Endogenous toxic factors in feeds of plant origin

Feedstuffs Toxic factors

Trypsin inhibitor, phytohaemagglutinin, antigens, lipoxygenase,

Raw soyabean and its meal goiterogen, saponin, estrogen, phytic-acid and oligosaccharides
(NSPs – 30.3%)

Groundnut and its meal Trypsin inhibitor, goiterogen, tannins, oligosaccharides and lectins

Goiterogens (thioglucosides or glucosinolates), tannic acid, erucic

Mustard or rape seed and
acid, sinapine (cholinester), pectins and oligosaccharides (NSPs -
its meal
46.1 %)

Estrogenic factor, Two phenolic glucosides (Bitter flavour) and

Safflower seed and its meal
Fibre

Sunflower seed and its

Chlorogenic, quinic-acid and Fibre (Tannin like compounds)
meal

Sesame seed and its cake Phytate (5g/100g) and Oxalates (35 mg/100g)

Linamarin (cyanogenic glucoside), antipyridoxine (Linatin) factor

Linseed and its cake
and mucilage (HCN Level → 10-300 mg)

Kapok seed meal (seeds of

Tannins, tyrosine and fattyacids with cyclopropene rings
silk cotton tree)

Copra meal (coconut meal) Fibre (mannans) and Estrogenic factor

Fibre (half of the fibre–NDF high levels of galactomannans β-

Palm kernel meal
(1,4)-D mannans) and Sharp shells

Gossypol (phenol like compound), cyclopropenoid fatty acids,

Cotton seed and its meals
tannins

Guar meal (Cyamopsis

Guar gum (18-20%), antitrypsin factor and antivitamin E factor
tetragonoloba)

Ricin (toxalbumin)-Phytohaemagglutinin , Ricinine (Toxic-

Castor seed and its meal
alkaloid), Ricinus allergen(Protein Polysaccharide)

Bitterness → Limonoids → Triterpenoids

Neem seed and its meal
Bitter principles: Protomeliacins, Limonoids, Azadirone, Gedunin,
(Azadirachta indica)
Vilasinin and Secomeliacins

Dr. Ashok patil, COVSc. & A.H., Jabalpur (M.P.) Page 1

 Nonisoprenoid polypenolics-Flavanoids, Tannins and coumarin
viz. Nimbin, Salannin and Azadirachtin

Mahua cake (Madhuca

Mowrin (Saponin) and Tannins
latifolia)

Karanja cake (Pongamia Fat bound toxic factors – Karajnjin and Pongamol (Flavanoids)
glabra) (NSPs – 38%)

Quinolizidine alkaloids, pectins, oligosaccharides, high

Lupin meal
manganese, saponin.

Peas Protease inhibitors, tannins, Lipoxygenase and lectins

Rubber seed meal Hydrocyanic-acid (20-40mg/kg)

Selenoamino acids (seleniferous)

Maize
Estrogen (mouldy), Trypsin inhibitor

Wheat Tyramine, Trypsin-inhibitor, NSPs (11.4%)

Rice Estrogen and haemagglutinins

Rye Amylase and protease inhibitor and NSPs (13.2%)

Oats Amylase inhibitor and estrogens

Triticale Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor (NSPs)

Some varieties of barley β - glucan (NSPs – 16.7%)

Rice-polish and rice bran Trypsin inhibitor and antithiamine factor

Chunies Antitryptic factor

Sal seed and its meal Tannic – acid (tannins)

Tapioca meal (Cassava) Cyanogenic glucoside (HCN – 1000 – 3000 mg/kg DM)

Fish meal and meat meal

(prepared from spoiled or Gizzerosine and histamine (Biogenic amines)
putrefied material)

Dr. Ashok patil, COVSc. & A.H., Jabalpur (M.P.) Page 2