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Levis Pronunciation
Levis Pronunciation
Hiroko often says “led” when she should say “red.” consonants and vowels) are unimportant in communica-
Jasmine sounds like she’s speaking too quickly because of an tion, but because suprasegmentals are more clearly
unfamiliar speech rhythm. connected to functions of spoken English.
Pierre seems to emphasize the wrong word in a sentence,
making it hard to follow his ideas.
Approaches favoring the integration of
M
ost language teachers are familiar with students pronunciation into oral communication
such as these and agree that intelligible pronun- have been espoused for more than
ciation is vital to successful communication.
Similarly, most students see pronunciation as an important
10 years, but teachers have received
part of learning to speak, and therefore ask that more class little clear direction about how to
time be devoted to pronunciation. Despite the recognized accomplish this integration.
importance of pronunciation, teachers often remain
uncertain about how to incorporate it into the curriculum.
Given that most courses emphasize general oral communi- Teaching Pronunciation and Oral
cation over pronunciation (Murphy, 1991), teachers must Communication: The Challenges
seek creative ways to integrate pronunciation into speaking-
oriented classes in a manner clearly related to the oral Celce-Murcia, Brinton, and Goodwin (1996) provide a
communication goals of the course. five-stage model for teaching pronunciation communica-
We assume that it is desirable to address pronunciation tively. Their model generally moves from raising awareness
teaching in the context of speaking (Firth, 1993), and that of an aspect of pronunciation, to perception or focused
a speaking-oriented approach serves the communication listening, to oral practice. For segmental and
needs of students more effectively than approaches focusing suprasegmental features, oral practice progresses from
on either fluency or articulatory goals alone (Morley, controlled practice in oral reading, to semistructured
1991). Murphy (1991) echoes this belief by saying that practice in information gap activities and dialogues, to less
pronunciation instruction “needs to be integrated with structured communicative practice. In other words, the oral
broader level communicative activities in which speakers practice moves from a focus on phonological form to a
and listeners engage in . . . meaningful communication” dual focus on form and meaning.
(p. 60). Although we believe it is best to achieve this Teachers can apply this framework in various ways, but
integration without shifting the focus of the class to in our classroom and teacher-training experience, it is
pronunciation, we acknowledge that implementation usually applied in two ways, depending on what skill is
remains a work in progress. Approaches favoring the central to a course. In classes devoted to pronunciation, for
integration of pronunciation into oral communication have example, teachers apply the framework usually by moving
been espoused for more than 10 years, but teachers have from controlled pronunciation practice to less structured,
received little clear direction about how to accomplish this communicative speaking practice. In this case, however,
integration. teachers often spend the majority of time on controlled or
In this article, we address the practical challenges guided practice, and give short shrift to the more commu-
related to integrating pronunciation into oral communica- nicative end of the pronunciation spectrum. Actual speak-
tion. First, we describe the central difficulty in integrating ing practice is usually unrelated to pronunciation or
pronunciation into the speaking classroom. Next, we ignored altogether.
suggest all-skills principles to guide the incorporation of In courses devoted to speaking or oral communication,
pronunciation into oral communication courses. Finally, in teachers apply the framework by moving in the opposite
the context of four typical classroom activities, we explore direction, starting with less structured speaking practice
possible implementation strategies that can be applied to a and perhaps moving into pronunciation. In this case,
wide variety of instructional settings. For the most part, the however, teachers often address pronunciation
activities focus on suprasegmental features such as stress, unsystematically, applying it primarily as a corrective
rhythm, and intonation, not because segmentals (i.e., measure when errors are too prominent to be ignored.