A

Mini Project Report

On

An Electronic DICE Using LEDs

Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics & communication Engineering

Under Guidance of
Er. ASHISH SINGH
By

AMARJEET VERMA(1504331902)
ESHAN MISHRA(1504331904)
NISHI DUBEY(1504331906)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi, UP
Session- 2017-18
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide
“Er. Ashish Singh” for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement
throughout the course of this report. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to
time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to our honourable
Head Of The Department Dr. D.C.Dhubkarya for his valuable support, information and
guidance which helped me in completing this task through various stages.

I am obliged to “ Er. Ravi Tripathi” for the valuable information and time
provided by him.

The most sincere thanks go to my parents for their constant encouragement at every
step of my endeavour.

GROUP MEMBERS:-
AMARJEET VERMA
Roll no-1504331902
ESHAN MISHRA
Roll no-1504331904
NISHI DUBEY
Roll no- 1504331906

Electronics & Comm.

Engineering
Final year
 ABSTRACT
AN ELECTRONIC DICE USING LEDs
Dice is used to play many games like snake ladder, Ludo etc. Generally
dice is made up of wooden or plastic, which gets deformed with time and
become biased. An UNBIASED LED DICE is a good alternative of old fashioned
dice, it can’t be biased or deformed. It operates at such high speed that no one
can cheat. To create this digital dice circuit, we have mainly used timer
IC555 and CD4017 IC.

As a push button is pressed and held, the LEDs start blinking at a very
high rate tough to be guessed by human eyes. Thus, when the button is unheld
and left back to its position it lefts with any single LED glown. The said number
is the count for the chance.
 TABALE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE NO.

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1. Introduction 1
2. Concept 2

2.1 Concept of astable multivibrator 2

2.2 Concept of Decade Counter and ic 6
cd4007
3. Circuit Explanation 9
3.1 Circuit Diagram 9

3.2 Working of circuit 10

4. Conclusion 11
5. References 12
 1

1.INTRODUCTION
The basic idea of the project about introducing some new technique of
rolling dice into a game .The traditional method sometimes go unfair and
ultimately the game gets spoiled. Keeping the issue in mind, an unbiased
electronic dice is designed.

Simply pushing a button in electronic dice brings fast blink of six LEDs
representing six number of dice and ultimately leaving behind anyone number
of dice as result through the corresponding LED glown.

The extent of fairness of the game is highly secured as the blinking rate
can be regulated by changing the value of variable resistor used. The
practicality of the circuit design is assured by its simple design and compact
size, also way of usage.

IC 555 used here in the form of astable multi-vibrator so that patterned

is never observable and a fair game can be executed. IC CD4017 works as a
decade counter.
 2

2. CONCEPTS
The various technical concepts involved in the design are explained
individually as following:-

2.1. Concept of Astable Multi-vibrator:- A multi-vibrator is a device

that switches between two states. It is a type of oscillator and can be used as a
trigger, converter, moderator, or divider. It usually produces changes in a
system at timed intervals, depending on the number and placement of
resistors and other elements within the system as well as the input signal’s
intensity. An astable multi-vibrator is a multi-vibrator that does not rest in an
unstable state like other multi-vibrators, but continuously switches between
two states.
Working Principle of Astable Multi-vibrator:- Astable multi-vibrator is
also called as Free Running Multi-vibrator. It has no stable states and
continuously switches between the two states without application of any
external trigger. The IC 555 can be made to work as an astable multi-vibrator
with the addition of three external components: two resistors (R1 and R2) and
a capacitor (C). The schematic of the IC 555 as an astable multi-vibrator along
with the three external components is shown below.
 3

The pins 2 and 6 are connected and hence there is no need for an
external trigger pulse. It will self trigger and act as a free running multivibrator.
The rest of the connections are as follows: pin 8 is connected to supply voltage
(VCC). Pin 3 is the output terminal and hence the output is available at this pin.
Pin 4 is the external reset pin. A momentary low on this pin will reset the
timer. Hence when not in use, pin 4 is usually tied to VCC.

The control voltage applied at pin 5 will change the threshold voltage
level. But for normal use, pin 5 is connected to ground via a capacitor (usually
0.01µF), so the external noise from the terminal is filtered out. Pin 1 is ground
terminal. The timing circuit that determines the width of the output pulse is
made up of R1, R2 and C.

Operation:-

The following schematic depicts the internal circuit of the IC 555

operating in astable mode. The RC timing circuit incorporates R1, R2 and C.
 4

Initially, on power-up, the flip-flop is RESET (and hence the output of the
timer is low). As a result, the discharge transistor is driven to saturation (as it is
connected to Q’). The capacitor C of the timing circuit is connected at Pin 7 of
the IC 555 and will discharge through the transistor. The output of the timer at
this point is low. The voltage across the capacitor is nothing but the trigger
voltage. So while discharging, if the capacitor voltage becomes less than 1/3
VCC, which is the reference voltage to trigger comparator (comparator 2), the
output of the comparator 2 will become high. This will SET the flip-flop and
hence the output of the timer at pin 3 goes to HIGH.

This high output will turn OFF the transistor. As a result, the capacitor C
starts charging through the resistors R1 and R2. Now, the capacitor voltage is
same as the threshold voltage (as pin 6 is connected to the capacitor resistor
junction). While charging, the capacitor voltage increases exponentially
towards VCC and the moment it crosses 2/3 VCC, which is the reference
voltage to threshold comparator (comparator 1), its output becomes high.

As a result, the flip-flop is RESET. The output of the timer falls to LOW.
This low output will once again turn on the transistor which provides a
discharge path to the capacitor. Hence the capacitor C will discharge through
the resistor R2. And hence the cycle continues.

Thus, when the capacitor is charging, the voltage across the capacitor
rises exponentially and the output voltage at pin 3 is high. Similarly, when the
capacitor is discharging, the voltage across the capacitor falls exponentially and
the output voltage at pin 3 is low. The shape of the output waveform is a train
of rectangular pulses. The waveforms of capacitor voltage and the output in
the astable mode are shown below.

While charging, the capacitor charges through the resistors R1 and R2.
Therefore the charging time constant is (R1 + R2) C as the total resistance in
the charging path is (R1 + R2). While discharging, the capacitor discharges
through the resistor R2 only. Hence the discharge time constant is R2C.
 5

Applications:- Astable multi-vibrators are used in amateur radio equipment to

receive and transmit radio signals. Astable multi-vibrators are also used in
morse code generators, timers, and systems that require a square wave,
including television broadcasts and analog circuits.

Advantages:- Astable multi-vibrators continuously switch between one state

and another. This allows astable multi-vibrators to power themselves and
perform work at a consistent rate without influence from any outside forces or
events. Additionally, astable multi-vibrators are inexpensive to produce, are
relatively simple in design, and can remain functional for extraordinary
amounts of time.

Disadvantages:- Astable multi-vibrators do not transfer the entire output

signal to the input. This is due to resistance within the circuit, lack of a
completely closed loop at the output terminals, and the tendency for one
capacitor or transistor to absorb energy at a slightly different rate than the
other. Although the amplifier restores the lost energy when it amplifies the
signal, the signal will eventually be too small to be of any use.
 6

2.2.Decade Counter:-

This type of asynchronous counter counts upwards on each trailing edge

of the input clock signal starting from 0000 until it reaches an output 1001
(decimal 9). Both outputs QA and QD are now equal to logic “1”. On the
application of the next clock pulse, the output from the 74LS10 NAND gate
changes state from logic “1” to a logic “0” level.
As the output of the NAND gate is connected to the CLEAR ( CLR ) inputs of all
the 74LS73 J-K Flip-flops, this signal causes all of the Q outputs to be reset back
to binary 0000 on the count of 10. As outputs QA and QD are now both equal
to logic “0” as the flip-flop’s have just been reset, the output of the NAND gate
returns back to a logic level “1” and the counter restarts again from 0000. We
now have a decade or Modulo-10 up-counter.
 7

DECADE COUNTER IC CD4017:-

4017 IC is a CMOS decade counter chip. It can produce output at the 10
pins (Q0 – Q9) sequentially, means it produce output one by one at the 10
output pins. This output is controlled through the clock pulse at PIN 14. At
first, output at Q0 (PIN 3) is HIGH, then with each clock pulse, output advance
to the next PIN. Like one clock pulse makes the Q0 LOW and Q1 HIGH, and
then the next clock pulse makes the Q1 LOW and Q2 HIGH, and so on. After
the Q9, it will start from the Q0 again. So it creates sequential ON and OFF of
all the 10 OUTPUT PINs. Below is the PIN diagram and PIN description of 4017:
 8

PIN NO. PIN Name PIN Description

1 Q5 Output 5: Goes high in 5 clock pulse

2 Q1 Output 1: Goes high in 1 clock pulse

3 Q0 Output 0: Goes high at the beginning – 0 clock pulse

4 Q2 Output 2: Goes high in 2 clock pulse

5 Q6 Output 6: Goes high in 6 clock pulse

6 Q7 Output 7: Goes high in 7clock pulse

7 Q3 Output 3: Goes high in 3 clock pulse

8 GND Ground PIN

9 Q8 Output 8: Goes high in 8 clock pulse

10 Q4 Output 4: Goes high in 4 clock pulse

11 Q9 Output 9: Goes high in 9 clock pulse

12 CO –Carry out Used to cascade another 4017 IC to makes it count upto 20, it is divide
by 10 output PIN

13 CLOCK inhibit Clock enable pin, should kept LOW, keeping HIGH will freeze the
output.

14 CLOCK Clock input, for sequentially HIGH the output pins from PIN 3 TO PIN
11

15 RESET Active high pin, should be LOW for normal operation, setting HIGH will
reset the IC (only Pin 3 remain HIGH)

16 VDD Power supply PIN (5-12v)

 9

3. Circuit explanation of unbiased LED dice

3.1. Circuit Diagram of Unbiased LED Dice:-

 10

3.2 Working of Circuit:-

In this digital dice circuit we have used 6 LEDs, each LED represent a
number (1-6) of Dice. LEDs start flashing as we press the Push button and stops
when we release it. After release, illuminated LED tells the numbers, you got
on Dice. Like if fifth number LED remains ON after releasing the button, means
you got 5 on Dice. We have connected 6 LEDs to the output Q0 to Q5, and the
seventh output Q6 is connected back to the RESET PIN 15. So that after LED 6 it
starts from the First LED at Q0.

To apply the clock pulse at PIN 14 of 4017 IC, we have used 555 timer IC
in Astable mode. The oscillated output generated at PIN 3 of 555 has been
applied to the PIN 14 of 4017, so that output can be advanced with each clock
pulse. We can control the speed of flashing LEDs by using the potentiometer
(RV1), rotating the potentiometer knob will change oscillation frequency of
555 timer, hence the rate of clock pulse. The frequency of the 555 can be
calculated using this formula:

F=1.44/ ((R1+2*RV1)*C1)

In this digital dice circuit we have kept the oscillation frequency so high
that no one can cheat. LED flashing speed is directly proportional to oscillation
frequency of 555, as High the frequency, as high the speed of flashing. You
can increase frequency according to you, by rotating the potentiometer.
 11

4. Conclusion
At the end of all detailed studies about the circuit regarding an LED DICE
using timer ic and ic4017, we have an effective alternative of dice games on
electronic grounds as it gives higher accuracy and definition towards unbiased
results. In current era, the pace of electronic advancement is well explained
and used in this very common and frequent application.

It is largely used in high rated CASINO, play houses etc.

Even are used at homes in the simpler forms like the explained circuit.

Hence, the usage of the given design has its adaptation on large scale and is
making the games more accurate and fair proving the technical advancements
truly worthy.
 12

5. References
During the course of project report making, we have gone through a no of
sources for the effective and precise information to be included in the report.

Following are some sources brought under use:

Integrated circuits {textbook by SUNG-KANG &YOSUF}

“www.google.com”

“www.circuitdigest.com”

“www.electronicshub.com”

Wikipedia is another source of detailed information about various components

used.