Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005

Antalya, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005

Bedugul Geothermal Prospect and Developments

Achmad Mulyadi, Edwin J. Joenoes and Ni Made Widiasari

By Pass Ngurah Rai No. 88, Sanur, Denpasar, Bali
rbt_mulyadi@yahoo.com; bali_energy@plasa.com

Keywords: Bali, Bedugul, hot water system, (10 + 3 x 55)
MWe, high silica contents, stimulated discharging well,
friendly environment, cultural ceremonial.
ABSTRACT
Bedugul is in the center of Bali and north of Denpasar. A
geothermal area exists there. The area is about 70-90 km2
and is bordered mainly from geophysics and geology
investigations. Part of the area was proven by the
exploration of two deep wells BEL-03 and BEL-02, and
core-hole TCH-04. It is inside Bratan’s caldera structure.
Therefore, the proven area of geothermal prospect is then
defined to be about 8 km2. The area may conserve energy of
about 80 MWe for 30 years since its power density is equal
to 10MW each km2. Bali Energy Limited (BEL) will
promote a small power of 10 MWe in 2006 to initiate
another large 3 x 55 MWe power for the future.
Geothermal energy is a prospective alternative energy that
would be used for generating electricity for Balinese desire.
Its products should only have a small affect on the
environment, and they may increase the existing tourism.
The Balinese have a one management island concept called
seamount union. Whenever one changes the mount
environment, the sea environment will change. Bedugul is
a part of the attractive tourist area in Bali. Therefore when
developing a geothermal area in Bedugul, it is necessary to
follow the wishes of the Balinese. For example: by keeping
Bali clean, the environment is sustained and at the end of
the project tourism will have increased.
BEL previously anticipated the need for developing
geothermal energy in Bali by conducting an energy
workshop in 1977. Recently, BEL has begun introducing
geothermal energy to the Balinese.
1. INTRODUCTION
The concession area of Bedugul geothermal was referred to
letter 465/KPTS/M/Pertamb./74 on April 10th, 19974. It is
delineated by coordinates of 8o10’00” – 8o30’30”S and
8o11’30” – 8o26’30”E, 101 660 Ha, see figure 1.

Figure 1: The concession area (WKP) of Bedugul.

1
Mulyadi et. al
In November 17, 1995, the joint operation contract (JOC)
was signed by PERTAMINA and Bali Energy Limited.
Meanwhile, on the same day the energy sales contract
(ESC) was also signed by Bali Energy Limited and pt. PLN
(persero). Unfortunately, most of the big projects including
Bali geothermal project were suspended when the economic
crises took over Indonesia in 1997. During its exploration
period before being suspended by the president’s decree
number 39 in the year 1997, BEL had managed to drill six
temperature core holes and three deep exploration wells.
They were named BEL-01, BEL-02, and BEL-03. In the
last stages of the exploration period at the end of January
1998, BEL performed a 24 hours rig test on well BEL-03.
The test yielded the result that BEL-03 was able to produce
steam and water of up to 56t/h with an enthalpy of 1744
kJ/kg. After that, the Bedugul Geothermal Project went
into suspension.
Five years later, in 2002, continuations of big projects were
re-negotiated with the issuance of the President’s decree
number 15. After 18 months of re-negotiation that
produced amendments to the original JOC and ESC
contracts, the Bedugul Geothermal Project was once again
ready to go forward with full government support. This
was partly because there was a concern of a Java-Bali
electricity shortage in the near future. Therefore,
suspensions of Independent Power Producers (IPP) Projects
were revoked including BEL.
2. LOCATION
The Bedugul geothermal prospect is located in the
mountain area and it is about 60 km north of Denpasar,
Bali, figure 1. Two volcanoes, Mt Batur and Mt Agung are
presently active outside of the prospect in the eastern part of
Bali. Nature preserves or protected forest, production
forest, and botanic gardens cover most of the prospect area,
and the rest is property of the community. Small fumaroles
and very rare warm springs manifested at the center, while
most of warm and cold springs are outside of the area.
3. PROSPECT AND PROVEN AREAS
Since signing the contracts with the government in
November of 1995, BEL has completed geological, gravity
and resistivity surveys, and drilled six temperature gradient
core-holes to the depths of 685-1400m, and three deep
exploration wells to the depth of 2686-2826 m. Core-hole
data shows that cold, porous volcanic rocks forms a 1000m
thick blanket over most of the prospect area, effectively
masking the deep geothermal system and limiting surface
expressions of heat. Temperature measurements in core-
holes combined with resistivity survey results indicate the
Bali resource may be quite deep. Production wells may
have to be drilled to depths of 3,000 – 3,500 meters.
The Bedugul geothermal system, Bali, is associated with
Quaternary volcanic activities in the Pleistocene to
2
Holocene period. The system is in N-S trending volcanic
activities in the big Bratan caldera.
Volcanic rocks are distributed on most of the prospect area,
and sedimentary rocks are near the lakes within the Bratan
caldera. The surface layer consisted mainly of tuff, tuff
lapilli, and alluvium; the layer is very loose and tends to
erode easily. Flowed pumice ash tuff covers most of the
center and eastern part of Bali, which overlies andesitic
volcanic.
Surface thermal features within Bratan Caldera include
drowned fumaroles (Teratai Bang) and an area of warm
ground at an elevation of 1400-1500 meters above mean sea
level (amsl). Also it includes as a warm spring on the edge
of Lake Buyan. In addition, a hot spring area is present at a
lower elevation on the west flank of the volcanic highlands
at Yeh Panas at about 600 meters amsl. A cold spring is
present on the eastern flank, as well as an extensive area of
Hot Springs on the southern flank at elevations of 300-600
meters amsl.
In 2004, Jetro-WestJec has recently reconstructed
lithological cutting obtained from wells that show
dominated pyroclastic, andesite, and underlain by andesite
breccias (could be diorite). They also interpreted that the
existence of ignimbrite may indicate the Bratan caldera has
erupted three times, 29300, 20150, and 5500 BC.
Lateral distribution of resistivity sub-stratum showed no
contrast resistivity boundary found, unless the two areas are
at the northwest and the south part of the area, figure 2. A
diffuse sub-surface resistivity boundary seems to exist
towards east and west. The diffuse resistivity boundary is
also indicated by a more extensive area of relatively; low
resistivity extends away from the three anomalies of TDEM
resistivity in the caldera area to the hot spring areas on the
west and south flanks. This strongly suggests that the hot
springs on the flanks are fed by topographically driven
lateral out-flows of mineral water originating in the caldera
area. However, the results of slime holes drilled at the
southeast of the area may separate the geothermal prospect
area from others. While to the west and the east, the
boundary of geothermal area is due to the caldera rim and
the geological structure interpreted from geology photo.
The Bouguer gravity anomaly indicated by the NE-SW
trending line may suggest a fault system in the northern and
the southern part of the area, Jetro-WestJec in 2004, see
figure 2. The fault seems also due to rim caldera at the NE
edge of the Bratan caldera. The NW-SE lineament is due to
caldera rim at the western edge of Bratan caldera.
The geothermal prospect area is then inside the moderate
resistive sub-stratum and defined by the geological
structure; it is ending with figure of about 30 km2, figure 2.
 Mulyadi et. al

BEDUGUL-BALI GEOTHERMAL PROPSECT MAP

D. Buyan Legend :

Prospect area

TCH-04
Out-flow area

G. TAPAK
Loc. D D. Bratan
Non-prospect area
G. LESUNG Loc. U

B EL
Loc.G

-0 2
G. PUCUK
BE
TCH-03 TCH-02
Loc. C
L- Big-hole
03 Loc.Q
G. POHEN
Slime-hole
TCH-01

B
TCH-06

E
TCH-05

L
Fumarole

-0
1
Loc.H

G. SENGAYANG Warm Spring

G. ADENG Cold Spring

G. BATUKARO

Figure 2: MT-resistivity sub-stratum map

Figure 3: Top of TDEM conductive layer (Geosystem, 1996

A resistivity model was constructed from 1-D resistivity resistive sub-stratum. The middle conductive layer is
layer that inverted from MT-sounding. Layers of the model interpreted as a cap rock.
were then simplified into three resistivity layers that consist
of surface resistive layer, middle conductive layer, and Top of Time Domain Electro Magnetic (TDEM) conductor
may also represent the top of cap rock. By mapping, the

3
Mulyadi et. al

top of conductor may indicate cap rock distribution and its resistivity model in figure 5, shows that the top of resistive
shape. The conductor formed dome like structure in center basement is deeper than the inferred hot chloride water
of the area around Mt. Tapak and it is also shown in the level. The hot chloride water was inferred from well test
south-west of the area, see figure 3. The pattern is also and down hole pressure-temperature results. Since then, it is
similar to the pattern of sub-surface temperature suggesting that the resistivity model should be corrected
distributions of deep wells and of core holes. from the existence of ocean water at 30 km north of the
prospect area.
Key temperature mineral such as epidote mineral, was
found at the deep wells named BEL-01, BEL-02 and BEL-
BEL-03: T-P Vs Elevation (m) Profile
03. No epidote was found at all slime-holes, even at the 16 March 98
2000
high thermal gradient of core-hole TCH-04.
1800

Sub-surface temperature profiles that were obtained from 1600

the three deep exploration wells BEL-02, BEL-03, BEL-01, 1400

and one core-hole of TCH-04 have high temperature 1200

gradient, suggesting those wells were in an area of up-flow 1000

zone, figure 2 and 4A. Other area defined as out-flow zone 800
was indicated by TCH-01, TCH-02, and -05; while the 600
TCH-06 shows a moderate temperature gradient, suggesting 400
the TCH-06 was located on the boundary between up-flow

Elevation (m)
200
and out-flow zones, figure 2 and 4B.
0

The conductive layers that exist in the area of the Bedugul -200

geothermal system are very thick. The bottom of the cap -400

rocks can reach to depth of about 1000-2000m below sea -600

level, figure 5. This depth is unusual in comparison to -800

other geothermal systems in Indonesia. In other systsems -1000

T 31/01/'98 (s tatic 2 hrs )
the bottom of cap rocks are usually located from sea level -1200 T 1/02/'98 (s tatic 19 hrs )
to 500m below sea level. -1400
T 12/02/'98 (s tatic 5 days)
P 12/02/'98 (after pum ping air up to 1500 ps i)
-1600 P (5/4-'04)
A common geothermal resistivity layer with an addition of T (5/4-'04)
-1800 T(flowing)
the presence of ocean water at 30 km north of the prospect P(flowing)
-2000
area was modeled. The resistivity value of the ocean water 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
was 0.25 Ωm, which was overlying the 100Ωm resistive T(C) --- P (ksc)

body, figure 6. The model was then showing long period

response. If this is the case, the long period response of
MT, which affected into the calculated tick conductive Figure 4A: P-T profile BEL-03, Bedugul, Bali.
layer is due to deep ocean water. Therefore the MT

BEL-TCH Temp. Profile

1500

TCH-01 Kuster survey, 05 Sep 97 P-T PROFILE of BEL-02, BALI

TCH-02 Kuster survey, 06 Sep 97
1300
1700
TCH-03 Kuster survey, 06 Aug 97 1600
1500
TCH-04 Kuster Surv ey, 15 Sept 97
1400
1100
TCH-05 Kuster Survey, 16 Sept 97 1300
1200
03 1100
1000
900
900
800
700
600
VERTICAL DEPTH (m)

700 500
400
300
200
500 100
0
-100
Elevation (masl)

04 -200
300 -300
y = -3.5161x + 677.6 -400
-500
T-grad. = 28°C/100m -600
100 -700
05 -800
-900
-1000
-100 -1100
01 -1200
y = -13.093x + 1011.7
-1300
T-grad. = 7-8°C/100m -1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-300

02 T(°C) --- P(ksc)

T (°C) - Feb. 16, '98 T (BEL-02, Feb. 7th, '04) T (BEL-02, may 7th '04) Bel-01, Nov. 5, '97
-500
0 50 100 150 200 250

Temperature (deg.C)

Figure 4B: P-T Profiles of slime-holes and well BEL-02.

4
 Mulyadi et. al

Bali MT-Resistivity Section D-D' (Middle Part)

W Mt. Lesong BEL-03(P)
MT-73
BEL-02(P)
E
2000m MT-69 TCH-04(P) MT-109S
MT-72
MT-81
MT-75 MT-048N TCH-02(P)
MT-68 110 60 L. Bratan MT-79 MT-65
100
1000m 75-100 65 100
60
50-350 (150) 90
1.5 50 90
3 3.5
0m
8 4 (18)
8 243°C 83°C
6 4
-1000m
306°C 325°C

25 30 20 6
-2000m
20 (65)
75 45
-3000m
25 40

-4000m

45
-5000m

-6000m

1000m 5000m 10.000m 15.000m

Rho-inv

0verbourden (35-500 ohm-m) Cap Rocks ( 3-8 ohm-m) Out-flow zone

Reservoir Rocks (20-75 ohm-m) Non Geothermal Zone (>100 ohm-m) IInferred top of water level

Figure 5: Tentative resistivity model of Bedugul-Bali.

1 2 3
TM TM TM
100
Rho
(Ohm-m)
TE TE TE
10

PERIOD, second PERIOD, second PERIOD, second

.001 .01 .1 1 10 100 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100 .001 .01 .1 1 10 100

1 2 3
0
10 0.25 Ohm-m
-2 km 5 Ohm-m Ocean
-4 km

-6 KM
100 Ohm-m
-8 km
35 Ohm-m
-10 km

500 Ohm-m

-25 km 0 25 km 50 km 75km 100km 125km 150km 175km

LONG PERIOD RESPONCE DUE TO DEEP OCEAN

Figure 6: Long MT-period response due to ocean water

The high sub-surface temperature may coincide with the records there were only two wells, BEL-02 and BEL-03
appearance of mineral epidote that was encountered in all that may indicate permeability. No permeability was in the
the deep wells at depth ranging from sea level down to well BEL-01.
1000m below sea level. However, according to drilling
5
Mulyadi et. al
To prove the presence of geothermal potential in the
Bedugul-Bali geothermal prospect, BEL was then planning
to test the well BEL-03.
There is high reservoir temperature, but the top level of the
water column reached about 500m to the surface. It
suggests that the BEL-03 should be stimulated to discharge.
A method by lowering water level down to 1500m deep
using nitrogen compressor was chosen to bleed the well and
then the production well test was conducted for an
additional month.
After no response, the well flowing with about 5000 gallon
of nitrogen had been pumped into the well BEL-03. It took
2 x 24 hours to well head pressure up to 1450 psi, which is
similar to pressurize the well where the water level is at
about sea level, figure 7.
Figure 7: Pumping Nitrogen into the well BEL-03.
Well BEL-03 has been flowed in early May 2004 for 6
weeks showing steam rates from 38 and 36 t/h at a well
head pressure of 100 and 200 psi, figure 8A and 8B. It
P R O D UCT IO N T E S T BE L - 03
60
50
Diamet er-pipe =6"
40
WHP=150psi (st eam =39t / h)
30
20
10
0
10 15 20
Figure 8A: Flow rate of BEL-03 Vs Time, Bedugul-Bali.
seems very low, since the well is big hole. However, after
vertically discharging since end of June 2004, it is
expecting to have BEL-03 producing higher steam. Well
BEL-02 will be potentially tested soon after BEL-03 is
tested, and it is expected to be able to produce steam higher
than 38 ton/hour. BEL-02 was drilled to the eastern flank
of Mt. Tapak, which has similarity of drilling target with
BEL-03.The steam fraction is dominant up to 95% dryness.
Since then the steam flashing was interpreted as occurring
at the depth of 850m below sea level, which was showed by
elevated gradient of pressure at flowing condition, figure
4A.
Total gas content is rather high of about 4%-Wt comparing
to the rig test of well BEL-03 conducted in 1998 that was
3%weight. There is a trace of magmatic gases such as HF,
HCl, and SO2, table 1. However, its pH is normal. The
H2S concentration was 0.0236-0.0302%-weight in steam,
which is very common in ordinary geothermal system.
Recent gas analyses indicated that the H2S content is
extremely high, 2.3%-weight. Other high gas CO2
concentration of 97%-weight was interpreted as derived
from sedimentary rocks (limestone). These rocks were
outcropped at the south beach of Bali acting as basement.
Since the BEL-03 has been being proven to discharge the
steam, part of the prospect area was then defined as proven
area. The BEL-02 has similarity in P-T profiles to well
BEL-03 and slime-hole TCH-04 indicated high temperature
gradient; the caldera structure may provide rock’s
permeability. So the wells BEL-03 and BEL-02 and the
core-hole TCH-04 are acting as the boundary of the proven
area. Therefore, the proven area of geothermal prospect is
then defined to be about 8 km2, see figure 9. The proven
area is chosen to be used to develop an initial 10 MW
power before developing the other 3 x 55 MW power.
P-Lips Water S (t/H)
WHP=100psi (st eam =40t / h)
WHP>300psi (st eam =32t / h)
WHP=200psi (st eam =35t / h)
Lip pr essure, kscg
25 30 35 40 45 50 55
DAY
6
 Mulyadi et. al

Well production (BEL-03) test

45

40 100, 39.53
150, 38.52

35 201.52, 35.12

30

25 419.73, 24.69
Q, t/h

20

15

10
419.73, 7.32
5 201.52, 4.34
100, 3.02 150, 3.10

0
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 375 400 425 450

Qsteam (t/h) Qwater (t/h) Dryness (%) Qmass (t/h) WHP, psi

Figure 8B: Production test of BEL-03, Bedugul-Bali.

Legend :
D. Buyan
Non-prospect area
Production Well

Injection Well
Prospect area
A New Well
TCH-04

G. TAPAK Proven Area

D. Bratan

Nature Preserve
G. LESUNG
BEL-0

Botanic Garden
G. PUCUK
BE

TCH-03 TCH-02
2
L-0

Fumarole
3

G. POHEN
BE Warm Spring
TCH-06 TCH-01
L -0 TCH-05
1
Loc.H Cold Spring
Out-flow area
G. SENGAYANG
Geol. structure
Out-flow area G. ADENG

Geof. Dis-
continuity

New Pad
G. BATUKARO Non-prospect area

Figure 9: Proven geothermal area, Bali.

7
Mulyadi et. al

Table 1: Gas content of BEL-03 sample analyzed by PT Geoservices, Bandung, 2004.

Parameter %mole %weight Date

CO2 95.76 96.85 4-May-04
H2S 3 2.35 4-May-04
Residual gas 1.24 0.8 4-May-04

CO2 95.67 96.99 17-May-04

H2S 2.93 2.3 17-May-04
SO2 0.0005 0.0008 17-May-04
HCl 0.0045 0.0038 17-May-04
HF 0.0407 0.0188 17-May-04
H2 0.33 0.02 17-May-04
O2 0.332 0.282 17-May-04
N2 0.411 0.265 17-May-04
CO < .0001 < .0001 17-May-04
CH4 0.0081 0.003 17-May-04
C2H6 0.0084 0.0058 17-May-04

Tot. Gas 1.74 4.12 14-May-04

H2O 98.26 95.88 14-May-04
Tot. gas 1.81 4.26 17-May-04
H2O 98.19 95.74 17-May-04

Table 2. WBS-SPW chemical analyses of well BEL-03.

Weir-box Sample (WBS) Separated Water (SPW)

PARAMETER th th th th
May 14 , 2004 May 17 , 2004 May 14 , 2004 May 17 , 2004
o
pH at 25 C 7.44 7.34 7.41 7.25
o
Electr. Cond., 25 C, (µS/cm) 14830 13730 12110 11250
Boron (B), ppm 644 700 475 573
Silica (SiO2), ppm 1002 880 141 159
Arsenic (As), ppm 118 109 92 88
Sodium (Na), ppm 2779 2675 2247 2241
Potassium (K), ppm 544 458 483 404
Calcium (Ca), ppm 18.8 10 36.5 21.7
Magnesium (Mg), ppm 0.57 0.56 0.64 0.61
Iron (Fe), ppm 2.7 1.11 0.11 0.07
Ammonia (NH3), ppm 32 16 20 11
Lithium (Li), ppm 2.99 2.85 2.45 2.47
Bicarbonate (HCO3), ppm 299 242 299 221
Chloride (Cl), ppm 4892 4358 3910 3659
Sulphate (SO4), ppm 69 52 27 28
Fluorite (F), ppm 2.8 1.9 2.7 2.8

PT Geoservices, Bandung, 2004

4. DEVELOPMENT
The sub-surface temperatures were ranging from 240°C to
310°C in static condition. It is close to the temperatures
calculated by silica-Na/K geothermometers range from
280oC up to 300oC. This static temperature then decreases
to 200-215oC at depth below 400m below sea level during
flowing, figure 4A. Hot water has been interpreted flashing
right at depth of 800-900m below sea level where hot
chloride water present. The existence of hot chloride water
may also be indicated by high chloride content of the water
sample (3000 ppm) that taken from weirbox.
The preliminary results of the chemical analyses of water
samples show high contents of silica (475-1002ppm), of
chloride (3000-4000ppm), and of sodium (2000-3000ppm),
table 2. This may indicate a Bedugul-Bali geothermal
system is a water-dominated system. BEL interpreted that
BEL-03 has been drilled into the hot chloride water system,
since monitoring chloride content of water in the weirbox is
relatively high and constant, figure 10. It is about 3000ppm
during testing that could be sourced from the hot chloride
water system exist at depth. High content of chloride may
be also due to hot fluids (Testimated=330oC and
Clestimated=1750ppm) undergo multiple flash steam
separation (P=18bar and P=1bar). If this is the case, the
8
steam dryness is about 45%, which is still lower than the
calculated dryness obtained during well production testing,
90-95%. Therefore, there is an extra 45% steam to add in
to the well BEL-03. It could come from another source at
depth of 200 m above sea level down to 400 m below sea
level as shown by temperature convective profile, figure
4A. If this is the case, the high chloride content may source
from hot chloride zone at deep level, while the extra steam
may come from the overlying steam zone. It can be
understood then that chloride and silica content are very
high.
Most of the samples are on the precipitation zone, since
silica content is higher than the silica (quartz) solubility,
figure 11. Therefore, it can be understood that thin deposit
of silica was visible on the pit along weirbox to pond. The
very high silica content may raise a problem of deposit
when hot geothermal fluids flash into steam phase.
Therefore, it is advised to extract steam rather then hot
water, suggesting only drilling in the steam zone overlying
the hot water zone.
There is no doubt that the geothermal system of Bali to be
two-phase system as supported by figure 12.
 Mulyadi et. al

WEIRBOX Chloride MONITORING BEL-03

4,000
WHP = 150psi WHP = 100psi

Chloride content, ppm

3,500
WHP = 200psi
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0 4

04

04

04

04

04
4

4
00

00

00

00

00

0
0

0
0

20

20

20
20

20

20

20
/2

/2

/2

/2

/2

/2

/2

1/

2/

3/

4/

5/

6/

7/
29
25

26

27

28

30

31

6/
6/

6/

6/

6/

6/

6/
5/

5/

5/

5/

5/

5/

5/
Cl-contents (09.00) Cl-contents (15.00)

Figure 10: Monitoring chloride content during testing.

S IL IC A S O L U B IL IT Y
2000

1800

1600

1400

1200
Silica, ppm

1000

800

600

400

200

0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350

T e m p e ra tu re , °C

S iO 2 , Am p S iO 2 , C ris t S iO 2 , Q tz
S P W -G S W B S - Ma y1 4 W B S -G S
W B S -U N U D W B S -M a y 1 7 S P W -M a y 1 7

Figure 11: Silica content of weirbox sample and of separated water sample.

Figure 12: Saturated water-steam graphic showing BEL-2 and BEL-3 are on the water zone
9
Mulyadi et. al

The T-P profile of BEL-03 showed convective temperature
gradient of about 240-260°C at a depth ranging from
1400m to 1800m followed by conductive temperature
gradient of 7°C/100m with maximum temperature of
310oC, figure 4A. The figure of convective zone may
indicate good permeability and there could be any steam
zone at its depth. Unfortunately, the convective zone is
wrapped blind liner 9 5/8”, table 3.
Table 3: Casings set in the well BEL-03.
Depth, m
Casing
Measured
30" 0 16
20" 0 448.3
13 3/8" 371 1656
9 5/8" blind 1409.5 2022.8 1321.3
9 5/8" perforated 2022.8 2686 1853.7
The energy stored in the rock and its fluids has been
calculated using Monte Carlo method, ending the value of
most likely potential of 350 MWe, table 4.
There will be no doubt to develop total 175 MWe since
their energy potential to be about 350 MWe.
2
By having a proven area of 8km , the energy potential will
then be extracted to develop a small-scale power of 10MWe
in next two years, 2006; it will be built other 55 MWe every
year starting in 2008 and ending with total of 175 MWe in
2010.
Well BEL-03 which is only discharging 38t/h steam will be
combined with a new well, which will be expected to fulfill
the rest of steam to generate 10 MWe power for 30 years.
The new well is going to be drilled at pad C or G with other
wells that are used for supplying 3 x 55 MWe power in
2005. An injection well is plan at BEL-02, where it is
about 2 km east of BEL-03.
Most of the Bedugul geothermal prospect area is covered
with natural preserves and protected forests areas. Since
then, the directional drillings have been applied to avoid
them; their pads are at out-siding of the prohibited area.
Some wells shall be used as injection well to flow brine
Vertical
0.0 16.0 down to the reservoir zone to avoid negative environment
0.0 446.6 impact.
370.1 1540.0
1853.7 4. PROJECT SOCIALIZATION
2391.0 The awareness of the sustaining environment, keep
Balinese watching and understanding what is going on with
geothermal project. They need electricity, but they do not
want the water of the three lakes and their forest including
its habitat at Bedugul decrease due to that project, figure 13,
and wherever BEL will commit to Bedugul keep
sustainable.
Part of Bedugul is covered by Holiness Mountains that
should not be changing. The Balinese will consistently
keep equalizing the life and its environment from sea to
mountain.

Table 4: Resource calculation using Monte Carlo

RESOURCE DATA
Parameters Minimum Maximum Most Likely Reserve Estimation, Mwe
Area (km2) 30 40 35 Minimum = 135.5
Thickness (m) 800 1100 950 Maximum = 791.3
Rock Porosity 0.08 0.09 0.1 Most Likely = 355.5
Rock Density (kg/m3) 2500 2600 2550
Rock Spec. Heat (kJ/kg.oC) 0.7 0.9 0.8
Initial Temperature (oC) 240 300 270
Initial Water Saturation (%) 60 80 70 P10 = 183.2
Initial Vapor Saturation (%) 40 20 30 P50 = 317.9
Final Temperature (oC) 175 185 180 P90 = 525.0
Final Water Saturation (%) 10 30 20
Final Vapor Saturation (%) 90 70 80
Recovery Factor (%) 12.5 25 18.75
Electical Conversion Factor (%) 10 11 10
Life Time (Year) 29 31 30

Electricity Potential Probability

300 100%
254 90%
250
80%
Cum. Frequency

70%
200 175
Frequency

60%
150 131 50%
118
98 40%
100
64 30%
56
39 34 20%
50
21
7 10%
0 0%
136-195 195-255 255-314 314-374 374-434 434-493 493-553 553-613 613-672 672-732 732-791
Electricity Potential Range. MWe Geothermal Lab - ITB

10

Figure 13: Sustainable protected forest area at the edge
of the Bedugul caldera
BEL has been extensively introducing the technology of
geothermal energy development to all Balinese since March
of 2004. They have been giving them education,
presentations, and workshops. In addition they have
displayed posters at the super markets, villages, schools,
communities, and government, figure 14. It was surprising
that Balinese, especially the people who stay in the
surrounding prospect area, will not avoid the geothermal
project if the negative environmental impact looks
relatively low. However, Balinese still are watching the
environmental impact resulted from the geothermal project.
There is a small group against the project; some of the
people misunderstand the geothermal technology and others
do not want Bali to change. They are still worried and
afraid of a change in the environment due to geothermal
development.
BEL suggested that the Bali Environment Institute analyze
the environmental impact of geothermal energy
development for above 10MWe.
Figure 14: Exhibition of geothermal energy
development at the supermarket.
The common question posed to BEL is if there will be job
vacations for the local community and other advantages.
Questions about tourist attractions are also common.
BEL obeys the traditional customs when scientifically
extracting the energy from the earth. Some ceremonial
events are being conducted before work begins in order to
remember and thank GOD, figure 15.
11
Mulyadi et. al
Figure 15: Cultural ceremonial.
5. CONCLUSION
The Bedugul geothermal prospect area is very
comprehensive, and its geothermal reservoir is very deep.
There is a huge amount of energy in sub-surface rocks
located within the caldera.
The very thick cap rocks may block the hot fluids flowing
into the surface. This may result in small thermal
manifestations, even though the cap rocks may fracture due
to movements. There are other reservoir rocks down at a
very deep level.
A small power of 10 MWe will be run before developing
other large 3 x 55 MWe power for the near future, since the
preliminary proven area could reserve approximately 30
MWe for 30 years life.
BEL has conducted scientific and Balinese culture study to
develop the geothermal energy at Bedugul.
6. SUGGESTIONS
BEL is going to perform more work on BEL-03 such as
conducting well simulation, running spinner, perforate
BEL-03 blind liner to create new feed zone from the
reservoir, and down hole sampling, to make apparent the
geothermal system in Bedugul, Bali.
BEL is going to pay attention of silica deposit occurrence,
since that most of silica content of the samples are on the
precipitation zone.
BEL is going to perform more careful gas analyses
especially on magmatic gases before running the 10 MWe
power.
REFERENCES
PT Tri Bawana Utama and Geosystem: Magnetotelluric and
Time Domain Soundings in the Bedugul area, Bali.
BEL-internal report, 1996.
……………….. : The usefulness of non-oil electricity
generation to support tourism in Bali, workshop,
Politeknik Bali, Denpasar, 1997.
Dames and Moore: Fluid chemistry of geothermal surface
manifestations, Bali geothermal field, final report,
BEL-intern report, 1997.
Pintak Corporate Communications: Media Audit Phase
Two Bali – Based Media, Bali Energy, 1997.
Mulyadi et. al
Mulyadi : Mt-Resistivity evaluation on Bedugul geothermal
prospect, Bali, BEL-internal report, 2004.
Bali Energy Limited: Socialization for Bedugul geothermal
developments, BEL, 2004.
12
JETRO-WestJec: Feasibility study on Bedugul geothermal
development, BEL-intern report, 2004.
PT Geoservices: Pressure and Temperature Down Hole
Measurement in the well BELL-03, BEL-intern report,
2004