdeba. Tu
msoflios romelime kuTxeSi SeiZleba arsebobdes
qristianul-muslimuri Tanaarsebobis modeli, igi
unda arsebobdes (saubaria ara tolerantobaze,
aramed Tanaarsebobaze) axlo aRmosavleTSi, sadac
abraamis rjuls mieca dasabami.
im droisaTvis, rodesac wigni gamosacemad iyo
mzad (inglisur enaze _ m. a.), aTasobiT qristiani
iZulebuli gaxda, emigrirebuliyo siriidan li-
banSi. es procesi libanis samoqalaqo omma kidev
ufro daaCqara. amavdroulad, qristianuli mosa-
xleoba palestinaSi Semcirda daaxloebiT 50 000-
mde; xolo areuloba eraySi, Tavdasxmebi eklesi­
ebze erayel qristianebs aiZulebda daetove­binaT
sakuTari miwa, da SesaZloa, samudamodac. Tu ase-
Ti tendencia momavalSic gagrZeldeba, kacobrio-
ba tragikuli realobis winaSe dadgeba, rac imas
gulisxmobs, rom erTi saukunis Semdeg libanSi,
siriasa da eraySi aRar iarsebebs am qveynebis su-
liskveTebisa da civilizaciis ganmsa­zRvreli
religia _ qristianoba. aseT rTul viTarebaSi
muslimebisa da qristianebis valia, miaRwion ur-
TierTgagebas, da Teologiuri uTanxmo­ebe­bis daZ-
levas.
 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

avtors Rrmad swams, rom muslimma arabebma ga-

cilebiT meti unda icodnen im qristianebis kul-
turisa da maTi tradiciebis Sesaxeb, romlebic
maT istoriul garemoSi cxovrobdnen. isini ukeT
unda gaecnon qristianobis mdidar memkvidreobas.
arabebs da sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis muslimebs
meti informacia unda miewodos qristianuli sam-
yaros Sesaxeb, raTa sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mi-
mdevrebma momavalSi SeZlon Tanaarseboba.
Tu muslimebis valia ukeT gaecnon da jero­
vnad daafason qristianuli kultura, gansakuTre-
biT ki maT Soris mcxovreb qristianTa tradiciebi,
aseve evropis, aziisa da kavkasiis qristianTa valia
gaecnon da daafason maT gverdiT mcxovreb musli-
mTa tradiciebi, maTi mdidari da mravalferovani
memkvidreoba.
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens axlo aRmo­
savle­Tis muslimi arabebis qristianebisaTvis da-
gvianebiT gaRebul xarks. sasurvelia, Seiqmnas ana-
logiuri naSromi, sadac muslimTa Rvawlic qri-
stianTa mier jerovnad iqneba Sefasebuli. swored
aseTi urTierTpativisgebiT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli
dialogi qristianebsa da muslimebs _ msoflios
am ori udidesi religiis da kulturis matarebel
xalxebs Soris.

iordaniis kron-princi
misi samefo udidebulesoba
al- hasan ibn talali
 

Sesavali qarTul gamocemisaTvis

arsuli Cvens mexsierebaSia, awmyo _ qme-

debaSi, momavali ki warmosaxvaSi~ /wm.
avgustine, V s./

globalizaciis epoqaSi, romelic

didi winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavsea, rTulia win aRu-
dge mimdinare procesebs, magram miuxedavad amisa,
SesaZlebelia msoflio TanamegobrobaSi integri­
reba da amave dros unikalurobis, fundamenturi
faseulobebisa da idealebis SenarCuneba, raSic
gadamwyvetia religiis roli.
religia xalxis istoriis, kulturisa da ci-
vilizaciis nawilia. es is bazisia, romelic gan-
sazRvravs saxelmwifos keTildReobas. religiis
gavlena adamianis cxovrebaze dRes, ise rogorc
arasdros, aqtualuria. Tanamedrove cxovrebis pi-
robebma gaaZliera adamianTa moTxovnileba sarw-
munoebisadmi, magram WeSmariti sarwmunoeba ar
unda ewinaaRmdegebodes adamianis zneobas. reli-
giis analizi iZleva kacobriobis codnis evolu-
ciis erTian models.
msoflio sami religia eqvsi saukuniT aris da-
cilebuli erTimeoresagan. Cveni valia veZioT maT
Soris saerTo, is Sinagani fuZe, romelic aaxlo-
vebs maT. WeSmariteba erTia, Tvlidnen religiis
damaarseblebi, mecnierebi da filosofosebi.
TvalsaCino mkvlevari da sazogado moRvawe,
misi samefo udidebulesoba al - hasan ibn talali
Tavisi samecniero da sazogado moRvaweobiT ex-
10 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

mareba mSobliur qveyanas, raTa gza gaukafos mo-

maval Taobas, racionaluri azrovnebis meSveobiT
warmarTos ganaTlebisa da sulierebis ganviTare-
ba.
al - hasan ibn talali mravalmxrivi pirovne-
baa. igi keTilSobili idealistia. masSi Tanabra-
daa Serwymuli qveynis lideri, kacobriobis sulie­
rebasa da kulturaze mzrunveli adamiani, Teolo-
gi da mecnieri. igi cdilobs gaerTianos sulieri
da mecnieruli. man gaiTavisa dasavluri da aR-
mosavluri religiur-filosofiuri moZRvrebani
da arabuli kulturis sulieri faseulobani. igi
msoflioSi aRiarebuli lideria da cnobili think
tank. h. talalis filosofiuri azrovnebis sistemis
yuradRebis centrSia adamiani. igi, f. Slaimaxeris
msgavsad, Tvlis, rom SeuZlebelia adamiani reli-
giis gareSe zneobrivi an swavluli iyos.
h. talali Tavis kvlevebsa Tu sajaro gamosv-
lebSi did yuradRebas uTmobs konfesiaTa urTier-
Tobebis sakiTxs. igi cnobilia, rogorc mravali
naSromis avtori religiis istoriaSi. misi moZR-
vrebis fuZemdebluri arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
sxvadasxva konfesiis urTierTkavSiri kacobriobis
ganviTarebisa da kulturuli mravalferovnebis
SenarCunebis sawindaria. misi naSromebis mizania,
am cnobierebis Tanagancda da Tanaganxorcieleba,
globalizaciis procesebSi dadebiTi wvlilis Se-
tana. adamiani unda iyos codnis mudmiv ZiebaSi. is,
sokrates da evdemonituri eTikosebis msgavsad,
Tvlis, rom `codna aris sikeTe da gza bednierebi-
saken~ da qadagebs morals, romelsac `garduvalad


F. D. Schleirmacher. Uber die Religion. Reden an die Gelbildeten
unter ihren Verachtern (1799), hrsg. G.Meckenstock, Berlin/NY, 1999,
s. 57
 Sesava l i q a r T u l g a m o c e m i s a T vi s 11
mivyavarT religiasTan~ . 

misi udidebulesoba iRvwis, raTa gaamdidros

adamianis sulieri samyaro. man es Tavisi winapre-
bidan miiRo memkvidreobiT da sibrZnis mudviv Zie-
baSia. islamis mimdevari da am religiis Sexedule-
baTa damcveli h. talali, sxva rwmenisa da Sexe-
dulebisadmi tolerantulia, darwmunebulia ra,
rom ar arsebobs religia, romelic Zaladobas qa-
dagebs. al- hasan ibn talals sjera, rom msoflio
gamowvevebi dialogis gziT unda gadawydes. dia-
logis umTavresi Tema ki unda iyos urTierTgage-
ba da arsebuli gansxvavebis gaazreba. kacobrioba
tolerantobis gziT unda gaerTiandes. es sibrZne
ki iseve Zvelia, rogorc TviT civilizacia. misi
udidebulesoba sulis simSvidis maZiebelia, ganur-
Cevlad religiisa. mas swams, rom religiaTa Soris
dialogi sawindaria msoflioSi keTildReobisa da
stabilurobis miRwevis da mSvidobis damyarebisa.
igi eZiebs mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis gzebs, aRvi-
vebs WeSmaritebis Ziebis survils, da aRniSnavs,
rom religiebi avseben erTmaneTs da erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian mxolod Tavisi tradiciebiT, mrwam-
siTa da istoriiT. erebsa da sxvadasxva eTnikur
jgufebs Soris religiuri TvalsazrisiT SeuTa-
vsebeli sakiTxebi dialogis gziT unda gadawydes,
radgan: `aris erTi mTliani kultura wina aziis
xalxebisa, romlis SeqmnaSi monawileobdnen musli-
muri da saqristiano aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva eT-
nikuri erTeulebi: arabebi, sparselebi, sirielebi,
koptebi, somxebi da pirvel rigSi qarTvelebi~.

i. kanti. religia mxolod gonebis sazRvrebSi. Targmani,
winasityvaoba da komentarebi g. TevzaZisa, Tbilisi,
1989, gv.27.

g. wereTeli. semituri enebi da maTi mniSvneloba qar-
Tuli kulturis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis, Journal: Orien��
talist, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 19.
12 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

imperator konstantinesa (272-337 ww.) da li-

ciniusis (250-325 ww.) mier miRebuli dadgenileba
`sruli religiuri tolerantobis~ Sesaxeb (mila-
nis ediqti, 313 w _ m.a.). kargad iyo cnobili qri-
stiani qarTvelebisTvisac, romlebmac IV s. qri-
stianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxades, da
xasiaTdebian eTnikuri da religiuri toleranto-
biT. saqarTvelo mefe daviT aRmaSeneblis qveyanaa,
romelsac religiaTa da kulturaTa Soris dialo-
gis didi tradicia aqvs. mravali saukunis manZil-
ze qarTvelebis gverdiT mSvidobianad mkvidroben,
viTardebian da garkveul warmatebebsac aRwevden
muslimebi, iudevelebi da sxva religiebis mimde-
vrebi; amdenad misaRebia da gasagebi misi udide-
bulesobis suliskveTeba, romelic winamdebare na-
SromSia gamoxatuli. arabul saqristiano mwerlo-
baSi daculia mniSvnelovani cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom `arabul samyarosTan,
kavkasiis kulturul urTierTobaTa sfero ukav-
Sirdeba mravalsaukuniani arsebobis faqts saqri-
stiano arabuli mwerlobisa .
al- hasan ibn talalis naSromebi aRmosavleT-
dasavleTis kulturul tradiciaTa sinTezia. mas
Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs civilizaciaTa da konfesiaTa
Soris dialogSi. mis udidebulesobas sjera, rom
urTierTgagebis pirobebSi konsesusi miRwevadia.
misi udidebuleseba sayovelTaod cnobilia
Tavisi sajaro leqciebiT da gamosvlebiT. is cdi-
lobs gaerTianos sulieri da mecnieruli. arabuli
azrovnebis forumis da mudmivmoqmedi saerTaSo-
riso konferenciis `religia da mSvidoba~, Tu sxv.
tribunidan, ganurCevlad religiisa, keTilmezob­
lobis, Tanxmobisa da tolerantobisaken mouwo-


.А. Н. Генко. Араб�����
c����
кий �����������������������
язык и кавказоведение. Труды
������ 2�� _ ой сес-
сии Арабистов, М-Л., 1941, с. 82
 Sesava l i q a r T u l g a m o c e m i s a T vi s 13
debs ganaTlebul sazogadoebas, raTa swored am
sakiTxebisaken mimarTos maTi yuradreba.
al - hasan ibn talali daibada 1947 w. 20 marts
qalaq amanSi, iordaniaSi, berZnul_romauli kul-
turis centrSi, romelsac amSvenebs uZvelesi isto-
riuli Zeglebi - nabatelTa samefo dedaqalaqiT
petra, iustinianes drois taZari, wm. giorgis uZve-
lesi eklesia, sadac gabriel Tbilelisa da gior-
gi-proxore jvarelis mier agebulia `qarTvelTa
Zmobis axali savane~ transiordaniaSi, Seihanis (anu
Sihanis) udabnosa da arnonis xeobaSi da sxv.
misi udidebulesoba haSemitebis ojaxis Stos
warmomadgenelia. misi mSoblebi iyvnen kronprin-
ci talal ibn abdula da princesa zein al- Saraf
ibn jamili, SemdgomSi mefe talali da dedofali
zein al-Sarafi. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla
gaagrZela inglisSi, daamTavra oqsfordis univer-
sitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakulteti. misi
samefo udidebulesoba xaSemitebis samefos kron-
princi 1999 wlidan Tavisi Zmis, mefe huseinis po-
litikuri mrCeveli da regentia.
al- hasan ibn talalma 1994 w. iordaniaSi, daaar-
sa konfesiaTaSorisi kvlevis saerTaSo­ri­so insti-
tuti, romelic religiaTa mraval­ferovnebasTan
erTad, Seiswavlis kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa
urTierTgavlenis sakiTxebs. Tavdapirvelad in-
stituti arabul/islamur samyaroSi qristianuli
da iudevelTa tradiciebis Seswavlis centri unda
gamxdariyo. mis mier 1983 w. inicirebulma humani-
taruli sakiTxebis saerTaSoriso damoukidebelma
komisiam, romlis TanaTavmjdomarec TviTon aris,
daiwyo mudmivi konsultaciebi sxvadasxva insti-
tutsa da komitetTan axlo aRmosavleTsa da mo-
sazRvre qveynebSi. amas win uswrebda kronprincis
mier 1981 w. daarsebuli arabTa azrovnebis foru-
mi (ATF), romlis ucvleli prezidenticaa. 1999 w.
14 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

arCeulia `religiis da mSvidobis msoflio konfe-

renciis~ (WCRP) xelmZRvanelad. organizacia aer-
Tianebs msoflio konfesiebis religiur liderebs
da kulturis warmoadgenlebs. igi `romis klu-
bis~ - msoflio inteleqtualTa klubis preziden-
tia (2002 w.). am periodSi mas urTierToba hqonda
evropis mecnierebis da kulturis cnobil moR-
vaweebTan da 2002 w. misma udidebulesobam daarsa
`kulturaTa saerTaSoriso parlamenti~, romlis
TanaTavmjdomarecaa cnobili sazogado moRvawe
profesori i. dogromaCi. 2003 wels h. ibn talali
airCies gaeros damoukidebel eqspertTa jgufis
xelmZRvanelad, romlis wevrebi arian msoflioSi
gamoCenili adamianebi. amasTan, igi aris Tavmjdo-
mare inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis saerTaSoriso
organizaciisa da sxva.
misi udidebulesoba orenovani mweralia. hasan
ibn talalis interesTa sfero aRmosavlur-dasa-
vluri kulturis sulieri faseulobania. is mrava-
li naSromis avtoria, maTgan 7 wignisa: `ierusali-
mis Seswavlis gamocdileba~ (1979 w.), `palestinis
TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxi~ (1981 w.), `mSvidobis Zie-
baSi~ (1984 w.), `memkvidreobiToba, axalsaxioba da
cvlilebebi: rCeuli satatiebi~ (2001 w.), `ras ni-
Snavs iyo muslimi~ (2001 w. TanaavtorobiT), `erayis
sakiTxi~ (2003 w.) da winamdebare wigni. misi udide-
bulesobis naSromebi Rrma ganswavlulobasTan er-
Tad didi SemecnebiTi Rirebulebis Semcvelia. mi-
sma Sromebma mSvidobasa da samarTlis da, agreTve,
religiaTaSorisi urTierTobebis sakiTxisadmi
maRali Sefaseba daimsaxura, rogorc samecniero
wreebSi, aseve sxvadasxva konfesiaTa warmomadgen-
lebis Soris da adamianis uflebebis dacvis or-
ganizaciebSi, aman ki ganapiroba maTi gamoqveyneba
msoflios sxdvadasxva enaze.
`qristianoba arabul samyaroSi~ h. b. talalma
 Sesava l i q a r T u l g a m o c e m i s a T vi s 15
inglisur da arabul enebze gamosca 1994 w. avtorma
aRwera istoriuli movlenebi da msoflios Seaxse-
na Tavisi fesvebisa da movaleobis Sesaxeb. es wigni
ar aris kacobriobis sulieri istoriis ubralo
Txroba. avtori Seecada pasuxi gaeca msoflios
axali gamowvevebisaTvis, urTierTgagebisa da ndo-
bis safuZvelze. Cveni istoriis erT-erT sakvanZo
momentSi Seqmnili naSromi gvTavazobs kacobriobis
erTiani civilizaciis warmatebuli ganviTarebis
models kulturuli mravalferovnebis SenarCu-
nebiT. avtori xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `muslimma
arabebma meti unda icodnen qristianebze, vinaidan
isini istoriulad maTan erTad mkvidroben~.
h. talalma Seagrova da gaanaliza qristianuli
samyaros mdidari kulturuli memkvidreobis amsa-
xveli informacia, da miznad daisaxa gaecno mu-
slimebisaTvis arabuli kulturis sulieri faseu-
lobani, maTi tradiciebi, raTa sxvadasxva cnobie-
rebis adamianebi momavalSi Cawvdnen epoqis mraval
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas da SeZlon Tanaarseboba.
avtori Seecada winamdebare wigniT amomwuravi pa-
suxi gaeca masSi ganxilul yvela sakiTxze. RvTi-
smetyvelebis Rrma codnam gansazRvra hasan ibn ta-
lalis naSromis didi interesi da ganapiroba misi
gamocema frangul, berZnul, espanur, germanul,
rusul da amjerad qarTul enaze.
inglisur gamocemas princ Carlzis winasi-
tyvaoba erTvis, rusuls _ smolenskisa da kalinin-
gradis mitropolit kirilesi.
qarTul gamocemas misma samefo udidebuleso-
bam al- hasan ibn talalma daurTo Tavisi winasi-
tyvaoba. naSromi Sedgeba 12 Tavisagan, mTargmnelis
Sesavlis, komentarebis, saZieblebis da bibliogra-
fiisagan.
qarTuli gamocemis momzadebaSi didi daxmare-
ba gagviwies qarTvelma mecnierebma. gansakuTrebu-
16 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

li madloba rCevebisaTvis minda gadavuxado akade-

mikosebs T. yauxCiSvils, r. metrevels, g. TevzaZes,
r. kviJinaZes , romelmac pirvelma waikiTxa naSromi
qarTul enaze, agreTve m. nedospasovas, c. qur-
cikiZes, da e. abaSiZes.
avtoris garkveuli mosazreba ar Seesabameba
zogierT marTlmadideblur dogmas.
wignis mizania gavacnoT qarTulenovan mki-
Txvels qristianul -arabuli samyaros naklebad
cnobil mdidar memkvidreobas, aRmosavleTis qvey-
nebSi qristianuli tradiciebis Camoyalibebas da-
naxuls sarwmunoebiT muslimis, misi samefo udi-
debulesobis iordaniis kronprincis al- hasan ibn
talalis mier. miT umetes, rom qarTulenovani
mkiTxveli ganicdis naklebobas amgvar literatu-
raSi.
naSromi gankuTvnilia, rogorc arabebisa Tu
sxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis muslimebisaTvis,
agreTve sxva konfesiaTa warmomadgenlebisaTvis.
vimedovneb, rom wigni saTanado daxmarebas gauwevs
mkiTxvels ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli religiis
mosavea, raTa `meti vicodeT erTmaneTze~.
 17

ra aris qristianoba?

ristianuli religia amtkicebs, rom ie­

q so nazareveli, suliwmidisagan Casaxu-

li da qalwul mariamisgan Sobili ie-
rusalimSi (Zv.w. 7 da ax. w. 7 ww. Soris)
jvars acves (ax. w. 29_30 ww.), mesame dRes
aRdga da zecad amaRlda. igi dapirda adamianTa
modgmas, rom ar miatovebda maT `wuTisoflis aR-
sasrulamde~1, rac kacobriobisaTvis RmerTis ga-
mocxadebas niSnavs.
qristianuli rwmenis arsi `saxarebaSia~2 asa­
xuli. sityva `saxareba~ SedarebiT konkretuli
mniSvnelobiT iqna gamoyenebuli iesos dedamiwaze
moRvaweobisa da swavlebis aRsawerad, mociqule-
bis3 - maTes, markozis, lukasa da ioanes mier. es
aris oTxi `kanonikuri~ saxareba, gansxvavebiT `apo-
krifulisagan~4, romelTa utyuaroba uaryofilia.
Tumca qristianuli doqtrina momdinareobs ara
mxolod am oTxi mociqulis, aramed sxva aRiarebuli
samociqulo werilobiTi wyaroebidanac, romlebic,
saxarebis msgavsad, Tavdapirvelad `koine” - ze, ber-
Znuli dialeqtebis amalgamaze daiwera, da warmoad-
genda romauli samyaros `lingua-franca~-s. am wyaroeb-
Si moTxrobilia iesos mociqulebis qadagebis misia,
romelic saxarebis erT-erT avtors, lukas, ekuTv-
nis da `mociqulTa saqmeni~ ewodeba. ocdaerTi `we-
rilisagan~5 Sedgenili krebuli, mociqulebis mier
maTi mimdevrebisadmi dawerili, warmoadgens qri-
stianuli rwmenis safuZvels, maT Sorisaa `gamocxa-
deba~, romelsac mociqul ioanes miakuTvneben.
18 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

maTgan uZvelesia werilebi pavle mociqulisa,

romelic gardaicvala romSi (savaraudod, sikvdi-
liT dasajes) ax.w. 67 w., romis imperatoris nero-
nis mmarTvelobis dasasruls. kanonikuri saxarebe-
bi, dawerili ax.w. 70-100 ww., rogorc Cans, ZiriTa-
dad, pavles swavlebis safuZvelzea Sedgenili da
pavleseul principebs asaxavs.
eklesiis mamaTa mier Seqmnilma qristianuli
sjulis wminda werilebma da doqtrinebma, `mar-
Tlmadidebluri~6 xasiaTis gamo farTo aRiareba
moipoves. am religiis maswavleblebma da winamZR-
vrebma, romelnic sulier amaRlebas da siwmindes
qadageben, Cv.w.aR-is pirvel da merve saukuneebs
Soris qristianuli rwmenis principebi SeimuSaves.
eklesiaTa mamebis mier Seqmnili es werilobiTi
wyaroebi Cveni patristikuli literaturaa.
formalurad qristianuli marTlmadideblo-
bis gansazRvreba, rogorc igi miRebulia romis sa-
xelmwifos mier konstantine didis mmarTvelobis
periodidan, SemuSavda qristianuli eklesiis Svidi
msoflio `ekumenikuri~ 7 krebis Sedegad.
esenia:
1. nikeis pirveli msoflio saeklesio kreba (325 w.);
2. konstantinopolis pirveli msoflio saekle-
sio kreba (381 w.);
3. efesos msoflio saeklesio kreba (431 w.);
4. qalkedonis msoflio saeklesio kreba (451 w.);
5. konstantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio
kreba (553 w.);
6. konstantinopolis mesame msoflio saeklesio
kreba (680 w.);
7. nikeis meore msoflio saeklesio kreba (787w.).
arsebuli Canawerebis Tanaxmad, qristianoba
namdvil mesiad aRiarebs `qristes~ 8, romelic moe-
vlina qveyanas ara mxolod ebraeli xalxis, aramed
mTeli kacobriobis gamosaxsnelad9, raTa aRsru-
 ra aris qristianoba? 19
lebuliyo bibliuri winaswarmetyveleba. qristia-
nebi Tayvans scemen iesos, rogorc RmrTis Zes,
romelic adamianuri bunebiT mogvevlina. ioanes
saxarebis Tanaxmad10, igi aRiqmeba rogorc `RvTis
sityva~11 gankacebuli, madliT da WeSmaritebiT aR-
savse da, Cven vixileT misi dideba, rogorc mamisa-
gan mxolodSobilis.
amis safuZvelze, aseve maTes saxarebisa (28:19)
da pavles meore werilis korinTelTa mimarT (13:13),
qristianul religiaSi RmerTi aRiqmeba ganuyofel
`wminda samebad~, romelic aerTianebs sam RvTiur
arss12 : `mamas~ _ maradiul RmerTs; `Zes~- Rmer-
Ts qristes da `suliwmindas~ _ RmrTiseuli Zala,
romelic RaRadebs israelel winaswarmetyvelTa
piriT. igi mudmivad avlens Tavs wmindanebis me-
SveobiT da warmoadgens safuZvels ukvdav kavSiri-
sa RvTaebrivsa da adamianurs Soris.
wminda samebis marTlmadidebluri ganmarteba
oficialurad miRebul iqna 325 w. nikeis msoflio
saeklesio krebaze da warmoadgens `nikeis mrwam-
sis~ nawils, romlis Tavdapirveli versia konstan-
tinopolis pirveli msoflio saeklesio krebis
mier daixvewa 381 w.
qristianoba, iudaizmis msgavsad, RmrTis ukv­
dav sityvad kanonikuri ebrauli bibliis 39 wigns
iTvlis (ebrauli biblia Sedgeba Toras anu moZR-
vrebis “Pentateuch” - is anu xuTwigneulisagan, ro-
melic gadmogvcems moses sjuls da berZnulad
hqvia `Nomos” -i. ToraSi Sedis `Nabhi’im”-is anu
`winaswarmetyvelebis~ 21 wigni da, `Kethubhirn”-is
anu `wmida werilebis~ wigni, maT Sorisaa fsalmu-
nebi). maSin rodesac iudevelebi ebraul biblias
miiCneven cxovrebis wesebis erTobliobad, romlis
interpretireba zepiri tradiciebisa da swavlebis
fonze xdeba, ax. w. meore saukunidan moyolebu-
li gardaiqmna ebraelTa Talmudad13 da midraSad14,
20 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

qristianebi imave ebraul kanons xsnian, sakuTari

wminda werilebis safuZvelze, rogorc winaswar-
metyvelebas ieso qristes mosvlisa.
qristianul werilebSi ebrauli rjulis kanoni
warmoadgens `Zvel aRTqmas~ 15 (meore werili korin-
TelTa mimarT, 3:14), romelic gansxvavdeba axali aR-
Tqmisagan16 (maTe, 26:28; markozi, 14:24; luka, 2:20; pir-
veli werili korinTelTa mimarT, 11:25; meore werili
korinTelTa mimarT, 3:6), enacvleba pirvels, Tumca
eWvqveS ar ayenebs mis RvTiur gamocxadebis WeSma-
ritebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom termini `iudaizmi~17,
ebraelTa religias asaxavs, qristianobisgan gansxva-
vebuls, pirvelad Cndeba pavles werilebSi (gala-
telTa mimarT, 1:13). termini `qristianoba~ 18 aRni-
Snavs qristianul religias, ebraulisagan gansxvave-
buls da pirvelad gvxvdeba ignatiusis (gardaicvala
ax. w. 110 w.), antioqiis episkoposis epistoleebSi. igi
iyo erT-erTi mociqulebrivi kaci (adreuli perio-
dis eklesiis mamebi, romlebic pirveli mociqulebis
saqmis uSualo gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen).
saWiroa terminebis `Zveli aRTqmisa~ da `axali
aRTqmis~ damatebiTi ganmartebis mocema. `Zveli
aRTqma~ qristianebisaTvis warmoadgens ebraul bi-
blias, romelsac iziareben ebrael xalxTan erTad,
maSin rodesac `axali aRTqma~ warmoadgens qristia-
nuli kanonis berZnuli werilis saxelwodebas. Tu-
mca, qristianuli doqtriniT termini `Zveli aRTq-
ma~ ufro metad niSnavs aRTqmas an pirobas, romelic
daido RmerTsa19 da mis `rCeul xalxs~ Soris abraa-
mis sicocxleSi. Semdgom ki, moses dros, is iqca
SeTanxmebad, romliTac ganisazRvreba urTierToba
RmerTsa da israelis xalxs Soris, romelic aTi mc-
nebis Tanaxmad, gardamoevlina moses sinas mTaze20.
aTi mcneba warmoadgens `Nomos~-is anu wminda sju-
lis amosaval wertils. `Zveli aRTqmis~ gamorCeu-
li niSania israelis yvela mamris winadacveTa daba-
 ra aris qristianoba? 21
debidan merve dRes , raTa SesaZlebeli iyos maTi
21

gamorCeva `araiudevelebisagan~22. termini `axali

aRTqma~ gvxvdeba saxarebasa da pavles epistoleeb-
Si, qristianebis rwmeniT, niSnavs RmerTsa da mTel
kacobriobas Soris dadebul aRTqmas, romelic
enacvleba RmerTsa da israels Soris Tavdapirve-
lad dadebul pirobas. es axali aRTqma daido ara
winaswarmetyvelTa SuamavlobiT, aramed RmerTis
mxolodSobili Zis ieso qristes qveyanaze mosvliT,
raTa jvarze aRsrulebuliyo da Tavisi sikvdiliT
exsna ara mxolod israelis xalxi, aramed mTeli ka-
cobrioba RvTis `madliT~23.
qristianoba gvaswavlis, rom `axali aRTqmis~
damkvidrebis Semdeg `Zveli aRTqmis~ zogierTi ka-
nonis (Nomos) gamoyeneba aRar aris savaldebulo.
aseTi swavleba, saidanac momdinareobs ZiriTadi
gansxvaveba qristianobasa da iudaizms Soris, pirve-
lad pavles epistolenSi gvxvdeba da srulad Seja-
mebulia mis werilSi galatelTa mimarT (3:23-25):
`rwmenis mosvlamde ki momwyvdeulebi viyaviT
rjulis meTvalyureobis qveS, vidre rwmena gamoC-
ndeboda. amrigad, rjuli iyo Cveni warmmarTveli
qristesaken, raTa gavmarTlebuliyaviT rwmeniT.
magram roca rwmena ukve movida, warmmarTvelis
xelqveiT aRar vimyofebiT.~
iTvleba, rom `axali aRTqma~ beWeddasmulia
ieso qristes sxeulidan gadmodenili sisxliT,
rodesac igi jvarze acves. xolo misi niSani iyo
ara fizikuri winadacveTiloba, aramed is, rac gu-
liT aris, sulSi da ara asoSi. visi qebac kacTagan
ki ara, RvTisganaa24.
sxva mociqulebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
qristes mowafeebi iyvnen, pavle savaraudod ar ic-
nobda qristes da iesos mxurvale mimdevari gaxda
monaniebis Sedegad (galatelTa mimarT, 1:13-14).
`saxareba~, romlis qadagebac man ax.w. 40 w. daiwyo,
22 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

da qristianoba viwro ebrauli kultidan sayovel-

Tao religiad aqcia, ar warmoadgenda `saxarebas~,
qadagebuls sxva mociqulebis mier; aramed, es iyo
`saxareba~, romelic pavlem `gamo­cxadebiT~ miiRo25,
rasac igi Semdegnairad aRwers meore werilSi ko-
rinTelTa mimarT (12:1b.-4):
`sasargeblo ar aris CemTvis kvexna, vinaidan
mival uflis xilvebTan da gamocxadebebTan.
vici kaci qristeSi, romelic ToTxmeti wlis
winaT, ara vici, sxeulSi, ar vici, sxeulis gareT,
RmeTma icis, atacebul iqna mesame camde.
vici aseT kacze, sxeulSi iyo, Tu sxeulis ga-
reSe, ar vici, RmerTma icis, rom is atacebul iqna
samoTxeSi da ismenda gamouTqmel sityvebs, romel-
Ta gamoTqma nebadarTuli ara aqvs adamians.~
swored gamocxadebis Sedegi iyo is, rom pavlem
iesos koncefcia ukvdav qristes daukavSira, Rmer-
Tis Zesa da mTeli kacobriobis mxsnels, romlis
winaSec iudevelic da sxva eris warmomadgenelic
mxolod da mxolod sakuTari simarTliT RvTae-
brivi gamosyidvis anu xsnis Tanaswori uflebiT
sargeblobdnen `vinaidan guliT swamT simarTle,
xolo bagiT aRiareben gadasarCenad~26. pavles qa-
dagebas win aRudgnen iesos mowafe mociqulebi,
romelTa mosazreba iesos qristianobis Sesaxeb
gansxvavdeboda pavles koncefciisagan da ufro
metad ebrauli mesiis koncefcias uaxlovdeboda.
ebrauli bibliis Tanaxmad, termini `mesia~27 pir-
velad gamoyenebul iqna israelis mefeTa mosaxsenie-
blad (sauli, Semdgom daviTi da misi STamomavlebi),
romelTa mefobac mTel israelsa da SemdgomSi _ iu-
deaSi formalurad akurTxes - Tavze zeTis cxebiT,
ciuri madlis niSnad. daviTis miwier saqmeebs meti
yuradReba eqceoda mogvianebiT, rodesac iudeis
samefo ganadgurda (ax.w. 586 w.) da misi xalxi babi-
lonSi tyved waiyvanes. israelis winaswarmetyvele-
 ra aris qristianoba? 23
bi acxadebdnen mesiis mosvlis Sesaxeb: daviTis Stos
meufe, romelic ixsnida israelis xalxs da aRadgen-
da RvTaebriv wesrigs samyaroSi. am winaswarmetyve-
lebaSi mesiis Sesaxeb SeimCneoda garkveuli mini-
Snebebi imis Taobaze, rom israelis mesia iqneboda
sxva erebis mxsne­lic. magaliTad, esaia saubrobs ra
ierusalimis gabrwyinebaze mesiis mosvlis Semdgom,
SeniSnavs, rom `xalxebi movlen Sens naTelze da Seni
sxivis elvarebaze~ 28.
rodesac iesom, romlis warmomavlobac daviTis
Stodan mamamisis - iosebis, mariamis qmris xaziT na-
Teli gaxda (maTe, 1:1-16; luka, 3:23-31), palestinaSi
daiwyo qadageba `RvTis sauflos~ moaxloebis Sesaxeb.
igi misma mimdevrebma, Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, `mesiad~
monaTles: uflebamosili israelis mefobisa da mxsne-
li israelis xalxisa da sxvaTa, vinc maT SeuerTeboda
da winadacveTiT iudeveli gaxdeboda. qristes Ta-
vdapirvel mimdevrebs misi qalwulisagan Sobis faqti
eWvqveS ar dauyenebiaT, risi werilobiTi dasabuTebac
ZiriTadad maTesa da lukas ekuTvnis (maTe, 1:18-25;
luka, 2:1-7). qristes jvarze aRsrulebis Semdeg, misi
iudeveli anu `ebraeli~ mimdevrebi, romelTac `naza-
revelebi~ ewodebodaT, ierusalimSi erTgvar seqtad 29
Camoyalibdnen jer iakobis 30, Semdeg ki _ misi ojaxis
sxva wevrebis TaosnobiT. imis gamo, rom yvela isini
daviTis STamomavlebad iTvlebodnen, maT drodadro
sdevnidnen. romaelTa azriT, maT, rogorc daviTis
STamomavlebs, garkveuli samefo pretenziebi eqnebo-
daT 31, ris gamoc, eklesiis istorikosebi iakobsa da
mis memkvidreebs `winadacveTis episkoposebad moix-
senieben32, ara mxolod imitom, rom TviTon iyvnen
winadacveTis iudevelebi, aramed imitomac, rom se-
qta an `eklesia~, romelsac isini xelmZRvanelobdnen,
ukiduresad mkacrad icavda moses sjuls. winadacve-
Tas savaldebulod miiCnevdnen maT `gzaze~ moqceuli
ucxo tomis yvela warmomadgenlisaTvis. iudevelebi
24 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

nazarevelebs gzaabneul ebraul seqtad Tvlidnen da

maT `minimebs~33 uwodebdnen. garda imisa, rom nazare-
velebi qristes aRiarebdnen, rogorc bibliuri aR-
Tqmis mesias, ebraelebisagan imiTic gansxvavdebodnen,
rom moses sjulis yvela kanons umkacresad icavd-
nen. Tumca, rogorc erTgvari seqta anu `eklesia~34,
RvTismsaxurebas ebraul sinagogebSi ax.w. 80 wlamde
agrZelebdnen, vidre ebraelTa xelisuflebam `mini-
mebs~ sinagogaSi Sesvla ar aukrZala. rodesac romis
imperatorma hadrianem 135 w. yvela ebraeli gandev-
na ierusalimidan, maTTan erTad qalaqSi myofi naza-
revelebic gaaZeves swored im mosazrebiT, rom isini
ebraul seqtas warmoadgendnen; da swored maTi ieru-
salimidan gandevnis wels `winadacveTis episkopose-
bis~ genealogiuri xazic Sewyda. j. spenser trimin-
gemis sityvebiT, es iyo `ierusalimuri mesianuri se-
qta~, xolo misma aRiarebam ufro xeli Seuwyo, vidre
Seaferxa qristianobis gavrceleba.
miuxedavad amisa, nazarevelTa doqtrinebi kidev
ramdenime saukunis manZilze batonobda qristian se-
qtantebs Soris. zogierTi maTgani uwodebda Tavis
Tavs `nazarevels~ da uaryofda iesos qalwulisagan
Sobis faqts, sxvebi Tavs acxadebdnen `ebionitebad~35,
rogorc Cans imis gamo ewodebodaT, rom isini didad
afasebdnen cxovrebis asketur stils. garda baptiz-
mis36 ritualis SemoRebisa, mwire cnobebia am `ebrae-
li qristianebis~ (rogorc maT uwodeben) rwmenisa da
religiuri swavlebis Sesaxeb. karTageneli Teolo-
gi tertuliane (160 -230 ww.), saubrobs ra ebionite-
bis Sesaxeb, ambobs, rom isini `qristes, Cveulebriv,
Tumca winaswarmetyvelebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT
didebul adamianad miiCneven, radgan aRiareben, rom
masSi angelozi iyo~ (De Carne Christi, 14,5). eklesiis


�����������
J. Spencer ������������
Trimingham. �������������
Christianity ����������
among the ���������
Arabs in ����
Pre ��- ��������
Islamic
times, London, 1979, p. 49
 ra aris qristianoba? 25
istorikosi evsevi kesarieli (260 - 340 ww.) aRwers:
`isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom sjulis yvela punqti
mkacrad unda daicvan~, eZion xsna da qristes rwme-
niT icxovron37. wm. ieronime (ax.w. 340-420 ww.), romel-
mac sicocxlis umetesi nawili palestinaSi gaatara,
gaecno pireaSi (transiordania) mcxovreb ebionitebs,
da ver gadawyvita: qristianebisaTvis miekuTvnebina
isini Tu iudevelebisaTvis (epistole, 112, ad Avgu-
stusi, Tavi 13). ebionitebs sjerodaT, rom maTi Ca-
nawerebisTvis, romlebic savaraudod arameul enaze
iyo Sesrulebuli, jerac ver miugniaT da, SesaZloa,
maTi povnis imedi aRarc ki iyos.
ebraeli qristianebi, savaraudod, ebionitebis
seqtisa, jer kidev arsebobdnen arabeTSi (da qri-
stianuli samyaros sxva momijnave nawilSi winaswar-
metyvel muhamedis epoqaSi). arabulad maT `nasa-
rebs~ (nazareveli _ m. a.) uwodebdnen, rac zogadad
qristianebs niSnavs. yuranidan vigebT, rom namdvi-
li `nasara~ qristes aRiarebda mesiad38, qalwul ma-
riamis mier Sobil da suliwmidisagan Casaxul Zed
(doqtrina, romelsac yurani srulad iziarebs) da
israelis winaswarmetyvelad. arabebi mas RvTae-
briv bunebas ar aniWebdnen, anu ar aRiarebdnen mis
sambunebovnebas. isini aRiarebdnen, rom namdvil
`nasaras~ wigns warmoadgenda `saxareba~39. muslimu-
ri tradiciis mixedviT, `nasara~- `saxareba~ dawe-
rili iyo ara berZnulad, aramed _ `al-Ibraniyya”-ze.
imxanad arabulSi xmarebuli es termini aRniSnavs
ivriTs da arameuls, radgan tradiciulad erT-
nair grafikas gamoiyenebdnen. yurani aqebs WeSma-
rit `nasaras~ sulis siwmindesa, TavSekavebulobas
da im siyvaruls, romelsac igi amJRavnebs axlad
aRmocenebuli muslimuri sarwmunoebis mimarT,
romlis Sexeduleba iesoze, rogorc adamianze,
romelsac Tan sdevs suliwmida, didad ar gansxva-
vdeboda maTi Sexedulebisagan qristeze. muslimur
26 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

tradiciaSi `nasaraTa~ Soris moxseniebulia mRvd-

lebi, romlebic TeTriT arian Semosilni, rac, sa-
varaudod maT siwmindes niSnavda.
Tumca, qristianuli tradicia, romelic dRem­de
arsebobs msoflio religiis saxiT, nazarevelTa se-
qtisa da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis nayofs ki ar
warmoadgenda, aramed pavles religias. ierusalimSi
pavles Tavidanve daupirispirdnen nazareveli mo-
ciqulebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom iesos, rogorc
ukvdavi qristes, mosvla Secvlida Tu ara `Nomos”-
s, anu `moses sjuls~, im gagebiT, rom araiudave-
lebs SesZlebodaT `saxarebis~ miReba da qristianul
sjulze moqceva winadacveTis gareSe. da radganac am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT erTsulovani SeTanxmebis mi-
Rweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, es ori mxare sabolood
gaemijna erTmaneTs da maTi gzebi gaiyara. pavle da
misi mimdevrebi qristianobas sakuTari interpre-
taciiT qadagebdnen mTel romaul samyaroSi da mis
periferiebSi araiudevelebTan, maSin rodesac ieru-
salimeli mociqulebi (iakobi, petre, ioane da maTi
momxreebi) mxolod ebraelTa wriT Semoifarglebo-
dnen (galatelTa mimarT, 2:6-10) (ierusalimel moci-
qulTagan petre, rogorc Cans, meti keTilganwyobiT
gamoirCeoda pavles swavlebisadmi da mzad iyo, ma-
sTan erTad emoRvawa). sargeblobda ra romis moqa-
laqis privilegiebiT 40, pavles romaul samyaroSi
Tavisuflad SeeZlo mimosvla xmeleTiTa Tu zRviT
da mas romis kanoni icavda. ierusalimis mociqule-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ubralo xalxs war-
moadgendnen, pavle ganswavluli kaci iyo, kargad
gawafuli ebraul damwerlobaSi da flobda mraval
enas. damaskodan, sadac man pirvelad iqadaga, igi
arabeTSi gadavida, Semdeg _ siriis sxvadasxva mxare-
Si, anatoliasa da saberZneTSi, sabolood ki _ romSi.
sadac ki midioda, aarsebda eklesiebs, moZRvravda da
aZlevda rCeva-darigebas. am saqmianobas sicocxlis
 ra aris qristianoba? 27
bolomde eweoda. ukanaskneli werilebi man romis
sapyrobileSi, sikvdiliT dasjis molodinSi dawera.
pavles misiis warmatebas, ZiriTadad, is faqti gana-
pirobebda, rom qristianobis miseuli interpreta-
cia iyo gonivruli, kargad gaazrebuli, gajerebuli
meti sulierebiT da ufro metad mimzidveli, vidre
ierusalimeli mociqulebis SezRuduli ebrauli me-
sianizmi. amas garda, pavle gamoirCeoda usazRvro
gulwrfelobiT, uzomo moTminebiTa da dauSreteli
energiiT. mas hqonda miwieri sibrZne, ris gamoc mis
mier naqadagebi qristianoba misaRebi aRmoCnda romis
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis. werilSi romaelTa
mimarT (13:1-6) igi wers:
1 yoveli suli daemorCilos umaRles xelmwife-
bas. vinaidan ar arsebobs xelimwifeba, Tu ara RvTisa-
gan, xolo arsebulni RvTis mier arian dadgenilni.
2 amitom xelmwifebis mowinaaRmdege ewinaaR-
mdegeba RvTis dadgenilebas, xolo mowinaaRmdege-
ni msjavrs daitexen Tavze.
3 radgan mTavarni saSiSni arian ara keTili saq-
meebisaTvis, aramed borotTaTvis. Tu gsurs, rom
xelmwifebisa ar geSinodes, keTili akeTe da qebas
miiReb misgan.
4 vinaidan igi RvTis msaxuria Senda sasikeTod.
magram Tu borotebas iqmn, geSinodes, radgan tyui-
lad rodi atarebs maxvils. is RvTis msaxuria da
risxviT SurismaZiebeli borotmoqmedze.
5 amitom Cven unda davemorCiloT ara marto
risxvis gamo, aramed sindisis gamoc.
6 swored amisaTvis ixdiT xarkebs, vinaidan isini
RvTis msaxurebi arian da dReniadag amas akeTeben.
7 amrigad, mieciT yvelas, rac ekuTvnis: visac
xarki _ xarki, visac baJi, visac SiSi _ SiSi, visac pa-
tivi _ pativi.
savaraudod, swored pavlem SemoiRo evqari-
stia41 anu saidumlo seroba, rogorc ZiriTadi
28 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

qristianuli rituali (pirveli korinTelTa mi-

marT,11:23-26; Sdr. maTe, 26:26-29; markozi, 14:22-25;
luka, 11:14-20):
`vinaidan me miviRe uflisagan, rac Tqvenc ga-
dmogeciT, rom ufalma iesom im Rames, romelsac
gaicemoda, aiRo puri, madli Seswira, gatexa da
Tqva: `miiReT, WameT, es aris Cemi sxeuli, TqvenTvis
damtvreuli. amas akeTebdeT Cems mosagonrad~. ase-
ve aswia sasmisic serobis Semdeg da Tqva: `es sasmi-
si _ axali aRTqmaa Cems sisxlSi. amas akeTebdeT
Cems mosagonrad, ramdenjerac svamdeT~. radgan,
yovelTvis, roca am purs WamT da am sasmiss svamT,
auwyeT uflis sikvdili, vidre movidodes~.
pavleseuli ganmarteba qristianobisa moica-
vda rTulad gasageb Teologiur koncefciebs, ris
Sedegadac pavles sicocxleSive qristianoba sxva-
dasxvagvarad iyo gagebuli. petre Tavis werilSi
aRniSnavda (petres meore werili, 3:15-16):
`da Cveni uflis sulgrZeloba miiCnieT xsnad,
rogorc Cvenma sayvarelma Zmam pavlemac mogweraT
misTvis miniWebuli sibrZniT, rogorc laparakobs
igi amis Sesaxeb yvela werilSic, romlebSic zogi
ram ise Znelad gasagebia, rom umecarni da umtki-
coni, sxva werilebis msgavsad amaxinjeben sakuTa-
ri Tavis dasaRupad.~
amgvarad, dasawyisSive qristianobasTan erTad
viTardeboda heterodoqsia 42, da `eresi~ 43. maSin,
rodesac zogierTi (`nazarevelebi~ da `ebionitebi~)
uaryofda pavles avtoritets, sxvebi cdilobdnen
pavles moZRvrebis zogierTi aspeqti gnostikuri
terminebiT aexsnaT anu acxadebdnen ezoTerul co-
dnaze pretenzias. magaliTad, meore saukunisTvis
pavles antinomizmi (anu misi swavleba imis Sesaxeb,
rom rwmena `axali aRTqmisa~ aTavisuflebs morwmu-
neT `Zveli aRTqmis~ sjulis Sesrulebis valdebu-
lebisagan) sakmaod Tavisuflad iqna interpretire-
 ra aris qristianoba? 29
buli iseT moZRvarTa mier, rogoric iyo korinTe,
gnostikuri seqtis damaarsebeli, romelic eloda
`qristes sameufos aRdgomas~, rasac rogorc irw-
munebodnen, mohyveboda aTaswliani periodi, rode-
sac adamianebi `survilebis da siamovnebebis monebi
xdebian~44. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TavaSvebulobiT ga-
moirCeoda vinme nikolasis qadageba `sxeulis ugu-
lebelyofis Sesaxeb.~ amtkicebdnen, rom misi mimde-
vrebi `usazRvro seqsualur TavaSvebulebas~ eweo-
dnen, xolo Tavad nikolasi maT sTavazobda sakuTar
cols, raTa `nebismier msurvels SesZleboda masTan
sqesobrivi kavSiris damyareba~ (evsevi, 3, 29).
adreul periodSi viTardeboda mistikuri da
asketuri mimarTulebebi. magaliTad, cnobilia
doketebis eresi, maT emxroboda arabi monoimusi,
romelic amtkicebda, rom RmerTi yvelam sakuTar
TavSi unda eZios. monoimusi amtkicebda: `Cemi Rmer-
Ti Cemi gonebaa, Cemi Semecnebaa, Cemi suli da Cemi
sxeulia~* monoimusis TanamedroveTagan SedarebiT
kargad iyo cnobili markion pontoeli (CrdiloeT
anatoliidan), romelic qadagebda, rom axali aRTq-
mis siyvarulis RmerTi SeuZlebelia iyos gaigive-
buli Zveli aRTqmis demiurgTan _ mkacr Semoqmed
RmerTTan. igi aseve amtkicebda, rom siyvarulis
RmerTi SeuTavsebelia ebraul sjulTan. markioni
ganudga eklesias da Camoayaliba im saukunis yve-
laze warmatebuli gnostikosTa seqta. sxva gno-
stikosTa msgavsad, markionelebi aRiarebdnen dua-
listur gansxvavebas sulsa, romelic warmoadgen-
da keTils da materias _ sxeuls Soris, romelic
warmoadgenda borots. maT seqtaSi, romelic sava-
raudod, anatoliasa, siriasa, arabeTsa da eraySi
mexuTi saukunemde arsebobda, ganasxvavebdnen ri-


Hippolytus. The Refutation of all Heresies. English transla­tion in the
Ante-Nicene Fathers, Edinburg, vol.5, p. 122.
30 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

giT wevrebs, romelTac `msmenelebi~ ewodebodaT

da rCeul jgufs saxelwodebiT `monaTlulebi~
anu `naziarebni~. ukanasknelni eweodnen asketur
cxovrebas, mTeli organizaciis saxeliT, radganac
markionitebi kacobriobas borotad Tvlidnen, ra-
meTu igi materias warmoadgenda, uaryofdnen qri-
stes adamianur bunebas da amtkicebdnen, rom igi
iyo RmerTis mier mamakacis saxiT movlenili suli
kacobriobis gamosaxsnelad.
meore ukiduresobas warmoadgendnen qristiani
seqtantebi. magaliTad berilus bostraeli (arabe-
Tis romauli provinciidan) amtkicebda, rom iesos,
rogorc qristes `sakuTari RvTaebrioba ar gaaCn-
da, aramed mama RmerTi iyo masSi~, amasTanave amtki-
cebda, rom `ieso ar arsebobda manam, sanam igi ar
damkvidrda adamianebs Soris~45 . am Sexedulebis mi-
mdevrebi ar iziarebdnen iesos RvTaebriv bunebas,
ris sapirispirosac amtkicebda pavle. beriliusi
daarwmunes marTlmadideblobis WeSmaritebaSi.
II-III saukuneebSi warmoiSva e.w. `monarqiuli eresi~,
romelic aRiarebda RmerTis erTianobas samebis
doqtrinaze dayrdnobiT da ganmartavda, rom mama,
Ze da suliwmida warmoadgenda erTi WeSmariti
RmerTis sxvadasxva `gansaxierebas~ anu `aspeqts.~
im dros, rodesac gnostikosTa da qristian
iudevelTa seqtebis Camoyalibeba da gaZliereba
daiwyo, vrceldeboda gnostikuri da arakanoniku-
ri (apokrifuli) saxarebebi da werilebi, romle-
bic emxrobodnen eress (evsevi, 3, 25). magram am
ukiduresobaTa Sexedulebis fonze eklesiis gone-
bagamWriax mamaTa mier qristianul marTlmadide-
blobas safuZveli Caeyara. es mamebi gabedul Teo-
logiur mosazrebebSi xedavdnen seriozul safr-
Txes, romelic qristianuli samyaros erTianobas
emuqreboda, da cdilobdnen moeqciaT is mkacri
kontrolis qveS.
 31

nikeis mrwamsi

klesiis mamaTa upirveles sazrunavs

imis dadgena warmoadgenda, SemorCe-
nili qristianuli Canawerebidan, Tu
romeli unda mieCniaT marTlmadi-
debluri rjulis `kanonad~46. maTes,
markozis, lukasa da ioanes saxarebebi imdenad
srulyofili iyo, rom maT aRiarebas xels arafe-
ri uSlida. maT tols ar udebda pavle mociqulis
epistoleTa krebuli da `mociqulTa saqme~. sxva
apostolur werilobiT wyaroebs (ebraelTa mi-
marT, ioanes sami werili, iakobisa da iudas weri-
lebi da gamocxadeba) Tavdapirvelad saeWvod miiC-
nevdnen da maT sayovelTao aRiarebas xangrZlivi
dro dasWirda.
eklesiis mamaTa upirveles sazrunavs mrwamsis47
doqtrinuli TvalsazrisiT qristianuli rwmenis
swori da amomwuravi aRsarebis (anu deklarirebis)
dadgena warmoadgenda. aseTi mrwamsis Semadgene-
li nawilebis amokrefa udavod SesaZlebeli iyo
qristianuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan (TiToeuli
dogmatis Sesabamisad miTiTebiT). magaliTad, RvTis
sityviT iesos gamocxadebis koncefcia mocemu-
lia ioanes saxarebis pirvel TavSi maSin, rodesac
qalwulisgan misi Sobis faqti, ZiriTadad maTesa da
lukas aqvT aRwerili. rwmena qristes aRdgomisa da
misi zecad amaRlebisa momdinareobs maTes, marko-
zisa da lukas saxarebebidan, mociqulTa saqmeebi-
dan, agreTve, pavles werilebidan. mxolod ioanes
saxareba arafers ambobs iesos zecad amaRlebaze.
32 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

wminda samebis doqtrina, Tavis mxriv, rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, moicavs iesos mier moswavleebisadmi
mimarTul ukanasknel sityvebs mis zecad amaRle-
bamde, rogorc es aRwerili aqvs maTes: `amitom wa-
diT da moimowafed yvela xalxi, monaTleT isini
mamisa da Zisa da suliwmidis saxeliT~48 da, pavles
meore werilSi korinTelTa mimarT (13:13): `madli
uflisa ieso qristesi, siyvaruli RvTisa da ziare-
ba suliwmidisa iyos yvelasTan TqvenTan. amin.~ kon-
cefcia sayovelTao anu kaTolikuri49 qristianuli
`naTlisRebis~ eklesiisa50, rogorc RvTiuri Zalis
dedamiwaze, momdinareobs sityvebidan, romliTac
ieso mimarTavs Tavis mowafes petres, rasac gad-
mogvcems maTe (16:18-19).:
`mec geubnebi Sen: Sena xar petre da am kldezed
avaSeneb Cems eklesias da mas ver daZlevs jojoxe-
Tis bWeni.
mogcem Sen caTa sasufevlis gasaRebebs da,
rasac Sehkrav dedamiwaze, zecaSi Sekruli iqneba,
xolo rasac gaxsni dedamiwaze, gaxsnili iqneba ze-
caSic~ .
mrwamsis werilobiT variants yvelaze metad
pavles mier citirebuli ori saeklesio sadidebe-
li uaxlovdeba, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ra miaCnda
pavles `RvTismosaobis saidumlod~. sadidebeli
qristes Sesaxeb ambobs: `RmerTi gamoCnda xorcSi,
gamarTlebul iqna sulSi, danaxul iqna angelo-
zebis mier, naqadagebi iqna warmarTebSi, miRebul
iqna wuTisofelSi rwmeniT da amaRlda didebaSi~
(pirveli werili timoTes mimarT, 3:16) da `sarw-
munoa sityva: Tu masTan erTad davixoceT, masTan
erTad vicocxlebT. Tu moviTmenT, masTan erTad
vimefebT. Tu uarvyofT, isic uargvyofs Cven. Tu
Cven ara gvwams, igi mainc sarwmunod rCeba, vinaidan
sakuTar Tavs ver uaryofs~ (meore werili timoTes
mimarT, 2:11-13).
 nikeis mrwamsi 33
am sadidebels avsebs Teologiurad mdidari
Sinaarsis mqone pavles mowodeba: `imitom rom, Tu
Seni bagiT aRiareb, rom ieso ufalia, da guliT
irwmuneb, rom RmerTma aRadgina igi mkvdreTiT,
gadarCebi~51. amgvarad, monaTvlamde qristianul
rjulze moqcevis msurvelebs Semdegi sami Seki-
TxvisTvis unda epasuxaT:
1. gwams Tu ara yovlisSemZle mama RmerTis?
2. gwams Tu ara ieso qristesi, RmrTis Zis, Cve-
ni uflisa?
3. gwams Tu ara suliwmidis, eklesiis da mkvdre-
TiT aRdgomis?
mocemul kiTxvebze dadebiTi pasuxi CaiTvle-
boda qristianuli rwmenis aRiarebad, Tumca ar
warmoadgenda WeSmarit mrwamss. magram daaxloe-
biT ax. w. 200 w. romSi miRebul naTlobis aRsare-
bis safuZvelze, romelsac SekiTxvebze dadebiTi
pasuxebis forma hqonda, meoTxe saukunisTvis Se-
muSavda cnobili `Zveli romauli mrwamsi~. es ki
safuZvlad daedo e.w. `mociqulTa mrwamss~, rome-
lic daaxloebiT ax. w. 500 w. ganviTarda da dRemde
gamoiyeneba dasavleTis eklesiebSi. Teologiur
detalebSi CaRrmavebis gareSe `romauli mrwamsi~
(saidanac regionaluri variantebi warmoiSva) ga-
namtkicebda rwmenas:
1. yovlisSemZle mama RmerTisa,
a) zecisa da miwis Semoqmedisa,
2. RmrTis mxolodSobili Zisa, ieso qristesi,
a) romelic gankacda suliwmidisagan da iSva
qalwuli mariamisagan
b) jvars ecva pontoeli pilates dros da
daimarxa
g) aRdga mkvdreTiT mesame dRes


pontoeli pilate. romis prokuratori palestinaSi daa-
����
xloebiT ax.w.
���������������
26-36 ww.
34 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

d) amaRlda zecad
e) mjdomarea mamis marjvniv
v) saidanac igi mogvevlineba cocxlisa da
mkvdarTa gansakiTxavad.
3. suliwmidis
4. wminda eklesiis
5. codvebis mitevebis
6. sxeulis mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa
sxvadasxva eklesiis mamaTa mier iyo miRebuli
sxva saxis mrwamsi, romelic iTvaliswinebda Teo-
logiur aspeqtebs. Tumca zogierT maTganze sayo-
velTao SeTanxmeba ar arsebobda da kamaTis saga-
ni xdeboda. yvelaze metad sadavo gaxda mrwamsi,
warmodgenili aleqsandrieli xucesis ariozis
(gardaicvala 336 w.) mier, romelmac rogorc Cans,
moZvelebuli monarqiuli doqtrinis SemuSavebi-
sas Ze RmerTi (ieso qriste) aRwera, rogorc mama
RmerTis mier `mxolodSobili~ Ze, riTac uaryo
suliwmidaSi Zis ukvdaveba. ariozelTa (arianelTa)
`mrwamsma~ da masze damyarebulma moZRvrebam swra-
fi gavrceleba da aRiareba hpova romauli provin-
ciis sxvadasxva qristianul wreSi da emuqreboda
qristianuli eklesiis erTianobas. arianuli swav-
lebis mixedviT, Ze da suliwmida (iribad) samebaSi
warmodgenilni iyvnen, rogorc mama RmerTis nebis
Semsruleblebi da mis mier Seqmnilni, Tumca sxva
qmnilebebze udavo upiratesobis mqoneni. yovelive
amis Sedegad qristianoba dayvanil iqna ebrauli
monoTeizmis ufro ganviTarebul formamde, sadac
mama RmerTi ganixileboda, rogorc yvelafris Se-
moqmedi RmerTi.
amavdroulad, Zisa da suliwmidis arsebiTi
RvTaebriobis aRiarebiT arianeloba gansxvavdebo-
da monoTeizmisgan, radgan aRiarebda sam RmerTs:
erTs pirvelads, ors ki _ meorexarisxovans.
ariozelTa mowodeba logikas eyrdnoboda,
 nikeis mrwamsi 35
mowonebas imsaxurebda maTi gageba `mamisa~, ro-
gorc misi Zis winaprisa. ariozelTa sapirispirod,
qristianuli religia uSvebda, rom Semoqmed mama
RmerTs, Zis gamocxadebasa da suliwmidas, rogorc
RvTiuri nebis ganxorcieleba adamianTa samyaroSi,
igive ukvdaveba hqondaT, rogorc mamiT, ZiTa da
suliwmidiT warmodgenil RmerTs. es iyo sakiTxi,
romelic aranair adamianur logikas ar eqvemdeba-
reboda.
swored arianelobis Taobaze gacxarebuli kama-
Tis adreul etapze flavius valeriusi (aurelius
konstantinus _ m.a.), istoriaSi cnobili, rogorc
konstantine I didi (272- 337 ww.), legionerebma bri-
taneTSi yofnisas romis imperatorad gamoacxades
306 w. qristianoba 51 uflebamosil religiad ga-
moacxada 312 w., gaxda erTpirovnuli imperatori
324 w. da dedaqalaqi italiis Zveli romidan bos-
forze axal romSi _ Zvel berZnul qalaq bizan-
tionSi (Byzantium) gadaitana, aRadgina da Tavisi
saxelis mixedviT konstantinopoli uwoda (330w.).
miuxedavad imisa, rom konstantine ar iyo pirve-
li qristiani imperatori (filipe arabi (244-249
ww.) qristiani iyo, Tumca warmarTuli ritualebis
Sesrulebas agrZelebda), swored man moupova qri-
stianobas oficialuri aRiareba. misi moRvaweobis
Sedegad, imperator Teodosi didis mmarTvelobis
xanaSi (379-395 ww.) qristianoba romis samefoSi sa-
xelmwifo religiad gamocxadda.
rogorc Cans, qristiani konstantine didi pir-
vel xanebSi ariozelTa Sexedulebebs iziarebda, an
TanaugrZnobda maT. Tumca erTpirovnuli impera-
toris statusis miRebisTanave gadawyvita, daesru-
lebina Teologiuri dava ariozis mimdevarTa da
maT mowinaaRmdegeebs Soris. man moiwvia msoflio


313
�������������������������������
w gamoica “milanis ediqti”
36 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

saeklesio kreba marTlmadideblobis fuZemde-

bluri principebis dasadgenad. pirveli msoflio
saeklesio kreba (325 w.) mowveul iqna q. nikeaSi
(dRevandeli izniqi), dasavleT anatoliaSi. impera-
tori krebas yvelaze saWirboroto sakiTxebis ga-
dawyvetisas eswreboda (gadmocemis Tanaxmad, swo-
red man Semoitana winadadeba, daekanonebinaT ter-
mini `erTarsi~, imisaTvis rom aRweriliyo `konsub-
stancioba~ anu, rac gamoxatavda samebaSi mamisa da
Zis arsis erTianobas). pirvel msoflio saeklesio
krebaze (325 w.) eklesiis mamebi daupirispirdnen
ariozobas da gansazRvres qristianuli marTl-
madidebluri rwmenis postulatebi, rac cnobili
gaxda, rogorc `nikeis mrwamsi~. mrwamsi daiwera
berZnul da laTinur enebze. laTinuri iTvleboda
romis eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurebis enad dasavleT-
Si, xolo berZnuli aRmosavleTis eklesiaSi gamoi-
yeneboda. mogvianebiT laTinur versiaSi Setanili
iqna damateba, romelic exeboda erT mniSvnelovan
sakiTxs, romlis mixedviT `nikeis mrwamsis~ Tavda-
pirveli versia suliwmidas miiCnevda `mama Rmer-
Tisgan~ gadmosulad. SemdgomSi ki laTinuri ver-
sia suliwmidas warmoSobas aRwerda ara marto mama
RvTisagan, aramed Ze RvTisagan (Filioque). Tavdapir-
velad am damatebas didi yuradReba ar eqceoda.
`nikeis mrwamsis~ gamoqveynebam ver mouRo
bolo mwvaleblur moZraobas (ariozobas). davis
simwvavem Teodosi didi daayena aucileblobis wi-
naSe moewvia meore msoflio saeklesio kreba kon-
stantinopolSi 381 w., raTa ganemtkicebina qri-
stianuli marTlmadideblobis principebi. meore
msoflio krebaze `nikeis mrwamsis~ teqstSi gark-
veuli cvlilebebi Seitanes (451 w. qalkedonSi ga-
marTul meoTxe saeklesio krebaze `nikeis mrwamsi~
iqna dazustebuli). mogvyavs `nikeis mrwamsis~ sru-
li teqsti e.w. `konstantinuri~ formiT, anu meore
 nikeis mrwamsi 37
msoflio saeklesio krebaze miRebuli versiis gaT-
valiswinebiT (daxrili SriftiT gamovyofT sity-
vas `Filioque~):
1. mrwams erTi RmerTi, mama, yovlisa mpyrobeli,
Semoqmedi caTa da qveyanisa, xilulTa
yovelTa da araxilulTa;
2. da erTi ufali ieso qriste, Ze RmrTisa,
mxolodSobili, mamisagan Sobili uwinares
yovelTa saukuneTa, naTeli naTlisagan,
RmerTi WeSmariti RrmTisagan WeSmaritisa,
Sobili da ara qmnili, erTarsi mam,sa, romlisa
mier yovelive Seiqmna.
romeli CvenTvis, kacTaTvis, da Cvenisa
cxovrebisaTvis gardamoxda zeciT da xorcni
Seisxna sulisagan wmidisa da mariamisagan
qalwulisa da gankacna,
da jvars ecua CvenTvis pontoelisa
pilates ze, da ivno da daefla,
da aRdga mesamesa dResa msgavsad werilisa.
da amaRlda zecad, da dajda marjveniT
mamisa. da kualad moval ars didebiT, gansjad
cxovelTa da mkudarTa, romlis sufevisa ara
ars dasasrul,
3. da suliwmida, ufali, da cxovelsmyofeli,
romeli mamisagan gamovals, mamisa Tana da Zisa
Tana Tayvanis-icemebis da ididebis, romeli
ityoda winaswarmetyvelTa mier.
4. erTi wmida kaTolike da samociqulo
eklesia.
5. aRviareb erTsa naTlisRebasa mosatevebelad
codvaTa,
6. moveli aRdgomasa mkvdreTiT
7. da cxovrebasa mermisa saukunoisa, amin.
marTlmadideblobisdogmatebisgavleniT,ro­mel­
sac mxars uWerda romis saxelmwifo xelisufleba,
38 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ariozelTa eresi Teodosi didis mmarTvelobis

dros swrafad kargavda Zalas da sabolood Sewy-
vita arseboba msgavsad nikeamdeli periodis52 sxva
eresisa (vestgoTur espaneTSi ariozoba arabebis
dapyrobis xanamde arsebobda). nikeis krebis Sem-
deg periodSi aramarTlmadidebluri qristianuli
swavlebani gadmocemuli iyo mxolod nikeis kreba-
ze dadgenili terminebiT, ganurCevlad imisa, ram-
denad gansxvavdebodnen isini marTlmadideblobi-
sagan.
 39

eklesiis daarseba

oanes saxarebis (20:21-22) Tanaxmad,

iesom sakuTari mowafeebi suliw-
midiT Semosa da rogorc mociqulebs,
SeuzRudavi ufleba uboZa, rodesac
wardga maT winaSe aRdgomis dRes53:
uTxra maT iesom: `mSvidoba Tqvenda! rogorc
me momavlina mamam, mec migavlenT Tqven..~
es rom Tqva, Seubera da uTxra: `miiReT suli-
wmida.
visac miutevebT codvebs, mietevebaT, visac
daukavebT, daekavebaT.~
iesos mier sruli sulieri uflebamosilebiT
aRWurvili mociqulebi Tavze xelis dadebiT (mo-
ciqulTa saqmeebi, 8:17) gadascemdnen suliwmidas
TavianT mowafeebs da maTi saqmis memkvidreebs ekl-
esiaSi. maT ewodebodaT `episkoposebi~54 da `presvi-
terebi~55, romelTac `diakvnebTan~ 56 erTad evale-
bodaT Tanxlebodnen mociqulebs da daxmarebod-
nen maT eklesiebSi. `presviterebi~ anu `xucesebi~
jer kidev pavlemde (saqmeebi, 11:30) iniSnebodnen
ierusalimSi nazareveli mociqulebis mier. qad-
agebisas maT dasaxmareblad. Tumca, savaraudod,
swored pavle iyo pirveli, vinc `presviterobas~
oficialuri saxe misca, ris Sedegadac `presvit-
eroba~ qristianuli samRvdeloebis winamorbedi
gaxda 57. savaraudod, aseve, pavlem daniSna pirve-
lad `episkoposebi~ mis mier daarsebul eklesiebSi
`presviterebis~ saqmianobis zedamxedvelebad da
`diakvnebi~ saeklesio msaxurebisas daxmarebis ga-
40 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

sawevad, Tumca `diakvnebi~ damoukidebeli saekle-

sio uflebamosilebiT ar sargeblobdnen����������
. `episko-
posebi~ da `diakvnebi~ pirvelad pavles or werilSi
moixsenieba (`episkoposebi~ _ filipelTa mimarT,
1:1, pirveli werili timoTes mimarT, 3:1, meore we-
rili timoTes mimarT, 1:7; `diakvnebi~ _ filipel-
Ta mimarT (1:1), pirveli werili timoTes mimarT,
3:8-13). rogorc Cans, pavles wvlili ar Semoifar-
gleba mxolod qristianobis im formiT Camoyalibe-
baSi, romelic SemdgomSi msoflio religiad iqca.
amavdroulad igi iyo damaarsebeli `eklesiisa~,
rogorc organizebuli dawesebulebisa, romelsac
oficialur pirTa ierarqia ganagebda. maT (ekle-
siis oficialur pirebs) apostoluri xelisufle-
ba xelis dadebiT, anu `xeldasxmiT~ gadaecemodaT.
amis sapirispirod ierusalimis `deda eklesia~ iyo
mxolod pirveli mociqulebis mier Seqmnili erT-
morwmuneTa gaerTianeba, romelic warmoadgenda
sustad organizebul `hodos~ iesos pirveli moci-
qulebisagan Sedgenils. maTi funqciebi mxolod
Semdgom ganisazRvra da eklesiis istorikosebis
mier `episkoposebi~ ewodaT.
apostoluri periodis dasrulebis Semdeg xe-
lisufleba sxvadasxva eklesiaSi episkoposebis
xelSi gadavida. maTi azriT, es sruliad kanonieri
iyo, radgan isini mociqulebis xeldasxmul memkvi-
dreebs warmoadgendnen. Tavis mxriv, axali Tao-
bis qristianebi xeldasxmuli iyvnen episkoposebis
mier eklesiaSi msaxurebisaTvis. amgvarad, qristes
mier mociqulebisaTvis boZebuli sasuliero xe-
lisufleba gadaecemoda eklesiis samRvdeloebas
_ episkoposebis, presviterebis (anu mRvdlebi)
da diakvnebis - Semdgom Taobebs, rac legitimur
`apostolur memkvidreobad~ iTvleboda. yovel
qristianul eklesiaSi samRvdeloebisTvis `xe-
lis dadebiT~ wodebis miniWeba kvlav episkoposis
 eklesiis daarseba 41
kompetenciaSi Sedioda da erT-erT `saidumlod~
iTvleboda - Sinagani siwmindis xilul niSnad, ro-
melic `samRvdeloebas~, rogorc apostolur xe-
lisuflebaze uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil klass,
saero pirebisagan gamoarCevda 58.
mRvdlebi (ara diakvnebi), episkoposebisgan
saeklesio Zalauflebis miRebis Semdgom, am uka-
nasknelTa msgavsad, aRasrulebdnen sxvadasxva
saeklesio saidumloebas, romelTagan upirvelesi
iyo monaTvla da evqaristia an `saidumlo sero-
ba~. monaTvlis upirvelesi saidumlos meSveobiT,
romlis drosac mosanaTli ganibaneboda wyalSi
an sxeulze wyals apkurebdnen, scxebdnen `mirons~
anu nakurTx zeTs, monaTluli iwmindeboda pirve-
li codvisagan da mzad iyo qristesagan RvTiuri
wyalobisa da xsnis misaRebad. rogorc ukve aRv-
niSneT, qristianul rjulze moqceuls moeTxove-
boda sakuTari rwmenis aRiareba monaTvlamde, ma-
gram imis gamo, rom qristiani mSoblebis Svilis
monaTvlis saidumlo yrmobis asakSi sruldeboda,
rwmenis `dadasturebis~ rituali dawesda, rogorc
naTlobis damatebiTi wesi: monaTlul bavSvebs
zrdasruli asakis miRwevisTanave moeTxovebo-
daT, sajarod eRiarebinaT rwmena, romliTac isini
xelmeored moipovebdnen eklesiis wevrad yofnis
uflebas.
evqaristia, anu saidumlo seroba warmoadg­
enda saidumlos, romlis irgvliv eklesiis RvTi-
smsaxurebas agebdnen. am saidumlos Sesrule­bisas
episkoposi an mRvdeli nakurTxi puriT da RviniT
morwmunes sTavazobda qristes xorcsa da sisxls
ziarebis misaRebad, raTa masze gadmosuliyo ma-
dli. evqaristiis saidumlos SesrulebasTan daka-
vSirebul rituals, romelic sxvadasxva eklesiaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad tardeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi
ewoda wirva 59.
42 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

sami saidumlos - xeldasxmis, monaTvlisa da

evqaristiis garda, dawesda sxva saidumloebebic.
adreuli xanidan eklesiam qristianuli qorwineba
saidumlod aRiara, romlis drosac qmari da coli
ukvdavi kavSiriT arian SeerTebulni erT wmida
sxeulad. qorwinebis, rogorc saidumlos, konce-
fcia momdinareobs pavles swavlebidan (efeselTa
mimarT, 5:31-33).
wminda werilSi naTqvamia: `amitomac miatovebs
kaci ded-mamas da miewebeba Tavis dedakacs, raTa
erTxorcad iqcnen~ 60. es werili Rrma saidumlo si-
marTles gvimJRavnebs, rac Cemi azriT, qristesa
da eklesias exeba. magram igi Tqvenc gexebaT: yve-
la qmars unda uyvardes coli ise, rogorc uyvars
sakuTari Tavi da yvela coli pativs unda scemdes
qmars.
kidev erTi dadgenili saidumlo iyo sinanuli,
romelic gulisxmobda codvis aRiarebas, rac misi
mitevebiT mTavrdeboda. es saidumlo efuZneboda
ioanes pirvel werils (1:8-9):
`Tu vambobT, rom ara gvaqvs codva, Cven saku-
Tar Tavs vatyuebT da WeSmariteba ar aris CvenSi.
Tu vaRiarebT Cvens codvebs, maSin is, erTguli da
marTali, mogvitevebs codvebs da gagvwmends yo-
velgvari ukeTurobisagan.~
dabolos, arsebobda wesis agebis saidumlo -
mRvdlis an episkoposis mier locva da zeTis cxe-
ba momakvdavi an sikvdilis safrTxis winaSe mdgomi
adamianis mimarT.
qristianuli eklesiis episkoposebi, garda saek-
lesio saqmeebisa da saidumlos aRsrulebisa, zru-
navdnen aseve religiuri RvTismsaxurebis sworad
Sesrulebaze da exmarebodnen Raribebsa da SeWir-
vebulebs, wesrigsac icavdnen sakuTar eparqiebSi.
saeklesio wesebis damrRvevTa eklesiidan gankve-
Tis muqara, wminda saidumloebebSi monawileobisa
 eklesiis daarseba 43
da morwmuneebTan urTierTobis akrZalva sruliad
sakmarisi iyo wesrigis dasacavad, rogorc saero
sazogadoebaSi, ise samRvdeloebaSi. im SemTxveva-
Si, Tu aseTi muqara Sedegs ar gamoiRebda, wesebis
damrRvevs eklesiidan mokveTdnen, raTa bolo moe-
RoT urjulos mxridan momavalSi msgavsi qmedebe-
bisaTvis.
pavlesa da misi mimdevrebis mier romaul sam-
yaroSi daarsebuli `araebrauli~ eklesiebi ganla-
gebuli iyo didsa da mcire qalaqebSi da maT saxe-
lebs atarebda. apostoluri xanis Semdgom TiToe-
uli maTgani funqcionirebas sakuTari episkoposis
winamZRvrobiT agrZelebda, radganac qalaqebi
ZiriTadad aRmosavleTSi iyo farTod gaSlili _
saberZneTis naxevarkunZulze, mcire aziaSi, siria-
sa da palestinaSi, mesopotamiasa da egvipteSi _
vidre dasavleTSi. aRmosavleTis eklesiebi (RvTi-
smasaxurebis ena iyo berZnuli) ricxobrivad da-
savleTis eklesiebs (sadac RvTismasaxurebas la-
Tinurad eweodnen) aWarbebdnen. gamonakliss war-
moadgenda romis dasavleTis eklesia, romelic
imperiis dedaqalaqis eklesia iyo da romelic, ro-
gorc Cans, dasawyisSive garkveuli upiratesobiT
sargeblobda imperiis sxva eklesiebTan SedarebiT.
amas garda, maSin, rodesac aRmosavleTis eklesiis
episkoposebi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen Sedare-
biT mcire teritoriaze, dasavleTis episkoposebis
gavlena vrceldeboda did teritoriaze, romels
`eparqia~ ewodebodaT, da rogorc wesi, romaul
administraciul erTeulebs Seesabameboda (dasav-
leTis eklesia termins `dioceza~ romis imperiis
administraciul erTeuls daesesxa, sadac igi `ad-
ministraciuli danayofis~ mniSvnelobiT ixmarebo-
da). dasavleTis magaliTis mibaZviT aRmosavleTis
eklesiam daiwyo terminis `diocezas~61 gamoyeneba
im teritoriebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic episko-
44 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

posis iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda. aRmosavleTSi, iseve

rogorc dasavleTSi, eparqia Sedgeboda `mrevli-
sagan~ 62. es iyo saeklesio erTeulebi, romelTagan
TiToeuls sakuTari eklesia da mRvdeli hyavda, ma-
gram pasuxismgebeli iyvnen erTisa da imave episko-
posis winaSe.
episkoposis uwyebas `eparqia~ ewodeboda63,
ter­mini, romelic aseve gamoiyeneba episkoposis
gam­geblobaSi myofi eparqiis aRsaniSnavad. mesame
saukunis miwuruls dedaqalaqebis episkoposebma
moipoves udavo upiratesoba romis provinciebis
naklebad mniSvnelovani eklesiebis episkoposebze.
maTi gamoyofa meoTxe saukuneSi daiwyo `arqie-
piskoposis~ wodebis SemoRebiT.
mesame saukuneSi dasavleTSi romis, xolo aR-
mosavleTSi aleqsandriisa da antioqiis episkopo-
sebis avtoritetma sayovelTao aRiareba moipova
da maTi gavlena eparqiebis farglebs gareTac vr-
celdeboda. gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT sar-
geblobda episkoposi ierusalimis `deda eklesii-
sa~, romelic Camoyalibda nazarevelebisa da maTi
`winadacveTis episkoposebis~ qalaqidan gandevnis
Semdgom ax. w. 135 w. evsevis (5,12) Tanaxmad swored
adrianes mier ebraelTa Seviwroebis dRidan `ekle-
sia Sedgeboda araebraelebisagan, romlebic moiqc-
nen da maT araebraeli episkoposi xelmZRvanelob-
da~. konstantinopolis eklesiam, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mxolod 330 w. daarsda, rodesac konstantine
didma romis dedaqalaqi konstantinopolSi gadai-
tana, meore msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyve-
tilebiT, miiRo apostoluri eklesiis statusi da
romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT utoldeboda ro-
mis, aleqsandriisa da antioqiis eklesiebs, radgan
konstantinem qristianobas fasdaudebeli samsa-
xuri gauwia da `mociqulTa Tanasworad~ 64 aqcia.
amgvarad, ekumenuri qristianuli eklesiis xuTi
 eklesiis daarseba 45
apostoluri kaTedris episkoposebs `patriarqs~ 65
uwodebdnen.
adreuli xanidan episkoposebs samwyso gulTbi-
lad mimarTavda saxeliT `papa~ _ `mama~. am saxeliT
meeqvse saukuneSi mxolod romis patriarq-episko-
poss mimarTavdnen da ara mis qveSevrdoms, xolo
mecxre saukuneSi saxeli `papa~ 66 gamorCeulad ga-
moiyeneboda romis patriarq _ episkoposebisadmi
mimarTvisas. am tituliT egvipteSi mimarTavdnen
aleqsandriis kopt patriarqebs.
qristianuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, romis ek-
lesia daarsda petre da pavle mociqulebis mier.
petre iyo pirveli winamZRvari. amgvarad, romis
episkoposebi misi apostoluri STamomavlebi iyv-
nen. (petres Tvlian agreTve antioqiis eklesiis da-
maarseblad, sadac `morwmuneebs pirvelad ewodaT
qristianebi~ (mociqulTa saqmeebi, 11:26); maSin, ro-
desac markozi, petresa da pavles erT-erTi war-
Cinebuli mowafe, iTvleba aleqsandriis aposto-
luri eklesiis damaarseblad. romis episkoposebi,
petresa da pavles saqmis gamgrZeleblebi, aposto-
luri tradiciebis dacvasa da msoflio qristia-
nuli eklesiis winamZRvrobas gamorCeul pasuxism-
geblobad Tvlidnen. maTi Carevis mcdeloba sxva
eklesiaTa saqmeebSi SeimCneva jer kidev ax.w. 190 w.,
rodesac erT-erTi romaeli episkoposi gandevniT
daemuqra aRmosavleTis qristianul jgufs anato-
liaSi im mizeziT, rom maT aRdgomis dResaswauli
aRniSnes ebraelTa paseqis dRes da ara gazafxulis
buniobis (21 marti) savse mTvaris momdevno kvira
dRes, rogorc es romSi iyo miRebuli. ax. w. 256
wlidan moyolebuli romis episkoposebi iwyeben
gansakuTrebuli eklesiuri Zalauflebis mopove-
bas, da asabuTeben amas iesos petresadmi mimarTuli
sityvebiT, sadac mas `kldes~ uwodebs, romelzec
eklesia aSendeba 67. meoTxe saukunidan moyolebuli
46 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

meTerTmete saukunis Sua xanamde aRmosavleTis ek-

lesiebis qristianuli marTlmadideblobis mimde-
vari patriarqebi, rogorc es gansazRvrulia mso-
flio saeklesio krebebze, survils gamoTqvamdnen,
romis papebs miniWebodaT gansakuTrebuli statusi
_ `pirveli TanasworTa Soris~.
 47

qristologiuri winaaRmdegobani

eoTxe saukunis miwuruls msoflio

qristia­nuli eklesia xuTi apostolu-
ri kaTedriT sabolood Camoyalibda.
maT gaaCndaT pirveli da meore mso-
flio krebebis mier dadgenili mrwamsi da romis
imperiis xelisuflebis mxardaWera. Tumca, aR-
mosavleTis saeklesio wreebSi da gansakuTrebiT
aleqsandriisa da antioqiis eklesiebSi Teologiu-
ri dava grZeldeboda. aleqsandriis skolis Teo-
logebi xazs usvamdnen iesos RvTaebriv bunebas
da ugulebelyofdnen mis adamianur bunebas. an-
tioqiis skola sawinaaRmdego tendenciiT xasia-
Tdeboda. aleqsandriaSi gabatonebuli doqtrina
efuZneboda apolinarios laodikelis (360-380 ww.)
moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, qristes bune-
ba `physis~ arsebiTad RvTaebrivi iyo, rac niSnavs
imas, rom qriste iyo RmerTi, movlenili adamia-
nis saxiT da misi adamianuri buneba mxolod for-
mas warmoadgenda; aqedan gamomdinare, qristianebi
marTebulad miiCnevdnen qalwul mariamis moxse-
niebas locvebSi, rogorc `Theotokos~, anu `RmerTis
deda~. am doqtrinam `monofizitobis~ saxeli miiRo
68
. amis sawinaaRmdegod, antioqiis doqtrina efuZ-
neboda Teodore mofsuestis (350- 428 ww.) swavle-
bas, romelic aRiarebda qristes orbunebovnebas _
RvTaebrivsa da adamianurs, da qristes adamianur
bunebas miiCnevda mis RvTiurobis WurWlad. am sko-
lis mimdevrebisTvis qriste gankacebuli RmerTia,
qalwuli mariami ki qristes, rogorc adamianis da
48 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ara RmerTis deda. Sesabamisad, mariams ar moixse-

nieben sityviT `Theotokos~.
postnikeuri periodis SedarebiT `windaxe­
duli~ mamebis azriT, orive pozicia qristianul
doqtrinas realur safrTxes uqmnida. imis aRiare-
ba, rom qriste iyo RmerTi, adamianis saxiT movle-
nili (rac monofizitur midgomas warmoadgenda),
niSnavda imis aRiarebas, rom qristes ar SeeZlo
ganecada namdvili adamianuri tanjva da sikvdili
kacobriobisaTvis, rac warmoadgenda qristes mier
adamianTa gamoxsnis koncefciis arss, rogorc amas
pirvelad pavle aRniSnavda. meore mxriv, qristes
RvTiuri da adamianuri bunebis urTierTdamouki-
deblobis aRiareba niSnavda ara mxolod mariamis,
rogorc `RmerTis dedis~ miuReblobas, aramed gu-
lisxmobda im faqts, rom qriste ewama da miicvala
jvarze, rogorc mxolod adamiani da ara RmerTi,
rac kidev erTxel eWvqveS ayenebda kacobriobis
gamoxsnis koncefcias.
antioqiis skolis erT-erTi Teologi, nestori,
sruliad daufaravad uaryofda qristes RvTiur
da adamianur `bunebas~ Soris `hipostatiuri~ kav-
Siris arsebobas. konstantinopolis patriarqi ne-
stori (428 w.)69 Semdgomac cdilobda daekanonebina
sakuTari doqtrina, rogorc ekumenuri, magram mas
Zalumad daupirispirda aleqsandriis patriarqi
kirile (412- 444 ww.), romelic uryevad icavda mo-
nofizitur Sexedulebas. nestoriseuli davis ga-
dasawyvetad msoflio saeklesio kreba70 gaimarTa
efesoSi, anatoliis samxreT-dasavleTiT. krebaze
kirilem SeZlo daegmo nestoris moZRvreba, ro-
gorc mwvalebloba. nestori gadaayenes patriaqris
kaTedridan da gandevnes. igi sabolood egviptis
aRmosavleT udabnoSi gandevnili gardaicvala.
miuxedavad amisa, nestorianeloba arsebobas gana-
grZobda romis imperiis sazRvrebs gareT, mesopo-
 qrist o l o g i u r i w i n a a R m d e g o b a n i 49
tamiasa da sparseTSi. nestorianelebma antioqiis
kaTedrasTan kavSiri oficialurad 498 w. gawyvites,
Semdeg Camoayalibes damoukidebeli religiuri sa-
zogadoeba kaTolikosis, anu umaRlesi mRvdelmTa-
vris winamZRolobiT, romelic selevkia-ktesifon-
Si, md. tigrosze sparseTis imperiis dedaqalaqSi
cxovrobda, iq, sadac dRevandeli erayia. mexuTe
da meSvide an merve saukuneebs Soris periodSi da
savaraudod, mecamete saukunemdec ki nestoriane-
li misionerebis saqmianobis Sedegad nestorianeli
qristianuli anklavebi warmoiSva mcire aziaSi da
gavrcelda aRmosavleTiT vidre CineTamde, aseve,
indoeTSi da indoeTis okeanis mosazRvre afrikis
zogierT nawilSi.
dadga aleqsandriis patriarqebis droc _ ki-
rile da misi saqmis gamgrZelebeli dioskore (444
- 454 ww.) qadagebdnen `sxeul Semosili erTbunebia-
nobis Sesaxeb~: `erTimeoris Semcvleli ori farao-
ni~. ase aRwerdnen am or Zlevamosil da usazRvro
nebisyofis mqone aleqsandriis patriarqs. kiriles
mier efesoSi miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg mTel
romSi gangaSis zari Camohkres. mRvdlebs SiSis
grZnoba daeuflaT aleqsandriis patriarqebis mi-
marT, vinaidan Tvlindnen maT seriozul mowinaaR-
mdegeebad qristianul samyaroSi sasuliero upira-
tesobis mopovebis gzaze. amitom ar aris gasakviri,
rom samRvdeloeba, romis papis leo I 71 winamZRo-
lobiT, win aRudga aleqsandriis kaTedraze miRe-
bul monofizitur swavlebas. efesoSi gamarTuli
kidev erTi msoflio saeklesio kreba (449 w.), ro-
melic arsebuli davis gadaWras isaxavda miznad,
marcxiT damTavrda. fizikurad Zlieri berebis,
rogorc mcvelebis, TanxlebiT efesoSi Casulma
dioskorem, erTi xelis mosmiT gawminda kreba SeSi-
nebuli oponentebisagan da datova mxolod isini,
vinc mis sasargeblod gamoitana gadawyvetileba
50 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

(aqedan modis am krebis istoriuli saxeli `efe-

sos mZarcveli sinodi~). ori wlis Semdeg mowveul
iqna kidev erTi msoflio saeklesio kreba (meoTxe
kreba, 451w.) qalkedonSi, bosforis srutis Sesa-
svlelTan, konstantinopolis sapirispiro mxares.
daskvna am krebisa, sadac papebs mxars imperatori
markiane (450-457 ww.) uWerda, iyo imis dadasture-
ba, rom qriste namdvilad orbunebovani iyo da misi
orive buneba _ RvTaebrivi da adamianuri _ iyo Ta-
visTavad srulyofili da erTmaneTisgan gansxva-
vebuli, Tumca srulfasovnad Serwymuli erT ada-
mianSi, romelic erTsa da imave dros iyo RmerTic
da adamianic.
qalkedonSi aseTi qristologiuri formu­lis
miRebas Sedegad mohyva monofizituri doqtrinis
dagmoba, Tumca faqtobrivad krebis gadawyveti-
lebaSi SeCvenebis faqti gamokveTilad ar Canda.
qalkedonSi Sekrebili eklesiis mamebi da TviT ro-
mis (ufro zustad ki bizantiis) imperatori, ime-
dovnebdnen, rom airidebdnen aSkara ganxeTqilebas
aleqsandriis kaTedrasTan, romelic Zlieri mxar-
daWeriT sargeblobda ara mxolod egvipteSi, ara-
med siriasa da bizantiis imperiis sxva araberZnul
regionebSi. SesaZloa xvdebodnen, rom religiur
ganxeTqilebaSi egviptisa da siriis uryevi pozi-
ciis miRma imaleboda ganawyeneba berZnebis eTniku-
ri dominantobisa imperiaSi.
qalkedonis krebam TviT aleqsandriis eklesia-
Si gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba monofizituri swavle-
bis momxre `koptebsa~ an mkvidr egviptelebsa, da
berZnebs da elinistur koptur elementebs Soris,
romlebic aRiarebdnen qalkedonis krebaze miRe-
bul marTlmadideblobis gansazRvrebas. egviptesa
da siriaSi am ukanasknelT ewodaT `melqitebi~ 72.
am droidan moyolebuli, aleqsandriis kaTedraze
unda emoRvawa or patriarqs _ monofizit _ kop-
 qrist o l o g i u r i w i n a a R m d e g o b a n i 51
ts, da meores _ melqits, romelic mxars uWerda
marTlmadideblobis qalkedonur doqtrinas. ro-
desac egvipte jer kidev bizantiis kanonebiT imar-
Teboda, qalaqSi swored aleqsandriis kaTedris
melqiti patriarqebi cxovrobdnen, xolo kopti
patriarqebi sakuTar eklesiebs marTavdnen axlos
mdebare udabnos monastrebidan.
antioqiisa da aleqsandriis kaTedrebze qal­
kedo­nelebisa da monofizitebs Soris dapiris­pi­
rebis Sedegad maTi eklesiuri gzebi gaiyo. 512 w.
antioqiis patriarqi gaxda monofiziti beri seve-
rusi (gardaicvala 458 w.). igi eqvsi wlis Semdeg
daamxes da gadaasaxles konstantinopolSi. anti­
oqiaSi mas Seenacvla qalkedoneli melqitebis
war­momadgeneli. sirielma monofizitebma uari
ganac­xades eRiarebinaT axali melqiti patriarqis
Zalaufleba da airCies sakuTari patriarqi, ser-
giusi Teladan.
politikuri da sxva mizezebis gamo konstan­
tinopolis imperatorebma da patriarqebma daarw-
munes yvela sirieli, dabrunebodnen TavianT rwme-
nas. seriozul mcdelobas am mimarTulebiT adgili
hqonda iustiniane I didis (527-565 ww.) mmarTvelo-
bis periodSi, romlis coli Teodora monofiziti
da severusis megobari da qomagi iyo. siriis mo-
nofizitebma imperiis mxridan Serbilebuli damo-
kidebuleba rom igrZnes, maqsimalurad gamoiyenes
Seqmnili viTareba da egvipteli koptebis mibaZviT
Camoyalibdnen damoukidebel `iakobitTa~ ekle-
siad (543-544 ww.). axalma gaerTianebam saxelwodeba
misi erT-erTi winamZRvrisa da Teodoras favori-
tisagan, beri iakob baradaeusisgan (gardaicvala
578 w.) miiRo. baradeusi xeldasxmuli iyo edesis
episkoposad aleqsandriis gandevnili kopti pa-
triarqis mier, ris Semdgomac igi Tavad akurTxeb-
da episkoposebsa da mRvdlebs, riTac safuZvels
52 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

uyrida iakobitTa saeklesio ierarqias. iustinia-

nem Tavisi colis, Teodoras, miTiTebiT konstan-
tinopolis meore kreba73 moiwvia, romelic miznad
isaxavda, gaemyarebina qalkedonis krebaze miRe-
buli qristianuli rjulis gansazRvreba, amasTan,
cdilobda monofizitebis sasargeblod emoqmeda.
amgvarad, siriis iakobitTa eklesias funqcionire-
bis neba daerTo, xolo misi winamZRvarni kvlavac
irigebdnen antioqiis patriarqebis titulebs, Tu-
mca faqtobrivad antioqiaSi ar cxovrobdnen.
rodesac kopturi eklesia egvipteSi RvTism-
saxurebas berZnulis nacvlad ukve koptur enaze
(Zveli egvipturidan warmoiSva) asrulebda, iako-
bitTa berZnuli ena siriuliT Seicvala (saeklesio
aRmosavleT- arameuli dialeqti). amgvarad, kop-
tebi egvipteSi, xolo iakobitebi _ siriaSi saku-
Tar eTnikur (dRes `erovnuli~) arss gamoxatavd-
nen. Tumca, oriveze adre somxuri eklesia iyenebda
liturgiaSi nacionalur enas.
mcire aziis aRmosavleT mTagorian nawilSi,
anatoliasa da sparseTs Soris mdebare somxeTi ro-
maul da bizantiur xanaSi warmoadgenda samefos,
romlis dapyrobas cdilobdnen misi Zlevamosili
mezoblebi. somxebi sakuTar eklesias apostolu-
rad miiCnevdnen, romelic dasabams iRebda iesos
ori mowafis, Tadeosisa da barTlomes, somxeTis
`pirveli ganmanaTleblebis~ qadagebidan, Tumca
mxolod 301 w. wmida grigorma (romelsac ganma-
naTlebels uwodebdnen) daiyolia mefe Trdati
didi qristianoba somxeTis oficialur religiad
gamoecxadebina (aqedan warmodgeba somxeTis apo-
stoluri `grigorianuli~ eklesiis saxelwodeba).
swored amis gamo, somxeTs istoriulad pirvel
qristianul saxelmwifod miiCneven. meoTxe sauku-
nis momdevno wlebSi romis imperatorebi da spar-
seTis sasaniani mefeebi SeTanxmdnen, gaeyoT somxe-
 qrist o l o g i u r i w i n a a R m d e g o b a n i 53
Tis teritoria. somxebi didad ganarisxa romis
imperatorebis gulgrilobam maTi erovnuli da-
moukideblobisadmi, romlebic aseve, qristianebi
iyvnen. amis Sedegad, somxeTis eklesiam, romelic
manamde konstantinopolis kaTedris miTiTebebiT
moqmedebda, 365 w. ganacxada kaTedridan gamoyo-
fis Sesaxeb da Camoyalibda damoukidebel aRmsa-
reblobad eCmiaZinis (somxeTis dedaqalaqTan ere-
vanTan axlos mdebare) kaTedris winamZRolobiT.
somxeTis eklesiis mRvdelmTavari dResac eCmiaZi-
nis kaTolikosia. warsulSi mravalgzis restavri-
rebul sakaTedro taZars saZirkveli Caeyara 303 w.
dasawyisSive somxeTis eklesia liturgias samxur
enaze atarebda (bibliis pirveli Targmani somxur
enaze 406 w. TariRdeba).
bizantiisadmi somxebis gamudmebulma ukma­
yofil­ebam udavod gadamwyveti roli Seasrula maT
mier qristianuli rjulis monofizituri gansazR-
vrebis mxardaWeris saqmeSi. dvinSi 506 w. Catare-
bul krebaze somxurma eklesiam uaryo qalkedonis
krebis daskvnebi da amgvarad, miiRo sarwmunoeba,
romelic sruliad Riad emxroboda monofizitur
moZRvrebas.
mexuTe saukunis dasawyisidan warmoqmnili sami
monofizituri eklesiidan, siriis iakobitebi (rom-
lebic didi raodenobiT imyofebodnen mesopota-
miaSi _ SemdgomSi ki sparseTis imperiis garkveul
nawilSi) nestorianelebze aranaklebi aqtiurobiT
gamoirCeodnen misioneruli saqmianobiT. swored
maTi damsaxurebaa qristianobis monofizituri
formiT gavrceleba indoeTis okeanis auzis mra-
val mxareSi, magaliTad, malabaris sanapirosa da
sokotras kunZulze (arabeTis samxreT sanapiro.
sokotraze qristianoba isev monofizituri for-
miT arsebobda, roca meTeqvsmete saukunis da-
sawyisSi is portugalielebma daipyres, xolo in-
54 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

doeTSi dRemde arsebobs TviTmmarTveli iakobi-

turi eklesia).
romis saxelmwifosa da eklesias monofizi-
tebTan (koptebTan, iakobitebTan da somxebTan)
molaparakebis kidev erT mcdelobas adgili hqon-
da konstantinopolSi imperator herakles mmar-
Tvelobis periodSi (610-641 ww.). taxtze asvli-
dan sul mcire xanSi herakles brZola mouxda
sparselebTan, romlebmac misi teritoriis aziu-
ri nawili daipyres, da aseve, egviptesTan. Tumca
sparselebi araqristianul Zalas warmoadgendnen,
romlebic qristianuli romis teritorias ute-
vdnen, bizantiisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom sparseli
dampyroblebi, sadac ar unda SeWriliyvnen, sar-
geblobdnen adgilobrivi monofiziti qristiani
mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT (ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
winaaRmdegobas mainc ar xvdebodnen). imperatoris
didi ZalisxmeviT bizantielebma, miuxedavad da-
brkolebebisa, moaxerxes sparselebis damarcxeba
da srulad daibrunes maT mier warsulSi mitace-
buli teritoriebi (628 w.). amasobaSi arabi tomebi
daaxloebiT 610 w., xolo ufro aqtiurad _ 622
w. (weli, rodesac daiwyo muslimuri hijris epo-
qa) winaswarmetyvel muhamedis (gardaicvala 632
w.) winamZRolobiT islamis droSis qveS gaerTian-
dnen. bizantiur Zalebs axali dawyebuli hqondaT
siriasa da egvipteSi TviTdamkvidrebis procesi,
rodesac arab - muslimebma, romlebic asrulebd-
nen winaswarmetyvelis `xalifebis~ miTiTebebs me-
dinaSi, hijazis provinciaSi swrafad Seuties am
or qveyanas maTi dapyrobis mizniT. bizantiisaTvis
sazianod, monofizitebma siriasa da egvipteSi ki-
dev erTxel, dauWires mxari qristianuli miwis
araqristian dampyroblebs (cxadia, winaaRmdegoba
ar gauweviaT).
sparseTSi laSqrobisas heraklem gaacnobiera,
 qrist o l o g i u r i w i n a a R m d e g o b a n i 55
rom saWiro iyo monofiziti qveSevrdomebis dam-
Svideba, ris miRwevasac doqtrinuli daTmobebiT
varaudobda. magram, rogorc gamoirkva, mis mmar-
Tvelobamde cota xniT adre vinme Teodore fa-
raneli, anu Teodore arabeTidan (misma saxelma
mxolod erTxel gaiJRera 680 w. meeqvse msoflio
saeklesio krebaze) qadagebda qristes RvTaebrivi
da adamianuri bunebis erTi `energiisa~ 74 da ne-
bis 75 gadmodinebis Sesaxeb. istoriuli wyaroebis
mixedviT siriaSi am doqtrinis mimdevrebs `maro-
nitebi~ ewodebodaT mdinare orontes dablobze,
q. hamas axlos mdebare maTi religiuri centris
dair maronis eklesiis pativgebisaTvis. am taZris
saxelwodeba `maroni~ warmodgeba meoTxe saukunis
dasasruls da mexuTe saukunis dasawyisSi moRvawe
sirieli wmidanis, maronis saxelisagan76. herak-
lesaTvis (aseve, konstantinopolis mRvdel­­mTav­
ris sergiusisaTvis da romis papis honoriusisa-
Tvis) aseTi `monoTelituri~ (anu `erTiani nebis~)
formula, vinc ar unda yofiliyo misi Semqmneli,
idealur safuZvels warmoadgenda efeqturi kom-
promisis misaRwevad qalkedonis dogmasa da mono-
fizitobas Soris. herakle ibrZoda am doqtrinis
dasakanoneblad, da mxolod oci wlis Semdeg moa-
xerxa sabolood gamoeca brZaneba (eqtezisi 638 w.),
romelic iTvaliswinebda imperiis mier doqtrinis
aRiarebas.
romis saxelmwifosa da eklesiis winaSe mdgari
problemis gadaWris nacvlad monoTe­li­turi do-
qtrinis, rogorc saxelmwifo marTl­madideblobis,
SemoRebis mcdelobam axali uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia.
monofizitebi uars acxade­bdnen mieRoT axali do-
qtrina, rogorc alternativa maTi rwmenisa, qri-
stes RvTaebrivi bunebis Sesaxeb; xolo qalkedone-
lebi uaryofdnen mas ara mxolod im mosazrebiT,
rom igi Teologiurad miuRebeli iyo, aramed maTi
56 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

azriT, es iyo wminda da xelSeuxebeli qristianuli

doqtrinis politikuri miznebisadmi daqvemdebare-
bis cinikuri mcdeloba. monoTelituri doqtrina,
sabolood dagmobil iqna 680 w. meeqvse msoflio
saeklesio krebis mier (konstantinopolis mesa-
me kreba). am droisTvis monofizituri eklesiebi
(kopturi, iakobitTa da somxuri), agreTve maro-
nitTa eklesia ukve iyo muslimur mmarTvelobaSi
da, nestorianuli eklesiis msgavsad (romelic ase-
ve, muslimTa mmarTvelobis qveS imyofeboda), aRar
eqvemdebareboda bizantiiis imperiis gavlenas.
 57

xatmebrZoloba77

eriozuli Teologiuri dava, romel-

mac kidev erTxel Searyia ekumenikuri
eklesiis safuZveli (es aseve iyo uka-
naskneli dava, gadaWrili ekumenikuri
sabWos mier) iyo e.w. xatmebrZoloba. dava daiwyo
726 w., rodesac bizantiis imperatorma leon III
(717-741 ww.) gamosca brZaneba, romelic krZalavda
`xatis~, anu wminda suraTis Tayvaniscemasa da ek-
lesiebSi gamoyenebas (xatebi iyo wmidanebis gamo-
saxuleba xeze. TiToeul xats miewereboda siwmin-
de da saswaulmoqmedi Zala, rac momdinareobda im
rwmenidan, rom xatebi dawerili iyo berebis mier
xangrZlivi locvebisa da marxvis Semdeg, suliwmi-
diT).
xatmebrZolobis momxreebi xatis Tayvanisce-
mas Tvlidnen aTidan meore mcnebis uxeS darRve-
vad (`ar gaikeTo kerpebi, arc rame xati imisa, rac
aris maRla caSi, dabla miwaze da wyalSi miwis qveS.
ar sce Tayvani maT, arc emsaxuro, radgan me var
ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, Surismgebeli RmerTi~, ga-
mosvla, 20:4-5). Tumca, xatmebrZolobis ukan isto-
rikosebma SeniSnes bizantiis imperatorebisa da
saeklesio dawesebulebebis mcdeloba, gaekontro-
lebinaT berebis mzardi socialuri Zalaufleba
da politikuri gavlena.
aq aucilebelia ganvmartoT, rom qristianuli
samonastro cxovreba78 viTardeboda eklesiisgan
damoukideblad. adreuli periodidan sulieri
cxovrebis mimdevrebma safuZveli Cauyares asketu-
58 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ri cxovrebis wesebs. religiuri mosazrebiT isi-

ni gariyulad cxovrobdnen, rogorc gandegi­lebi,
eweodnen wminda cxovrebas (anu sqesobriv TavSeka-
vebulobas icavdnen) da miwier siamovnebas Tmobd-
nen. zogierTi aseTi gandegili beri wmidanad iqna
Seracxili, xolo maTi yofa warmoadgenda sanimu-
So magaliTs sulieri cxovrebiT dainteresebuli
adamianisaTvis. meoTxe saukunis dasawyisisTvis
Seiqmna `samonastro~ dasaxlebebi, sadac berebi Tu
gandegilebi `erTad cxovrebas~ eweodnen79.
adreuli xanis aseTi samonastro kompleqsebi
ar warmoadgenda religiur ordenebs, romlebic
dasavleT evropaSi mogvianebiT warmoiSva. maT ar
gaaCndaT dadgenili wesebi, xolo maTi eklesiasTan
urTierToba ar iyo ganmsazRvreli. garda amisa,
berebs, romlebic ar iyvnen mRvdlebad xeldasx-
mulni (aseTi SemTxveva xSiri iyo), samRvdeloebis
statusi ar gaaCndaT. pirad sikeTeze uaris TqmiT
berebi Cveulebrivi qristianebis simpaTiasa da aR-
tacebas gacilebiT advilad imsaxurebdnen, vidre
xeldasxmuli samRvdeloeba, romelic sargeblob-
da saeklesio ZalauflebiT, Tumca sanimuSo cxo-
vrebis wesiT ar gamoirCeoda. amitom qristianebs
berebTan gacilebiT axlo urTierToba hqondaT,
vidre eklesiis ierarqebTan. amis Sedegad samona-
stro dawesebulebebi dRiTi dRe ufro da ufro
met socialur Zalauflebas ikrebda.
garda amisa, monastrebSi didZali qoneba gro-
vdeboda Semowiruli miwebis, Tanxebisa da ganZis
saxiT. berebis mier monasterSi dawerili xatebis
SeZena, rogorc wesi, mcire Semowirulobis fasad
iyo SesaZlebeli.
merve saukunis dasawyisSi samonastro Zalau-
flebis zrda bizantiis imperiaSi mmarTveli wree-
bis, saxelmwifosa da oficialuri eklesiis SeSfo-
Tebas iwvevda. samonastro mamulebi ar ibegreboda
 xatmebrZoloba 59
da rac meti miwa gadaecemoda monastrebs Sewiru-
lobis saxiT, miT metad zaraldeboda bizantiis xa-
zina. axalgazrda kacisaTvis samonastro cxovreba
samxedro samsaxurisgan Tavis daRwevis saSualeba
iyo, es xdeboda maSin, rodesac bizantia omSi iyo
Cabmuli auracxel mterTan, romelic yvela mxri-
dan utevda mas da gansakuTrebiT, muslimur sa-
xalifosTan, romelic Zalumad utevda damaskos,
Semdeg ki baRdads. monasteri, aseve, usafrTxo
TavSesafars warmoadgenda kanonis damrRvevTa-
Tvis, anu maTTvis, vinc saxelmwifo devnisgan ama
Tu im mizezis gamo Tavis daRwevas cdilobda. mo-
nasteri maT TavSesafars aZlevda, Tumca, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom im droisTvis berebma
gacilebiT didi socialuri Zalaufleba moipoves,
vidre es misaRebi aRmoCnda mTavrobisTvis. zemoT
CamoTvlili mizezebis miuxedavad, berebis Zalau-
flebis SezRudvaze saxelmwifos mxridan fiqric
ki warmoudgeneli iyo raime religiuri sababis ga-
reSe. xatis Tayvaniscemis sakiTxi, rogorc meore
mcnebis aSkara darRveva, leon III da mis xatmebrZo-
lobis mimdevrebisaTvis berebis Zalauflebis Se-
sazRudad gamamarTlebel mizezad gaxda.
bizantiis istoriaSi xatmebrZolobis moZrao-
bam ori etapi gaiara, romelTagan pirveli 726 - 787
w. grZeldeboda, xolo meore _ 817- 843 ww. pirvel
etapze imperatorebis mier gatarebuli xatmebrZo-
lobis politikisadmi winaaRmdegoba Zlieri, Tumca
araorganizebuli iyo. imperatorebs uWerda mxars
armia da administraciul-biurokratiuli aparati,
xolo xatTayvanismcemlebs zurgs umagrebda iseTi
Teologebis nawerebi, rogoric iyo ioane damaske-
li, romelic mSobliuri qalaqis dacvis mizniT
(SemdgomSi omaianTa saxalifos dedaqalaqi) xat-
Tayvaniscemis qomagi iyo. nikeis meore msoflio
saeklesio krebam (787 w.) dagmo xatmebrZolobis
60 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

eresi, da xatTayvaniscemis dogmati daadgina qri-

stianuli marTlmadideblobis ganuyofel nawilad.
xatmebrZolobis meore etapze berebi Teodore
studitis (759-826 ww.) konstantinopolis studio-
nis monastris winamZRvris xelmZRvanelobiT, Seda-
rebiT organizebuli winaaRmdegobiT gamoirCeod-
nen, riTac saxelmwifo aiZules, Zala gamoeyenebina
da ieriSi yvelaze urC monastrebze mietana, rasac
zogierTi beris sicocxlec ki Seewira. zogierTi
maTgani Seipyres, daapatimres da gandevnes. Tumca
sazogadoeba berebs uWerda mxars. saxelmwifos
mier ganxorcielebuli xatmebrZolobis politika
ukve saeWvo reputaciiT sargeblobda, rameTu mso-
flio saeklesio krebam daadgina, rom xatTayvani-
smcema qristianuli marTlmadideblobis ganuyo-
fel nawils warmoadgenda. ganxeTqilebis meore
etapis dasrulebisaTvis saeklesio krebis mowveva
aRarc ki gaxda saWiro, sakmarisi aRmoCnda marTl-
madideblobis formaluri aRdgena _ konstantino-
polis wm. sofios taZarSi liturgiis dawyebas win
uZRoda sazeimo procesia, romelsac Tavad qvrivi
dedofali Teodora miuZRoda, da, romlis dro-
sac eklesiaSi SemoabrZanebdnen manamde warTmeul
xatebs.
amgvarad, Teologiuri dava berebis aSkara ga-
marjvebiT dasrulda, Tumca maTi triumfi Teo-
logiur farglebs ar gascilebia. davis Sedegad
imperatorma moaxdina Zalauflebis SenarCuneba
saxelmwifoSi, agreTve akontrolebda bizantiis
sapatriarqos. amis Semdgom berebi ZiriTadad mo-
nastrebs iyvnen TavSefarebulni da ikavebdnen Tavs
sazogadoebriv saqmeebSi Carevisagan.
 61

sqizma80 romsa da konstantinopols Soris

atmebrZolobis irgvliv atexili davis

periodSi romis eklesia uryevad icavda
xatTayvaniscemas, xolo ganxeTqile-
bis gamwvavebisas urTierToba samRvde-
loebasa da konstantinopolis eklesias
Soris Zlier daiZaba. amas garda, rigi faqtorebi
wlebis manZilze uaryofiTad moqmedebda maT ur-
TierTobaze. konstantinopolis eklesia Tavidanve
imperatorebis daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeboda, ro-
melTa Zalauflebac droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizar-
da da isini Tavad niSnavdnen patriarqs. romis pa-
pebi, romlebic rogorc wesi, romis mosaxleobis
arCeulni iyvnen, sakuTar eklesias damoukideblad
marTavdnen. garda amisa, germanelebis gamudmebuli
Semosevebis Sedegad romis imperiis dacemis (476 w.)
Semdgom romis prelatebis daqvemdebarebaSi arse-
bul miwebze politikuri areulobis Sedegad sam-
Rvdeloeba wlebis manZilze erTaderT institutad
iTvleboda, romelic am samefoebis gaerTianebas
emsaxureboda. romis papebi, maTi kaTedris teri-
toriuli sazRvrebis gafarToebis Sedegad, sar-
geblobdnen upiratesi ZalauflebiT, da ar iyvnen
imperiis xelisuflebis morCilebas Cveulni, bune-
brivia, naklebad gamoTqvamdnen konstantinopolis
miTiTebebis Sesrulebis survils. romis pontifi-
kati win aRudga bizantiis imperatorebis preten-
zias, politikuri Zalaufleba ganexorcielebinaT
mTel qristianul samyaroSi, imperatorebis gvirg-
vinis dadgmiT dasavleT evropaSi; karl didi _ 800
62 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

w., oto I _ 962 w., romelic aRiares im saxelmwifos

mmarTvelad, romelic mogvianebiT wminda romis
imperiad iyo cnobili. dasavleT evropis es in-
stituti arsebobda 1806 w., rodesac papebi aRar
akurTxebdnen.
romis eklesiis laTinur da bizantiis ekle-
siaSi gamoyenebul berZnul enas Soris arsebuli
gansxvaveba ar uwyobda xels maT Soris urTierTo-
bis daregulirebas. maTi gzebi TiTqos gaiyo, mag-
ram Semdgom mainc SeZles urTierTobis SenarCuneba
meTerTmete saukunis Sua wlebamde. orive eklesia
aRiarebda erTsa da imave marTlmadideblobas, ro-
melic Svid msoflio saeklesio krebaze iqna aRia-
rebuli da dadgenili. erTaderTi Teologiurad
sadavo sakiTxi maT Soris Filioque-is muxli iyo, ro-
melic gvxvdeba `nikeis mrwamsis~ laTinur, magram
ara berZnul variantSi (ix. T. 2). swored am muxlis
irgvliv iwyeboda dava berZnebsa da laTinelebs
Soris, raTa daemalaT davis realuri mizezi.
ase moxda 867 w., rac cnobilia fotiosis sqiz-
miT: cxra wlis win bizantiis imperatorma mixeil
III (842-867 ww.) vinme ignatiusi gaaZeva konstantino-
polis kaTedridan da gandevna qveynidan, romlis
nacvlad patriarqoba uboZa imperiis kancelari-
is Tavs, ganswavlul eriskacs, saxelad fotioss.
radgan fotiosi sasuliero piri ar iyo, xeldasx-
mul iyo diakvnad, Semdeg - mRvdlad da episkopo-
sad erTi ceremoniiT, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo
misi patriarqad kurTxeva. imave wels nokoloz I
(858-867 ww.) romis papi gaxda. ignatiusis mxardam-
Werebma daiyolies nikoloz I ar eRiarebina fo-
tiosis xeldasxma. imxanad romi aRSfoTebuli iyo
konstantinopolis misioneruli saqmianobiT bul-
gareTSi. papma nikoloz I garda imisa, rom fotio-
sis xeldasxma ar aRiara, werilobiT gaafrTxila
bulgarelebi, ar eRiarebinaT berZnuli qadageba.
 sqizma ro m s a d a k o n s t a n t i n e p o l s S o r i s 63
amis sapasuxod, fotiosma wamoayena Filioque-is mux-
li, romis eklesia eresSi da `nikeis mrwamsis~ sim-
bolos SecvlaSi daadanaSaula, xolo papi nikoloz
I Tanamdebobidan gadaayena (867w.).
imave wels bizantiis imperatori mixeil III mok-
les da misi adgili daikava basili makedonianelma
(basil I, 867-886 ww.). fotiosi gandevnes bizantiis
sapatriarqodan da samRvdeloebisadmi keTilganwyo-
bis niSnad ignatiusi Zvel Tanamdebobaze aRadgines.
romis momdevno papma, adriane II (867-872 ww.) ignati-
usis Tanamdebobaze aRdgenis faqti aRiqva rogorc
bizantiis daTmoba, da yvela Rone ixmara, raTa fo-
tiosis reabilitacia ar momxdariyo da eklesiisgan
SeCvenebuli darCeniliyo. man berZnebi maTi nebis
sawinaaRmdegod papis Zalauflebas daumorCila.
protestis gamoTqmis nacvlad basili I moTminebiT
eloda ignatiusis sikvdils, ris Semdegac fotiosi
Zvel Tanamdebobaze dabrunda (877 w.). im periodSi
muslimebi siciliasa da samxreT italias utevdnen
da romis eklesiam, romelsac ukiduresad esaWi-
roeboda bizantiis samxedro mxardaWera, uxalisod
aRiara fotiosi. amgvarad, romsa da konstantino-
pols Soris sqizma droebiT Sewyda, xolo berZnebma
Filioque-is muxlis Taobaze gaCumeba arCies.
meaTe saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi `kluni-
uri~ moZraoba daiwyo, romelmac saxeli mdinare
ronis dablobze mdebare klunis benediqtelebis
monastridan miiRo. benediqtelebis kaTolikuri
monazvnuri ordeni daaarsa benediqte nursielma
(gardaicvala 547 w.), xolo misi monasteri kluniSi,
romelic 909 w. daarsda, saTaveSi Caudga sasulie-
ro moZraobas. meTerTmete saukunis Sua wlebSi am
moZraobis reformistuli suli aisaxa romis ekle-
siis reorganizebaSi, romelic amkacrebda disci-
plinas da mniSvnelovnad zrdida samRvdeloebis
Zalauflebas. Zalauflebis aseTi mkveTri zrdis
64 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

pirobebSi samRvdeloeba kidev erTxel daupiri-

spirda bizantiis eklesias _ amjerad saqme samxreT
italias exeboda.
sicilia da samxreT italia, romlis mosaxleo-
bis mniSvnelovan nawils berZnebi warmoadgendnen,
bizantiis imperiis nawilad, da aqedan gamomdinare,
konstantinopolis eparqiis nawiladac iTvleboda.
meTerTmete saukunis Sua wlebSi samxreT italia
normandielebis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca, romle-
bic romaeli kaTolikebi iyvnen. papebma isini mi-
iCnies mxardamWerebad bizantiis winaaRmdeg, xolo
bizantia pretenzias acxadebda samxreT italiaze.
amis Sedegad romis eparqiam, im droisTvis refor-
mator leo IX (1040-1054 ww.) mmarTvelobiT daiwyo
laTinuri eklesiis wesis adgilobriv berZnebze
Tavs moxveva. sapasuxod, konstantinopolis patri-
arqma mixeil kerulariusma (1043-1059 ww.) konstan-
tinopolSi laTinuri eklesiebi daxura. rodesac
romaelTa protesti kerulariusis qmedebaze ig-
norirebul iqna, papma moiSvelia dogmaturi da
religiis saweso sakiTxebSi gansxvaveba (Filioque-is
muxlis ararseboba `nikeis mrwamsis~ berZnul va-
riantSi; berZeni mRvdlebis qorwinebis ufleba da
evqaristiis dros safuariani puris gamoyeneba) da
gamosca oficialuri `bulli~, anu romis papis do-
kumenti (1054 w. 16 ivliss) da bizantiis patriarqi
eklesiidan mokveTilad gamoacxada.
droebiTi uTanxmoeba qristianul ojaxSi, rom­
lis orive mxare Tanabrad mtyuani iyo, 1054 w.
ganxeTqilebaSi gadaizarda, rasac Tan mohyva ro-
misa da konstantinopolis eklesiebis gaucxoe-
ba da sabolo gaxleCa. am ganxeTqilebis Sedegad
dasavleTis eklesias ewoda romis kaTolikuri, aR-
mosavleTisas ki berZnul- marTlmadidebluri. am
ukanasknels miemxro melqitebi antioqiaSi, ierusa-
limsa da aleqsandriaSi.
 65

ra Secvala islamma?

omisa da konstantinopolis eklesiebs

Soris ganxeTqilebis Sedegad maTi gze-
bi gaiyara, egviptis, siriisa da erayis
qristianebi muslimTa kanonebs ukve
oTxi saukunis manZilze emorCilebodnen. maTgan
aleqsandriis, ierusalimisa da antioqiis eparqiis
qristianebi kvlav bizantiis erTgulni rCebodnen.
meore mxriv, nestorianelebi da monofizitebi bi-
zantias yovelTvis politikur da eklesiur mCag-
vrelad miiCnevdnen da muslimur reJims Tavidanve
bizantielTa Cagvrisagan gaTavisuflebis saSuale-
bad miiCnevdnen. rogorc Cans, imave azrs iziareb-
dnen maronitebi, gansakuTrebiT 680 w. Semdeg, ro-
desac meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebam dagmo mo-
noTelituri aRmsarebloba, rogorc eresi. swored
am mosazrebiT nestorianelebi da monofizitebi
da savaraudod, maronitebic, magram ara melqiti
minoTelitebi, mzad iyvnen, muslimur politikur
xelisuflebasTan eTanamSromlaT.
bizantiisadmi aseTi erTgulebis gamo melqi-
tebi muslimuri arabeTis imperiaSi warmoadgend-
nen qristianul Tems, romelsac yvelaze naklebad
siriasa da egvipteSi swyalobdnen. isini ZiriTadad
or eTnikur elements Seadgendnen _ berZnebs, da
adgilobriv mosaxleobas. muslimi arabebis mier
siriisa da egviptis dapyrobis Semdgom berZnebis
umetesobam Tavs gaqceviT uSvela, xolo qveyanaSi
darCenili nawili adgilobriv siriel da egvip-
tel mosaxleobas Seeria. siriaSi melqitebis did
66 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

umravlesobas mkvidri arameelebi-arabebi war-

moadgendnen. antioqiasa da ierusalimis eparqiebSi
melqitebs kvlav hyavdaT mimdevrebi. aleqsandriis
eparqiaSi, sadac adgilobrivi kopturi mosaxleo-
bis didi umravlesoba monofizituri kopturi ek-
lesiis mimdevari iyo, melqitebi mcire raodeno-
biT SemorCnen da maT rigebSi gaegviptelebuli
berZnebi da gaberZnebuli koptebi Sediodnen.
arabebis dampyrobluri brZolebis Sede­gad Se-
qmnili egviptis melqituri eklesia mniSvnelovnad
dasustda. aleqsandriis melqitma patriarqma qa-
laqis muslimTa xelSi gadasvlis Semdeg Tavs qa-
laqidan gaqceviT uSvela. 642 w. misma gaqcevam gza
gauxsna kopt patriarqs, raTa qalaqSi dafuZnebu-
liyo. mis kaTedras faqtobrivad misi saxeli ewoda.
aleqsandriaSic male aRdga melqituri kaTedra.
samocdaTxuTmeti wlis manZilze (652-727 ww.) misi
dapyrobis survili aravis gamouTqvams. aleqsan-
driis melqituri eklesia kvlav moeqca konstan-
tinopolis daqvemdebarebaSi. Tumca maT imdenad
kargad hqondaT gaazrebuli sakuTari apostolu-
ri statusis mniSvneloba da siZvele da Rirsebis
SegrZneba, rom upirobod ar emorCilebodnen kon-
stantinopols nebismier sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
amgvarad, konstantinopolsa da roms Soris 1054 w.
ganxeTqilebis Semdgom aleqsandriis melqitma pa-
triarqebma bizantiis mxardaWeraze Tanxmoba mxo-
lod xangrZlivi yoymanis Semdeg ganacxades.
ierusalimis eparqiis qristianebis umravlesobas
melqitebi warmoadgendnen, da dampyrobel muslim
arabebs maTTvis xelsayreli pirobebiT danebdnen
(638 w.), ris Sedegadac, mocemul kaTedraze melqi-
ti patriarqebi regularulad cvlidnen erTmaneTs,
sanam ierusalimi (jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sedegad
1099 w.) ar daeca. muslimTa xelisuflebam maT misca
sakuTari eklesiis damoukideblad marTvis ufleba.
 ra Secvala islamma? 67
antioqiis melqitur kaTedraze gansxvavebuli
viTareba iyo. muslimi arabebis mier siriis da-
pyrobis Semdgom (641 w.), qalaqi antioqia gaxda
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani `awasim~, anu muslimTa
strategiuli Tavdacvis punqti anatoliaSi daba-
nakebuli bizantielebis winaaRmdeg. sawyis etapze
aseTi strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone muslimTa
Tavdacvis punqtSi probizantiuri qristianuli
sapatriarqos arseboba miuRebeli iyo. amgvarad,
meSvide saukunis miwurulamde antioqiis melqi-
tur kaTedras SeeZlo hyoloda konstantinopolSi
mcxovrebi nominaluri warmomadgeneli. mogviane-
biT, rodesac antioqiaSi 702 w. aRdga melqitTa sa-
patriarqo, igi muslimma arabebma mxolod ormoci
wlis Semdeg aRiares.
bizantielebma daibrunes antioqia 969 w., Sem-
deg siriis dapyrobili teritoria da Semoier-
Tes md. orontes dablobi81. bizantielebis mier
qalaq antioqiis dabrunebis Semdeg (969-1085 ww.)
misi melqiti patriarqi mTlianad daemorCila kon-
stantinopols. radganac konstantinopolisa da
romis eklesiebis gaTiSva swored im dros moxda,
rodesac bizantielebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen
antioqias, bunebrivia, antioqiis melqituri ka-
Tedra am ganxeTqilebaSi mxars konstantinopols
uWerda. analogiuri pozicia ekava ierusalimis
kaTedras, romelic emorCileboda konstantinopo-
lis saeklesio mmarTvelobas. Tavidanve ierusali-
mis melqitebi ierusalimis siriul wes-Cveulebas
misdevdnen maSin, rodesac aleqsandriis kaTedris
melqitebi emxrobodnen aleqsandriis koptur sa-
eklesio cxovrebis normebs, xolo antioqiisa _
antioqiur- siriuls. droTa ganmavlobaSi melqi-
tebi sul ufro metad xdebodnen damokidebulni
bizantiaze, ris gamoc miatoves sakuTari ZirZveli
wes-Cveulebebi (savaraudod, TandaTanobiT) da ga-
68 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

davidnen bizantiurze.
swored meSvide saukunis bolos, rodesac anti-
oqiis melqituri kaTedris umaRlesi sam­Rvdeloeba
jer kidev konstantinopolSi cxovro­bda, maroni-
tebma sakuTari patriarqebis arCeva daiwyes. maro-
nituli tradicia amtkicebs, rom am patriarqebi-
dan pirveli iyo ioan maruni, orontes dablobze
mdebare dair marunis monastris winamZRvari (ix.
T. 4); aseve amtkiceben, rom ioan maruni arCeuli
iqna antioqiis kaTedraze 680 w. swored meeqvse
msoflio saeklesio krebis mier monoTelituri
swavlebis, rogorc eresis, dagmobis Semdgom. ima-
ve maronituli tradiciis Tanaxmad, swored ioan
marunma pirvelma gadaitana maronituli kaTedra
dair marunidan sofel kefarhaiSi, libanis mTebis
CrdiloeTiT im sababiT, rom misi eklesia da sarw-
munoeba bizantielebis mxridan daundobel devnas
ganicdida orontes dablobze. bizantielebi si-
riaSi im droisTvis maronitebs ver sdevnidnen,
radganac maT ar gaaCndaT politikuri, samxedro
da eklesiis warmomadgenloba qveyanaSi; Tumca, maT
Tavisuflad SeeZloT maronitebis Seviwroeba da
devna meaTe _ meTerTmete saukuneebSi, rodesac
ukan daibrunes antioqia da orontes dablobi (ix.
zemoT). muslimi arabebis Canawerebi, daTariRebu-
li meaTe saukunis pirveli naxevriT, mowmobs, rom
orontes dablobi im droisaTvis jer kidev maro-
nitebis TavSesafaria. Tumca, meTerTmete saukunis
miwuruls imave dablobze melqitebi dasaxldnen,
rac udavod bizantielebis mier am teritoriis
969-1085 ww. xelmeored dakavebis Sedegi iyo. am pe-
riodSi maronitebi libanis mTebis midamoebSi dasa-
xldnen. maTi anklavi iyo alepoSi da mis mimdebare
teritoriaze. es iyo CrdiloeT siriis erTaderTi
qalaqi, romelic muslimTa xelSi rCeboda, xolo
bizantielebma misi ukan dabruneba veRar SeZles.
 ra Secvala islamma? 69
siria bizantiis mmarTvelobaSi rom darCe-
niliyo 680 w., Zneli iqneboda maronitebisaTvis
bizantiis imperiasTan gamklaveba. maronitTa ek-
lesia, rogorc qristianuli sarwmunoebis mimde-
vari, SesaZloa arc ki gadarCeniliyo, Tu meaTe
_ meTerTmete saukuneebSi bizantia sirias kvlav
daipyrobda, ar datovebda muslimTa gamgeblobaSi
arcerT nawils, sadac bizantielTa mier devnili
qristianebi Tavs Seafarebdnen.
imasac amtkiceben, rom monofizitebma da ne-
storianelebma sakuTari eklesiis damoukideblo-
ba SeinarCunes, imis gamo, rom bizantiam meSvide
saukuneSi ver SeaCera muslimi arabebis mier egvip-
tis, siriisa da erayis dapyroba. egvipteli kop-
tebis, sirieli iakobitebisa da erayeli nestoria-
nelebisaTvis im periodis muslimuri dapyrobebi,
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bizantiis Cagvrisgan gan-
Tavisuflebis imedad iqca imis miuxedavad, Tu ra
fasad daujdeboda aseTi gaTavisufleba danarCen
qristianul samyaros. melqitebisagan gansxvavebiT,
monofizitebi da nestorianelebi, sadac ki mus-
lim dampyrobels dainaxavdnen, umal emxrobod-
nen da cdilobdnen urTierTobis damyarebas, rac
uzomod aRizianebda bizantias. siriasa da eraySi,
sadac qristianuli mosaxleoba ZiriTadad arabe-
bisagan Sedgeboda, berZnebisa da romaelebisagan
gansxvavebiT muslim arab dampyroblebs miiCnevd-
nen moZme xalxad da xSir SemTxvevaSi didi sixaru-
liTac egebebodnen. amitom muslimebs arc ucdiaT
Tavs moexviaT sakuTari religia maT mmarTvelo-
baSi myofi arabi da arabulenovani arameeli qri-
stiani mosaxle­obisaTvis. yuranis Tanaxmad, islami
yvela qristians (aseve ebraels), uwodebda ahl ki-
tab-s82.. muslimTa mfarvelobaSi myof qristianebs
da ebraelebs ufleba eZleodaT, SeenarCunebinaT
rwmena muslimuri dhimmah-is Tanaxmad. amis sanacv-
70 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

lod aramuslim Temebs erTaderTi ram moeTxove-

bodaT, darCeniliyvnen muslimi politikuri wes-
rigis erTgulni da gadaexadaT specialuri sula-
di gadasaxadi, romelsac jizyah ewodeboda (musli-
mur samarTalmcodneobaSi mogvianebiT aRniSnuli
Temis mimarT SemwynareblobasTan dakavSirebuli
martivi pasuxismgebloba gadaiqca diskriminaciul
debulebad, Tumca regularulad mxolod zogi-
erTi maTgani gamoiyeneboda). erTaderTi garantia,
rasac islami aZlevda nestorianel, monofizit da
monoTelit qristianebs arabeTis imperiaSi, es maT
saqmeebSi ukanono Carevisagan Tavis Sekaveba iyo,
raTa safrTxe ar Seqmnoda maTi, rogorc damouki-
debel sazogadoebaTa, arsebobas. am sami sazoga-
doebidan yvelaze didi monofizituri iyo.
egvipteSi, sadac monofiziti koptebi mkvidri
mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgendnen, ara-
bebis Semosevam, garda imisa, rom saSualeba misca
kopt patriarqebs, dabrunebuliyvnen aleqsandria-
Si, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gza gauxsna koptebis
dominantobas melqitebze. kopti patriarqebi gana-
grZobdnen aleqsandriaSi cxovrebas, sanam egvipte
damaskos omaianTa saxalifos provincia (661-750
ww.), xolo Semdeg _ baRdadis abasianTa saxalifos
provincia iyo (750-1258 ww.). maT marTavdnen q. al-
fustatSi (nilosis deltis maRlobze) mcxovrebi
abasianTa an omaianTa dinastiis mmarTvelebi. 909
w. al-mahdiaSi (dRevandeli tunisis teritoria)
Seiqmna saxalifo fatimidebis dinastiis saxiT,
romelsac metoqeobis gaweva SeeZlo da, romelmac
969 w. daipyro egvipte da saxalifos dedaqalaqi
kairoSi gadaitana (973 w.), es iyo axali dedaqalaqi,
romelic maT aaSenes al-fustatis maxloblad.
praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo kopti patriarqebi
dadgnen sakuTari rezidenciis kairoSi gadatanis
aucileblobis winaSe (faqtobrivad, al-fustatSi,
 ra Secvala islamma? 71
amJamad axali kairos gareubanSi). aq kopturi ek-
lesiis meTaurebs ufro mWidro kavSiri hqondaT
centralur muslimur xelisuflebasTan, ukanask-
neli ki SeZlebda mkacrad ekontrolebina kopturi
eklesia. es upirvelesi mniSvnelobis sakiTxi iyo
imis gaTvaliwinebiT, rom meTormete saukunemde
koptebi egvipteli mosaxleobis udides nawils
Seadgendnen (zogierTi istoriuli wyaros mixed-
viT, umravlesobasac ki).
siriaSi, sadac melqitebi Zlieri probizanti-
uri orientaciiT xasiaTdebodnen da gacilebiT
meti mimdevari hyavdaT, vidre egvipteSi, musli-
mebs seriozuli mizezi gauCndaT, meti keTil-
ganwyoba gamoeCinaT siriis monofiziti iakobite-
bisadmi, vidre melqitebisadmi, ramac, savaraudod,
ganapiroba siriis iakobitebisadmi muslimi arabe-
bis aSkarad meti pozitiuri damokidebuleba, vid-
re egvipteli koptebisadmi. es imitom, rom siriis
iakobitTa umravlesobas, msgavsad siriis melqite-
bisa da maronitebisa, arabi da arameeli arabebi
warmoadgendnen. egviptis koptebi ki kvlav kargad
acnobierebdnen sakuTari xalxis istoriuli war-
momavlobis did mniSvnelobas da garkveuli drois
manZilze sakuTari kopturi enac ki SeinarCunes,
romelzec metyvelebdnen.
siriis mravali iakobiti ara mxolod uryevi
antibizantiuri suliskveTebiT iyo ganwyobili,
aramed eTnikur arabebs warmoadgendnen. aman gamoi-
wvia Semdegi: erTi mxriv, muslimi arabebi gansa-
kuTrebuli keTilganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen maT
mimarT, xolo meore mxriv, iakobitebi mzad iyvnen
muslim arabebTan erTgulad emsaxuraT. adreuli
xanidan sazogadoeba mniSvnelovan resursebs aban-
debda muslimi arabebis civilizaciis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. ganswavluli iakobitebi, romlebic arabu-
lad metyvelebdnen da amavdroulad, flobdnen
72 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

siriulsac (maTi liturgiis enas) da xSirad _ ber-

Znulsac, wamyvan rols asrulebdnen berZeni mec-
nierebisa da filosofosebis klasikuri nawarmoe-
bebis arabulad Targmnis saqmeSi (xSir SemTxvevaSi
siriuli Sualedur enas warmoadgenda). amiT maT
safuZveli Cauyares muslimTa miRwevebs am sfe-
roebSi.
Tumca antioqiis patriarqebs, iakobitTa ek-
lesiis winamZRvrebs, rogorc Cans, oficialurad
sakuTari rezidencia im qalaqSi arasdros hqoni-
aT. maTi rezidenciis adgilsamyofeli gamudmebiT
icvleboda. maTi rezidencia garkveuli droiT me-
liTenSi (Tanamedrove malaTia, alepos Crdilo-
eTiT, amJamad TurqeTis teritoriaze) iyo. Tumca,
meTerTmete saukuneSi bizantielebis mier Crdi-
loeT siriis dapyroba da ukan dabruneba iakobiti
patriarqebis meliTenSi Semdgom darCenas proble-
murs xdida. am mizeziT maT es adgili 1031 w. mia-
toves, raTa axali rezidencia daearsebinaT amidaSi
(Tanamedroove diarbaqiri, aRmosavleT TurqeTSi)
an mis mimdebare teritoriaze. es iyo qalaqi md.
tigrosis aRmosavleT napirze, CrdiloeT meso-
potamiis muslimur teritoriaze. meCvidmete sau-
kuneSi rezidenciam amidas farglebs gareT dair
al-zafaranis monasterSi, qalaq mardinTan axlos
gadainacvla.
erayis nestorianebi, sirieli iakobitebis ms-
gavsad, sixaruliT Sexvdnen muslimi arabebis
qveyanaSi SemoWras da TanamSromlobdnen muslim
xelisuflebasTan. muslimuri mecnierebis da fi-
losofiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi maTac Seitanes
sakuTari wvlili da iakobitebis msgavsad, berZ-
nul teqstebs arabulad Targmnidnen. maTi wvli-
li medicinis mecnierebis dargSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania. abasianelebma muslimuri saxali-
fos rezidencia siriidan eraySi gadaitanes (750
 ra Secvala islamma? 73
w.), dedaqalaqad baRdadi daadgines (762 w.), spar-
seTis Zveli dedaqalaqidan, selevkia _ ktesifonis
maxloblad. nestorianelTa eklesiis patriarqebma
saswrafod gadaitanes sakuTari rezidencia axal
muslimur dedaqalaqSi, sadac maT SesaZlebloba
eqnebodaT axlos yofiliyvnen xalifebTan da maTi
wyalobiT esargeblaT. nestorianelTa eklesia
ayvavebas ganagrZobda baRdadSi, sanam monRolebma
1258 w. qalaqi ar daimorCiles, ris Semdegac maTi
rezidencia mosulas da alqoSas (CrdiloeT erayi)
siaxloves gadavida.
islamuri wes-Cveulebis SemoRebam mavne zegav-
lena moaxdina centralur aziaSi nestorianelebis,
xolo aRmosavleT afrikaSi _ iakobitTa da nesto-
rianelTa misionerul saqmianobaze. es saqmianoba
Tavis droze bizantiisa da sparseTis imperiebsa
da indoeTis okeanis auzisa da Soreuli aRmosav-
leTis qveynebs Soris savaWro saqmianobas ukavSir-
deboda da faqtobrivad, arsebulze viTardeboda.
bunebrivia, vaWrobis muslimTa xelSi gadasvlam
misioneruli saqmianoba SezRuda da sabolood
Sewyda, vaWroba mTlianad muslimTa monopoliad
gadaiqca.
islamma kidev erTi ziani moutana nestoria-
nelTa da iakobitTa eklesias maTi farTomasSta-
biani moqceviT. islamamde nestorianelebi ZiriTa-
dad sparseTis eklesias warmoadgendnen, xolo mis
mimdevarTa ricxvSi Sediodnen ara mxolod mesopo-
tamieli arabebi da arameeli arabebi, aramed didi
raodenoba sparselebisa. sparselebis swrafma da
masobrivma moqcevam islamze sasanianTa yofil te-
ritorize, rac muslimTa mier 651 w. dapyrobas mo-
hyva, nestorianelTa eklesiis momxreebs didi dar-
tyma miayena. amas mohyva umetesi qristiani arabi
tomebis (romlebic gansxvavdebodnen qalaqisa da
soflis arabebisa da arameeli arabebisagan) islam-
74 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ze moqceva siriasa da mesopotamiaSi. es iyo mTeli

jgufebisa da ara calkeuli adamianebis moqceva.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo siria-mesopotamiis
Taglibi tomebis moqceva, rac, savaraudod, meaTe
saukunisTvis dasrulda _ xana, rodesac TaglibTa
tomis eparqia gauqmda. moqcevamde taglibi- ara-
bebi iakobitebis religiur wes-Cveulebas misdevd-
nen da Tayvans scemdnen wm. sergiuss, rogorc maT
mfarvel wmidans. maTi da sxva arabebis moqcevis
Semdgom, qristianuli seqtebi, romelTac isini
manamde miekuTvnebodnen (ZiriTadad, iakobitTa da
nestorianelTa eklesiebi), siriulad da ara ara-
bulad metyvelebdnen. amgvarad, paradoqsia, mag-
ram siriisa da mesopotamiis qristianul seqtebs
Tavidanve metad wyalobdnen muslimi arabebi da
yvelaze metad maTdami keTilganwyobiT gamoirCe-
odnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT yvelaze naklebad
SeinarCunes Tavisi Tavdapirveli eTnikuri xasiaTi.
amis sawinaaRmdegod, melqitebma SeinarCunes ara-
buli nacionaluri xasiaTi islamis pirobebSi, Tum-
ca maTi erTguleba bizantiisadmi ar aZlevda maT
saSualebas, eTanamSromlaT muslimur xelisufle-
basTan ise efeqturad, rogorc amas iakobitebi da
nestorianelebi akeTebdnen. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
maronitebis Sesaxeb, romelTa eTnikuri xasiaTi kv-
lav gamorCeulad arabuli iyo imisda miuxedavad,
rom liturgiis enad, msgavsad iakobitebisa da ne-
storianelebisa, isinic siriuls iyenebdnen.
 75

maronitTa kavSiri romTan

xlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi meTorme-

te _ mecamete saukuneebSi jvarosnu-
li laSqrobebis xana iyo (1096-1291
ww.), rodesac Frankish-is (anu dasav-
leT evropis) jarma romis papis droSebiT xelSi
siriis udidesi nawili muslimebisagan gaaTavisu-
fla, moawyo dapyrobiTi laSqrobebi oTx `laTi-
nur~ (romis kaTolikur) saxelmwifoSi: antioqiis
samTavroSi (1098-1268 ww.), edesis sagrafoSi (1098-
1146 ww.), ierusalimis samefoSi (1099-1291 ww.) da
tripolis sagrafoSi (1109-1289 ww.). siriis qristi-
anTagan yvelaze metad jvarosnebisgan melqitebi
dazaraldnen _ bizantiuri marTlmadideblobis
sirieli mimdevrebi, romelTa ganxeTqilebac rom-
Tan jer kidev ar iyo ganelebuli pirveli jva-
rosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg, vinaidan iyo gasuli
mxolod ormocdaaTi weli. antioqiasa da ierusa-
limSi jvarosnebma melqitebis apostolur kaTe-
drebze saswrafod daniSnes laTini prelatebi. am
kaTedrebis melqiti saeklesio pirebi iZulebuli
gaxdnen, konstantinopolSi gaqceviT gadaerCinaT
Tavi da iq darCeniliyvnen, vidre muslimi dampyro-
blebi wminda miwas ar daibrunebdnen. mamluqebis
mier antioqiis xelmeored dapyrobis gamo 1268 w.
qalaqi nangrevebad iqca da misi sazRvrebi imdenad
Semcirda, rom sofels ufro mogagonebdaT. ukan
dabrunebul melqit patriarqebs sakuTari rezi-
denciisTvis sxva adgilis gamoZebna mouxdaT da
sabolood damkvidrdnen damaskoSi, mamluqTa sa-
76 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

sulTanos udides provinciis dedaqalaqSi, mogvia-

nebiT ki _ osmaleTis imperiis provinciaSi, siria-
Si. rogorc Cans, 1375 w. an mas Semdeg damasko war-
moadgenda am patriarqebis mudmiv rezidencias.
siriis aramelqit qristianebs sxva bedi ewiaT.
jvarosnebma verc ki moaswres qveyanaSi damkvi­
dreba, rom laTinurma eklesiam isarge­bla anti-
oqiasa da ierusalimSi yofniT da aramel­qitebTan
urTierToba daiwyo. am seqtebis mier ekumenuri
marTlmadideblobis uaryofa istoriulad momdi-
nareobs mtruli ganwyobiT, romelic mimarTuli
iyo ufro metad axlomdebare bizantiisken, vidre
Soreuli romisken. amgvarma damokidebulebam isini
romis daqvemdebarebaSi sakuTari nebiT moaqcia.
jvarosnebisaTvis yve­laze mniSvnelovan dasayrdens
somxebi warmoadgendnen, Semdeg _ maronitebi, meo-
mari xalxi, romelTac sakuTari samxedro Zalebi
miaxmares jvarosnebs. pirveli jvarosnuli la-
Sqrobisas ukve arsebobda somxuri koloniebi si-
riis iakobitebsa da nestorianebs Soris edesis te-
ritoriaze (Tanamedrove urfa - TurqeTis terito-
riaze), evfratis sanapiroze anatoliis sazRvarTan
axlos; somxebi saxlobdnen aseve siriis melqitebsa
da iakobitebs Soris - kilikiis teritoriaze, ale-
qsandretas yuris (Tanamedrove iskenderoni) mimde-
bare teritoriaze, romelsac im droisaTvis mcire
somxeTi ewodeboda (gansxvavebiT didi somxeTisagan
mcire aziis aRmosavleTiT). bizantielebi somxebis
migracias anatoliis am sasazRvro zonaSi meaTe
saukunidan uwyobdnen xels, raTa dacvis frontis
jarebi muslimur qveynebTan sabrZolvelad samxre-
TiT ganelagebinaT. rodesac jvarosnebma antioqias
miaRwies, adgilobrivi somxebi daexmarnen maT qa-
laqis aRebaSi. somxebma aseve daxmareba gauwies jva-
rosnebs edesis aRebisas, amis sanacvlod jvaros-
nebi did pativs scemdnen somxebs.
 mar o n i t T a k a v S i r i r o m T a n 77
maronitebi, Tavis mxriv, jvarosnuli laSqro-
bebis dros gamagrdnen libanis CrdiloeTiT mde-
bare mTebSi. rodesac jvarosanTa laSqarma 1099 w.,
antioqiis aRebis Semdeg, gezi samxreTisken, siriis
sanapiros gaswvriv, ierusalimis mimarTulebiT
aiRo, isini aRdgomis dResaswaulis aRsaniSnavad
tripolis sazRvrebTan SeCerdnen. maT Sesaxvedrad
mTidan maronitebi Camovidnen da SesTavazes dax-
mareba. isini mzad iyvnen agreTve gaewiaT maTTvis
megzuroba. mogvianebiT, rodesac tripoli aiRes
da libanis CrdiloeTi nawili tripolis sagrafos
SeuerTda, bevri maroniti samxedro meTauri Tavis
xalxTan erTad tripolis sagrafoebisa da maTi
dasavleT evropis vasalebis samsaxurSi Cadga. is
faqti, rom sxva maronitebma `frankTa~ mmarTvelo-
ba uaryves da zog SemTxvevaSi, iaraRic ki aRmarTes
maT winaaRmdeg, jvarosnebi mainc keTilganwyobas
iCendnen maTi eklesiisadmi.
romis kaTolikeTa iniciativa megobrulad
ganwyobili qristianebi laTinur sazogadoebaSi
moezidaT, ZiriTadad antioqiidan momdinareob-
da, sadac laTinuri eklesia, rogorc Cans, gansa-
kuTrebiT aqtiurad moqmedebda. dadebiTma Sedeg-
mac ar daayovna. CrdiloeT siriisa da mesopota-
miis siriulenovan iakobitTa da nestorianTa didi
nawili (zogierTi umaRlesi saeklesio piris CaTv-
liT) survils gamoTqvamda, moqceuliyo romaul
marTlmadideblobaze da romis papebs erTgulebas
ucxadebda. Tumca, laTinebma udides warmatebas
CrdiloeT siriasa da siciliaSi mcxovreb somxeb-
Tan miaRwies. meTormete saukunis meoTxe aTw-
leulisaTvis somxeTis eklesia misi kaTolikosis
meTaurobiT SeuerTda romis samRvdeloebas.
igive moxda maronitebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa
urTierToba romis papebTan maronituli sapatri-
arqos mier jer kidev 1100 w. daiwyo. amas mohyva
78 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

romis eklesiisgan maronitTa TemisaTvis xelsay-

reli winadadebebis SeTavazeba, romelTagan erT-
erTi exeboda molaparakebas somxebis moqcevis
Taobaze. jvarosnul laSqrobaTa istorikosis
vilgelm tirelis (gard. 1185 w.) cnobis mixedviT,
maronitebma mxolod 1180 w. ganacxades Tanxmoba
uareyoT monoTelituri aRmsarebloba da romTan
gaerTianebuliyvnen. dadasturebulia, rom maTi
erT-erTi patriarqi ieremia amxiteli (gard. 1230 �����
w.) romis papis inokenti III-is (1198-1216 ww.) miwve-
viT daeswro Lateran Council-is gaxsnas romSi 1216 w.
rodesac ukanasknelma jvarosnebma siria da-
toves, unia somxeTis eklesiasa da roms Soris Ses-
ustda da sabolood 1345 w. dairRva kidec ofi-
cialuri ganxeTqilebis gareSe. imave periodSi
iakobitTa da nestorianTa kavSiri samRvdeloebas-
Tan TandaTan Sesustda. maronitTa eklesias romis
eklesiasTan kavSirze oficialurad uari arasdros
uTqvams, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidanve maroni-
tTa eklesiis samRvdeloeba da saero sazogadoeba
ewinaaRmdegeboda am kavSirs, mas Semdeg, rac egvip-
tis mamluqma sulTnebma 1291 w. jvarosnebi siriis
sanapirodan gandevnes.
im periodSi, rodesac siriaSi mamluqebi ga-
batondnen, maroniti patriarqebi periodulad
axerxebdnen kontaqtebis SenarCunebas francis-
kanuli ordenis Fratres Minori-is (patara Zmebi) sa-
SualebiT. es ordeni daarsa 1209 w. wm. francisk
asizelma, 1219 w. ki mamluqebis nebarTviT Camoay-
aliba Terra Santa-s (wminda miwa) misia ierusalimSi,
romelsac hqonda warmomadgenloba beiruTSi. 1439
w., rodesac papma evgeni IV konstantinopolis pa-
triarqi aRmosavleTis sxva qristian prelatebTan
erTad qalaq florenciaSi krebaze miiwvia, raTa
ganexilaT aRmosavleTisa da romis eklesiebs So-
ris ganxeTqilebis sakiTxi. maronitTa patriarqma
 mar o n i t T a k a v S i r i r o m T a n 79
iuxan jajelma, Tavad ver SeZlo gamgzavreba it-
aliaSi, da Tavisi warmomadgeneli gaugzavna, bei-
ruTis franciskaneli abati. delegats daavales,
moexsenebina patriarqis upirobo morCilebis Tao-
baze papis xelisuflebisadmi da maronitTa ekle-
siisa da sarwmunoebis ucvleli da Seuvali erT-
gulebis Sesaxeb romisadmi.
ramdenadac cnobilia, romis papebi manamde ma-
ronitTa eklesiis winamZRvrT antioqiis apostol-
uri kaTedris patriarqad arasdros moixsenebdnen.
papebi am tituliT moixseniebdnen kaTedris melq-
itebs, radgan imeds itovebdnen bolo moeRoT
aRmosavleTis eklesiasTan ganxeTqilebisaTvis.
romis eklesia ganixilavda antioqiisa da ieru-
salimis apostolur kaTedrebis melqitebs sqiz-
matikosebad da ara eretikosebad. aman gamoiwvia
maTi samRvdeloebis ekumenurad miCneva; aseve, iTv-
leboda, rom es samRvdeloeba apostoluri memkvi-
dreobis principsac icavda. sxvagvarad iyo saqme
samRvdeloebis xeldasxmasTan eretikosTa ekle-
siebSi, rogoric iyo maronitTa eklesia. mono-
Telituri aRmsarebloba iTvleboda samociqulo
tradiciebidan gadaxrad. amis gamosasworeblad da
axla ukve romTan gaerTianebuli maronitTa ekle-
siis samociqulo eklesiad gamosacxadeblad, rom-
lis sasuliero statusi qmedunariani iqneboda,
misi patriarqebi arCevis Semdgom Tanamdebobaze
papebis mier unda damtkicebuliyvnen da apostol-
uri uflebamosileba romis kaTedridan mieRoT.
florenciis kreba, romelic romisa da bi­zan­
tiis eklesiebs Soris arsebuli ganxeTqi­lebis
dasrulebas isaxavda miznad, uSedegod damTavrda.
romis eklesia, rogorc Cans, naklebad iyo dain-
teresebuli SeenarCunebina antioqiis patriarqis
tituli am kaTedris melqiti saeklesio pirebi-
saTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1456 w. maronitTa
80 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

patriarqs ukve am tituliT ixseniebdnen, am tit-

uliT is nominalurad iyo dakavSirebuli antio-
qiasTan, radgan isev romis papis Tanxmobaze iyo
damokidebuli.
florenciis krebis Semdgom kavSiri maronitTa
eklesiasa da roms Soris ufro mWidro da regu-
laruli gaxda. 1450-1475 ww. franciskeli beri,
fra grifoni (igive Zma grifoni) flandrieli dain-
iSna qanubinis monasterSi (maronitTa patriarqebis
rezidenciaSi), raTa maronitTa eklesiaSi romis
kaTolike mrCevlis funqcia Seesrulebina. fra
grifonma 1470 w. franciskelTa ordenSi akurTxa
sami axalgazrda maroniti da italiaSi saswavle-
blad gaamgzavra. erT-erTi maTgani, gabriel ibn
al-qilai (gard. 1516 w.) italiidan 1493 w. dab-
runda da gaxda maronitTa patriarqis pirveli ad-
gilobrivi romaeli kaTolike mrCeveli da Tavisi
xalxis misioneri.
dasavleT evropaSi Semdgom moxda protes-
tantizmis,83 xolo mogvianebiT _ kaTolicizmis
reformacia. am ukanasknel moZraobas msoflioSi
kaTolike misionerebis axali talRa mohyva, sa-
dac wamyvan rols asrulebda iezuiti mamebis ax-
ladSeqmnili ordenebi (iesos sazogadoeba, 1534 w.
dafuZnebuli wm. ignatius loiolas mier), aseve,
kafucinebis ordeni. es iyo 1529 w. Seqmnili fran-
ciskelebis ordenis ganStoeba, romelic eweoda
misionerobasa da qadagebas siriaSi, axla ukve os-
maleTis mmarTvelobis pirobebSi (1516-1918 ww.).
iezuitebma da kafucinebma maSinve Seanacvles
franciskanelebi, rogorc romaeli kaTolikebis
mTavari misionerebi da aseve, rogorc mTavari Sua-
mavlebi maronitTa eklesiasa da roms Soris. 1596
w. erT-erTi iezuiti mama, ieronim dandidi gaag-
zavnes romidan maronitTa eklesiis sinodis mo-
sawvevad qanubinSi _ maroniti patriarqebis rezi-
 mar o n i t T a k a v S i r i r o m T a n 81
denciaSi, mTian regionSi, raTa romauli kaToli-
kuri tradiciebis Tanaxmad saeklesio reformebi
CaetarebinaT. daaxloebiT aTi wliT adre, 1585 w.
papma grigol XIII (1572-1585 ww.) daaarsa specialuri
seminaria romSi (Collegium Maronitarum) axalgazrda
maronitebisaTvis, romelTac ganaTlebis miReba da
eklesiaSi moRvaweobis survili hqondaT; 1608 w.
am seminariis kursdamTavrebuli, iuxan maklufi,
airCies maronitTa patriarqad. kidev erTi kurs-
damTavrebuli, romelmac maronitTa patriarqis
tituli moipova, iyo stefan al-duvaixi (1668-1704
ww.), kaci didad ganswavluli da SesaniSnavi isto-
rikosi, romlis dros daarsda maronitTa pirveli
ordeni. 1736 w. meore maronitTa sinodma, romelic
Catarda dair al-luvaizas monasterSi, ganixila
da gadaamuSava qanubinis adre miRebuli sinodis
dadgenileba, riTac daasrula maronitTa eklesi-
is gardaqmna, ris Sedegadac mTlianad SeuerTda
roms, Tavisi tradiciul saeklesio struqturiT
da disciplinis SenarCunebiT. igi aseT pirobebSic
ki icavda gansakuTrebul siriul-antioqur wess.
82 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

uniaturi eklesiebis daarseba

as Semdeg, rac maronitTa kavSiri rom-

Tan meTormete saukuneSi Sedga, igi ar
gawyvetila da warmoadgenda sanimuSo
magaliTs, romlisTvisac unda mieba-
ZaT axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis sxva qristianeb-
sac, melqitebsa da aramelqitebs. Tu ratom iyo
es ase, saWiroebs garkveul ganmartebas. mamluq-
Ta marTvelobis periodSi (1250-1517 ww.), kairos
mamluqi sulTanebi, msgavsad yvela muslimi sul-
Tanisa da maTi winamorbedi xalifebisa, iCendnen
Semwynareblobas maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi sxva
aRmsareblobis aramuslimi mosaxleobisadmi. sc-
nobdnen sxvadasxva qristianul da ebraul seqtebs
da uzrunvelyofdnen maT Tanasworuflebianobas.
Tumca, osmaleTis batonobis dros, romelic mam-
luqebis Semdeg movida arabeTis saTaveSi (1516-
1918 ww.), stambulis sulTanebis gamgeblobis qveS
myofi aramuslimi mosaxleoba daiyo sam katego-
riad. palestinis samaritelTa mcirericxovan se-
qtis Millet-i Yahud-is (iudevelTa sazogadoeba) da
ebraelebis religiuri da sxva gansakuTrebuli
saqmeebis marTva evaleboda stambolis did rabins.
qristianebs mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebamde
or kategoriad yofdnen: berZnuli wesisa, saxel-
wodebiT Millet-i Rum-is berZnuli sazogadoeba da
araberZnuli wesisa, saxelwodebiT Millet-i Arman-is
somxuri sazogadoeba. amgvarad, Millet-i Arman-Si
Sediodnen ara mxolod somxebi-grigorianelebi,
aramed siriuli wess-Cveulebebis mqone mimdevre-
 unia t u r i e k l e s i e b i s d a a r s e b a 83
bi, gansakuTrebiT iakobitebi, nestorianebi da ma-
ronitebi.
Millet-i-is sistemam (rogorc mas istorikosebi
uwodeben) udidesi imedgacrueba gamoiwvia impe-
riis qristianebs Soris. maSin, rodesac maroni-
tebs, Tu kaTolikuri evropis qveS myofT, didad
ar ainteresebdaT osmalebis mier Millet-i Arman-ad
monaTvla, nestorianebi da iakobitebi ki wyenas
ver malavdnen Millet-i -is sistemis mixedviT dayo-
fis gamo, rac maTTvis eTnikurad miuRebeli iyo
(rac Seexeba nestorianelebs, maTTvis aRniSnuli
sistema doqtrinulad ucxo da miuRebeli iyo).
iakobitebsa da nestorianelebs, romlebic msgavsi
ganwyobiT xasiaTdebodnen, kaTolike misionereb-
ma gamosavali SesTavazes: uari eTqvaT Millet-i -is
sistemaze an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Tavi daeRwiaT
misgan, miebaZaT maronitebisaTvis da kavSiri dae-
myarebinaT Zlevamosil romTan.
Millet-is sistema gansakuTrebiT misaRebi iyo
konstantinopolis kaTedris berZeni mimde­vre­
bisaTvis, magram srulebiT miuRebeli iyo antio-
qiis, ierusalimisa da aleqsandriis eparqiis melq-
itebisaTvis. stambulis qristianuli kvartlis
`fanaris~ (dRevandeli `feneri~) berZnebisaTvis,
romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen Millet-i Rum-s, sru-
liad bunebrivi da misaRebi iyo, rom misi qveSevr-
domebis umravlesoba, Tu yvela ara _ konstanti-
nopolis, aseve, antioqiisa da aleqsandriis kaT-
edrebze _ yofiliyvnen berZnebi (fanarioti ber-
Znebi). es niSnavda imas rom mxolod dabali fenis
samRvdeloeba, ZiriTadad mRvdlebi siriaSi, pal-
estinasa da egvipteSi iqnebodnen am qveynebis moqa-
laqeebi. mogvianebiT, meCvidmete saukunis bolos
am qveynebSi mcxovrebi melqitebi ganawyenebulni
iyvnen imiT, rom sayovelTaod aRiarebul berZnul
eklesias upiratesobas aniWebdnen. swored amgvari
84 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ganwyobis melqitebs romauli kaTolike misionere-

bi aseT gamosavals sTavazobdnen: uareyoT Millet-is
sistema an gaTavisuflebuliyvnen fanarioti ber-
Znebis gavlenisgan ise rogorc moiqcnen maroni-
tebi. es ki romTan gaerTianebas niSnavda.
im droidan moyolebuli isini sakmaod
gaaqtiurdnen axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. sxva-
dasxva romauli kaTolike misionerebis ordeni
aarsebda laTinuri wes-Cveulebis eklesiebs, rom-
lebic atarebdnen saeklesio msaxurebas dasavleT
evropeli kaTolike emigrantebisaTvis. adgilo-
briv qristianebs mouxmobdnen am eklesiebSi laTi-
nur wirva - locvaze dasaswrebad, miuxedavad maTi
mcire raodenobisa. zogierTi maTgani romis kaTo-
likuri eklesiis mimdevari gaxda, maT adgilobriv
enaze eZaxdnen al- Latin. amasobaSi romaeli kaTo-
like misionerebis gavleniT, aRmosavleTis yvela
qristianuli eklesia daiyo uniis momxreebad da
mowinaaRmdegebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan da-
moukidebelni iyvnen; uniis momxreebi SeuerTdnen
romis eparqias.
antioqiis kaTedris melqitebSi ganxeTqileba
pirvelad alepoSi daiwyo, sadac iezuiti da kapu-
cini misionerebi 1626 w. aqtiurad moRvaweobdnen
adgilobriv qristianul mosaxleobasTan; maTma
misionerulma saqmianobam garkveuli gavlena moax-
dina damaskos qristianebze. swored maTi gavle-
nis Sedegad 1683 w. damaskos melqitma sasuli-
ero pirma, evTimius saifim (1648-1723 ww.), Riad
ganacxada romisadmi erTguleba. man Seqmna uniat
ber-monazonTa ordeni, romelsac Tavad xelmZR-
vanelobda _ kongregaciis bas(z)ilianuri ordeni
Cveni macxovris (anu salvatorianuli ordeni). im
droisaTvis saifi tiris (dRevandeli libanis ter-
itoria) melqiti episkoposi iyo, magram mas mra-
vali mimdevari hyavda aleposa da mis mSobliur
 unia t u r i e k l e s i e b i s d a a r s e b a 85
damaskosSi mcxovrebi mdidari melqitebis saxiT:
eseni iyvnen arabi- melqitebi, romlebic ukve didi
xania, aprotestebdnen maT eklesiaze berZnebis ba-
tonobas.
rodesac 1724 w. antioqiis melqituri kaTedra
saifis sikvdilidan erTi wlis Semdeg damoukide-
beli gaxda, uniaturi eklesiis mimdevrebma axal
patriarqad airCies maTi erT-erTi warmomadgene-
li, kirile VI, xolo kiriles mowinaaRmdegeebma
imave Tanamdebobaze silvesteri airCies. orive pa-
triarqma moRvaweoba damaskoSi daiwyo. magram os-
maleTis mTavrobam, konstantinopolis patriarqis
rCeviT aRiara silvesteri, Tumca pirvelad kirile
VI arCeva moxda. antioqiis melqitur eklesiaSi pa-
triarqis arCevnebTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmnili
kamaTis gamo evTimius saifisa da kiriles ber-
Zen kaTolike mimdevrebsa da silvesteris, berZen
marTlmadidebel, mimdevrebs Soris ganxeTqileba
masStaburi da permanentuli gaxda. berZenma kaTo-
likeebma, devnilebma berZeni marTlmadideblebis
mier, romlebic osmaleTis mxardaWeriT sarge-
blobdnen (osmaleTis mTavroba, rogorc Cans, 1839
w. ar gamoyofda Millet-i Katolik -s qristianul subi-
eqtebs Soris), daiwyes migracia alepodan da siri-
idan da dasaxldnen libanis mTis midamoebSi, sadac
maronitebi, moZme romaeli kaTolikebi SeZlebdnen
maT dacvas. am periodSi moxda ierusalimisa da
aleqsandriis melqitebis uniatobaze moqcevis
faqtebi. Tumca arc imdenad mravalricxovani, rom
ganxeTqileba gamoewvia am or eparqias Soris. amis
Sedegad uniati melqitTa eklesiis (anu berZeni
kaTolikebis) mamamTavari yvela samive eparqiisa
- antioqiis, aleqsandriis, ierusalimisa da mTeli
aRmosavleTis patriarqi gaxda. misi mudmivi rezi-
dencia dRes libanis dedaqalaq beiruTSia.
mas Semdeg, rac ganxeTqilebam melqituri mim-
86 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

dinareobis berZnul-kaTolikur da berZnul mar-

Tlmadideblur ganStoebebs Soris saboloo xa-
siaTi miiRo, somxur sarwmunoebaSic analogiuri
movlenebi ganviTarda. alepoSi, sadac qalaqis so-
mexi episkoposi, avraam arciviani romaeli kaTo-
like misionerebis gavleniT kaToliked moiqca.
rodesac 1740 w. arciviani sisis somexi patriarqi
airCies kilikiaSi, igi gaxda uniaturi, somxuri
kaTolikuri eklesiis (gansxvavebiT arauniaturi
somxuri marTlmadidebeli eklesiisagan) pirveli
winamZRoli. amis Sedegad, am uniaturi sarwmu-
noebis mamamTavari iwodeboda kilikiis somxebis
patriarqad da kilikiis kaTalikosad. didi ra-
odenoba somexi kaTolikebis, romlebic somxuri
marTlmadideblebis mxridan, berZeni kaTolikebis
msgavsad, mSobliur miwaze devnas ganicdidnen, ga-
dasaxldnen libanis mTaze da cxovrobdnen maroni-
tTa Soris. maTi kaTolikosis rezidenciam daido
bina sofel bzumarSi, kisravanis mTebSi.
imave meCvidmete saukuneSi alepoSi iezuitebisa
da kapucinebis gavleniT iakobitebi daiyvnen unia-
tur da arauniatur ganStoebebad. ori saukuniT
adre, samidan erT-erTma iakobitma patriarqma, ba-
nam al-hadlim, eurCeboda ra antioqiis kaTedras,
gagzavna emisari saxelad abdala edeseli italiaSi
Tavis warmomadgenlad florenciis krebaze romis
samRvdeloebisadmi erTgulebis dasadastureblad
(1444 w.). magram iakobitTa eklesiis erT jgufsa
da roms Soris am gziT damyarebuli kavSiri ara-
myari da xanmokle aRmoCnda, Tumca, 1656 w. kaTo-
liked moqceuli iakobiti andre akijani airCies
alepos iakobitTa eparqiis episkoposad. igive aki-
jani 1662 w. xeldasxmuli iyo `yovelTa sirielTa~
patriarqad. (amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom iakobitebi sakuTar Tavs `surianelebs~ anu
`sirielebs~ uwodebdnen). amas mohyva xana, rodesac
 unia t u r i e k l e s i e b i s d a a r s e b a 87
siriis kaTolikebma (ase iwodebodnen akijanis mim-
devrebi) arauniati iakobitebis, anu siriis marTl-
madideblebis mier devnas ganicdidnen, ris Sede-
gadac maTma sarwmunoebam TiTqmis erTi saukunis
manZilze erTianoba dakarga. Tumca, 1782 w siriis
kaTolikuri eklesia aRdga da bevrad ufro gamyar-
da da ganmtkicda, rodesac mixael jarvexi, alepos
kaTolike episkoposi, airCies uniati iakobitTa
patriarqad, siriis kaTolikuri eklesiis sapatri-
arqoSi. jarvexis saqmis gamgrZeleblebi odiTganve
saxlobdnen dair-al-zafaranSi, mardinTan axlos
da evfratis sanapiroze. Semdeg dair-al-SarfeSi,
libanis kisravanis mTebSi gadainacvles, romelsac
iyenebdnen sazafxulo rezidenciad. zamTris rezi-
denciaT mogvianebiT beiruTi gaxda.
egvipteSi pirveli uniati kopturi eklesia 1741
w. daarsda, rodesac koptma episkoposma, saxelad
aTanasiosma, miatova monofizituri aRmsarebloba
da miiRo romauli orTodoqsia. mcirericxovani
uniati koptebis eklesiis Camoyalibeba moxda 1895
w., rodesac papma leo XIII maTi 5000-kaciani mrevli
sam eparqiad dayo. isini erT mmarTvels emorCile-
bodnen, amis Sedegad leo XIII aleqsandriis patri-
arqis wodeba eboZa, Tumca is kairoSi cxovrobda.
am religiur Tems kopturi kaTolikuri eklesia
ewoda, rac mas gamoarCevda monofizituri koptu-
ri marTlmadidebluri ekle­sii­sagan.
uniatur eklesiaTa Soris ufro adreuli,
(maronitTa eklesiis gamoklebiT) iyo nestori-
anelTa kaTolikuri. florenciis saeklesio kre-
bas iakobitTa patriarqis banam ibn-hadlis war-
momadgenlTan erTad eswrebodnen nestorianeli
eklesiis kviprosis ganStoebis warmomadgenlebi,
romelTa ZiriTadi rezidencia jer kidev eraySi
mdebareobda. nestorianelebi, msgavsad iakobiti
patriarqisa, daarwmunes romauli kaTolikuri
88 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

aRmsareblobis miRebisa da romis samRvdeloebi-

sadmi erTgulebis dadasturebis aucileblobaSi,
ris Sedegac maT qaldeebi ewodaT (gansxvavebiT im
nestorianebelisagan, romlebic romTan SeerTeba-
ze uars acxadebdnen da mogvianebiT sakuTar Tavs
asirielebs uwodebdnen, xolo eklesias _ asiriis
marTlmadideblur eklesias). 1551 w. papma iulius
III nestorianelTa eklesiis aqtiuri moRvawe ion
sulaka uniaturi eklesiis pirvel patriarqad dan-
iSna. sulakas saqmis gamgrZeleblebma mogvianebiT
babilonisa da qaldeis kaTalikos-patriarqis
tituli miiRes. aRsaniSnavia, rom qaldeis unia-
turi eklesia aris erTaderTi, romlis mrevlis
raodenobac imdenad gaizarda, rom gadaaWarba im
sarwmunoebis mimdevarTa ricxvs, saidanac igi aR-
mocenda.
 89

arabuli protestantuli eklesiebi

rotestantulma religiurma moZ-

raobam meTvramete saukunis bo-
los da mecxramete saukunis dasawy-
isSi arabul samyaroSi SemoaRwia
da mas uwobdnen Evangelicanism. es moZraoba war-
moiSva amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da brita-
neTSi da miznad isaxavda aRmofxvras im social-
uri borotebisa, rac teqnikuri revoluciiT iyo
gamowveuli misionerTa aqtiuri moRvaweobis meSve-
obiT. protestantebi xazs usvamdnen bibliis abso-
lutur avtoritetulobas, uzenaesobas, sulieri
transformaciis aucileblobas bibliis kiTxviT,
locviT, qristes rwmeniT da adamianis cxovrebas
saxarebis mixedviT warmarTviT. evangeli­stebi Cam-
oyalibdnen moxaliseTa sazogadoebebis saxiT. be-
Wdavdnen da avrcelebdnen bibliasa da religiur
traqtatebs, afuZnebdnen da xelmZRvanelobdnen
sakvirao skolebs, sadac saswavlo programis
udides nawils evangelisturi qadageba warmoad-
genda. evengelisturi moZraoba ar Semoifargle-
boda mxolod erTi protestanuli doqtriniT. igi
xelmisawvdomi iyo yvelasTvis. sxvadasxva protes-
tantebTan TanamSromloba evangelistebisa ufro
wess warmoadgenda, vidre gamonakliss. mecxramete
saukunis adreul xanaSi evangelisturi moZraoba
sabolood gavrcelda da gadaiqca farTomasStabi-
an protestantul misionerul moZraobad, moicva
msoflios yvela kuTxe axlo aRmosavleTis qvey-
nebis CaTvliT.
90 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

protestantuli qristianuli moZRvreba, rom-

lisganac evangelisturi misioneruli moZRvreba
warmoiSva, Seiqmna meTeqvsmete saukuneSi germania-
sa da CrdiloeT evropis sxva qveynebSi. qristiano-
bis es saxesxvaoba romis kaTolikuri eklesiis av-
toritets uaryofda. arsebiTad, protestantizmi
Seiqmna Sua saukuneebis romis kaTolikuri ekle-
siis doqtrinebsa da wes-CveulebebTan brZolis
mizniT, romelTa WeSmaritebis aRiareba bibliaze
dayrdnobiT sakmaod rTuli iyo, an ewinaaRmdege-
boda biblias. protestanturi konfesiebi gansx-
vavdebian erTimeoresagan, magram yvela aRiarebs
bibliis WeSmaritebas da amtkicebs mas qristianu-
li religiis erTaderT avtoritetul wyarod da
Tvlis, rom yvela qristianma unda icodes biblia.
garda amisa, yvela protestanti amtkicebs, rom
adamianis xsna SesaZlebelia ara saRmrTo saidum-
loTa koleqtiuri SesrulebiT, aramed individu-
alurad sarwmunoebis aRsarebiT. protestantTa es
ZiriTadi principi momdinareobs pavle mociqulis
epistoledan83. garda amisa, yvela protestanti
aRiarebs mRvdlebs anu pastorebs Semsruleblad
saeklesio msaxurebisa, romelTac evalebaT mrev-
lis sulieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba.
zogierTi protestantuli eklesia, rogoricaa
anglikanuri aRiarebs diakvnebis, mRvdlebisa da
episkoposebis saeklesio ierarqias maTTvis raime
samRvdeloebrivi Zalauflebis miniWebis gareSe.
sxva konfesiebi gansxvavebuli principebiT xasiaT-
deba. magaliTad, presviterianelebi sakuTar TemSi
cvlian tradiciul eklesiur ierarqias erTnairi
uflebebis mqone saeklesio mmarTvelobiT, ro-
melic Sedgeba pastorebisa da presviterebisagan
(aqedan warmodgeba am eklesiis saxelwodebac). ma-
Sin, rodesac presviteruli sarwmunoeba nebismier
qveyanaSi mxars uWers centralur administracias,
 arabul i p r o t e s t a n t u l i e k l e s i e b i 91
anu sinods da uzrunvelyofs misi presviterebis
moqmedebis koordinirebas, kongregacionali-
stebi, romlebic mcired Tu gansxvavdebian pres-
viterianelebisgan Tavisi doqtrinebiT, aRiare-
ben calkeuli kongregaciis (e.i. yoveli calkeu-
li presviteris anu saeklesio erTeulis, Temis)
uflebasa da funqciebs, miiRos gadawyvetileba
sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr da Tavad ganagos saku-
Tari saqmeebi raime umaRlesi an makoordinirebeli
organos gareSe. `megobarTa sazogadoebaSi~, anu
kvakerebSi morwmunis suliereba umaRles rangSia
ayvanili. kvakerebs ara hyavT aranairi xeldasx-
muli mRvdeli. isini ikribebian, rogorc araofi-
cialuri, sulierad Tanaswori mlocvelebis kon-
fesia, ara eklesiebSi, aramed adgilze, romelsac
isini Sexvedrebis saxls uwodeben.
protestantuli qadagebebi pirvelad gaimarTa
osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myof siriaSi
meTvramete saukunis ociani wlebis dasawyisSi,
pirveli presviterianeli da kongregacionalisti
evangelikuri misionerebis beiruTSi Camosvlis
Semdgom. amave saukunis ormocian wlebSi am mis-
ionerebs, romlebic qadagebas eweodnen beiruTsa
da libanis mTebSi mcxovreb druzebs85 Soris, ukve
daarsebuli hqondaT pirveli skolebi da semi-
nariebi adgilobrivi qristianebisaTvis, romelTa
garkveuli nawilis moqcevac SeZles. imave periodSi
libanis mTebsa da siriis teritoriaze gamoCndnen
britaneli misionerebi _ palestinisa da transior-
daniis anglikanebi, Sotlandiis presviterianuli
da britanuli reformistuli eklesiis warmomad-
genlebi 1860 w. pirveli germaneli luTerani mis-
ionerebi palestinaSi prusiidan Camovidnen. maTi
mcdelobis Sedegad Seiqmna mcire luTeranuli
arabuli sazogadoeba, romelic dRemde arsebobs
iordaniasa da palestina-israelSi. anglikani mis-
92 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ionerebis saqmianobis xelSemwyobi centri pales-

tinasa da transiordaniaSi iyo saekleso mision-
erTa sazogadoeba. am sazogadoebis pirvel miRw-
evad arabul samyaroSi iTvleba maT mier 1815 w.
maltaSi stambis daarseba bibliisa da religiuri
traqtatebis arabul enaze dasabeWdad. amis Sem-
degom, 1820 w. eklesiis misionerTa sazogadoebam
saqmianoba egvipteSi wamoiwyes da rodesac 1840
w. politikuri mizezebis gamo saqmianobis Sew-
yveta mouxdaT, maT palestinaSi gadainacvles da
1841 w. ierusalimSi anglikanuri eparqia daaarses.
ierusalimi anglikani misionerebis centrad iqca.
es iyo mxare, romelic izidavda qristian arabebs
iordaniis orive mxridan _ ZiriTadad, berZen
marTlmadideblebs da berZen kaTolikebs _ raTa
SeerTebodnen anglikanur sarwmunoebas. arabuli
anglikanuri sazogadoebis pirveli episkoposi iyo
najib kubaini, romelic xeldasxmuli iqna 1956 w.
anglikanuri eklesia dRemde ganagrZobs ayvavebas
iordaniasa da palestinaSi.
maSin, rodesac anglikani misionerebis saqmi-
anoba palestinasa da transiordaniaSi warmoad-
genda eklesiis misionerTa sazogadoebis saqmes,
siriaSi, libanis mTebSi, eraySi, egviptesa da sxva
mxareebSi presviteruli da kongregacionalisturi
eklesiebis saqmianobis organizaciasa da koordini-
rebas sagareo misiaTa komisrebis amerikuli sabWo
uwevda. swored am saagentos sabWos meSveobiT bei-
ruTSi 1947 w. Seiqmna kongregaciuli tipis pres-
viteruli `erovnuli eklesia~, rasac `erovnuli
evangelisturi eklesia~ uwodes, rogorc TviTm-
marTveli (avtonomiuri) organo; am sabWos daxmare-
biT aseve Seiqmna presviteruli eklesiebi libanisa
da siriis sxvadasxva qalaqsa da sofelSi. zogier-
Ti maTgani Seiqmna amerikeli misionerebis mier maT
sabWosTan SeTanxmebuli qmedebis Sedegad, sxvebi
 arabul i p r o t e s t a n t u l i e k l e s i e b i 93
_ adgilobrivi morwmuneebis iniciativiT. Tavda-
pirvelad, misionerTa mier daarsebuli eklesiebi
sabWos uSualo zedamxedvelobis pirobebSi funq-
cionirebdnen. 1920 w., rodesac sabWom misioneru-
li saqmianobis masStabebi Seamcira. am eklesiebis
zedamxedvelobis mizniT Seiqmna sinodi sami pres-
viteris SemadgenlobiT, 1958 w. sabWos saqmianoba
sabolood Sewyda, yvela misi organo da mTeli
misi qoneba gadaeca siriisa da libanis erovnul
evangelikuri eklesiis sinods, Tumca beiruTis
erovnuli evangelikuri eklesia rCeba udides da
umniSvnelovanes organod, romlis wevric damas-
kos erovnuli evangelikuri eklesiaa.
garda libanis, siriis, palestinisa da iorda-
niis protestantuli eklesiebisa, aRniSvnis Rirsia
udidesi kopturi evangelikuri eklesia, romelic
1853 w. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis gaerTianebu-
li presviterianeli misionerebis mier daarsda da
amerikuli eklesiis SemadgenlobaSi TiTqmis erTi
saukunis manZilze arsebobda. kopturma evangeli-
kurma eklesiam, romelic Seqmna nilosis sinodis
saxiT, sruli avtonomia moipova 1958 w. imave peri-
odSi, rodesac avtonomia miiRo siriisa da liba-
nis erovnulma evangelikurma sinodma. miuxeda-
vad mcirericxovnobisa, aseve, aRsaniSnavia erayis
arabuli evangelikuri kongregaciebi da asiriuli
evangelikuri kongregaciebi _ orive warmoadgens
presviterianul eklesias.
libansa da siriaSi, iseve, rogorc iordaniaSi,
palestinasa da eraySi protestantebs SeurTdnen
somexi protestantebi, romlebmac arabeTis miwaze
Camosvla iwyes, rogorc ltolvilebma osmaleTis
imperiis Turqul provinciebSi somexTa momdevno
masobrivi darbevisgan Tavis dasaRwevad, rac 1894
w. daiwyo da 1915 w. Semdgomac grZeldeboda. somx-
uri evangelikuri kongregacia (dRes `axlo aR-
94 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

mosavleTis somxuri evangelikuri eklesiebis ka-

vSiri~) sagareo misiaTa amerikuli sabWos mieraa
Seqmnili 1846 w.
garda presviterianelebisa, anglikanebisa da
luTeranebisa, arabuli samyaros protestantebi
dRes kvakerebs, baptistebs, meSvide dRis adven-
tistebs, RmerTis mimdevarTa eklesias da sxv. Tvli­
an. maT Soris kvakerebi, anu megobarTa sazogadoeba
uZvelesia. megobarTa sazogadoebam misioneruli
saqianoba libanis mTebSi 1870-ian wlebSi daiwyo,
Semdgom gaavrcela palestinamde, marTalia, arc
Tu ise bevri arabi moaqcia, magram sakuTari sityva
Tqva imiT, rom Seitana gansakuTrebuli wvlili ga-
naTlebaSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
 95

arabi uniatebi da protestantebi

storiuli TvalsazrisiT romaeli ka-

Tolike da protestanti misionerebis
saqmianobas, ris Sedegadac warmoiSva
uniaturi da protestantuli sazoga-
doebebi arabul samyaroSi, orgvari xasiaTi aqvs -
erTi negatiuri, xolo meore _ pozitiuri. uaryo-
fiTi Sedegi, rac misionerTa saqmianobam gamoiRo,
iyo istoriuli aRmosavleTis qristianuli sazoga-
doebebis daSla da maTgan uniaturi eklesiis war-
moqmna Tu maTi wevrebis protestantur rjulze
moqceva. yovelive amas mohyva deda-eklesiebsa da
Svilobil eklesiebs Soris undobloba da uTanx-
moeba. Svilobil eklesias miaCnda, rom deda ekle-
sia moZvelda da dakninda; es ukanaskneli ki meo-
res dasavluri tendenciis monur morCilebasa da
aRmosavleTis qristianuli tradiciebis RalatSi
adanaSaulebda. rac Seexeba am misionerTa saqmia-
nobis dadebiT Sedegs, unda gvaxsovdes, rom tra-
diciuli aRmosavleTis eklesiebis uniatebi deda
eklesiisgan gamoyofis Sedegad axal sazogadoe-
bebad yalibdebodnen, romlebic xasiaTdebodnen
gaZlierebuli da ara dasustebuli eTnikuri Tvi-
TSegnebiT. da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT melqituri ek-
lesiis magaliTs, romelzec xangrZlivi drois man-
Zilze arabTa kuTvnil miwaze berZenTa umaRlesi
samRvdeloeba gabatonda, uniaturma kaTolikurma
eklesiam SeZlo am mdgomareobidan gamosvla, an
protestis gamoxatva mainc berZnebis gaumarTle-
beli hegemoniis winaaRmdeg. damoukidebel sarwmu-
96 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

noebad Camoyalibebis dRidan berZnul- kaTolikur

eklesiis sruluflebiani mmarTveli iyo arabi
samRvdeloeba, romelsac saTaveSi arabi patriarqi
idga. am eklesiis Seqmnam arabeTis miwaze niadagi
moumzada XIX s. arabuli literaturis aRorZi-
nebas. amis sapirispirod, aleqsandriis kaTedris
berZen marTlmadideblebma, arauniatma melqitebma
adgilobrivi egvipteli patriarqi airCies mxolod
1846 w.i. antioqiis kaTedris melqitebma pirveli
arabi patriarqis arCeva mxolod 1899 w. SeZles.
xolo berZeni patriarqi Tavisi berZeni umaRle-
si samRvdeloebiT dRemde saTaveSi udgas berZnul
marTlmadideblobas, ierusalimis arauniatur ka-
Tedras.
yovel uniatur sazogadoebaSi didi yuradRe-
ba eqceoda deda-eklesiis wes-Cveulebebis dacvas
da ara misi laTinuri wesiT Canacvlebas. am wes-
Si umniSvnelo cvlilebebi SehqondaT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sadavo sakiTxi adre SemoRebuli
wesebis irgvliv wamoiWreboda.
romaeli kaTolike misionerebi aRmosavleTis
eklesiebs mouwodebdnen, erovnuli TviTSegnebi-
saken da istoriuli memkvidreobis SensrCunebi-
saken. imaves akeTebdnen protestanti misionerebi.
arabeTis miwaze maT mier daarsebul eklesiebSi
protestanti misionerebi da gasakuTrebiT amerike-
lebi, yovel Rones xmarobdnen arabuli ena RvTi-
smsaxurebis erTaderT enad daekanonebinaT; bei-
ruTSi amerikeli presviteri misionerebis yvelaze
RirsSesaniSnavi miRwevaa bibliisa da fsalmunebis
Tanamedrove arabul enaze Targmna da gamocema.
anglikaneli misionerebi, Tavis mxriv, sakuTar mo-
valeobad Tvlidnen `saerTo locvis wigni~ ara-
bul enaze gamoecaT. amasobaSi protestantul da
uniatur skolebsa da kolejebSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba arabuli enis Seswavlas da saxelmZRva-
 arabi u n i a t e b i d a p r o t e s t a n t eb i 97
neloebis arabul enaze gamocemas eqceoda. ar aris
gasakviri, rom arabuli nacionaluri ideis formu-
lireba da win wamoweva arab qristianebs ekuTvniT,
romelTa umetesobas Seadgendnen uniatebi an pro-
testantebi, an isini, romlebmac ganaTleba unia-
tur an protestantul skolebSi miiRes.
98 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

qristianebi Tanamedrove arabul samyaroSi

ristianuli sarwmunoeba Tanamedrove ara-

q bul samyaroSi kvlavac farTodaa gavrce-

lebuli _ egvipteSi, eraySi, iordaniaSi,
libansa da siriaSi, aseve, palestinasa da
israelis arabebs Soris. (arabeTis naxevarkunZu-
lisa da CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebis qristiani
arabebi an evropelebi arian; sudaneli qristiane-
bi, romlebic ZiriTadad sudanis samxreT nawilSi
damkvidrdnen, arabuli warmomavlobis ar arian).
qristianuli mosaxleobis ricxvi meryeobs Ta-
namedrove arabul samyaroSi. dauzustebeli sta-
tistikuri monacemebiT, qristianTa ricxvi daa-
xloebiT aTi milionia. isini mimofenilni arian
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Semdegi TanafardobiT (maTi
procentuli Sefardeba adgilobriv mosaxleoba-
sTan frCxilebSia naCvenebi):
egvipteSi _ daaxloebiT 6 milioni (12. 5%);
libanSi _ daaxloebiT 2 milioni (daaxloebiT
40%);
siriaSi _ daaxloebiT 1 milioni (savaraudod, 6%);
iordaniaSi da palestina-israelis arabebs So-
ris _ 0,5 milioni (umetesad nawildebian iorda-
nielebsa da palestinelebs Soris da TiToeulSi
daaxloebiT 6%-s Seadgenen);
eraySi _ 0,5 milioni (daaxloebiT 3%).
qristiani arabebis aRwera maTi aRmsareblobis
mixedviT ZiriTadad eklesiaSi registrirebul ma-
salas efuZneba, rac, rogorc wesi, ar aris absolu-
turad zusti da srulyofili. arabuli samyaros
 qristianebi T a n a m e d r o v e a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i 99
macxovreblebis umravlesobas egvipteli kopte-
bi Seadgenen. savaraudod, maTi ricxvi 5 milions
aRwevs. raodenobrivad meore adgilze berZeni mar-
Tlmadideblebi arian, romelTa ricxvi daxloebiT
erTi milionia siriasa da libanSi, iordaniasa da
palestinaSi. aqedan erovnul umravlesobas sirie-
li qristianebi Seadgenen. maT mosdeven maronitebi,
romelTa ricxvic mTel arabul samyaroSi daaxloe-
biT erT milions aRwevs da ZiriTadad Tavmoyrili
arian libanSi. arabul samyaroSi somxebis raode-
noba, romelTa did umravlesobas grigorianelebi
Seadgenen (Tumca maT Soris kaTolikebi da prote-
stantebic arian) daaxloebiT oTx milions aRwevs
da maTgan naxevarze meti libanSia. aseTive raode-
nobiT gvxvdebian berZeni kaTolikebi, romelTa na-
xevarze meti, somxebis msgavsad, libanSia koncen-
trirebuli. garda berZeni kaTolikebisa, arabul
samyaroSi mniSvnelovnad did jgufs warmoadgens
kidev erTi uniaturi sazogadoeba _ qalkedonelebi,
romelTa raodenoba 250000-s aRwevs da maTi umete-
soba eraySia Tavmoyrili. amis sapirispirod, erayis
asiriuli marTlmadidebluri (anu nestorianelTa)
eklesia, romelsac Tavidanve gamoeyo qalkedonis
eklesia, 50000-mde mimdevars iTvlis. Tanamedro-
ve arabul samyaroSi arsebuli sxva qristianuli
konfesiebi mcirericxovania. TiToeulSi ramdeni-
me aTeuli aTasi mimdevaria ara umetesi 100 000 an
120 000 (igives Tqma SeiZleba siriis marTlmadide-
blur eklesiazec). arabeTis romaeli kaTolikebi
anu `laTinebi~ am kategorias miekuTvnebian. arabi
protestantebis raodenoba 180 000-dan 200 000-mde
aRwevs, romelTagan 130 000-ze meti egviptelia da
savaraudod, 25 000 libaneli (ukanasknel SemTxveva-
Si somexi protestantebis CaTvliT). mniSvnelovania
is faqti, rom qristianebis raodenoba Tanamedro-
ve arabul samyaroSi maT socialur, ekonomikur da
100 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

kulturul msoflmxedvelobas, xolo rig SemTxve-

vaSi _politikur azrovnebas ganapirobebda. XIX s.
osmaleTis siriis qristianebma (dRevandeli libani,
siria, palestina, israeli da iordania) da gansaku-
TrebiT, protestantebma da uniatma kaTolikebma
udidesi wvlili Seitanes arabeTis ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. swored maTi wreebidan gamodiodnen saxe-
lovani swavlulebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves ara-
buli humanizmis aRorZinebas, Cauyares safuZveli
arabul erovnul ideas, rogorc zemoT ukve iyo aR-
niSnuli. am periodisaTvis egvipteSi gadasaxlebul-
ma sirielma qristianebma, romlebic libanis mTiani
regionidan da sxva mxareebidan iyvnen, pirvelebma
daiwyes Tanamedrove arabuli Jurnalistikis aRor-
Zineba, daarses gazeTebi, samecniero da literatu-
ruli perioduli gamocemebi, Seqmnes Tanamedrove
arabuli presa. garda egviptisa, imxanad mTel ara-
bul samyaroSi qristian arabebs wamyvani adgili
ekavaT ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi. maTi
miRwevebi magaliTi iyo sxvebisTvisac. magram is ga-
remoeba, romelmac im drois mowinave qristianebi
maT musulim Tanamedroveebze socialuri da inte-
leqtualuri TvalsazrisiT maRla daayena, is faqti
gaxldaT, rom isini dasavleTidan axal ideebsa da
sazogadoebrivi wyobis modelebs aRiarebdnen _ da-
savleTidan, romelTanac Tundac simbolurad erTi
qristianuli rwmenis arian.
Tanamedrove arabul samyaroSi pirveli mso-
flio omis mijnaze qristianma arabma _ maroni-
tebma wamyvani roli iTamaSes libanis respublikis
SeqmnaSi. sxvadasxva konfesiis qristianebi aseve
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen arabuli qveynebis:
egviptis, siriis, iordaniisa da axla palestinis
politikaSi. hqondaT ra bunebrivad gaTavisebu-
li dasavluri xasiaTi, qristiani arabebi idealu-
rad warmoaCendnen sakuTari qveynis da zogadad,
 qristianebi T a n a m e d r o v e a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i 101

arabebis erovnul poziciebs ama Tu im sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT saerTaSoriso asparezze. qristiani
arabebi dResac ki maTi qomagebi arian erovnul
sakiTxebSi, gansakuTrebiT palestineli arabebis
problemebTan dakavSirebiT.
qristiani arabebis momavalze zrunva far­Tod
Suqdeba saerTaSoriso masmediaSi. problematurad
rCeba qristianebis momavali arabul samyaroSi, gan-
sakuTrebiT Tu gaviTvaliswinebT islamuri funda-
mentalizmis talRas, romelmac ukanaskneli aTw-
leulebis manZilze arabeTis rigi qveynebi moicva.
isini, visac awuxebs qristianebis momavali, unda
axsovdeT, rom nebismier talRas Seswevs unari ma-
moZravebeli Zalis, romelmac is Seqmna, STanTqvisa
da ukuqcevisa. es gansakuTrebiT exeba socialur
talRas, romlis mamoZravebeli Zala efemeruli
emociaa da ara seriozuli mizezi. faqti faqtad
rCeba da qristiani arabebi sulac ar arian mtru-
lad ganwyobilni muslim arabebisadmi, romlebic
qristiani xalxis istoriasa da kulturas ToTxme-
ti saukunea swavlobdnen da iTvisebdnen. es ki, rac
metad mniSvnelovania, maTi keTili nebiTa da ini-
ciativiT xdeboda, vinaidan TviTonac amave mate-
rialur da sulier kulturis matareblebi arian.
aseTi ndobiTa da samarTlianobiT aRsavse ga-
remocvaSi qristiani arabebi Tanasworuflebiani
arian arabuli samyaros sxva arabebTan. moTmine-
biT, moqnilobiTa da urTierTTanagrZnobis una-
riT aRsavseni, rac maT istoriulad axasiaTebdaT,
SemoqmedebiTi marTvis niWiT dajildoebulni,
momavalSi isini aucileblad daikaveben Rirseul
adgils arabul samyaroSi, rogorc sakuTari aseve
maTi mezoblebis sakeTildReod.
102 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

komentarebi

1 maTe, 28:20. 17
2 Euangelion (berZn.) _ kargi ambavi 17
3 Apostolos (berZn.) _ Setyobinebis gadasacemad gag-
zavnili piri 17
4 Apocryphal (berZn.) _ dafaruli, saidumlo. apo-
krifuli anu arakanonikuri saxareba gaCnda qri-
stianobis pirvel saukuneebSi, magram eklesia
ar scnobs kanonikurad. 17, 24
5 maTgan cameti pavles ekuTvnis. 17
6 Orthodoxia (berZn.) _ swori azri, marTali Tval-
sazrisi. 18
7 Oikoumenikos (berZn.) _ sayovelTao. saRmrTi-
smetyvelo gageba, romelic eklesiis erTiano-
bas, mTlianobas da misi yvela wevris gaerTine-
bas aRniSnavs eklesiis erTi Tavis qveS, romelic
Tavad qristea 18
8 Christos (berZn.), mashiyah (ebr.) _ RmrTis mier cxe-
buli.18
9 esaia, 60:3. 18
10 ioane, 1:1-18. 19
11 Logos (berZn.) _ RvTis sityva 19
12 Hypostasis( berZn.) _ arsi, safuZveli, buneba 19
13 Talmud (ebr.) _ swavla, moZRvreba. Zveli ebrau-
 komentarebi 103
li sasuliero literaturis Zeglia.
Seiqmna Zv. w. IV _ ax. w. Vss. Cvenamde moaRwia
orma redaqciam: palestinurma anu ierusalimis
(arameulis palestinur dialeqtze) da babilo-
nis (arameulis mesopotamiur dialeqtze) 20
14 Midrashad (ebr.) _ wminda werilis ganmarteba 20
15 Palaia diatheke (ebr.) _ Zveli aRTqma 20
16 Kaine diatheke (berZn.) _ axali aRTqma 20
17 Ioudaismos (berZn.) _ iudaizmi, hurieba (Zv. qarT.).
saqarTveloSi iudaizmi iyo gavrcelebuli ad-
gilobriv ebraelTa Soris Zv. w. II s. da araso-
des aRiniSneboda iudaizmis mimdevarTa devna.
saqarTveloSi daculia ebrauli bib­liis uZve-
lesi xelnaweri `lailaSis biblia~, romelic Ta-
riRdeba XI s. 20
18 Christianismos( berZn.) _ qristianoba 20
19 iahve (ebr. iehua) _ iudaisturi religiis uze-
naesi RvTaeba moxseniebuli, rogorc `ufali~.
israelis samefos daarsebis Semdeg (Zv w. XI s.)
iahve mefis mfarvel RmerTad aRiares 21
20 gamosvla, 5:1-22. 21 dabadeba, 17:9-14. 21
22 Goym (ebr.) _ araiudeveli, sxva erovnebis war-
momadgeneli. 21
23. Charis (berZ.) _ madli 21
24 romaelTa mimarT, 2:28-29. 22
25 galatelTa mimarT, 1:12. 22
26 romaelTa mimarT, 10:10. 23
27 Mashiyah (ebr.) _ cxebuli. 23
28 esaia, 60:3 23
104 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

29 Hodos (berZn.) _ gza, seqtis saxelwodeba. 24, 41

30 Ya’qob bar Yoseph _ iakobi, Ze iosebisa. 24
31 evsevi, 3. 19-20. Eusebius Keisareus (260-340 ww.) _
romaeli saeklesio mwerali, istorikosi, pale-
stinis kesareis episkoposi (311w.), `saeklesio
istoria~ pirveli vrceli Txzulebis avtori,
romelic iTargmna eqvTime aTonelis mier qar-
Tulad. evsevis Sroma Seicavs cnobebs argona-
vtebze da medeaze, tibarenebze, iberebze, sani-
gebze da trapezuntis Sesaxeb. 24
32 evsevi, 4, 5. 24
33 Minim _ sqizmatikosi, eretikosi. 24
34 Ekklesia (berZn.) _ kreba. `ukueTu vyovno, raiTa
uwyodi, viTar-igi jer-ars saxlsa Sina RmrTi-
sasa slvai, romel ars eklesia RmrTisa cxovre-
bisai, sueti da simtkice WeSmaritebisai (1 ti-
moTe, 3-15) 24
35 Ebyonim (ebr. ) _ Raribi kaci. 25
36 Baptizien (berZn.) _ wyalSi monaTvla. 25
37 evsevi, 3. 27. 26
38 Masih (arab.) _ mesia, saxeli qriste macxovrisa.
Christos (berZn.) _ qriste, mashiyah (ebr) _ cxebu-
li. 26
39 injil (arab., mx. r. forma) _ saxareba. 26
40 mociqulTa saqmeebi, 22:25-29; 23:27. 27
41 Eucharistia (berZ.) _ madloba anu saidumlo se-
roba, ziareba. qristianuli eklesiis Svidi sai-
dumloTgan erTi. saeklesio moZRvreba ziarebis
saidumlos dawesebas ieso qristes miawers. 29
42 heterodoxia (berZn.) _ gansxvavebuli azri. 29
 komentarebi 105
43 hairesis (berZn.) _ arCevanis gakeTeba. 29
44 evsevi, 3. 28 30
45 evsevi, 6. 33, 30
46 kanon (berZn) _ sazomi, wesi, kriteriumi. 32
47 credo(laT.) _ me mwams. 32
48 maTe, 28:19. 33
49 katholikos (berZn.) _ sayovelTao. 33
50 romaelTa mimarT, 10: 9. 36
51 qristianoba _ msoflio religiaTagan erT-er-
Tia (budizmis da islamis gverdiT) da aerTia-
nebs yvela qristianul aRmsareblobas. mis mi-
mdevrebas ewodebaT qristianebi. 36
52 vestgoTur espaneTSi ariozoba (arianeloba)
arabebis dapyrobis xanamde arsebobda. 39
53 Sdr. maTe, 28:16-20, markozi, 16:14-18, luka,
24:36-49. 39
54 episkopos (berZn.) _ meTvalyure, zedamxdveli,
mRvdelmTavari, episkoposi (eklesiis Svidive
saidumlos Sesrulebis ufleba aqvs). 39
55 mociqulTa saqmeebi, 11:30 39
56 diakonos (berZn.) _ msaxuri. diakoni exmareba
episkoposs da mRvdels RmrTismsaxurebis da
saidumloTa msaxurebis dros. 39
57 pirveli werili timoTes mimarT, 1:5; 4:14; 5:17;
Sdr. saqmeebi, 14:23. 39
58 `samRvdeloebasa~ da `eriskacebs~ Soris gansxva-
vebaze Zvel aRTqmaSi miuTiTebda erT-erTi apo-
stoluri mama - romis episkoposi klimenti jer
kidev 95 w. is ganasxvavebda `mRvdlebis~ specia-
106 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

lur klassa da `levitelebs~ (taZris msaxurebs)

Cveulebrivi mlocvelebisagan. 42
59 missa an missus (laT., md. sqesi, warsuli drois
mimReoba sityvisa `mittere~) _ wargzavna anu ga-
Sveba religiuri msaxurebis dasasruls. 42
60 dab., 2:24 43.
61 diocesis (laT.), dioikesia(berZn.) _ Sinameurneoba.
dasavleTis eklesia termins `diocesis~ romis im-
periis administraciul erTeuls daesesxa. 44
62 paroicia (laT. _ berZn.) _ samezoblo, ubani;
paroikos(berZn.) _ mezobeli 45
63 sedes (laT.) an seat -adgili. 45
64 isapostolos (berZn.) _ mociqulTa Tanaswori 46
65 patriarches (berZn., pater_mama da archo_vmarTav) _
mamamTavari, umaRlesi mRvdelmTavari. marTl-
madideblur qristianul eklesiis uzenaesi wo-
deba. ierusalimis episkoposs patriarqis wode-
biT mxolod 451 w., (meoTxe msoflio saeklesio
krebis) Semdeg moixsenieben. bizantiis imperiis
marTlmadideblur qristianul eklesias oTxi
patriarqi ganagebda: konstantinopolis, ale-
qsandriis, antioqiisa da erusalimis. eklesiis
gayofis Semdeg 1054w. patriarqi aRmosavleTis
eklesiis meTaurTa wodebaa. saqarTvelos ka-
Tolikos-patriarqi melqisedek I (1010-1033 ww.)
pirvelad aris moxsenebuli saqarTvelos ekle-
siis mamamTavrad kaTolikos-patriarqis wode-
biT (matiane qarTlisa, `qarTlis cxovreba~, s.
yauxCiSvilis gamoc., t.1, Tb., 1955). 46
66 papa(laT), papas (berZ.), popes (ingl) _ mama, aR-
mzrdeli, damrigebeli. 46
67 maTe, 16:18-19 47
 komentarebi 107
68 monofizitoba (mono _ erTi, erTiani da physis
(berZn.) _ buneba) _ erTbunebianoba. mimdinareo-
ba qristianul religiaSi. 451 w. qalkedonis IV
msoflio saeklesio krebam dagmo monofizitoba
da miiRo diofizituri dogma. 48
69 nestori konstantinopoleli iyo arameeli
arabi mesopotamiidan. mesopotamia SemdgomSi
sparseTis imperiis nawili gaxda. iranidan ne-
storianoba gavrcelda Sua aziaSi, indoeTsa da
CineTSi. saqarTveloSi nestoris moZRvrebis mi-
mdevarTa arsebobaze (VI s.). miuTiTebs qarTlis
kaTalikosi kirioni (kironi) (VIIs.) Tavis mimowe-
raSi romis papTan grigol I da somexTa kaTa-
likos mosesTan.49
70 mesame msoflio kreba gaimarTa efesoSi 431 w.
49
71 wminda leoni, leon didi (440-461 ww.) 50
72 Malka _ (sir.) _ mefe. savarudod melqitebi anu
malkas momxreebad igulisxmeboda bizantiis im-
peratoris momxreebi. 51
73 mexuTe msoflio saeklesio kreba gaimarTa kon-
stantinepolSi 553 w. 53
74 energeia (berZ.) _ energia 56
75 theletis (berZn.) _ neba 56
76 meaTe saukunis arabi istorikosis al-masudis
Tanaxmad, maronituli eklesia, romlis reli-
giuri centric dair maroni iyo, daarsda bizan-
tieli imperatoris mavrikiosis mefobis perio-
dSi (582-602 ww.) 56
77 Iconoclast _ xatmebrZoloba. Eikon (berZn.) _ su-
raTi da klazein_ damsxvreva. xatmebrZoloba _
moZraoba, romelic xatTa Tayvaniscemas uaryo-
108 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

fs. VII msoflio krebam (787w) dagmo xatmebrZo-

lobis eresi da xatTayvaniscemis dogmati daa-
dgina. 58
78 Monazein (berZ) _ ganmartoeba. monazoni _ beri,
an monazvnad aRkvecili dedakaci. monazvnoba
warmoiSva III s. 58
79 Koinonion (berZn.) _ erTad cxovreba. monazvne-
bi garkveuli saerTo cxovrebis wesdebiT cxo-
vroben monastrebSi, erTad monawileoben Rmr-
TismsaxurebaSi, erTad trapezoben, yvela wevri
garkveul samuSaos an msaxurebas asrulebs 59
80 Schisma (laT.) da Schizein(berZn.) _ ganxeTqileba 63
81 Zveli berZnebi mas uwodebdnen Koilosyria-s _ si-
riis vel-dablobs. 69
82 ahl kitab (arab.) _ saRvTo werilis mimdevrebi 72
83 Protestaus (laT.), Protestantis (berZn.) _is, vinc saja-
rod amtkicebs. religiur moZRvrebaTa da mim-
dinareobaTa saerTo saxelwodeba, romelic XVI s.
reformaciidan momdinareobs. 81
84 `vinaidan madliT xarT gadarCenilebi, rwmenis
meSveobiT, da es Tqvengan ki ar aris. aramed
RvTis niWia. ara saqmeTagan, raTa aravin daikvex-
nos~, efeselTa mimarT, 2.8-9; `masSi cxaddeba
RvTis simarTle rwmenidan rwmenaSi, rogorc
weria: marTali icocxlebs rwmeniT~ romaelTa
mimarT, 1.17. 90
85 druzebi (arab. duruz) _ muslimuri religiuri
seqtis ismailizmis erT-erTi ganStoebis mimde-
vari arabebi. druzebis seqta Camoyalibda XI s.
samxreT egviptesa da libanis ismailitebSi bati-
niti misioneris darazis qadagebis Sedegad. 91
 109
mTavari qristianuli konfesiebi da eklesiebi

nikeamdeli qristianoba

nazarevelTa swavleba pavles swavleba

nikeamdeli
swavleba
qristian iudavelTa
eklesiebi (ebonitebi da sxv.)

nikeis marTmadidebloba
sasanidebis
(325 w.)
imperia
nikeis Semdgomi
konfesiebi

nestoris qalkedonos monofizitTa

swavleba doqtrina swavleba
(451 w.)
nestorelTa kopturi,
eklesia iakobitTa da
somxuri eklesiebi
monoTelitTa
swavleba
(680 w. dagmes)

ganxeTqileba (1054 w.)

kaTolikoba berZnuli marTmadidebloba

kaTolikuri da bizantiis da melqitebis

uniaturi eklesiebi eklesebi

protestantizmi
1517 wlidan

protestantTa sarwmunoeba
110 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

saZieblebi
pirTa saxelebi

abdala edeseli 86
abraami (abraahami) 7, 20
al-masudi 107
avraami arciviani (patriarqi) 86
adrian II (romis papi) 23, 24, 63
ariozi (aleqsadrieli) 34,35
apolinarius laodikeli 47
andre akijani (episkoposi) 86, 87
al-duvaixi, stefan 81
al-hadli, banam 86, 87
al-hasan bin talali 8 -16
aTanasius (episkoposi, kopti) 87

barTlome 52
basil I makedoneli (bizantiis imperatori) 63
baradeusi, iakobi 51
berilus bostraeli 30
benediqte nursieli 63

Генко А. Н. 12
grigor, wm. (ganmanaTlebeli) 52
grigol XIII (romis papi) 81
grifon flandrieli (Zma grifoni) 80

daviT 12, 22, 23

demiurgi 29
dioskore (aleqsandriis patriarqi) 49
 saZieblebi 111

evgeni IV (papi) 78
esaia 23, 102, 103
evsevi kesarieli 25, 29, 30, 44, 104, 105

viliam tireli 78

Tadeos 52
TevzaZe g. 16
Teodora (dedofali) 51, 52, 60,
Teodore arabi (faraneli) 47, 55
Teodore studiti 60
Teodos didi (romis imperatori) 35, 36, 38

iakobi 23, 26, 31

ibn al-qilai, gabriel 80
ignatius (konstantinopolis patriarqi) 80
ignatius (antioqiis patriarqi) 20, 80
inokenti III (romis papi) 78
ieremia amxiteli (maronitTa patriarqi) 78
ieronim dandidi 80
ieronime, wm. 25
ieso qriste17-26, 28-34, 37, 39-42, 45, 47, 48, 50, 52,
55, 80, 89, 102, 104
ioan maroni (maronitTa patriarqi) 68
ioane 17, 19, 26, 31, 42, 52
iulius III (romis papi) 88
ioseb 23
iustiniane I didi 51
iuxan jajeli (patriarqi) 79
112 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

ioane damaskeli 59
iuxan maklufi 81

kanti i. 11
karl didi 61
kirile VI (antioqiis patriarqi) 85
kirile (aleqsandriis patriarqi) 48-49
kerinTi 28
kerulariusi, mixeil (konstantinopolis patriarqi) 64
kliment (romis episkoposi) 31
konstantine I didi mefe 12, 18, 35, 44
kubaini najib (episkoposi) 92

leo I (romis papi) 49

leon III (bizantiis imperatori) 57, 59
leo IX (romi papi) 64
leo XIII (romis papi) 87
loiola wm. ignatios 80
luka 17, 20, 23, 28, 31

maklufi, iuxan (maronitTa patriarqi) 81

mariam RvTismSobeli 17, 23, 25, 33, 37, 47-48
maTe 17, 19, 20, 23, 28, 31, 32
markiane (bizantiis imperatori) 50
markion pontoeli 29
maroni, ioane 55
mavrikios (bizantiis imperatori) 107
mixeil III 62-63
mixeil jarvexi (bizantiis imperatori) 87
 saZieblebi 113
monoimusi 29
mose 19, 20, 23, 24, 26
muhamedi (winaswarmetyveli) 25, 54

nestori 48
neroni 18
nikolaoz I (romis papi) 62, 63
nikolasi 25

oto didi (imperatori) 62

pavle (mociquli) 18-22, 26-28, 30-33, 39, 40, 42, 43,

45, 48, 90, 102
petre (mociquli) 26, 28, 32, 45
pontoeli pilate 33, 37

sauli 22
saifi, evTimiusi 84-85
silvesteri 85
sergiusi (konstantinopolis patriarqi) 51, 55
severosi (patriarqi) 51
sergius Teleli 51, 74
sofio wm. 60
stefan al-duvaixi (maronitTa patriarqi) 81
sulaka, ioan 88
Schleivmaher F. D. 10

tertuliane 24
timoTe 32, 40, 104, 105
114 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

tireli, v. 78
trdat didi (somxeTis mefe) 52
Trimingham J. S. 24

filipe arabi 35
francisk asizeli 78

wereTeli g. 11

hadriane (romis imperatori) 24

heraklius (bizantiis imperatori) 54, 55
honoriusi 55
Hippolytus 29

geografiuli saxelebi

azia 6, 43, 49, 73

alepo 68, 72, 84-87
aleqsandria 34, 44, 45, 47-51, 64-67, 70, 83, 85-87, 96
al-mahdia 70
al-fustati 70
aleqsandreta (iskanderoni, yure) 76
alqoSi 73
amida (diabeqirб, TurqeTi ) 72
anatolia 26, 29, 36, 45, 48, 52, 67, 76
antioqia 51-52, 64, 67, 68, 75-77, 80
arameelebi 52, 69
arabeTi 6, 25, 26, 29, 30, 53, 55, 65, 70, 82, 93, 96, 98-99, 100
asiria 88, 95
 saZieblebi 115
afrika 49, 73, 98
aSS 89, 93

babiloni 22, 88
baRdadi 59, 70, 73
bizantia 50-54, 56-59, 63-67, 73, 74, 76
beiruTi 78, 79, 85, 87, 91-93, 96
bosfori (srute) 35, 50
britaneTi 35, 89
bzumar (kisravanis mTa, libani) 86

galatea 21, 26

damasko 26, 59, 70, 75, 76, 84, 85, 93

dvini 53
der al-zafaran 72, 87
der al-luvaiza 81
der al-Sarfe 87

egvipte 43, 45, 48, 50-52, 54, 65-66, 69-71, 78, 83, 87,
92, 98, 100, 102
edesa 51, 75-76
efeso 18, 48-50
evfrati 76, 87
erayi 7, 14, 29, 49, 65, 69, 72-73, 87, 92-93, 98-99

TurqeTi 72, 76

ierusalimi 14, 17, 23-24, 26-27, 39, 40, 44, 64-67, 75-
79, 83, 85, 92, 96
116 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

indoeTi 49, 53, 73

iordania 5, 13, 16, 91-93, 98-100
israeli 20-22, 23, 98, 100
italia 63-64, 79-80, 86
iudea 22

kairo 70, 71, 82, 87

karTageni 24
kefarhai (sofeli libanis
������������������
mTebSi)���
68
kilikia 76, 86
kluni 63
korinTo 20, 28, 32
konstantinopoli 18, 19, 35, 36, 44, 48, 50-56, 60-68,
75, 78, 83, 85

libani 7, 68, 77, 84-87, 91-94, 98, 99

malabari (samx. indoeTi) 53

malta 92
mardini 72, 87
medina 54
meliTeni (malaTia) 72
mesopotamia 43, 53, 72-74, 77
mosul 73

nazarevelni 23, 24-26, 28, 39, 44

nikea (izniqi) 36, 38,
nilosi 70, 93

orontesi (mdinare) 55, 67-68

 saZieblebi 117
osmaleTi 76, 80, 82, 85, 91, 93, 100

palestina 7, 14, 19, 23, 25, 33, 44, 64, 82, 83, 91-94,
98-100
portugalia 53

romi 14, 18, 24, 26, 33, 35-37, 43-48, 52-55, 61-64, 66,
67, 75-84, 86, 88, 90
roni (dablobi) 63

saberZneTi 26
selevkia- ktesifoni 49, 73
siria 24, 29, 43, 50-55, 65, 67-69, 71, 72, 74-78, 80, 83,
85, 87, 91-93, 99, 100
sisi (somxeTis saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi
(1080-1357 ww)) 86
sicilia 63, 64, 77
sokotra 42
somxeTi 52, 53, 76, 77
sparseTi 49, 52-54, 73
stambuli 82, 83
sudani 98

tigrosi 49, 72
tiri 84
tripoli 75, 77
transiordania 13, 25, 91, 92
tunisi 70

florencia78-80, 86, 87
118 qr i s t i a n o b a a r a b u l s a m y a r o S i

qalkedoni 18, 36, 50, 52, 53, 55, 99

qanubini 80, 81

CineTi 49

Sotlandia 91

hama (siria) 55
 119
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1. Aland Kurt. A History of Christianity, 2 vols. (1985-86, ori-
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��. Barraclough, Geoffrey (ed.). The Christian World: A Social
and Cultural History (1918)
3. Cross F.L. and E.A. Livingstone (eds). The Oxford Dictio-
nary of the Christian Church, 3 ed., 1997.
4. Fox Robin Lane. Pagans and Christians (1986, reissued
1988).
5. Harnack Adolf, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity
in the First Three Centuries, 2-nd enlarged and revised edi-
tion, 2 vols (1908; originally published in German, 1902).
6. Hussey J.M. The Oxford Church in the Byzantine Empire
(1986).
7. Jedin Hubert and John Dolan. Handbook of Church Hi-
story, 10 vols (1965-81; originally published in German,
1962-79). The later volumes of the English edition are in-
tiated History of the Church.
8. Trimingham J. Spencer. Christianity among the Arabs in
pre-Islamic Times, London, 1979.
9. Van Der Meer F. and Christian Mohrmann, Atlas of the
Early Christian World, translated from the Dutch (1958,
reprinted in 1966).