tg

- isolate themselves from external influences/factors/countries due - open to external influences

to the fact that they want to maintain security among themselves
- America

globalization

- interconnectedness of countries in terms of (Immanuel Wallerstein)

economic and political goals and the - social structure of global inequality
interdependence of peoples and countries
- opening of international borders, changes in
institution - first world
- intensification of worldwide social relations - abuses other countries’ bad economic and
which link distant localities in such a way that political situations
 Canada, France, Germany
local happenings are shaped by events occurring - rich countries but are abused by the core
many miles away and vice versa countries
 China (cheap labor), India, Mexico,
Pakistan
- third world
- Treaty of Westphalia (1648) - experiences social and economic instability
 concept of nation-state; “pagmamay-ari” - has resources but they cannot manage it
- decreasing notion of nation-state because so they rely on the core countries to handle
political actions transcend national borders it for them
 Philippines, Bolivia, Afghanistan,
through global movements Chad
 General Assembly in the United Nations
- 193 countries come together for a
- focus on new global production and financial
meeting to talk about relevant issues
system
- creates new forms of transnational class
- mobility of people, capital, technology, goods relations across boarders where they do not
and services internationally follow conventional processes for trading and
- how integrated countries are in the global production systems
economy -
 one product but the parts are
- global spread and integration of ideas, values, manufactured in many other countries
norms, behavior and way of life  Japan produces banana milk:
-
 people enjoy the same music, slangs, and banana 10
etc. milk 50
- labor, manpower, factories
100
 group of people migrating from their own 160
land in hope to find better economic However, they sell them back to the manufacturing
countries at a higher price  250
opportunities
 stable citizens of the foreign country
 sense of cultural identity - emphasizes the rapid growth of mass media and
 JAPANGLISH resultant global cultural flow
- international terms integrated in Japan’s -
own culture  spread of cultural beliefs and social
activities from one group to another
 tg

-
- benefited multinational corporations in the  devaluation of Thai Bhat that resulted in
highly developed world at the expense of local the falling of Asian economies which
enterprise, local cultures and common people heightened inflation.
because of the absence of laws to restrict them  their allied countries such as the
from doing so Philippines, South Korea, Malaysia,
- money is more important to the point that they Singapore and Vietnam were also affected
give little to no importance about the lives of the  the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
people that are at risk helped them (loan)

- global dispersal can result in a culture clash -

where people seek to defend their countries
against perceived external threats
 changes in the usage of the traditional
language
- cultural tourism
- growth of global tourism and the diversification
of the tourism product have led to an increase in
the demand for cultural activities which have
become an integral part of a visitor’s experience
 Nazareno vendors
 Mecca in Saudi Arabia which earns $8.5B
 Wang-od (mangbabato) in Manila
“culture, not costume”
 a massive fire occurred in Indonesia and
the South East Asian countries were
affected
 the fire was caused by the big companies
from Malaysia and Singapore and they
were bribing the Indonesian Government
so they’d get away from their illegal
burning practices
- infectious diseases pose significant threats to
global health efforts as increased globalization
allows them to travel in a short period of time

structures of globalization
- are (most of the time) owned by multinational
- acknowledged by the audience because they companies
have legitimate powers to rule - its main function is to fulfill the obligations and
shortcomings of the government, and help solve
relevant issues
- individuals or organizations that do not belong - sometimes more efficient than some
nor ally themselves to any particular states or government agencies
country, yet possess great political, social and  Crisis Management (Marawi Disaster)
economic powers - help from the government has to go
- is off limits and does not have legitimate powers through a lot of processes while NGOs
to rule people but still has a great influence can send their help directly
- serves as a shadow - examples of these are:

- research and dev’t for human rights

- typically considered as a part of civil society but
operate independently from any form of - eliminate poverty

government
- not funded nor guided by the government, - provide healthcare just like UNICEF

instead, their funds come from donations and its
stakeholders - WWF, Green Peace, Sustainable
Fisheries

- business that operates and conducts business
activities in more than one country
- large companies that aims several different
subsidiaries that are involved in defense
contracting, aviation, construction, shipping,
software, financial services, and the like
 Samsung, Apple, KFC, Adidas, Google Yahoo
 McDonalds
- have 13,381 stores in U.S., 3,598 in
Japan, 1,400 in Canada, 1,286 in
Germany
 UNILEVER
- has a total of 400 subsidiary
companies
- Surf, Pepsodent, Knorr, Vaseline, Lux,
Rexona, St. Ives, Dove, Lipton,
Tresseme, Ben&Jerries, Magnum,
Breeze
- has more than 155,000 employees
 NUTRIASIA
- violated human rights of workers
- their subsidiary companies such as
Silverswan and Jufran are still on the
market
- entity created by treaty involving two or more
nations to work in good faith on issues of
common interest
- foster economic development among
themselves
- started in New Hampshire, United States; 44
countries/states
 World Bank, ASEAN, UNESCO, UNIDO,
UNICEF
These structures are webs of complex
arrangements constituted of rules, conventions,
norms that govern and facilitate the interactions of
states and non-states actors with each other.
- significant roles or non-state actors in the
international economic process
- many developing and underdeveloped nations
enter inter-governmental organizations with the
idea in mind that they are for the greater good of
the country
tg
- The Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944
- paved the way for the creation of two
international banking institutions known as the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World
Bank
- Hampshire, U.S. between 44 countries
- short-term
- promote monetary cooperation and international
financial stability
- was designed to monitor the system of pegged
or fixed exchange rate
- provides short term loans to aid countries facing
balance of payment deficits
- help countries affected by wars and promote
financial stability

- collect massive informative in different
countries
-
 magkano and kailangang itulong at
kalian maibabalik ito
 collects information about the debtor
country (papahiramin nila)

- lends money to South East Asian
countries whose government cannot
pay the obligation
- short term loans = di nakakatulong
-
 devaluation of Thai Bhat
 shoot up inflation in products
 IMF told Thailand, “decrease the
number of your employers so you can
pay your debt”. They obliged and this
resulted to massive unemployment
- nagpapahiram sa mga countries na may
financial losses
- the budget of the IMF is $645M and it came
from the contributions of the stakeholders
- ASEAN  each country should contribute at
least $2M para maipagpatuloy and projects and
para may pangbayad sa gastos
  economy =  contribution > $2M
- banking institution (bumuo)
 UK, US, Russia, European Countries, China
(sleeping dragon)
 tg
 Colonial master = nagpapautang + expense of other economies because the
nanggogoyo sa atin current system provide legal rules,
regulations, institutions to monitor the
- long term; “bank of the poor” economic activities of state and non-state
- known as international bank for reconstruction actors
and development  no barter and mercantilism system
- provides long term loans for economic  you cannot manipulate paper bills because
development of less developed countries naka-account ang any value of your currency
- reduce extreme poverty while addressing the  you can’t also print many paper bills because
imperfections of global capital markets is of bababa ang value pag nagenerate sa
second importance maraming tao

 hindi na pwede imanipulate

 tinitignan ang economic performance ng isang
- they have different beneficiaries bansa in terms of money

In Trillion Dollars
U.S. China Japan Germany U.K.
 regulation of international trade between France India Italy Brazil Canada
25
nations 20
 the goal is to help producers of goods and 15
services, exporters, and importers conduct 10
5
their business 0
 purpose is to lower taxes in multilateral trade
Out of these 10 countries, three countries are semi-
negotiations to avoid trade wars by raising
periphery (China, India, Brazil) while the rest are core
protectionist barriers of the interwar period countries
 lower products’ taxes which are  pinakamaraming contributions sa
transported from one country to another international
 higher demand, more income and much - donations to victims of different natural
favorable for the company calamities (Yolanda Typhoon)
e.g. European Brand Cars - rebuild houses, fund health facilities
- mas madami mapproduce and mas bababa
ang price
- marami ang bibiliat tataas ang demand - major issue
- funds are billions of dollars intended for facilities
kasing-sahol ng life ng mga nasa Africa
 mercantilism is no longer valid in exchanging - donations from different countries named after
goods and services Mother Theresa are invested only, not donated
- paramihan ng gold, silver, bronze in
acquiring precious metals
 countries are not allowed to manipulate their
currencies to achieve short term gains at the
 tg

global politics

- the interstate system and global governance - every member votes in the general assembly
- involves political coordination among state and meeting and they negotiate multilateral
non-state actors agreement that give more justification to its
policies
 YES – in favor
- politics transcends national boundaries and  NO – against
national borders through global movements of  ABSTAIN (50:50) - Abstention
international organizations and involvement of - issues such as
different political bodies of other countries, which  climate change
were bound by mutual agreement  poverty
- they act globally by forming alliances with  world hunger
organizations outside the country, instead of  protect refugees
working through their national government  terrorists
because sometimes it is more efficient, deeper  protect the indigenous people and their
and faster. rights

- 30 countries - through the six principal organs

- primary organization for international - they meet from July to September every year
cooperation, peace and security - has 17 SDGs that they wish to save but it’s
= they try to solve international problems and difficult
harmonizes its members’ actions
- has SDG or the sustainable development goals
- forerunner organization

- has 193 representations

- may resolve non-compulsory recommendations - responsible for the advancement of global
to states or suggestions to the Security Council economic and social affairs
- decides on the admission of new members, - lead role:
following proposal by UNSC  identify emerging challenges
- universally presented – regional blogs/groups  promote innovation
(seating arrangement)  balance the integration of the 3 pillars
 African - economic, social, and environmental
 Asia Pacific concerns
 No group (Taiwan is not recognized as - its current president (75th) is Mona Juul
a national entity because it’s part of  was elected on July 25,2019
China)  currently the ambassador and permanent
representative of Norway to UN in New
York
- employment opportunities for all
- formal debate - informal debate - has 54 member states who were elected for a 3-
- every country has the - pwede utusan or lapitan year-term (e.g. Philippines)
right to voice out their yung isang country to vote - they search for members and find those
stands/opinions on the yes or no to a certain issue countries whom they can vote for EcoSoc in the
issue UNGA
- e.g. PH – development projects then
titignan ng EcoSoc if it’s helping

- most powerful UN unit because its mandate is to
keep the peace
 investigate situations that might lead to
war
 call military actions
 impose economic sanctions
- P5 with Veto Power + 10 other members
- 1United Kingdom, 2United States, 3 France,
4
Russia, 5China
- di papalitan because when the UNSC was
established, they were already there
- they are selfish and has the strongest
military power; they even possess nuclear
weapons that can destroy the earth
- after the WWII, UK, France and the US
are the victors (allied powers)
- sinali ang Russia but since talunan siya,
inendorse niya ang China to be part of the
UNSC
- they have an agenda and are required to
propose a resolution (action paper) na
pinagbotohan
- grounds for nullifying: 9/15 members has
to vote YES para matuloy; they have
, the power to nullify resolution na
pinagbotohan ng 10 members which
means that if any of the P5 doesn’t see the
benefit that they’d get, veto agad because
they care more for their personal gains
than resolving the issue thus, parang
nawawala ang bisa ng UNSC because of
them
 Russia uses their veto power more
often than the others
 magvote
- they want to give the president of
Syria economic sanctions but since
Russia has strong political ties with
them and are their major partner,
Russia vetoed that resolution because
they’ll be affected; 4,000 people died in
Syria pero hindi yun inisip ng Russia
 US preaches about the dangers of nuclear
weapons and how other countries should not
produce any but US mismo ang gumagawa
- sarili lang nila iniisip nila; dagdag pabigat
 expand membership vs. voluntary
restraint
tg
- the Philippines used to be part of the UNSC
during the Marcos’ regime (1954, 1958 & 1963)
- every after council meetings feels so intense
because di nagkikibuan mga tao due to their
heavy responsibilities (peace keeping,military
actions)
- if the government cannot protect the people or
the government itself is the problem, UNSC will
step in with their armies.
 Syria (Bashar-Al-Assad [dictator])
- lots people of people die because they
have no food nor shelter and their money
has no value
- their government is the problem, so the
UNSC will assume the responsibility
- UNGA  responsible for electing 10 member
states every two years
-
 provide judge/lawyers to investigate how
to lessen or stop wars
 give military personnel and guns
- Japan cannot join the UNSC
 after the WWII, inalisan sila ng army
because napabagsak sila ng U.S.
 if magkaka-war sa Japan, U.S. will be the
one to provide them military armies
because they cannot make their own
- they are responsible for voting who to elect in
UNSC, EcoSoc and ICJ
- its current president is Trijjani Muhammad-
Bande from Nigeria and was elected last
September 17, 2019
- Carlos P. Romulo was the first Asian president
from 1949 to 1950
- Diplomat Ambassador  pinapadala para
(may ambag dapat [many
requirements]); dapat mas mautak than the
president
- composed of 15 judges elected to nine-year
terms by the UNGA and the UNSC from a list of
people nominated by the national group in the
Permanent Court of Arbitration
- serves as the universal court for international
law
- issues legal opinions on disputes between states
that recognized its jurisdiction
- it’s different from the International Criminal
Court (ICC) which was established inside the UN
but is not part of the UN
 tg
 has a role of persecuting individuals - examines and discusses the reports on the
- Duterte’s violation to human rights political, economic and educational advancements
- it is the only judicial organ of UN of people
- provides legal opinions that are applicable only - inactive since 1994, when Palau attained
to the recognized countries of the ICJ because independence
they cannot impose laws in all countries as a  Moana’s island
respect on the sovereignty of the countries - used for other functions; display only but ayaw
- persecutes the whole country, not a specific madissolve because they would have to undergo
individual many processes
 the whole country of Myanmar received - the following used to be a trust territory
sanctions due to the mass killings of  Ghana
Muslims  Somalia
 Togo
- administrative organ of the UN  Cameroon
- supports the other UN bodies administratively  The Marshall Islands
 organization of conferences, writing of  Nigeria
reports, budget preparation  Tanzania
- the UN Secretary General is elected for a term  Rwanda
of five years  Burundi
 the current UN Secretary General is  Samoa
Antonio Gutteres  Nauru
 Papua New Guinea
- supervise the administration of the trust  The Federated States of Micronesia
territories or the countries na ayaw pakawalan ng  Palau
colonial masters after WWII

market integration

- emerges of global markets: - U.S. first in market economy

 new economic opportunities - U.S. ay may maraming utang sa China
 global competition  started when World’s Crisis
 economic integration Fund/Financing occurred
 different markets exists and it depends  cause: nagsimula ang mga call centers
on the country if the value is high or low

- e.g. Philippines will sell products to Thailand
 UN (same price; almost) - nanalo

- e.g. Philippines will sell products to U.S. - pwedeng magmay-ari ng - mayroong company,
 High taxes in the US so the price will be company as long as kaya employee ka, lahat
much higher - it’s all about money kayo may-ari ng
- you are getting paid off company
in the amount that you  why did it lose?
- capital movements rather than trade deserve e.g. China wherein
- generation of employees due to production - trabaho = sahod every month, the
- dominance of world economy - mayaman ay lalong standard salary of a
- the 75-year struggle between capitalism and yumayaman, mahirap ay worker is P12,000
socialism is largely over lalong humihirap - every worker in the
company, no matter
what your position is,
same ang sahod

- so if everyone receives a salary of P12,000, it’s
equality, not equity; if madami pinapakain, hindi
sila mabubuhay because it’s not enough to
sustain the family
 overburden with their lives and to the
economy of their country
 hindi na nakikita ng tao ang worth ng life
niya when he compares it with the status
of other people and this may lead to
depression, suicide and etc., their last
resort is selling illegal drugs, sumusugal
and/or settling with illegal practices
- millennials are attracted with Socialism but it is
not effective because lahat ng bansa ay
maghihirap; no progress; no technological
advancements
 GNI
- Gross National Income
- general income of the country, regardless if
Filipino or Foreign citizen over the population
per country
- have a GNI per capital of less than $1,025
- high birth rates and low literacy rates
 high birth rates for manpower
- heavy reliance on foreign aid
- experiences political instability and unrest
- concentration in Africa South of the Sahara and
limited industrialization
- high percentage of population engaged in
agriculture and subsistence farming
- lack access to education and proper protection
(no electricity)
- since they have no access in proper health care,
kay Lord nalang sila umaasa
 No pension
- mag-work ang lahat ng anak para amarami
ang income at mabuhay ang kanilang mga
magulang

- only the educated ones are being hired
- no degree = low salary, they rely on foreign
aid but it’s not enough because of corrupt
officials; hindi marunong in the invention and
advancement of technology thus they are
living in a primitive way and most of the time
naloloko sila ng mga merchants
tg
- between $1,026 and $3,995
- typically at relatively early stages of
industrialization
 world trade center
 PH’s BGC, Makati, Manila, New Clark City
- factory supply is a growing domestic market
- they have cheap labor markets
 they use the populated countries for the
cheap labor, especially on the South East
Asian countries (except Brunei, Singapore
and Malaysia)
 kabuhayan is pagsasaka
-
 World’s Largest Economy
 wealth of india - top 1% of the population
 concentrate on wealth
 no access to urban way of living and
advancements
 no discrimination dapat, but it happens
-they have is the belief of
Buddhist that good life is based on good
and bad karma
- – lowest form; cleans the waste
of other people and are believed to be
toxic people so they need to be isolated
because hindi ka-level; they do the dirtiest
job in the world
- bad karma = Dalits; good = rich people
- World Bank’s basis is the access to clean water
where the standard access should be at 64%,
India is only at 40%
- from Cory Aquino to present: lower-middle
- in 2015, the country’s GNI is $3,550, less than
$500 from being upper middle income country
- last 2018, the GNI of the country is at $3,830
- their aim is for the PH to become an upper
middle country in the year 2020
- In January 2019, it’s 5.6% but in mid-2019, it
became 4.4%, bumaba because of inflation rate
[TRAIN Law]
- it’s not easy; for us to be upgraded, we need to
reach the $3,995 GNI and must maintain it for
three years
- GNI = 5.6% konting effort nalang

 MYANMAR has one child policy = monetary
issues
- 1 family = 1 bread (purging of resources)
- tataas if konti lang ang maghahati
- between $ 3,996 and $12,375
- newly industrializing economies (NIES)
- rapidly industrializing, less agricultural
employment, increasing urbanization, rising
wages, high literacy, and advanced education
- the influx of technology, particularly the
computer revolution, creates starting balanced
positions of the old and the new in the countries
- and etc.
 has a goal of reducing agricultural
employment and etc.
 mataas ang living standards (parents from
these countries have high wages and children
can attain higher education [MA, PhD]
 they have access in technology
 sometimes, they also make and invent new
technologies
global interstate system
- Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli
- “the end justifies the means” - Machiavelli’s
famous book “The Prince”
 when a man sells illegal drugs to feed his
family: as long as you have a good hangarin
para makuha gusto mo
 when Hitler wanted to make Germany the
strongest nation and eliminated those who are
walang pakinabang to him and threats:
gagawin ang lahat as long as umunlad ang
country
- egoistic nature of states
 lahat ay makasarili because it is innate
- after the WWII, US tries to avoid another world
war so they don’t use nuclear weapons
 US made Vietnam as their testing grounds for
nuclear weapons in the 1960’s
 “Agent Orange” is the notable colored
chemical
 US couldn’t defeat Vietnam because they are
good with guerilla/hand combat so they used
Agent Orange (illegal means) by sprinkling it
to the forest grounds
tg
- known as advanced, developed, industrialized or
post-industrial countries
- except for a few oil-rich, countries in this
category reached their present income through a
process of sustained economic growth
 Japan, US, UK, Sweden, Brunei, Israel,
Singapore
 Israel [favored/sacred land] has biblical
meaning kaya hindi sila matalo-talo;
lagging may war but never bumagsak
 Brunei has few people so few lang din
magsshare sa resources, economic money
- they already reached the peak of economic
success
- if they run out of specific resources, they can
find or make a new one
- Country Income - World Bank
- Mongolia – nomads
 until now, the effects are still evident: pag
naamoy/inhale, ramdam hanggang future
generations
 some children have deformities (zombie-like)
- John Locke
- we have the tendency to be wicked but it’s not
100% because we also have innate goodness
- cooperative nature of states
- countries help each other to rebuild nation
- doing something for the common good even if it
doesn’t benefit you
- current system
- lawlessness [no government to supervise]
- sobrang violent because there is no
government, being egoistic is evident
- no discipline
- sinasagad basta magsupply sila
- freedom, pantay-pantay lang ang local units
- equal powers = capacity to voice out opinions
and decide on your country’s behalf
- no discrimination because there are no bullies

- Historical Jesus
- talks about the humanity of Jesus.
- Jesus as a human and His earthly life
heresies
 any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the
accepted beliefs of a church or religious organization.
 a heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs.
Heretic: Theodotus of Byzantium
Corrector: Pope Victor, 190-198 A.D.
- denied the pre-existence of Christ  denies His
deity
- “Jesus was simply a man who was tested by
God and after passing the test, was given a
supernatural powers and was adopted as a Son of
God (His baptism).”
- Jesus was rewarded 1resurrection and 2adoption
to Godhead.
Heretic: Gnostics and was promoted by the
Gospel of Peter
Corrector: Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus,
Hippolytus (Council of Chalcedon) 451 A.D.
- “dokesis”  Greek  “to seem”
- Jesus only seemed to have a body but in reality,
He did not possess a body because all things that
contain matter are inherently evil.
- therefore, they denied the crucifixion of Jesus
on the cross and His resurrection.
Heretic: Appollinaris the Younger (Bishop of
Laodicea, Syria), 360 A.D.
Corrector: The Council of Constantinople, 381
A.D.
- denied the true and complete humanity of Jesus
because He did not have a human mind.
- “His mind was completely divine.”
Heretic: Arius of Alexiandria Egypt, 250-336 A.D.
Corrector: The Council of Nicaea, 325 A.D.
- God created the Son and the Son created
everything else. Therefore, Jesus was only
worshipped because of His preeminence as the
first creation.
tg
- Theological Jesus
- talks about the divinity of Jesus.
- claims about Jesus on the Basis of our faith.
- Jesus as a creature who was begotten of the
Father. Only the Father is truly God and
“unbegotten”.
- the Nicene Creed was written in response to this
heresy.
Heretic: Nestorius of Antioch (Bishop of
Constantinople), 428 A.D.
Corrector: The Council of Ephesus, 431 A.D.
- Mary gave birth only to the human nature of
Jesus. Therefore, Jesus was not God-incarnate
when He was in Mary’s womb.
- they believed that Jesus is a two separate
person: 1human and 2divine.
- Mary as “Mother of Christ”, not “Mother of God”.
Heretic: Eutyches of Constantinople, 380-456 A.D.
Corrector: The Fourth Ecumenical Council in
Chalcedon, 451 A.D.
- Jesus’ humanity was absorbed by His divinity.
- Greek: “mono”  “one”; “physis”  “nature” 
one in nature
- Jesus has a third unique feature, a mix of
human and divine.
- the Chalcedonian Creed addresses this heresy.
Heretic: Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople,
610-638 A.D.
Corrector: The Third Council of Constantinople;
The Sixth Ecumenical Council, 680-681 A.D.
- response to the Monophysite heresy
- Greek root  one will
- Jesus has 2 natures [1 divine, 1 human] and 1
will [divine-human energia]

images of Jesus of Nazareth
- has a great impact on how we see and live the Christian life.
- Anak ng Diyos at Anak ni Maria
- family-oriented; anak-magulang relationship
- sense of belongingness, stability and security
- Sto. Niño
- meal-oriented; gracious host and grateful guests
- welcoming-spirit, communion
- Fiesta, birthdays, house-blessing, Christening
- Kapampangans
- compassion; malasakit sa kapwa
- pakikipagtalaban sa kapwa
 pakikipagkapwa-kalooban
- “never say die” attitude
- full of hope  optimistic
- “may bukas pa”  believes in happy ending
- SEASONS  Advent, Christmas, Short Ordinary
Time, Lenten [40 days], Easter, Long Ordinary
Time [Christ the King]
- spirit-oriented
- inspire people to have “gana” in life
 inspire  “inspirare”  spirit, full of spirit
- inspired people become creative and gracious
- all things are possible with God’s spirit
 being family-oriented
 love for celebrations / hospitality
 willingness to sacrifice [kabayanihan]
 OFW parents
 optimism [Filipino resiliency]
 being in touch with the spirits
 family first even if it means sacrificing the
common good
 protect their 1reputation, 2wealth and
3
power
tg
 love for celebrations may lead to lavishly
spending [debts]
 over-emphasizing on suffering which may lead
in to a thinking that suffering is good and it
comes from God.
 too optimistic could also result to treating
suffering as unreal.
 seeing Jesus as a magician.
questions connected to these observations
 “Do we see Jesus we meet in the gospels in
the Popular Filipino images?”
 “What do the gospels say about Jesus?”
 “Our understanding of Jesus and Christianity
should be biblical.” – Vatican II
- “rabbai”
- teaches people how to become moral and holy,
and how to become fully human
- Philosophers are wise men and Jesus proved
that He is wise when He once was asked by a
Pharisee a trap question: “To whom should we
pay our taxes? To Julius Ceazar or to Yahweh?” It
could have killed him right there and then if He
answered it incorrectly. Instead, He escaped it by
saying, “Give what is due to Yahweh and give
what is due to Ceazar.”
- He is revolutionary because 1he fights the wrong
doings of the system, 2did not go to the flow and
3
mingled and ate with the sinners [lepers, tax
collector, prostitute, widows, and orphans]
- Albert Schweiter
- the Kingdom of God is at hand, the world is
ending.
“various portraits created
confusions and conflicts.”

“salvation”  “salus”  wholeness of life
“salvation is ‘ginahawa sa buhay’”
– Jose De Mesa, a Filipino Theologian
1. The relationship between human corporeality,
nature, and the ecological environment.
2. Being human involves other human beings.
3. The connection with social and institutional
structures.
4. The conditioning of people and culture by time
and space.
5. Mutual relationship of theory and praxis.
6. The religious and para-religious consciousness
of human beings.
7. The irreducible synthesis of these six
dimensions.
- looking at Jesus as he was experienced by the
disciples.
- teacher  preached about living a good life
- healer  spiritual healing (magpakayap,
nagpapabuti); more than physical
- wise man  had a lot of common sense
-related warmly to people as he mingled and ate
with the sinners and outcasts [lepers, prostitutes,
tax collectors, alcoholics, widows, orphans]
- revolutionary  against the injustice of His time
- free man, caring, carefree (spontaneous)
- He did not let humans dictate who He is
because He knows Himself.
“being with Him was an inspiring experience. ”
- tracing how their experience came to be
interpreted.
- some disciples were blinded by their fear. Only
John the Beloved accompanied Mary when Jesus
was being crucified. Jesus knows they were not at
ease so His first words were “peace be with you”
when He was resurrected.
- The four gospels replaced the Kingdom of God.
 gospel  Greek  “evanggelion” “good
news about Jesus”
 Evangelists  writers
 Gospels will lead us to the K.O.G.
tg
- The continuous change of the situations give
rise to the need of constant re-interpretation of
the message of Christianity so they can be
expressed in more understandable ways and
relevant for our times.
- the four gospels were directed to different
audiences.
- Jesus died in 40 A.D. but the gospels were
written only in 65 A.D.
 Bakit hindi agad naisulat?
- what happened to Jesus was known to
everybody
- eminent coming of Jesus (Parousia)
- eye-witnesses who experienced Jesus
first hand are still alive.
- oral tradition
 Bakit kinailangan ng isulat?
- delayed Parousia
- first hand witnesses are dying
- rapid spread of the Church (religious
instructions)
- Jesus was a Jew, not a Christian.
- Christianity was an offshoot of Judaism (oldest
religion that started in Jerusalem).
- Christianity was under Judaism but later on
became an independent religion in 70 A.D.. This
is the time when the temple was destroyed
because of the war between the Romans and the
Jews.
- Christianity adapted some traditions of the
Judaism such as the Jewish Act of Piety
(fasting/abstinence, praying, thanksgiving)

- artworks are effective tools of communication
because they evoke various emotions in a
powerful way and express messages in a way
that mere words cannot.
- communicates a certain understanding of Jesus
and His mission.
“words do not tell everything. ”
- music has a universal appeal and has a great
help in preserving and communicating some key
emotions associated with Jesus and His story.
- plays a special role in Christian worship and
liturgy.
“when we sing, we pray twice”
- what we do and say in worships and devotions
says a lot about what we think of Jesus.
- how our prayers are worded is particularly
revealing and even our gestures in worship such
as 1kneeling, 2genuflecting, and 3bowing are
expressions of 1reverence to an authority and
2 made the Hebrews and Israelites angry, giving
recognition our littleness to the holy figure.
- “dokein”  Greek  “to seem”
- denied the humanity of Jesus because He only
appeared to be Human but He is totally divine.
- Jesus is viewed as still alive and present among
us in some way protecting, guiding, inspiring, and
communicating with us.
- some portraits are inspired by traditional view…
reflecting the councils.
- Nazareth (“bulaklak”, “flower”) is a
“bulubundukin” province of Galilee.
- poor and small barrio on the side of the
mountains.
“nothing good comes out of Nazareth”
tg
- the primary occupation of the people at that
time was farming and not carpentry.
- 04 B.C.E.
 Jesus was born in Bethlehem but was not
recognized as the Messiah because the
Jews thought that the Messiah would come
from a royal family, specifically a king, who
is powerful and has an army that can
protect them from the Romans. Only the 3
Magis/wise men, who were astronomers,
were able to recognize Him as the Messiah
through the help of the stars (estrella).
 It was also the death of a great king
named Herod the Great. He had three sons
namely Herod Phillip, Herod Antipas and
Herod Archelaus. Herod Archelaus
inherited the whole map of Jerusalem but
was later then impeached and replaced by
Roman prosecutors (such as Pontius
Pilate).
- Romans created CENSUS for taxes which
birth to the five movements of Judaism.
- Social-Political situation: 1insurgencies, 2tax,
3
Rome has a direct rule.
- underground movement who were
expert in assassinations
- they use violence against Romans by
killing them and that’s why they were
called “bandits”, “NPA”
- they bring knives with them (sicarii)
- pinaglalaban:
 (Political)
 (Religious)
- they believed that Yahweh is
the only King.
- they believed that they are the “holy
ones” because they thought that the
Messiah would come from them
- very legalistic because they believed
that if you follow the law (Torah), then
you are faithful to God
- antagonists in the gospels
- friends with Romans
- mostly Aristocrats (middle class-rich)
- people who have attained educational
degree
- separated themselves physically by
going to caves, dese
rts, forests
- religious and lived an ascetic (simple

- separated themselves physically by
going to caves, deserts, forests
- very religious and lived an ascetic
(simple) and celibate (no spouse) life
- they don’t smile because they thought
that anything material that gives
pleasure is evil
- they don’t reproduce, their members
come from recruitments
- led by John the Baptist, Jesus’ cousin,
a prophet of doom who prophesied
about the Kingdom of God which is only
for the righteous ones (sinners need to
repent and be baptized in order to be
included)
- his version of the K.O.G. was
conditional because he discriminated
and separated the righteous (graced by
God; wealthy and healthy) from the
sinners (cursed by God; poor and sick)
- when Jesus came back to Nazareth at the
age of 30 years old, He did not know what to
do with His life. When He returned, He chose
to align Himself into the Baptist movement
because He believed in the Kingdom of God
that John the Baptist was preaching. After He
was baptized, He went to the desert to reflect
if this is what He really wants. Jesus spent 40
days and 40 nights there and He was tempted
by the devil 3 times. When He came back
from the desert, the Baptist movement no
longer exists because John the Baptist was
beheaded by Herod Antipas.
- Jesus began His public ministry at the age of
30 years old and after three years, He had so
many followers and a great impact and
influence.
- there were no prophets yet
 Samuel was the first prophet
- prophets of doom who warned
people
- prophets of hope who assured
people that there is still hope when
they were captured and enslaved by
the Babylons
- prophet of consolation who told
them to at least be grateful for
every good thing that had happened
to them
- God will intervene to free Israel.
tg
- “tekton” – woodworker
- active and inspired
- known in all cultures, has vivid and frequent
experience of another level of reality, and
sometimes has visions and experience journeying
into those reality.
- communicators of the spirit of God and the
Sacred.
- His deeds were completely out of compassion
 pagmamalasakit
- healed people physically and spiritually
- eliminated bad spirits through exorcism
- reasons why Jesus
 associated with the coming of Kingdom of
God and time of deliverance
 pointed to a direct relationship to God
- He was referred to as “rabbi” by His disciples
- in forms of parables and proverbs
- teacher of a way of transformation, a new way
of life
- Has a great impact to people because He made
a difference by ignoring the status quo and by
taking the other way (Road Not Taken).
- a way out of crisis facing the Jewish society
- choosing the 12 apostles, the new twelve tribes
of Israel, whom Jesus shared His mission with.
- Christianity
- Characteristics:
 open and reaching out
 grounded in the spirit
 marked by joy
 compassion as the core spirit of the
movement
- fits to traditional and classical prophets of Israel
arose during periods of crisis in Israel
- 3 fold pattern: 1accusation, 2threat, 3call to
change

kingdom of God
previously…
- a prophet of doom/judgment
- prophesied about the Kingdom of God as
a place exclusive only for the righteous and
separated them from the sinners. It is
conditional because He said that in order
for the sinners to be included in the
K.O.G., they need to repent and be
baptized.
- after he died, Jesus took over in
preaching the Kingdom of God.
- His version of the Kingdom of God is
different from what John the Baptist
preached about and people loved His
version better for these reasons:
 The K.O.G. for Jesus is both for the
righteous and sinners.
 no separation, inclusive,
there is equality,
unconditional, universal
 Linked with the game called “Trip to
Jerusalem” but instead of removing
chairs, Jesus adds more chairs.
- a place where to go after death
- somewhere above the clouds where God dwells
and it cannot be found here on earth
- where we enjoy total happiness
- initial understanding when we were young
- visualization: gold gates of St. Peter, choir of
angels singing “hallelujah”
- we maintain an out of context interpretation of
the claim that there is no salvation outside the
church.
- we cannot enter the K.O.G. without becoming a
member of the church.
- Church as the K.O.G. with sacred servants
(priests)
“we can only be saved through our faith, if we
have the same belief and if we read the bible”
tg
- coming of the K.O.G.  end of the present
world
- judgment day  righteous vs. sinners
1. The seeming dichotomy between the life after
death and the life here and now.
2. The separation of worldly affairs from church
or heavenly affairs.
3. Literal understanding of God’s coming as end
time or time for judgment.
- 1deliverance from slavery, 2possession of land,
3
victory over enemies, 4fertility of the land,
5
prosperity of the family, 6expectation of the
Messiah
- God is the only king
- 1justice, 2equality, 3abundance and 4well-being
are what characterize the ideal condition of
human existence
- their version is not that distant to the life that
we have here and now
it is the time when a lion can
now be friends with a sheep
- there is a close connection between the
message of Jesus and that of Isaiah: where
1
liberation, 2restoration of justice and equality,
and the 3collapse of oppressive rule
- Isaiah and Jesus have the same interpretation
of the Kingdom of God
- a new world on earth, an experience of various
life’s blessings
- synonymous to salvation (having fullness of life)
and living a beautiful and meaningful life on earth
- something good (mayap) and not something to
be afraid of.
 tg

- unconditional  you don’t need to prove

anything
- freely given  manifestation of God’s
graciousness - may kanin at may masarap na ulam sa
hapagkainan
 Kapampangan’s love for food, especially
for rice
- there is equality and no discrimination  when you have food to eat, that is
- having power means service an expression of Kingdom of God
- “tama na ang palakasan” - expression of kasaganahan

- solidarity with all person based on compassion

- universal and open to all  “walang naiiwan o
- liberation from all forms of corruption
nauuna”

- world’s poorest president
- donates 90% of his salary to charities
- making people whole - former president of Uruguay
- it is happening and will continue to happen, - only has one car [Volkswagen]
even better
- has an
- new creation which includes material world
 “already but not yet” 
- meron na pero wala pang kabuuan
- safe environment
- what we have now are just previews, tidbits,
 when you can walk alone late at
trailers of salvation (pasilip lang) and something
night, that is an expression of
better is coming.
Kingdom of God

 God-relating graciously Health

 God is concerned with people
 He is on the side of the powerless
Safety
Environment
Quality

- it relates to the good of the whole human

person in this life and beyond
- “ginahawa, gaan ng buhay, alwan ng buhay,
kaibsan sa hirap, aliw, katiwasayan, kapanatagan,
kaalwanan, kabutihan ng pamumuhay,
kamayronan”  sense of well-being which
includes physical, emotional, material,
spiritual well-being
–
 tg

i. communication
– response; can either be verbal or
- came from a Latin word which non-verbal; not all communication receives/needs
a feedback
means because communication is
universal.
- act or process of stimulating meaning in the
mind of another individual by means of a
message.
- essential to human life; a way of interacting
with other people; can be verbal or non-verbal - extremely private; restricted to self
- thoughts, prayers
- part of multiple intelligence
- an intentional communication that happens
within the boundary of specific contexts which
include: - two individuals in a one-on-one conversation
- school - swap roles as sender and receiver
- family - continuous cycle of response
- work place
- religious communities
- peer to peer - between 3 to 20 individuals
- spouse to spouse - come together for a common purpose
- parent to child - rational and social
- teacher to student
- time
- place
- one addresses a large gathering with a limited
- occasion feedback
- events - one speaker, many listeners
- beliefs - speeches, campaign
- traditions
- values
- their way of life - external and internal
- to achieve organizational effectiveness
 –members to authorities
 – authorities to members
 – member to member

- use of print and broadcasts to reach wider

coverage; mostly a product.
 – develop and control the
– message intended by the sender messages.
– encoder; must be comprehensible
– medium; can be made by a - people from different cultures communicate
variety of materials like acoustic material papers. based on their acquired values and manners.
- promotes cultural awareness to understand
– anything that interferes with the
various cultures.
message; barrier
– decoder; must be a good listener
and have good comprehension skills.

- reasons why we communicate
- acquiring and conveying information
- describe a situation, object or mental state
through descriptive statements
 “The exams will push through.”
 “I saw Fatima watering the flowers.”
- sender  message  receiver
- signifies how the sender’s expression can exude
her internal state but does not alter the
denotative meaning of the message
- has to be taken literally
- can be seen in interjections
 “Ouch!”  “Ay!
- engages the receiver to a direct action
- commands/instructions
 “Pick up the pieces of paper.”
- focuses on the code used as the operative
function in a message (slogans)
 “We find ways” – BDO
 “You’re in good hands” – Metrobank
- the message conveyed is more than just the
context
- poetry
 “I once was lost but now I’m found.”
- verbal intelligence
 good in speaking and writing
- signifies language for the sake of interaction
- the goal is to have a closer bond with the
person you are communicating with because
humans are social beings, therefore, they must
build relationship with other people
- not genuine, you’re just breaking the ice
 “Hello, Blaire. Good morning!”
- use of language as a code to discuss or describe
language
- we communicate because we would like to
clarify, define, explain a certain concept
 “Love is a four-letter word.”
 “Communication came from a Latin word
‘communis’ which means ‘common’.”
tg
- simplest and most basic
- straight line flow
 sender (encoder)  message  receiver (decoder)
- no concept of feedback; the only task of the
receiver is to receive
- FLAW: it depicts communication as a one-way
process where the speaker only speaks and never
listens
- both the speaker and the listener take turn to
speak and listen to each other
- posits that the sender of the message also
listens to the feedback given by the receiver
- feedback can be given either verbally, non-
verbally or in both way; silence is a feedback
- communication is a dynamic process which
continuously changes over time
- indicates that communicators can both send and
receive messages simultaneously
- each person in the communication process
reacts differently depending on the factors such
as background, prior experiences, attitudes,
cultural beliefs and self-esteem
- morally right; distinguishing right from wrong
- norms and standards; right conduct
- accuracy of language and facts
- 1to maintain consistency in story-telling; 2to
avoid misunderstanding and prevent the spread
of fake news; 3to gain trust and establish
credibility; 4to avoid chismis about you because
when you lie, people will begin to doubt
everything that you say because you’ve
established an image of a liar
- if you don’t want to get lied to, then don’t lie to
people; you must be truthful and honest at all
times; we sometimes commit white lies
- moral responsibility of the communicator
- doing the right thing even if no one is looking
- practicing what you preach; walk the talk
 not accepting bribes from your clients

- impartiality and balance
- unbiased and objective; treating people equally
 Filipinos’ blind loyalty – patronizing their
loved-ones so much to the point where
they tolerate their wrong acts; “kaaway
mo, kaaway ko”
- courtesy and good will
- beyond “po” and “opo”, “ma’am” and “sir”
because it can also be seen in actions such as:
 knocking before entering
 being punctual (chronemics)
 acknowledging people’s effort
 saying “thank you”
 choosing your battles in social media (troll
comments)
 holding an argument in a respectful
manner
 replying first if you missed a call from your
superior
- accountable to one’s actions and words
- think before you speak and hold back your
emotions
- understanding the message
- clarity
 teachers crystallize certain concepts
- the message elicits response from the audience
 claps  nods
- know your audience first
- audience must believe what you are saying
- message is so impactful that it is spread around
and talked about
- projection of how one wants to be perceived
- part of us that we want to highlight
- in social media, people would want to appear:
 humorous  intelligent
 beautiful  wealthy and powerful
tg
- how a relationship is developed, maintained and
terminated
- 1start a conversation to develop a relationship
and 2maintain it through communication then if
you are no longer happy, 3terminate it by
communicating with the person by giving him/her
a closure instead of ghosting them
- compliance and understanding are gained in
communication including managing conflicts and
achieving reciprocity
- communication addresses issues
 CBA/Collective Bargaining Agreement
(Labor Unions and the Management)
- sets aside good communicators (hosts, MC’s)
from common people
- flexibility to make adjustments
- consider your audience
 age and formality of the event
- interaction through verbal and non-verbal
gestures
- in order to leave an impact to the audience,
make a connection with them
 Italians’ hand gestures
 Recollection/retreat speakers
- control and regulate communication in changing
moods or topics
 coming up or switching to another topic
without the others noticing
- be sensitive and not tactless
- ability to put someone in someone’s shoes
- relate and connect with the audience
 impostors & con-artists (facial expressions)
- achieve the objectives
 a famous person holding a press
conference to clarify an issue and to avoid
speculations
- meet the expectation in any communication
situation

 priests should not make green jokes in
homily
ii. social media and its applications
- web-based and mobile communication
application that let people interact with each
other and build networks
- talk and interact through the internet
- convey information
 suspension of classes
 traffic advisory (waze, google maps)
- solving societal problems = public service
 missing children
 wanted criminals
- beware of fake news
- judging in social media contests
pageants
 likes and reacts
- venue for polls and research
 google documents
 advertisements’ effectiveness
 when Ma’am Essel received an email
regarding a survey if it would be more
convenient to pay your plane tickets at the
convenience stores
- based on shared interests
 Facebook groups
- online selling or complaints
 messenger complaints, most of the time,
solve the problems because they care
about the reviews (hotels, passport)
- build communities without third party platform
 The Hungry Syrian Wanderer in YouTube
- reveal personal information (Facebook’s about)
 age, gender, relationship status
tg
 hosts at a children's party should not make
adult jokes
- updates
 class suspension updates
- exchange, distribute, and receive
- valuable information that you share in social
media
- be responsible in sharing information; “think
before you click”
 when you let other people know that
you’re home alone or you’re somewhere
out of town with your whole family, you
might attract thieves
- information dissemination which spread
awareness
 infographics about different issues such as
mental health awareness
and/or
- be careful on what thoughts you share with
people, especially if your account is public
 do not rant on social media platforms
when you’re feeling strong emotions
(anger, sadness)
- sometimes you’re just sad, not depressed
and it’s okay to feel sad
- appearing active
- indication / assurance that you are still alive
 messenger’s active button
- connect with friends and family
- you can develop, maintain and terminate
relationship in social media
- level of trust through image
 sponsored links on Facebook
 online sellers’ customers’ reviews
- beware of dummy accounts [phising]
- form communities
- venue where you can form groups
 group for accountancy students
- members help each other with their
home works
 tg

social media vs. mass media

- high variance = wider - you can see only the best

- you can see both the best (helpful,  Philippine Daily Inquirer
beneficial) and the worst (trash, fake - no room for garbage
news) - consistent with their content
- information is gathered only around a
- multiple points
specific area and reaches few
- it comes from different people in
individuals who were able to catch the
different places
new from the medium
- not determined, unidentified - TV channels have regular
- you cannot determine the time when programming
you will see certain posts  you know when to watch your
 hindi mo alam kung anong oras favorite show (Ang Probinsyano,
mag-oonline si crush Kadenang Ginto)
- available to public at little cost - you have to subscribe in cables and
- you can access it anytime, anywhere pay certain amount to access some
(iWantTV, YouTube) channels (Disney channel)
- requires moderate skill - workers in mass media need special
- you can use social media as long as skills
you are literate  cameramen, electronics/technical
- only minimal skills are needed staffs, editor of a magazine
- instantaneous
 you can just search for a person’s
account and stalk it
- you won’t know when they will flash
 we can instantly relay information
the emergency and updating news
through messenger
 you can just search for the
emergency and updating news
- you cannot take back what you’ve
- can be altered by editing already said, especially if you’re live on
- screenshot is your enemy the National TV
 Mang Tani

1. Know your intentions

2. Be your authentic self
3. If you tweet, be kind
4. Offer random tweets of kindness
5. Experience now, share later
6. Be active, not reactive
7. Respond with full attention
8. Use mobile social media sparingly
9. Practice letting go
10. Enjoy social media
 tg

introduction to readings in philippine history

“to avoid deception, criticize the evidence thoroughly
- “historia”  Greek  “knowledge acquired
using external and internal criticisms”
through inquiry or investigation”
 ask questions to gain knowledge
- study of chronological events that happened in
the past
- bringing back to life the events that seemed to
be dead
- 2,400 years old
- source from artifacts that have been left by the
 as old as Mathematics and Philosophy
past
- “no document, no history” – the mantra/
principle of traditional historians
- offers a clue about the past
 if there is no proof, it never happened
- materials
- study of history / history of history
- oral or written
- leads to better understanding of history
- may be created as a record or they might
 discipline in studying the readings
have been created for some other purpose
 use critical thinking
- describes an event such as record of a
 ask questions
property exchange, speeches,
commentaries
- historians’ most important tools always check the credibility of the witness
- primary and secondary are equally important

- first hand - chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form

- produced at the same time of the event, period, - written to impart a message whose motives for
or subject being studied their compositions vary widely
- broader than what is usually considered fiction
 eyewitness accounts, memoirs, artifacts,
- typically composed in order to
letters, memorabilia, census, government inform contemporaries or
records (PSA, NBI clearance) succeeding generations
- share opinion about a certain
issue
- produced by an author out of primary sources
 Martial Law times
 biographies, literary criticisms, art and - diary/memoir; record
theatre reviews - composed in order to persuade
the readers of the justice of the
- practice of verifying the - examination of the author’s section
authenticity of evidence by truthfulness and factuality of - made to entertain or deliver a
examining its 1
physical the evidence by looking at the moral teaching or to further a
characteristics, consistency 1
author of the source, its religious case
2
with the historical context, the 3agenda/purpose - written in praise of the subject’s
characteristics of the time it of why it was created and the worth
4
was produced, and the knowledge which informed it. - public speech or published text
2
materials used for the - entails that the historians in praise of someone or something
evidence. and analyze how much reports
 when Rizal congratulated Luna
 quality of paper, ink and can be manipulated to be used
- writing of the lives of the saints
the language used as war propaganda

- documents of legal situations
 decided cases in the supreme court
- “purest” and “best” sources
- “charter” – classic diplomatic source, a legal
instrument
- seated or authenticated to
provide evidence that a legal
transaction has been completed
and can be used as…
- economic, social or judicial significant
information
- records by bureaucracies
 government reports as municipal accounts,
research findings, barangay clearance,
birth certificate, land titles, and etc.
- tangible evidences are important even if they
are unwritten
 archaeological evidences such as coins
which can provide historians with
significant information relating to
government transactions during which
occurrences were in circulations
 artistic creations such as pottery, jewelry
or other dwellings that tell a story about
the past
- tells a culture of a certain region and how they
lived in the past
-told by tales or sagas of ancient people and the
folksongs or popular rituals from the pre-modern
period of Philippine history
 interviews
- systematic evaluation of the primary source so
the students could develop and present
arguments based on their own understanding of
the evidences; can be subjective or bias because
it comes from the perspective of the analyzer
- identify pertinent information from the
text/document and explains its importance to
their understanding of history in the Philippine
setting
tg
- time, place, situation, when the primary source
was written/created
- “from what point of view was it written?”
- author’s background, authority on the subject,
relevance, and meaning to people and society
today
- collect, evaluate, arrange
- you understand yourself in the present better by
interpreting the past
- those who know their history help shape how
people see themselves in the present and what
they hope for the future
- learn about the past to further understand the
present
- appreciate our cultural heritage
- exercise critical thinking skills
- broaden our knowledge regarding other people’s
history
- new guiding philosophy for writing and teaching
history
- “for us from us” perspective
- highlighted the importance of facilitating an
internal conversation and discourse among
Filipinos about our own history using the
language that is understood by everyone
- speaking your own language shows nationalism
- 7,900 islands and islets
- lies within the Pacific belt and has consequently
experienced earthquakes
- coastlines are 10,850 statute miles

- considered to be one of the world’s finest
harbor
- rich in natural resources that are yet largely
underdeveloped
- some people (mostly the rich ones), damage
these resources through exploitation
- lumber, minerals, and metals have exported in
large quantities, with 800M being the average
export price
- PH hardwoods are known all over the world

- “Filipinos belong to a mixture of races, mostly
Malay” –
- in the 19th century, the people who were
considered to be “Filipinos” are insulares or the
Spaniards who were born in the Philippines
- the natives were called “indios”; Rizal and other
Filipino propagandists were the ones to refer to
the natives
- “mestizo” are Spanish-Filipino or other half
breeds
- there were hostilities between the Mestizos and
the native Filipinos during the Spanish era due to
racial discrimination
- love to offer guests the finest things in the
house
- it is the responsibility of the children to take
care of their parents when they get old
- children give back to their parents for raising
them after graduation
- every funeral, fiestas, birthdays and other
events, family members meet up.
- “po” and “opo”, pagmamano; we simply cannot
say “no” when they give us a request
- “papunta ka palang, pabalik na ako”
- it is unthinkable for a Filipino to do an important
thing without consulting his/her parents or
grandparents.
- “bathala na” to “bahala na”
- believes that whatever happens, it is the work
of the fate
 we should make things happen
- “do a Filipino a little favor and they will forever
be grateful”
- “utang na loob”; gratitude
- Filipinos would not tolerate anyone berating his
countrymen
- can be seen in our personalities
- crab mentality
- we want to keep Smooth Interpersonal
Relationship with our people
tg
- saying things in a nice way
 “she passed away” instead of
“she died”
- “pangunahing bati banta agad
mikawani”
 when the teachers ask “do
you understand” and the
students say yes even if in
reality, they don’t
- doing things you don’t like
because your friends do it
- walang kinakampihan
- a belief that it’s fine to achieve the bare
minimum; opposite of the Chinese
- we have the tendency to be lazy
- “mamaya na”
- “the natives were not lazy, it was just the
observation of the Spaniards.” – Dr. Jose Rizal
 farmers wake up early in the morning and
sleep on the time the Spaniards wake up
- tainted with sympathy
- asking questions about other people’s lives by
mere curiosity at the expense of invading their
privacy
- you don’t really care nor you are affected, you
just want to know the hot, juicy tea
- “kanya-kanya” system  laglagan
- only look after themselves and their direct
family  self over other people
 katipunero vs. katipunero
- does not look with favor on a woman who flirts
with several men
- caused by our topography (hindi buo)
- intensive signification of camaraderie or spirit of
comradeship
- takes life seriously and not
humorist; adventurous
- most religious; frugal (kuripot)
- historically superior to the rest
- enjoys finer things in life
- historically superior to the rest

- known for their even temper and
religiosity because they
contemplate in churc/seminary
when not enjoying life
- fond of spicy food
- fiercest lover for freedom;
adventurous; man of honor
- best friend, worst enemy
- proud of his culture and does not
offer meek apologies for it
 “moro” way of life with all the
ugly implications because of fierce
love for culture and religion
pre-colonial life and culture / pre-spanish period
Contemporary writers claim that ancient
Filipinos were just “borrowers” or inheritors of the
cultures of the successive waves of Asian settlers
who came to our shores. Some even argued that
the best evidence of the non-existence of a pre-
colonial Filipino civilization is the absence of
megalithic monuments to corroborate such
cultural advancement.
The best historical concession that our
historians give to the achievement of our early
ancestors is their description of such as just
indigenous culture.
- typical houses were made of bamboo, wood
nipa palms, cogon, or whatever native materials
that can be found in the area and were set in
haligi that was made on bamboo
 bahay kubo
 stone houses in Batanes
 tree houses in Kalingas and Igorots
 boat houses of Badjaos
- the ladder was made of bamboo and was drawn
up at night (detachable  to protect themselves
from animals)
- parts
  do household work
  used for reception and a place for
sleeping
 (small room)  where they keep
mats, pillows and baskets among others
tg
- “mapagtisti”  judgmental
- extravagant
 luxurious even if walang pera
- happy go lucky; spend thrift
- loves colorful things; adventurous
- self-reliant than Tagalogs

-  short-sleeved
jacket; the color indicate the rank of the person
 red jacket for the chieftain while those
below his rank wore either black of blue
-  strip of cloth wrapped around the
waist and in between the legs
-  headgear that indicate the
number of the persons the wearer had killed
 red - the wearer had killed less than 7 men
 embroidered - killed 7 or more men

- or  wide-sleeved jacket
-  wrapped around the wrist
-  skirt
- for the Visayans, the part was called
“patadyong” while tapis (white or red cloth) was
usually wrapped above the waist
- women wore armlets called “kalumbiga”,
pendats, gold rings, earrings, leglets and
bracelets and they tattoo their arms, faces and
bodies to make themselves beautiful
- gold was used to adorn their teeth/ as accents
- men tattooed themselves to show their bravery
in battle
Visayans were the most tattooed people of the
Philippines that’s why they were called “pintados”
(painted people) by Spanish missionaries

- social stratification is very complicated because
of overpopulation  scarcity of resources
- divided into three classes:
 loans, crimes, adoption and divorce
- upper class composed by rulers and chiefs
 rape, arson, trespassing while the penalties were
- maharlika, middle or working class
 fines
- lower classes
 adultery,
- had his own house and family
 wiping, exposure to ants, cutting the fingers,
- had no house and lived with his master
- could not marry without his master’s
consent
 - the written laws were promulgated by the
- through captivity, debt, inheritance, purchase,
or commission of crime
- they can be emancipated through forgiveness,
by paying their debts, by condonation, by
marriage or by bravery

- _______________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
- had equal rights as men and were highly
regarded; men respected women
- they could succeed rulers of the barangay and
become a chieftain, engage in trade and
commerce and had the exclusive right of naming
their children
- “Tagalog Katalona”, “Visayan Babayland”, or
“Bicol Baliana”  priestesses who officiated
religious rituals
- many became famous in songs and folklore
 Princess Urduja of Pangasinan
- the barangay (composed of 30-100 families)
was a monarchy ruled by a chieftain (Datu, Raja,
Hari) with the village elders as their counselors
and advisers
- carry on trade and commerce among
themselves
- concluded treaty of friendship and alliance
through sanduguan (blood compact)
 marriage of a noble to a person from
another barangay
tg
- had ancient written and oral laws
- either customary or written
- the early laws covered partnerships, usury,
- major offenses involve insult, murder, sorcery,
death, slavery, burning to death or exorbitant
- minor offenses involve petty theft, perjury,
cheating in business dealing,
disturbance of peace while the penalties were
swimming for a certain number of hours or small
fines

chieftains upon consultation with the elders
- if approved, the barangay crier called
“umalahakan” goes around the barangay and
announced the new law
 Maragtas code
- written by Datu Samaktel of Panay in
1250 and focuses on the penalty for those
who are lazy
- jury  composed by the chieftain as the chief
judge and the elders as members
- trials were held in public and decisions were
given promptly
- the accuser and the accused faced each other
- the witnesses usually took an oath to prove
their honesty and sincerity and worded as “may
the crocodile eat me if I tell any falsehood” or
“may I die if I tell a lie”
- the side who presented the more convincing
proofs and witnesses was adjudged winner
- in criminal cases, the trial was by ordeal
because it is believed that the gods would protect
the innocent and punish the guilty
- if the court could not clearly determine the guilt
or both parties, this resulted to:
 Boiling Ordeal
- retrieving a stone in a boiling pot of
water and the one whose hands were most
scalded was adjudged guilty
- suspects were required to place a stone
in a hollow container with boiling water
and ordered to dip their hands into the
container to get the stone and the one

who refused to follow the order is declared
guilty
 River Ordeal
- suspects were required to plunge into the
rover and the one who first float into the
surface was declared the guilty party
 Candle Ordeal
- suspects were given lit candles of the
same length and thickness and the one
who dies out first is declared the
perpetuator of the crime
 Chewing of Uncooked Rice Ordeal
- suspects were made to chew uncooked
rice and were ordered to spit their saliva
and the person whose saliva comes out to
be the thickest was declared effective
- absurd but effective
 Trial by Combat
- both parties will fight and the loser is the
claimed culprit
- the early Filipinos believed in the immortality of
the soul and that there is life after death
- worshipped nature (trees), animals (birds) and
heavenly bodies (sun and moon)
- believed in gods and goddesses, and “Anitos” 
ancestral spirits
- “Babaylan” and “Katalona”  acts as the
connection or messenger of deities
- “Bathala”  the Supreme Being
- “Idianale/Idiyanate”  god of agriculture
- “Sidapa”  god of death
- “Agni”  god of fire
- “Siginarugan”  god of hell
- “Balangaw”  god of rainbow
- they also believed in aswang (witch), dwende,
kapre, mangkukulam, tikbalang and tiyanak
- some other beliefs include:
 when a dog howls near midnight, a
neighbor will die
 when a comet flashes in the sky, there will
be calamities, pestilence or war
 when a person dreams that one of his
teeth falls or a black butterfly flies around
him, a relative had died
 when a young girl sings while cooking
supper, she will marry a widower
tg
- takes a long period of time and was too difficult
- the man served years to the parents of the
woman by rendering household services such as
chopping woods, cleaning the house, fetching
water and doing errands
- marriage is arranged when the man is finally
accepted
“pag pinaghirapan mo, mas mamahalin mo”
- done within the same rank or social classes
- usually arranged by the parents as early as
infancy
- depend on regional variation
- “dowry”  concept of bigay-kaya which usually
consisted of a piece of land or gold
- the groom served the bride’s parents for months
where he helps in chores
- “panghimuyat”  gift given by the groom to the
parents of the bride
- “bigay-suso”  gift given by the man to the
bride’s wet nurse
- a man could marry as many woman he could
support
- only legitimate children can inherit property
from their father

- marriage from different social classes were rare
- marriage between free-man father and a slave
mother
 eldest, third, fifth and so on become slaves
 the rest of the children become freemen
 if there were only child, he become half-
free and half-slave

- divorced man or woman can remarry
- allowed the concept of divorce for these reasons
 childlessness
 cruelty
 insanity
 loss of love
 adultery on the part of the wife
 abandonment on the part of the husband
- almost all pre-Spanish Filipinos knew how to
read and write
- sons were taught at home on how to be
warriors, hunters and fishermen alongside music,
arithmetic, religion and household craft

- almost all the languages we majorly use
originated from the family of Malayo – Polynesian
language
- they had awit, salawikain, hele, bugtong, ihiman
(wedding song) and kumintang (war song)
- their songs and music expressed in all aspects
of their lives: songs for harvesting, war victories,
burials, and etc.; “kudyapi”  guitar
- engravings on the handles of weapons
(daggers, bolos, spears)
- ritualistic tattoos, aesthetic potteries, etc.
- agriculture  main source of livelihood
- rice terraces in Ifugao  irrigation system that
they have formed
- private lands were acquired through inheritance
or purchase of by occupation
- inter-baranganic trade and commerce was
carried through water system
- early trades with China, Japan, Siam (Thailand),
old Malaysia and Indonesia
- used barter system in product exchange even if
they knew the art of coinage and had gold
coinage
weighing
•
- Long before the coming of the Spaniards and
the Portuguese, the Philippines already had a
commercial and trade relations with India, China,
Arabia and Japan. Trade relations with China
began in 9th century and Chinese traders
established themselves in some parts of Luzon,
esp. in Metro Manila
tg
- history
- historiography
- sources (primary, secondary)
- content and contextual analysis
- type of documents
- nature of PH
- pre-spanish period (practices and traditions
- values, traits
 fatalistic
 regionalistic
 pakikisama
 individualistic
- was there a social stratification before spaniards?
- maharlika [free men / working class]
- pantayong pananaw [new guiding philosphy by
zeus salazar]
- secondary sources [produced by an author who
used primary source]
- muslim [best friend, worst enemy, fiercest lover of
freedom]
- legal document [seated or authenticated to
provide evidence...]
- henry otley beyer [american ..... who said that
Filipinos are mostly malays ]
- mestizo [spaniards born on PH]
- umalahakan [brgy crier]
- contextual analysis [consider time, place,
situation...]
- social documents [records kebt by bureaucracies
for economic, social, or judicial siginificant info]
- panegyric [a public speech in praise of someone]
- hagiography [lives of saints]
T OR F
F - modern historians believe that if there is no
document, there is no proof that it happened
F - only primary sources can be used in
writing/analayzing history
** - there was aready taxation before spaniards
F - magellan had a blood compact wd Lapu Lapu
F - cry of rebellion was led by Jose Rizal
T - there was equal treatment to all sexes before
spaniards
** - slavery was a form of punishment
T - aliping sagigilid owns a house and has own
family
T - Lapu Lapu shot Magellan in his ankle with a
poison and that caused Magellan's death
F - spaniards were looking for silk in their voyage
around the world
F - interview is a form of material evidence
Nobles [was considered upper class]
 tg

introduction to science, technology and society

- systematic body of knowledge

- pursuit of knowledge of people
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

- technology - authoritative - has freedom

- modern and commercialized - there will be equal - there will be no equal
rights because social rights because of the
classes (rich and poor) existence of the social
will be eliminated. classes.
- study of natural phenomena - government will handle - private business can
everything, which means emerge
- study of the living world - study of the non-living world
no private business can The Philippines
 - animals 
 - plants  emerge. currently has this
 - classifications and  - everyone will benefit one but it’s not
names of organisms  from it. working because:
 - microorganisms  abuse of power and
 freedom (lack of

discipline)
 the laws are not
- study of human behavior adhered to
 Psychology  Sociology
- importance of research to the society - for how many years of battling against each other,
 we learn and eradicate the wrong walang nananalo so they had an agreement:
 we learn and create a new one  “Let’s send a man to the moon. Whichever
 MILKTEA country gets there first, WINS.”
- changing the society  U.S.A. won (Neil Armstrong) which proves
- has a huge market (teens) that technology already exists (shuttles)
- how do both parents and students
budget?
- authoritative but not communism.
- Philippines was the “Rising Tiger of Asia”
- the demands for science and technology were at - Pioneered science and technology in the
height Philippines (1LRT, 2nuclear power plant) but he
- rise of the European scientists thought he is the BEST president so he over-abused
- technological advancement his power.
 first wheels, television, refrigerator, radio - he did not like it when people go against his rules
and many more. because he thought that they were rebelling against
- rising but still underdeveloped him.
 tg

“Science is dynamic, ever-changing.” - has something to do with the society

- , the man who changed the - study of science and technology, which shape
way the world looks at science. humans and their societal development, laws,
politics, public policy, ethics and culture.
- concept, pattern  Japan believes that communicating using
their own language will boost their
economy at its maximum. That’s why
- general theory / conceptual scheme
students have no English subject and study
-  we all know it.
VALUES only until 3rd grade.
-  standard - study of application of science: research and
 it stays as Normal Science if impacts & control of science and technology.
we add information.
work within and extend current paradigm.

“ is the heart of ”
- a fundamental change in approach or underlying
assumption - being curious is innate to us.
- occurs when one paradigm theory is replaced by
another.  solve problems
- change in the usual pattern or in the paradigm  add or create something new
theory / normal science.
-  Is there a scientific method?
- series of steps to collect information or solve problem.
non-cumulative  Observation – through the five senses.
make a new paradigm or re-invent something  Hypothesis – scientific guess you need to prove.
can become normal science  Experimentation – not limited in laboratories
– social experiments
 Data Analysis – needs statistical treatment
 an anomaly has been found  Conclusion – findings
o loophole, incorrect  Reporting the findings to the public.
 scientists and the community agree with  What makes scientific facts ?
the theory.
o NASA’s current issue: should Pluto - measures what it needs to - if you get the same results
be considered as a planet again? measure. over and over again
- connected to the S.O.P. - different place = same
- answered your question results
Examples:  How do new disciplines emerge?
 disciplines – branches of science
 Genetic Engineering (Japan, America)
o BT Corn (Bacillus Thuringiensis)
- has a capability to resist pest
 Bio-Chem, Bio-Physics
- “Earth is the center of the  The Philippines is very late.
universe.” – Aristotle - “The Sun is the center of the
- Galileo’s telescope found an universe.”
 How does science relate to religion?
anomaly in the theory  One of the limitations of science
 Science cannot answer everything.

- “The heavier the object, the
faster it falls.”
- Aristotle has a big name in
Science for he contributed in its
different disciplines such as
Chemistry, Biology, Physics and
Earth Science.
- “Objects of different mass will fall
of the same speed, time and rate.
- However due to the following, it
can be different:
1
pull of gravity [9.8 m/s2] and
2
air friction which prevents an
object from falling.

- measured in Newtons (N) - measured in kg, g, lbs.

- can be changed (gravity) - remains the same
 tg
 Should life forms be patented?
- Dolly the Sheep
o Genetic Engineering
- focus on the risks, benefits and opportunities o Biotechnology
disadvantage makes our lives easier
 Effects on democracy
- S&T shapes the community [values,
attitude, rules and regulations] - to apply knowledge
China No Facebook
No theatre  no skin to skin contact if you
Saudi Arabia
are not married - mix science with different fields
Oman
No video call for viber and messenger  science and accounting
 afraid of cybersex - to know & raise awareness to present issues.
Angeles City, Cybersex place
Pampanga  HIV cases
- how should states set priorities for research - to use in knowing the issues
finding?

the sts mindset

- “Students must be engaged not only in the - current national situation in the Philippines.
science and technology aspect of these problems,
but also on the ethical and political issues - we don’t support our locally-made products
concerning S&T.” – Dr. Fidel Nemenzo, former because we think that it’s a sign of inferiority
science and society program head and current (food and mobile phones)
vice chancellor for Research and Development in
UP Diliman.

- vaccine is an artificial immunity that is made
- mapapabilis at mapapadali ang production but
up of semi-killed bacteria.
mawawalan ng trabaho ang maraming workers.
- instead of preventing the incidence of
dengue, it killed many children.
-
 people are now scared of vaccines.
-
 they performed it in public schools with
over 50 students per sections = lack of 
nurses   students,  healthcare workers - even if they would permit to use it, it won’t
 hindi naasikaso ng mabuti work because the country lacks scientists
 there were no parents present at that time  189 scientists: 1 million Filipinos
 nabakunahan ng may sakit (weak body  - only the Japanese know how it works.
the bacteria will survive) 
- - Filipino presidents related to the boost of
 an in-depth study/assessment science and technology in the Philippines.
 
- tourists and other workers have no discipline
- pipe line under the sea (business) - Drug war - Education
- Gina Lopez, an environmental scientist, Free education from Kindergarten to
hates mining. That’s why the cabinet members College
did not vote for her for they will lose billions. o Angara and Aquino
- Making Graduate School free is under
discussion
 tg

science, technology, and its

significance to society in contemporary world
cassette tape MP3 players
pamada hair wax for
- “scientia”  to know different types of
- first hair gel (Elvis Presley
- systematized body of knowledge hairstyle) hair
 undergoes a process mobile phones
phonograph
- an organized and dynamic inquiry that follows - for music
- Spotify, YouTube, MP3
scientific method downloaders
camera obscura
- the first camera takes 30 different types of
mins to 1 hour to take a
photo, that’s why their shots
camera
are mostly candid (nainip na)
snail mails social media
- still used by banks and some platforms
business enterprises because - Facebook, twitter,
it’s more formal messenger, telegram
wheels
- invented for exchange of different types of
goods (barter)
- people were used to walking
car
(ice bridges)
toothbrush different types of
- they used sea salt as their toothbrush
toothpaste - charcoal toothbrush

- came from a Latin word “techne”  “to craft”

- knowledge gained through observation and - as material products; results of scientific inquiry;
experimentation; needs to be applied hardware procedure by a scientist
- a human activity; scientists - produce two things:
- a social enterprise (business and medical 
sectors) - products: book, shampoo
 People 
 Knowledge
- applying our acquired knowledge
 Skills  accounting, dentistry
 Facilities - further improve human service
 Apparatuses  from manual nail arts and foot spas to machines
 Technologies - as the application of knowledge in solving
- leads to formation of concepts, methods, scientific and practical problems that will help
principles, theories and law procedures which humans to survive and improve his life.
seek to describe and explain nature and its - as human cultural activities or endeavors
phenomena - as a social enterprise – technology is a complex
system of knowledge, skills, people, methods,
VHS (Betamax) DVD players tools, materials and resources applied and
black & white TV allocated to the development, operation, and
- Tweety Bird was supposedly colorized TV, production of a new or improved product, process
color pink, but the first TV
couldn’t cater colors other than
curved and 3D or services
the primary ones
bonfire
- important invention; first rice cooker
cooked meal

Biology Medicines
Sociology Law
- behavior of a 5 year old = walang kamalay-
malay
- bawal galawin
- as modern technology based on the advances of
science since the end of WWII to the present.
- human cultural activities
 depends on the culture of the country if
they may accept a certain technological
advancement or not
 country is, the more products it can
- people think that they are abnormal
- Korina Sanchez
- Filipinos are conservative
 because it’s fake”
- illegal in the Philippines, under discussion
 technology and culture greatly influence
each other, as new technology is
introduced to a society, the culture reacts
to it in a positive or negative way and is
thus changed forever
 change in behavior = change in technology
 technology makes our lives easier and we
embrace it even if it has negative effects
- field of endeavor upon which two way
interaction operates
- system of know-how, skills, techniques and
process which enable society to produce,
distribute, install, maintain or improve goods and
services related to human needs
 use of Excel in the academic and accounting fields;
you should know how to use technology
 JAPAN
- vanguard of science, technology and innovation
- uses gadget inside the classroom
- high funding of the government for science
(experiments and research)
 SINGAPORE’s Science Center
- performs a live demonstration of flame tornado
- field trip should be an extension of the classroom
- ability to harness the power and promise of
leading edge advances in technology
- anyone who can use the power of technology is
a technological leader
- determines a country’s in large measure,
national prosperity, security and global influence,
standard of living, and quality of life.
tg
 technology is the #1 determinant of the
success rate of a country’s economy
 Japan is known for its people’s
technological creations (appliances,
mobile phones)
 Philippines is known for exporting
high quality harvested crops
(banana) and shoes (marikina
shoes)
 the more equipped in technology a
produce
 global influence
 mas kilala ka
- “oh it’s made in China, don’t buy it
Dolly the Sheep
In-Vitro Fertilization – test tube baby
 – smallest cell in the human
body
 – largest cell in the human body
- breakthrough technological invention of
the century
- $3M – $6M
- also referred to as science and technology
studies.
- study of how social, political and cultural values
affect scientific research and technological
innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society.
- related to and of science
although with a much broader emphasis on social
aspects of science and technology.
 “paano nabuo ang knowledge about
science?”
- STS scholars are interested in a variety of
problems including the relationships between
scientific and technological innovations and
society, and the directions and risks of S&T.
- the interaction between science and technology
and social cultural, political and economic
contexts which shape and are shaped by them;
specific examples throughout human history of
scientific and technological developments.
 tg

- preserve and conserve

- heart and brain of science and technology

- work place, bases of workforce (school, - pharmaceutical

accounting firms, hospitals)
- workers who are experienced and possess broad
knowledge
- competition is healthy in the business setting
because it pushes others to make better
innovations
- there is no innovation when there is no
competition
 tide vs. brand x
- people prefer the items with better technology
 vaccines, vitamins, supplements
 - biotechnology
 the use of microorganisms
 GMO’s or the genetically modified
organisms [genetic engineering]
 wines [yeast], aged cheese [bacteria],
yogurt
- medical devices
 stethoscope, x-ray machines
- brings better monitoring, prevention and
remediation of issues in nature
- from satellites to stimulation are helping to
minimize property damage
 PHIVOLCS, PAGASA

- ensure smooth and timely movement of people

- make our lives easier and goods
- air, land, water

- day to day problems

- producing safer, healthier and tastier food
- combat irrationality - concept of GMO

- earthquakes occur because of the movement of
tectonic plates, not because God wants to punish
the people
- reasons why landslides and volcanic eruption
happen
- areas of knowledge
- develop emerging disciplines
- producing safer, cleaner, renewable and less
expensive fuels (bio-gas urine)
- enabled instantaneous communication around
the globe
- breakthrough technology

- human beings are rational beings

 logical, thinking beings
- superstitions or irrational beliefs

Humans (Homo sapiens) are ingenious
species and have dreamed up and created some
amazing and far-out things. From the moment
someone bashed a rock on the ground to make
the first sharp-edged tool, to the debut of the
wheel to the development of Mars rovers and the
Internet, several key advancements stand out as
particularly revolutionary. Here are some of most
important inventions of all time, along with the
science behind the invention and how they came
about.
- 3500 B.C.; humans were severely limited in how
much stuff they could transport over land.
- the idea came to connect a non-moving
platform to a rolling cylinder and then the wheel
and the axle were invented, which is the concept
of making wheels.
- for the wheels to work, the holes at the center
of the wheels and the ends of the fixed axles had
to be nearly perfectly round and smooth.
- facilitated agriculture and commerce by enabling
the transportation of goods to and from market,
as well as easing the burden of people traveling
great distances.
- mariners used to navigate with the star but that
method didn’t work during the day or on cloudy
nights.
- Chinese, between 9th and 11th century; it was
made of lodestone, a naturally-magnetized iron
ore, the attractive properties which they had been
studying for centuries.
- through nautical contacts, the technology
passed on to the Europeans and Arabs soon after.
- enabled mariners to navigate safely far form
land, increasing sea trade and contributing to the
Age of Discovery.
- Johannes Gutenberg in 1440 was the first to
have created a mechanized process that
transferred the ink (which he made from linseed
oil and soot) from the movable type to paper
- before him, there were other inventors in China
and Korea that have developed the movable type
made from metal.
tg
- exponentially increased the speed of which book
copies could be made, and thus led to the rapid
and widespread dissemination of knowledge for
the first time in history.
- the combustion of fuel releases a high-
temperature has, which, as it expands, applies
force to a piston, moving it = convert chemical
energy into mechanical work.
- modern form was made in the latter half of the
19th century
- steered in the Industrial Age which enabled the
invention of a huge variety of machines, including
modern cars and aircraft.
- Alexander Graham Bell’s electric phone in 1876
- several inventors did pioneering work on
electronic voice transmission
-revolutionized global business and
communication
- sustainable technologies that utilize resources
from the environment without causing negative
effects to it. Some of these are:
 Solar Energy – use of solar panels to provide
electricity.
 Geothermal energy
 Wind power – wind mills as source of energy
- Scottish scientist, Alexander Fleming, in 1928
noticed a Petri dish in his laboratory in which the
sample had become contaminated with mold and
everywhere the model was, the bacteria was
dead.
- antibiotic mold = fungus Penicillium and have
been purified by chemists over the decade and
developed a drug Penicillin which fights a huge
number of bacterial infections without harming
the humans themselves.
- was being mass produced and advertised by
1944.
- the global system of interconnected computer
networks used by billions of people worldwide.
- countless of people helped develop it = a team
of computer scientists that were working for the
U.S. Defense Department’s Advanced Research
Projects Agency in 1960’s built a communications
network to connect the computers in the agency
called ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet

that eventually emerged to become the
“information superhighway”
- used a method of data transmission called
“packet switching”
- invention of nuclear weapon in 1945, like the
nuclear bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima that
caused deaths of many people. This was a
product of chemical and biological warfare (bio-
warfare)
- toxic wastes produced by manufacturing
companies that threaten human survival and
stability of the environment.
- exploitation of advanced scientific knowledge
and technological devices and systems give rise
to situations in which advances seem to have
turned against their beneficiaries, creating ethical
dilemmas.
- march to progress = degrading the natural
world: 1forests are chopped down, 2topsoil
washed away, 3rivers are polluted and 4our waste
is dumped in the oceans.
- advanced countries enjoying science and
technology based successes and hold high
esteem in contemporary while there are millions
of people in less developed countries who have
not partaken these benefits.
- military power is vital for national security of
many governments
the nature, characteristics, and types of societY
- represents a geographical aggregate with
boundaries, a similar government and a common
culture, where members live together for mutual
benefit
- a group of people with common territory,
interaction, culture and language.
tg
- superior and highly technical weapons dictated
the outcomes of some recent wars
 pollution associated with production processes
 increased unemployment from labor-saving
technologies
 conversion of agricultural land into urban
areas
 effect on humans psychologically and
emotionally – the usage and addiction of new
gadgets
 effect of overused technologies in medical
industry that can cause fatal births and
diseases
 global warming
In the Philippines, people turn to science
and technology for warning advice and assistance
during calamities and disaster: we have some
government agencies responsible for giving us
advice and information.
 PHIVOLCS – Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology
 DOST – Department of Science and
Technology
 PAGASA – Philippines Atmospheric
Geophysical Astronomical Services
Administration
We have built windmills and transits that
provide us means of source of energy and
transport.
- study of social processes - study of culture and its
 paano natuto ang tao makipag-away entirety

- members live and work together for mutual
benefit
- group as well as individuals ends can be
achieved only through collective, and
collaborative manner or teamwork.
- 1Aling Mars shares her cooked food with her
neighbors and her neighbors share in return and
they have been practicing this for years.
- they help each other (money, food)
- under the PH Law, pwede paalisin ang mga
deviant sa society o yung mga taong hindi
sumusunod sa social norms
- members of society shares a common culture
which enables them to follow patterns of action
for harmonious existence with others.
- 1National Identity: Filipinos are known for their
hospitality and hard work
- 2Cultural Identity: different festivals celebrated
within the country; depends on the society that
we live (Apalit festival is celebrated for 3 days]
- members use a common language to
communicate with each other.
- 1Mandarin, 2Nihongo, 3Filipino
- society is an economic, social and industrial
organization.
- society has leaders and members in large or
small community; 1mayors, 2barangay captains,
3
subdivision presidents, 4class presidents + officers
- it is the largest social unit.
- members live in a definite geographical area.
- it has the ability to endure, produce, and
sustain several generation of membership.
- 1The Mondragon Clan has been a member of
their society for three generations.
- one of the earliest forms of society and was
characterized by subsistence economies that
rarely produce surplus.
tg
- anthropologists estimate that men hunted for
food for at least one million years ago.
- people survived by searching and gathering
food and by a small game of hunting wild
animals.
- its basic unit of social organization were the
household and the local clan to which most of the
hunting and gathering activities were organized.
- believed to have existed 12 000 to 15 000 years
ago.
- gave way to the first breakthrough in
subsistence economy, which was the
development of agriculture.
- they were attributed to the development of
agriculture wherein people began to plant and
cultivate crops rather than just to harvest
whatever nature provided them.
- depends on herding and domestication of
animals for food and clothing and rely partly on
horticulture to subsist.
- animals provide milk, fuel, sheared fur and even
blood.
- characterized by the use of plow and irrigation
in production. Men become capable of producing
huge surpluses because of this.
- the advent of industrialization in Europe some
200 years ago brought about the third major
revolution in production.
- the substitution of mechanical, electrical and
fossil-fuel energy for human and animal labor
caused an explosive growth in productivity, not
only of goods but also of knowledge and
technology.
- depends on special knowledge to bring about
continuing progress in technology and utilize
computers within the different sectors of
industries.
- the spread of computer industries is one of the
characteristics of this society
- highly trained specialists work to increase the
capabilities of computers.