Lacing, battening

1. 1. GUIDED BY: Prof. Sunil Jaganiya Prof. Pritesh Rathod Sub : Elementary Structural
Design NAME ENROLL NO. Patel Jimi 131100106029 Patel Milind 131100106035 Patel
Nirmal 131100106036 Patel Viraj 131100106040 Patel Yash 131100106042 Shah Ashit
131100106051
2. 2. There are two types of lacing system. 1. Single lacing system 2. Double lacing system
3. 3.  The compression member comprising two main components laced and tied should,
where practicable, have a radius of gyration about the axis perpendicular to the plane of
lacing not less than the radius of gyration at right angles to that axis.  The lacing system
should not be varied throughout the length of the strut as far as practicable.  Cross (except
tie plates) should not be provided along the length of the column with lacing system, unless
all forces resulting from deformation of column members are calculated and provided for in
the lacing and its fastening.  The single-laced systems on opposite sides of the main
components should preferably be in the same direction so that one system is the shadow of
the other.  Laced compression members should be provided with tie plates at the ends of
the lacing system and at points where the lacing system are interrupted. The tie plates
should be designed by the same method as followed for battens.
4. 4. (1) Angle of inclination(θ): (cl. 7.6.4) For single or double lacing system, θ = 40 to 70 To
the axis of the built up member normally,=45 is taken (2) Slendernes ratio(kL/r) : (cl. 7.6.5.1)
KL/r for each component of column, should not be gretear than 50. or kL/r not greater than
0.7 *most favourable slenderness ratio of the member as a whole The slenderness ratio of
lacing shall not exceed 145 (cl. 7.6.6.3)
5. 5. (3) effective length of lacing (le) : For bolted connection : For single lacing, le = L For
double lacing, le = 0.7 l Where, L = distance between the inner end fastner In welded
connection : Le = 0.7 * distance between the inner ends of welds (4)width of lacing bars(b) :
minimum width of lacing bar, b = 3d Where, D = nominal diameter of bolt
6. 6. (5) Thickness of lacing (t) : (cl. 7.6.3) For single lacing, t > Le/40 For double lacing, t >
Le/60 (6) Transvers shear (Vt) : (cl. 7.6.6.1) Vt= 2.5% of the axial force in the column. This
force shall be divided equally among the lacing systems in parallel Planes. For double lacing
F=Vt/4 sin Where,
7. 7. (7) Check for compressive strength For lacing using Le/r min and fy = 250 Mpa Find Fcd
from IS: 800, table -9 (c) For rectangular section buckling class is “c”. Compressive load
carrying capacity of lacing Pd = (b * t) * fcd If (b *t )* fcd > F(axial force n lacing) …. OK b*t =
area of lacing i.e. pd > F …. OK
8. 8. (8) check for tensile strength : tensile strength of lacing flat is Td = 0.9 (b-d)t fu /ϒ or fy.Ag/
ϒmo Which ever is less. If Td > F…….Ok { Is: 800 cl. 6.3.1 pg 32 } (9) End connection : For
case (a) : Resultant on force on bolt = R = F No of bolt required = F/bolt value For case (b) :
Resultant on force on bolt = R =2Fcosθ No of bolt required = 2𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 For 16 dia.
Bolt strength is single shear= 29 kN For 20 dia. Bolt strength is single shear= 45.3 kN
Strength of bolt in bearing =2.5 kb.d.t.fu (cl. 10.3.4)
9. 9. (10) Overlap: In case of welded connection, the amount of overlap measured along either
edge of lacing bar shall not be less than , four times the thickness of the lacing bar or the
thickness of the element of main member, whichever is less.
10. 10.  Compression member can also be built up intermediate horizontal connecting plates or
angle connecting two or four elements of column .these horizontal connecting plates are
called battens  The battens shall be placed opposite to each other at each end of the
member and at point where the member is stayed in it length and as for as practicable , be
spaced and proportioned uniformly throughout.  The number of battens shall be such that
the member is devided into not less than three bays within its actual length
11. 11. (IS : 800, cl. 7.2.2, P.51) (1)The number of battens shall be such that the member is
divided into not less than three bays. (2) Battens shall be designed to resist , simultaneous
12. 12.  Longitudinal shear Vb = Vt. C/Ns And  Moment M=Vt.C/2N Where, Vt = transverse
shear force C = distance between centre to centre of battens longitudinally . N = number of
parallel planes of battens (2 usually) S= Minimum transverse distance between the centroid
of the bolt/ rivet group / welding.
13. 13. (3) Slenderness ratio : (cl. 7.7.1.4) the effective slenderness ratio ( 𝑘𝐿 𝑟 )e of battenced
column shall be taken as 1.1 times the ( 𝑘𝐿 𝑟 )o, the maximum actual slenderness ratio of the
column, to account for shear deformation effects. (4) Spacing of battens (C) : (cl. 7.7.3) For
any component of column (i) 𝑐 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 should not greater than 50 (ii) 𝑐 𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛 should not
greater than 0.7 * kL/r of built up column (about z-z axis) (5) Thickness of battens (t) : (cl.
7.7.2.4) t > 𝐿𝑏 50 where Lb = Distance between the inner most connecting line of bolts,
perpendicular to the main member
14. 14. (6) Effective Depth of battens (de) : (cl 7.7.2.3)  de > 3/4 *a ……… for intermediate
battens  de > a,……. For end batten  de > 2b , ………. For any battens where de =
effective depth of battens = distance between outermost bolts longitudinally a = distance
between centroid of the main member b = width of one member Overall depth of battens  D
= de + (2 * end distance)
15. 15. (7) transverse shear (Vt) : (cl. 7.7.2.1) Vt = 2.5 % of the factored axial column load (8)
Ovrlap (cl. 7.7.4.1) for welded connection, the overlap shall be not less than four times the
thickness of the battens It should be noted that the battens columns have least resistance to
shear compared to column with lacings
16. 16. the minimum thickness of rectangular slab bases , supporting columns under axial
compression shall be  ts =√(2.5 w (a2 - 0.3b2) ϒmo/fy) > tf Where ts = thickness of slab
base w = uniform pressure below the base a,b = larger and smaller projection, respectively
of slab base beyond the column tf = flange thickness of compression member
17. 17.  Design a slab base foundation for a column ISHB 350 to carry a factored axial load of
1200 KN. Assume fe 410 grade steel and M25 concrete. take safe bearing capacity of soil as
200 kN/m2 Solution : For steel fe 410 fy = 250 N/mm2 For m 25 concrete, fck = 25 N/mm2
FOR ISHB 350 COLUMN h = 350 mm Bf =250 mm Tf = 11.6mm Tw= 8.3 mm
18. 18. (a) Area of base plate : {IS 800 -2007 CL. 7.4.1 P.46 } pu = 120 kn ( factored load ) 
bearing strength of concrete = 0.6 fck = 0.6 * 25 = 15 N/mm 2  area of base plate : = p u
𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 A = 1200∗103 15 = 80,000 mm2 size of built up column b =
350 mm d = bf =250 mm
19. 19. ( B ) THICKNESS OF BASE PLATE :  a =larger projection = 50 mm  b = smaller
projection = 50 mm  W = uniform pressure on base plate = 1200 ∗103 450 ∗350 = 7.62 n/
mm2 thickness of base plate =t provide 50 mm equal projection all around the column 
width of plate  Bp = 350 + 50 + 50 = 450 mm  Dp = 250 + 50 +50 = 350 mm Use base
plate of size 450 mm* 350 mm  Gross area of base plate provided = 450 * 350 = 157500
mm2
20. 20. (C) WELD CONNECTING COLUM TO BASE PLATE :  Use a 6 mm fillet weld all
around the colum section to hold the base plate in position  total length available for
welding along the periphery of ISHB 350 , there are 12 ends for ISHB  DEDUCTION = 12*
2S =12 * 2 * 6 = 144 mm  effective length of weld available = 1683.4 – 144 = 1539.4
21. 21.  capacity of weld per mm length = 0.7 s * fwd = 0.7 * 6 * 189 = 793.8 n/mm = 0.7938
KN/mm  required length of weld = 1200 0.7938 = 1512 mm < 1539.4 mm 6 mm weld is
adequate .
22. 22. (D) SIZE OF CONCRETE BLOCK :  Axial load on column =120 kN(factored load) 
Working load =1200/1.5=800kN  Add 10% as self weight of concrete block =80KN  Total
load =800+80=880 kN  Area of concrete block required =Total load /S.B.C. of soil =880/200
=4.4m2
23. 23.  Concrete block is designed for working load  Consider rectangular concrete block
with equal projection beyond base plate.  Let, X= projection of concrete block  Area of
concrete block =L*B 4.4=(0.45+2x) *(0.35 + 2x) 4.4=0.1575 + 0.7x +0.9x + 4x2 4x2 + 1.6 x –
4.2425 = 0 Solving it, x=0.849 m Using calculator , say x= 0.85 m
24. 24.  L=0.45 + 2 * 0.85 = 2.15m  B=0.35 + 2*0.85 = 2.05m  Area of concrete block provide
= 2.15 * 2.05 =4.407m2 > 4..4 m2……OK  Assumme angle of dispersion =45°  Depth of
concrete block = d = x = 0.85 m
25. 25. column splice: A joint when provided in the length of column to get to required length it I
called column splice. If a column is loaded axially, theoretically no splice is required.
Compression will be transmitted by direct bearing, and column sections could be rested one
on top of each other. How ever , In practice the load on column is never truely axial and the
real column has to resist bending due to this eccentrically applied load. In addition , the
column may be subjected to bending moments. Also, the bearing surface of the adjacent
sections can never be machined to perfection.
26. 26. Design of column spices: The steps inn the design of splices are: 1. Determine the
nature of loads to which the splice is subjected. The splice may be subjected to axial
compressive load, bending moment and shear force. 2. For axial compressive load the splice
plates are provided on the flanges of the two columns. if the ends of columns are
milled/machined, the splice is designed only to keep the column in position and to carry
tension due to the bending moment. In this case splice plate is designed to carry 50% of the
axial load and tension due to B.M. if the ends of column are not milled/machined, the splice
and connections are designed to resist the total axial load and tension, if any.
27. 27. 3. Load due to axial load for machined ends of column,  Pul= load on splice due to axial
factored load Pu on the column. = 𝑃𝑢 4 (total load on splice plates = 𝑃𝑢 2 but load on each
splice plate = 𝑃𝑢 2 ) For non-machined ends of column, Pul = 𝑃𝑢 2 4. Load due to bending
moment Pu2 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑎 Where, a = lever arm = c/c distance of two splice
plates.
28. 28. 5. Column splice plates are assumed to act as short column (with zero slenderness).
Hence, the plates will be subjected to yield stress (fy).  fcd= 𝑓𝑦 1.10 6. The cross-sectional
area of splice plaate(A)  A= 𝑃𝑢 𝑓𝑐𝑑 Pu= Pul + Pu2 7. The width of splice plate is kept equal
to the width of the column flange.  thickness of splice plate= 𝐴 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 For
column exposed to weather , the thickness of splice should not Be less than 6 mm.
29. 29. 8. Nominal diameter of bolts for connection is assumed.  No. of bolts= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛
𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 9. When the bearing plates are to provided to join two
columns of unequal sizes: - The bearing plate may be assumed as short beam to transmit
the axial load to the lower column. - Axial load of the column is assumed to be taken by
flanges only. shown in figure Maximum B.M in bearing plate:  M= 𝑃𝑢 2 *a1
30. 30. The length and width of the bearing plates are kept equal to the size of the lower storey
column. Thickness of bearing plate,  M= fbs * Z Where ,  fbs= design bending stress = 𝑓𝑦
1.10 = 250 1.10 = 227.27 N/𝑚𝑚2  Z = 𝑏𝑡2 6
31. 31. 10. The web splice plates are designed to resist maximum shear force. 11. If packing are
provided between the splice plate and column flange and more than 6mm in thickness, the
design shear capacity of the bolts is reduced as per cl. 10.3.3.3 of IS : 800-2007.
32. 32.  A column section ISHB 250@ 500.3 N/m is carrying a factored load of 600 kN. Design
a suitable column splice. Use 16 Ø 4.6 grade bolts and steel of grade Fe 410. Solution.. For
 4.6 grade bolts, Fub =400 N/mm2 For – fe 410 plate fu = 410 N/mm2 fy = 250 N/mm2  For
column ISHB 250 @ 50.3 N/m bf = 250 mm tf = 9.7 mm
33. 33.  Assume ends of columns are miled /machined for complete bearing. Therefore , splice
plate are designed for 50 % of axial load of column . load on each splice plate ,  pu1 = 𝑝 𝑢 4
= 600 4 = 150 KN  Fcd 𝑓 𝑦 ɣ 𝑚0 = 250 1.10 = 227.27 N/mm2
34. 34. Area of splice plate requride = 150 ∗103 227.27 = 660 mm2  width of splice plate
should be equal to the width of the column flange . b = 250 mm  thickness of splice plate, t
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏 = 660 250 = 2.54 mm  provide 6 mm thick splice plate as colum may be exposed
to weather . For 16 mm dia , 4.6 grade bolts strength of bolt in single shear = 29 KN
35. 35.  Stength of bolt in bearing ( on 6 mm plate ) = 2.5 kb . D .t .fu /ɣ𝑚𝑏 = 2.5 * 1* 16 * 6 *
*400/1.25 = 76800 N = 76.8 KN bolt value = 29 KN  N0 0f bolt required =150/29=5.17 say 6
nos.  Provide 16 mm dia , 6 bolt on each side of the splice (joint) in two vertical raws to
connect splice plate with column flangers. Minimum pitch = 2.5 d = 2.5* 16 = 40 mm
36. 36.  Provide pitch = 50 mm  Edge distance = 1.5 d0 =1.5 *18 =27 mm provide 30 mm 
Depth of splice plate =(4 * 50) +(4*30) =320 mm  Provide splice plate 320*250*6mm 0n
column flanges.

Design procedure
A. Design of column section
1. Given the actual length and end condition find the effective length l.

2. select (σac ) approx. = (120 – 145 )Mpa

𝒂𝒙𝒂𝒊𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
3. Calculate A approx. =(𝛔𝐚𝐜 ) 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱.

4. Choose trial section such that total area ( A prov.) is more than A approx . Arrange the
elements in such a way that we get . Ix≈ Iy . for the composite section.

5. For the above arrangement find rmin .hence compute maximum slenderness ratio λ =
𝒍
.In case of battened column , the effective length should be increased by 10%.(
𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏
note :take rmin = r x )

6. For this value of λ compute form stress ((σac ) cal. ) for the chosen section using table
5.1 of IS code 800:1984 for λ & yield stress of steel (σy )

7. Determine the safe compressive load

Safe compressive load= (σac ) cal. x A prov.