Author Index
Achyuthan, K., 2B: 333
Adenwalla, S., 20: 23, 107
Adler, E. L., 9:35
Alers, G. A., 3B: 1; 4A: 277
Almond, D. P., 20:409
Anderson, C. H., 8:1
Anderson, O. L., 3B: 43; 4B: 329
Arnold, W., 12:155
B
Bahadur, H., 16:37
Ballato, A., 13:115; 23: 33; 24: 33,
209
Barrett, H. H., 6:65
Bass, H. E., 17:145
Bauer, H.-J., 2A: 47
Bergman, D. J., 11:1
Berlincourt, D. A., 1A: 169
Berry, B. S., 3A: 1
Besson, R., 11:245
Beyer, R. T., 2B: 231
Bhattacharya, S., 20:303
Bolef, D. I., 4A: 113; 8:95
Bratina, W. J., 3A: 223
Breazeale, M. A., 17:1
Bucaro, J. A., 16:385
Busse, G., 18:403
Cargill, G. S., III, 18:125
Carlin, B., IB: 1
Cerf, R., 4B: 181
Chambers, R. H., 3A: 123
Chick, B. B., 24:347
Cole, J. H., 16:385
Comstock, R. L., 3B: 127
Condon, J. H., 8:59
Crighton, D. G., 11:69
Curran, D. R., 1A: 169
D
Damon, R. W., 7:273
da Silva, M. R., 18:279
Davis, C. M., 2A: 281
de Klerk, J., 4A: 195; 11:213
Dobbs, E. R., 10:127
Dransfeld, K., 7:219
Ebeling, K. J., 17:233
Eckstein, S. G., 6:243
Eckstein, Y., 6:243
Eisenmenger, W., 12:79
Eisner, E., 1B: 353
 Author Index

Elbaum, C., 3A: 199 Hayward, G., 19:1

Elices, M., 5:163 Heydemann, E, 8:203
Evans, L., 17:145 Hickernel, E S., 24:135
Hikata, A., 3A: 199
Holder, J., 8:237
Holt, R. M., 16:217
Hopkins, I. L., 2B: 91
Farnell, G. W., 6: 109; 9:35
Hsu, N. N., 14:277
Flax, L., 15:191
Huang, H., 12:217
Fleury, E A., 6:1
Hunklinger, S., 12:155
Flynn, H. G., 1B: 57
Hutchins, D. A., 18:21; 19:1
Fossheim, K., 16:217
Fraser, D. B., 5:59
Frost, H. M., 14:179
Fukuoka, H., 17:61
Ilukor, J., 5:221

G
Gagnepain, J. J., 11: 245
Gajewski, R. R., 13:183 Jacobsen, E. H., 5:221
Galligan, J. M., 9:1; 16:173 Jaffe, H., 1A: 169
Garbuny, M., 7:1 Jones, C. K., 7: 1, 149
Garcia-Moliner, G., 5:163 Joyce, G. C., 9:129
Garland, C. W., 7:51
Gaunaurd, G. C., 15:191 K
Gellman, A. J., 23: 1; 24:1
Giallorenzi, T. G., 16:385 Kajimura, K., 16:295
Gilmore, R. S., 24:275 Ketterson, J. B., 6: 243; 14: 93; 20:
Goldfine, N. J., 23:15; 24:15 23, 107
Golding, B., 20:349 Kitamori, T., 18:347
Goldstein, A., 23:43 Klemens, E G., 3B: 201
Gordon, R. B., 3B: 97 Kneser, H. O., 2A: 133
Gottlieb, M., 7:1 Knopoff, L., 3B: 287
Graff, K. E, 15:1 Kock, W. E., 10:297
Granato, A. V., 4A: 225; 8:237 Kresin, V. Z., 20:435
Greenspan, M., 2A: 1 Kurkjian, C. R., 2B: 91

Hackman, R. H., 22:1 Lagakos, N., 16:385

Hargrove, L. E., 2B: 333 Lamb, J., 2A: 203
Harris, R., 23: 24; 24:24 LeCraw, R. C., 3B: 127
Author Index
Lemons, R. A., 14:1
Lepoutre, E, 18:279
Lesser, M. B., 11: 69
Levy, M., 20: 1, 107, 191,237
Liebermann, L. N., 4A: 183
Liebermann, R. C., 4B: 329
Lindsay, R. B., 16:1
Litovitz, T. A., 2A: 281
Lord, A. E., Jr., 11: 289; 15:295
Lord, W., 23: 24, 24:24
Lficke, K., 4A: 225
Lynnworth, L. C., 14: 407; 23:275
M Pao, Y.-H., 13: 183; 17:61
Mfigori, V., 23:275
Maloney, W. T., 7:273
Maris, H. J., 8:279
Marston, P. L., 21:1
Marvin, R. S., 2B: 165
Mason, W. P., 1A: 335, 485; 1B:
173; 3B: 237; 4A: 299; 8:347
Maxfield, B., 24:43
May, J. E., Jr., IA: 417
Maynard, J. D., 20:381
McDonald, E A., 18:167
McFee, J. H., 4A: 1
McKenna, M. J., 20:381
McKinney, J. E., 2B: 165
McMahon, D. H., 7:273
McSkimin, H. J., 1A: 271; 6:167
Meeker, T. R., 1A: 111
Meitzler, A. H., IA: 111
Melcher, R. L., 12: 1; 16:341
Migliore, A., 20:381
Miller, J. G., 8:95
Miyano, K., 14:93
Moore, R. S., 6:167
N
Neubauer, W. G., 10:61
Niblett, D. H., 3A: 77
N-Nagy, E L., 9:129
Nowick, A. S., 3A: 1; 13:1
Numrich, S. K., 21:235
Nyborg, W. L., 2B: 265
O
Oakley, C. G., 24:43
Papadakis, E. P., 4B: 269; 11: 151;
12: 277; 19: 81, 107; 23: 7,
193; 24: 7, 43
Par6, V. K., 3A: 293
Parshad, R., 16:37
Peverley, J. R., 4A: 353
Philip, J., 17:1
Philippoff, W., 2B: 1
Pierce, A. D., 22:195
Piercy, J., 17:145
Powis, R. L., 23:43
Q
Quate, c. E, 14:1
R
Rayne, J. A., 7:149
Ringlee, S. R., 23: 20; 24:20
Roberts, B. W., 4B: 1
Sabisky, E. S., 8 : 2
Sachse, W., 14: 277; 17:61
 Author Index

Salzmann, E., 7:219 U

Sarma, B. K., 21}: 23, 107, 237
Sawada, T., 18:347 Uberall, H., 11}: 1; 12" 217; 15: 191;
Schiller, P., 3A: 361 21:235
Schroeder, M. R., 18:1 Udpa, S., 23: 24; 24:24
Seeger, A., 3A: 361
Selfridge, A. R., 24:43 V
Sessler, G. M., 4B: 99
Vig, J. R., 24:209
Shapira, Y., 5:1
Vignos, J. H., 6:243
Shiren, N. S., 16:341
Visscher, W. M., 20:381
Sikorski, M. E., IB: 237
von Gutfeld, R. J., 5:233
Sittig, E. K., 9:221
Smith, W. L., 19:267
W
Smith, W. R., 15:99
Spencer, W. J., 5:111; 9:167 Wagers, R. S., 13:49
Stephens, R. W. B., 4B: 53 Wagner, J. W., 19:201
Stem, R., 23: 33; 24:33 Webber, G. M. B., 4B: 53
Strauss, W., 4B: 211 Wert, C., 3A: 43
Stuehr, J., 2A: 351 Wetsel, G. C., Jr., 18:167
Suenaga, M., 9:1 White, D. L., IB: 321
Sun, K. J., 21}: 191,237
Sutherland, L. C., 17:145 X
Szabo, T. L., 13:79
Xu, M.-E, 20:237
T

Testardi, L. R., 8: 59; 11}: 193; 13: Y

29 Yeager, E., 2A: 351
Thompson, D. O., 3A: 293 Ying, C. E, 19:291
Thompson, R. B., 19:157
Thurston, R. N., IA: 1; IB: 215 Z
Truell, R., 3A: 199
Tucker, E. B., 4A: 47 Zhao, Z., 20:23
 Subject In dex
A in elastic moduli, 2A: 289-290
A A , see Atomic absorption
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 15:
43-44
Ablation
longitudinal directivity pattern
measurements, 18:84
of solid surfaces, 18:115, 205
in ultrasonic flow, 14:469
Abrikosov theory, 7 : 3 5 - 3 6
Absolute accuracy, 19: 83, 103, 105
Absolute measurements, 19:
107-108, 112, 129
Absorption, 22:59
acoustical
measurements, 2A: 394-396
relaxation, 2A: 96-97
antimony in InSb, 4A: 174-175
at different humidities, 2A:
172-173
bromine in KBr, 4A: 174-175
carbon dioxide and helium, 2A:
166-167
continuous-wave measurement,
4A: 81-83
depression, 2A: 398, 400-401
and dispersion, 2A: 66-72
single relaxation, 2A: 68-69
Einstein coefficients for, 18:283
shear waves, 2A" 290
electrolytes
2-2, 2A: 440-451
mechanisms, 2A: 442-445
ultrasonic data, 2A" 445-451
excess, 4B: 79-80
in water, 2A: 305-310
excitation relaxation, 2A: 137-142
finite amplitude, 2B- 249-250
formulas, 2A: 66-72
irreversible processes, 2A: 66-72
line, NMR, 4A: 120-121, 123
in liquid alloys, 4B: 81-83
liquids, 2A: 293
associated, 2A: 298-299,
318-319
nonassociated, 2A: 298-299
microwave, 4B: 174
molecular mixtures, 2A: 168-171
molten metals, 2A: 295-296
nitrogen tetroxide and nitrogen
dioxide, 2A: 197
NMR, 4A: 113
optical, 18: 168, 169
in para-H2, 2A: 178
resonance, 4A: 183-193
signal, 4A: 73
solvent, 2A: 398-401
and temperature, 2A: 146

Absorption (continued)
u light, 3B: 119-120
ultrasonic measurement, 2B:
250-263
loss rate, 2B: 254-256
radiation pressure, 2B: 256-257
viscosities and, 4B: 79
Absorption coefficient, 4A: 138
paramagnetic system, 4A:
99-100
Absorption theory, ultrasonic, 7:28
Academic institutions, technology
transfer, 23: 8-12, 14, 22-23;
24: 8-12, 14, 22-23
Acceleration, 22:305
crystal oscillators, 24:253-256
of a particle, IA: 7
Accuracy, 19:83
oscillators, 24:240
Acetates, divalent, 2A: 427-429
Acetic acid, 2A: 423-424
sound absorption in, 16:32
Acids, IB: 10
ionization reactions, 2A: 408-416
Acoustical phonons, phonon
propagation and scattering for,
12:80
Acoustical siren, 15: 8, 64
Acoustical waves, Laplace transform
and, 12:243
Acoustic amplitude, 13:86
Acoustic analogues, of optical
components, 13:107-110
Acoustic Barkhausen effect, 11: 329;
15:342
Acoustic beam
diameter of in SAM, 14:11
focusing, 24:289-295
radiation pressure of, 14:5
Acoustic branch, 6:75
Acoustic cavitation, 1B: 131-1531
153-167
Subject Index
at surfaces of solids, IB: 144-150
at a wall, IB: 144
bubbles and bubble fields, IB:
62-70
chemical, IB: 139-144, 158-159
in cleaning, IB: 4, 6, 8-11
dynamical theory, IB: 132
dynamics, IB: 72-116
hydraulic, IB: 125
inception, critical radius, IB:
116-120
interpretations, IB: 167
luminescence, IB: 132-139,
157-158
nuclei and thresholds, IB:
116-131
models, IB: 127-131
parameters, IB: 70-72
physics of, IB: 57-172
rupture, IB: 150-153
and sound fields, IB: 58-62
thermal conductivity and, IB:
94-103
Acoustic charge transport (ACT)
device, 24:185-186
Acoustic coupling
medical ultrasonic imaging, 23:
69, 119
in multielement array, 23:119
Acoustic domain, 6:42
Acoustic emission, 11:289-339
applications of, 15:350-353
applied area in, 11:337-338
Barkhausen effect and, 11: 329;
15:342
bond quality from, 11: 335
burst vs. continuous type in, 11:
294-295, 299
in ceramics, 11:311-312
in civil engineering structures, 11:
334
Subject Index
commercial sources of, 11:
338
in composite materials, 11:
310-311
in concrete, 11: 311
crack detection system, 15:351
crack growth in, 11: 305
creep effects in, 11: 335
data digitation for, 15:334-335
defined, 11: 290-291
dislocation effects and, 15:
340-342
early work and background in, 11:
294-301
in earthquakes, 11: 306-307
fatigue effects and, 11:335-336
monitoring with, 15:348-350
field work in, 11: 309-310
flawed metal specimens in, 11:
303-306
from pressurized vessels, 14:
465-466
fundamental area of, 11:336-337
geophone, in, 11: 291
historical work in, 11: 291-293
honeycomb material in, 11: 335
in ice, 11:312
in-flight monitoring with, 15:350
instrumentation in, 11: 297-299
Kaiser effect in, 11: 294-295, 334
magnetic effects in, 11:324-330
magnetomechanical, 15:342-348
in martensitic transformation, 15:
339
martensitic transformation in, 11:
321-322
materials investigated in, 11:
301-319
materials used in, 11: 291
measurements, 24:358-361
for metallic and silicate glasses and
tapes, 15:338-339
metal specimens in, 11: 301-306
microseisms in, 11: 291-292
models of emissive sources for, 11:
299-300
nondestructive testing, 15:353;
23: 195, 206
in nuclear reactor irradiation, 11:
334
in nuclear vessel tests, 11:
330-333
optical detection of, 15:333-334
piezoelectric transducer in, 11:
296-298
plastic strain rate and, 15:341
"pop-in" stress for, 11: 303
processes studied with, 11:
320-330
rate of loading in, 11: 334
reactor boiling detection in, 11:
335
in rocks, 11: 291-292, 306-310
signal analysis in, 13:184
signal pattern recognition in, 15:
334
slope stability and, 11:322-324
in soils, 11: 312-317
source
characteristics of, 15:297-333
for electrolytic iron, 15:329
for mild steel, 15:329
structural integrity work in, 11:
296-297, 330-333, 337
surface coating thickness and, 11:
335
system analysis for, 15: 304,
334-335
temperature effects in, 11: 336
transformations and, 15:335-340
triangulation studies in, 11:293
types and models of, 11: 299-301
in underground gas storage
reservoirs, 11: 309

Acoustic emission (continued)
unflawed metal specimens in, 11:
301-303
unloading, 11: 334
update on, 15:295-354
in welding, 11: 320-321; 15:
352-353
in wood, 11: 317-319
Acoustic Emission Working Group,
11:338-339
Acoustic energy, electromagnetic
wave and, 1 0 : 1 3 4
Acoustic excitation, 4A: 153-155
phonon nuclear spin, 4A: 176-177
Acoustic fan beams, laser-generated,
18:100
Acoustic field
of damaged piezoelectric ceramic
transducer, 14:380
image formation in, 14:2
photoelastic visualization of, 14:
389-394
of quartz transducer, 14:379
superconductor spherical sources
in, 14:387
Acoustic field equations, 14:41
Acoustic-field method, 6:267
for rotons-phonons excitation, 6:
268-271
Acoustic flowmeter, defined, 14:
411; see also Ultrasonic
flowmeters; Ultrasonic
flowmetry
Acoustic frequency translation, 7:
321-323
Acoustic generators
in metals at low frequencies, 10:
157-158
in plane-parallel plate, 10:166
in semimetals, 10:162-166
table of, with receivers, 10:128
Subject I n d e x
Acoustic holograms, see also
Acoustic holography;
Hologram
early, 10:312-318
ultrasonic camera for, 10:351
vs. optical, 10:331
Acoustic holography, 10: 297-380;
see also Holograms
as diffraction grating, 10:367-368
early experiments in, 10:
348-353
focusing refector in, 10:369
hologram pulse compression in,
10:374-378
interferometry with, 10:370-374
medical applications of, 10:
358-361
seismic applications of, 10:
378-380
underwater applications of, 10:
361-366
velocity variations in, 10:375
Acoustic horn, 15:4
Acoustic Imaging Technologies
Corp., piezoelectric composites,
24:99
Acoustic impedance, 6: 338-339;
15:40-41
ultrasound sensors and, 23: 339,
342-344, 422, 425, 445
Acoustic interferometer, IA:
282-286; 4B: 58-59; 15: 38,
45, 49-50
Acoustic kinoform, 1 0 : 3 6 6 - 3 7 0
Acoustic lenses, see also Sapphire-
water lens
antireflection coatings for, 14:
51-59
and field distribution at lens
aperture, 14: 50
Fraunhofer pattern of, 14:50
Fresnel focus and, 14:50
Subject Index
numerical aperture of, 14:12
pupil function of, 14:40
ray tracing in, 14:20-21
single surface, 14: 22, 35-38
spherical aberration of, 14:12,
20-25
Acoustic lens transfer functions, 14:
39-50
absorption effect in, 14:48-49
acoustic boundary conditions and
wave equation in, 14:40-41
incident field distribution in, 14:
49-50
lens surface transmittance in, 14:
41-47
SAM input transducer and, 14:49
scattering of longitudinal plane
wave in, 14:42
Acoustic loss, 5: 94, 100
Acoustic magnetic resonance, 8:
195-196
Acoustic matching, ultrasound, 23:
87-88, 105
Acoustic materials, velocity ratio of,
14:11
Acoustic microscope
Bragg diffraction and, 14:4-5
cadmium sulfide in, 14:7
confocal scanning system of, 14:
30-31
"contact printing," 14: 6
design of, 1 4 : 3 - 4
Fresnel zone pattern and, 14:8
holographic, 14:9
integrated circuits and, 14:2
as "new kind of stain" for biologic
specimens, 14:68
photoconductor-piezoelectric
matching type, 14:6
piezoelectric transducers in, 14:
18-20
properties of solids and, 14:17
resolution of, 14:16
scanning, see Scanning acoustic
microscope
Sonoscan, 14:9-10
transducers in, 14:18, 19
transduction in, 14:18
Acoustic microscopy, 14: 1-90; 24:
275, 277-278, 284, 285,
343-344; see also Scanning
acoustic microscopy (SAM);
Scanning electron acoustic
microscopy (SEAM); Scanning
laser acoustic microscopy
(SLAM); Transmission acoustic
microscopy
acoustic velocity, 24:298
applications, 24:323-343
direct image, 14:3
electron beam addressing, 14:3
focus effects in, 14:25-26
focusing acoustic beams, 24:
289-295
Fresnel diffraction geometry in,
14:28
future work, 24:344
history, 24:278-281
image processing, 24:321-323
images
breast tumor sections, 14:69-72
Drosophila melanogaster, 14:
75-76
imaging surfaces, 24: 300-308,
309
material imaged, 24:295-299
mechanical addressing, 14:3
methods used in, 14:4-16
photoacoustic microscopy (PAM),
24: 282, 285
power flow and reciprocity
coordinates in, 14:38-39
resolution, 24:276
measuring, 24:313, 316-321
10
Acoustic microscopy (continued)
scanned image, 14:3
subsurface imaging of volumes,
24: 308, 310-313, 314, 315
techniques of, 14:3-20
uses of, 14:2
wave-front aberration in, 14:
25-26
Acoustic-mode relaxation time, 6:
82, 90
Acoustic Mrssbauer-effect
spectrometer, 8:163-170
acoustic measurements in, 8:
168-170
Acoustic noise
flow blockage and, 14:465
in flow measurement and leak
detection, 14:463-467
in ultrasonic flow, 14:462-467
Acoustic nuclear magnetic
resonance, 10:169-170
Acoustic-optic cell, 19:234-235
Acoustic oscilloscope, 15:24
Acoustic phonon, 6:263
lifetime, 6:265
model, 6:260
self-energy, 6:260
Acoustic phonon density, calculation
of, 10:261,264
Acoustic phonons, measurement of
distributions in, 8:2
Acoustic plane wave propagation,
Christoffel method in, 13:117
Acoustic power
conversion efficiency for, 10:157
from ultrasonic transducers, 14:
367
generation of, 10:134
Acoustic Poynting vector, 14:38
Acoustic pressure, IB: 116-120
Acoustic pressure amplitude, IB:
120-123, 141; 2B: 366-367
Subject Index
luminescence and, IB: 138-139
Acoustic propagation loss, 15:
131-132
Acoustic properties
sott tissue, 23: 49, 57, 58
of various materials, 14:14-17
Acoustic pulses
high-frequency, 18:29
pressure, 18:45
Acoustic radiation
for plane and curved surfaces, 10:
61-125
for solid cylinders, 10:68-96
Acoustic radiation pressure, 15:24
Acoustic reciprocity, principle of,
10:31
Acoustic reflection coefficient, 15:
163-164
Acoustic relaxation, 2A: 95-102
absorption and dispersion, 2A:
96-97
compressibility, 2A: 95-96
eigenvalue problem, 2A:
100-101
ideal mixtures, 2A: 97-99
without volume effect, 2A:
101-102
Acoustic resonance spectroscopy,
21: 236, 238
Acoustic resonators, 8:129
Acoustic response, of single-surface
acoustic lens, 14:35-38
Acoustic rotation rate sensor, 14:
268
Acoustics
high-frequency, see High-
frequency acoustics
history of, 15:2-20
Laplace and Webster regions in,
11:118-119
matched asymptotic expansion in,
11: 110-124, 145-146
Subject Index
piston problem in, l l : 135-143
room, 2A: 171
shock reflection from wall in, 11:
132-135
slowly varying guide in short
wavelength limit in, 11:
121-125
surface waves in, 10: 1-57; s e e
a l s o Surface waves
theories, development of, 1 5 : 5 0
ultrasonics and, 15:2
Webster Horn equation in, 11: 75,
111-114
Webster variables in, 11: 113-116
Acoustic sapphire-water lens, 14:22
Acoustic saturation, 4A: 139-143
Acoustic scattering, 18:146
Acoustic sensing, 23: 276; s e e a l s o
Ultrasound
Acoustic shear waves, s e e Shear
waves
Acoustic shock wave-elastic shell
interaction problem, 12:260
Acoustic signals
detection of, 18:125
generation of by focused electron
beam, 18: 125
thermoelastically generated, 18:
130
Acoustic signal techniques,
specialized, 14:245-247
Acoustic source optical image, 7:
313
Acoustic spin echoes, 16:259-263
in paramagnets, 16:259-260
Acoustic strain distribution, 7:310
Acoustic streaming, 1A: 281-282;
1B: 150-151; 2B: 265-331; 15:
66-67
basic equations, 2B: 268-282
alternate forms, 2B: 278-279
curled, 2B: 278-279
11
derivation, 2B: 268-272
mass transport, 2B: 279-282
Poisson, 2B: 278
vector F, 2B: 272-278
biological effects, 2B: 329-330
experiments, 2B: 268
near-boundary, 2B: 303-314
expressions, 2B: 303-309
fixed cylinder, 2B: 309-310
grazing boundary, 2B: 313-314
membrane, 2B: 311-312
oscillating cylinder, 2B:
310-311
radial flow, 2B: 312-313
rectangular channel, 2B: 309
near vibrating bubble
film removal, 2B: 325-326
heat transfer, 2B: 327-329
photographic development, 2B:
326
net mass flow, 2B: 280
observations, 2B: 317-324
process rates, 2B: 324-330
structure, 2B: 324
ultrasonic beam, 2B: 31 4-317
velocity, 2B: 268
Acoustic transducers
crystal plates as, 13:119
properties of, 17:104
Acoustic velocity, ultrasonic image
formation, 23:63-64
Acoustic vibrational modes, imaging
of, 18:126
Acoustic wave devices, surface, s e e
Surface acoustic wave devices
Acoustic waveguides, s e e
Waveguides
Acoustic wave rotation,3B:
136-138
Acoustic waves, s e e a l s o Surface
waves
absorption of, 1 5 : 2 4 - 2 5
12
Acoustic waves (continued)
diffracted, 1 0 : 6 2 - 6 3
and elastic properties of media, 14:
2 Acoustic wave transmission, 4A:
electric source term for, 15:
142-145
from electromagnetic radiation,
10:152-185
in gigahertz range, 14:2
inaudible, 15:2
microwave generation of, 18:22
optical generation of, 18:22
piezoelectric plate and, 14:4
propagation of, 18: 171, 172
quartz crystal vibrations, 16:43
radiated, characteristics, 18:24
radiation pressure of, 14:5
schlieren photographs of, 10: 17,
62-67
surface, see Surface acoustic wave
filters; Surface acoustic waves
thermoelastic generation of, 18:
25, 26, 29-51, 63, 95, 98,
110
at a constrained surface, 18:100
ultrasonic generation of
by ablation at metal surfaces,
18: 26, 59, 79-86
by electromagnetic radiation,
18: 22, 23
by pulsed lasers, 18:21-118
by thermoelastic expansion, 18:
25, 26, 57-78
in dielectric breakdown, 18:
24-29, 55, 56
in gases and vapors, 18:25-29
in liquid metals, 18:99
in liquids, 18:29-56
in solids, 18:56-96
visualization of, 15:12
Acoustic-wave scattering, 18: 146,
161
Subject Index
from elastic targets, 15:193-240
solid cylinders and spheres in, 15:
194-207
1-45
Acoustic window, 23:69
Acoustoelastic birefringence
definition of, 17:77-80
formulas for, 17:79
theory of, 17:71-84
applied and residual stresses,
17:82-84
homogeneous predeformation,
17:71-73
plane waves, 17:73-77
ultrasonic measurement of, 17:
109-115
Acoustoelasticity, IB: 40
equations of, 17:69-71
experimental techniques for, 17:
101-109
competing effects on, 17:
102-104
ultrasonic methods, 17:
104-109
inhomogeneity effects on, 17:
99-100
residual stress measurements of,
17:61-143
Acoustoelastic phenomenon,
photoelastic phenomenon
compared to, 17:110
Acoustoelastic theory for residual
stresses, 17:100-101
Acousto-elasto-plastic birefringence,
equation of, 17:101
Acoustoelectric effect, 4A: 33-41,
301
in ultrasound detectors, 14:
338-340
Acoustoelectric signal processing,
24:183-186
Subject Index
Acoustoelectric transducer, 14:
339-340
Acoustooptical devices, figures of
merit for, 7:308
Acoustooptical modulators, 7:337
Acousto-optic beam modulator, 18:
365, 375, 378, 388
Acousto-optics, 15: 48-50; 24:186
Acousto-ultrasonics, nondestructive
testing for flaws, 23:206
Activation energy, 20: 249, 262, 263,
289, 297
Activity dips, 24:232
Acoustic nuclear magnetic
resonance, 10:169-170
Acuson, piezoelectric composites,
24:99
Adams and Williamson equation,
2B: 132-133
Adaptive focusing, 23:179-180
Adaptive gain control, analog
ultrasound scanner, 23:94
ADC, s e e Analog-to-digital
conversion
Adiabatic collision, 18:287
Adiabatic compressibility, 7:54
Adiabatic elastic constants, 8:306
Adiabatic expansion model, 18: 349,
353
Adiabatic sound velocity, 14:110
Adjoint operator, 22:201,284
Adjoint pair, 22:284
Admissible variation, 22: 204, 213
Admittance matrix, in three-port
network, 15:134
AE, s e e Acoustic emission
Aerojet-General Corp., 11: 330
Aerosols, IB: 28, 30
After-effects, magnetic, 3A:
226-229
"Afternoon effect," 15:34
Agglomeration, IB: 26-30
13
Aggregates, polycrystalline,
isotropic elastic constants, 3B:
43-93
Aging, 3A: 176-177
low temperature, 3A: 128-136
oscillators, 24:241-242
significance, 3A: 188-191
strain, 3A: 245-246, 264-265,270
Air
absorption data on, laboratory
results, 17:190-219
humid, 2A: 171-173
sound propagation through, 16:
20, 28
ultrasonic sensors in, 23:310-327
Air bubble
sonar cross section and, 15:229
as ultrasound contrast agent, 23:
177
Air-coupled ultrasound, 23: 305,
310-317, 434, 444-447
Aircraft
air-to-ground sound propagation
data for, 17:208-219
ultrasonic nondestructive testing,
23:243-245
Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion Project
(ANP Project), 23: 10; 24:10
Air defense systems, 24:218
Air-jet generator, 15: 39, 64
Air mass meters, 23: 359-361,
362-363
Air sonar, 23:293
Air transducers, PVDF, 24:116-117
Airy caustics, 21: 55, 106, 196
Airy dark zone, 7:281
Airy function, 6:25
Airy integral, 4B: 227-228, 237
Akheiser damping, 6: 78, 82
Akheiser interaction, 6: 75-76, 91
model for, 6:81
14
Akheiser loss constants, 3B:
256-267
Akheiser region, 3B: 254
Akheiser treatment, 3B: 182-183,
185, 230-231
Alarm devices, IB: 257, 289
Albitite, 4B: 380
Alcohols
entropy, 2A: 300-301
relaxation times, 2A: 335
sound absorption by, 16: 30, 31
volume viscosity, 2A: 297-298
Alfvrn velocity, 4B: 84
Alfvrn waves, 4B" 123-124,
155-162
attenuation, 4B: 158
damping, 4B: 158-159
fast, 4B: 162-164
ion cyclotron, 4B: 155-162
phase velocity, 4B: 157
propagation constant, 4B: 126
slow, 4B: 155-159
standing, 4B: 155-156
Alkali acetates, 2A: 421-423
Alkali halides
solutions, 2A: 366
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 37-40
Alkaline earth acetates, 2A: 421
Alkalines, 1B: 9-10
Alloy concentration, stress changes
and, 9 : 7 - 1 0
Alloys
dislocation theory for, 8:
364-367
multicomponent, 3A: 68
ordered, 3A: 69
propagation, 4B: 83-88
substitutional, 3A: 65-69
two-phase, 4B: 270, 273
Alloys Steel Research Committee,
15:76
Alpha, 19:108
Subject Index
Alpha-beta (~-13) transition, 7:54
Alpher-Rubin effect, 5: 7, 8; 8:
59-60, 87-88
induction-strain coupling and, 8:
65-69
in pure metals, 8:194
Aluminum, 3B: 37-38, 181; 4A:
257; 7: 188, 201
5052-H32, IA: 364-365, 440,
444-446, 452-453,457, 465,
487
acoustoelastic measurements on,
17: 102, 109, 111, 112, 113,
115, 116, 120, 122-123, 125,
126, 128
annealing, 3A: 101; 4A: 262,
264-265
Bordoni experiments, 3A:
478-479
crystals, dislocation drag in, 16:
198, 199
Debye | 3B: 16
deformation, 3A: 221
frequency dependence, 3A: 108
ions, 3B: 247-248
isotropic moduli, 3B: 48-49
nondestructive testing of, 10:
147-148
Q, 3B: 290-292, 295, 313
shear wave generation in, 10:
146
single crystal, 3A: 199-204, 208;
7:205
single crystal constants, 3B: 44-45
stress-induced velocity studies on,
17:62
subsidiary peak, 3A: 109-111
substitutional, 5: 85, 86, 90, 102,
103, 104; see also Impurities
TOE constants for, 17:3
| vs. density, 3B: 62
Aluminum alloys, 3A: 35
Subject Index
acoustoelastic measurements on,
17: 115, 121
compression wave and, 10:142
Aluminum-copper alloys, 3A: 29, 31
Aluminum cylinders
acoustic radiation from, 10:68-70
hollow, 10:96-104
hydrophone measurements for, 10:
87-96
reflection and transmission
coefficients for, 10:85
schlieren photographs of, 10:
88-96
schlieren visualization of radiation
from, 10:83-84
shear wave and, 10:97
solid, 10:62-96
wave fronts and, 10:85-86
Aluminum "downstep," 14: 246
Aluminum dust, in sound wave
detection, 15: 49, 63
Aluminum oxide (A1203), 2B:
119-120; 4A: 207, 211-214;
4B: 335-336, 366-367
attenuation, 4A: 215-218
compression, 4B: 368
shock wave, 4B: 368
pseudoresonance modes, 4B: 390
velocity vs. temperature, 4B: 390
Young's modulus, 4B: 337
Aluminum oxide crystals, 5:130
Aluminum phosphate, doubly rotated
cuts of, 13:153-155
Aluminum plate, source function of
spark striking on, 14: 357
Aluminum targets, 22: 20, 58, 89,
124, 134
American Communication Company,
15:37
American Company of Aeroprojects,
15:69
American Lighthouse Board, 15:26
15
American Optical Microstar, 14:62
Amino acid, simple, 2A: 373
Ammonium chloride, 6: 39; 7:56
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate,
15:61-62
Ammonium hydroxide, 2A:
408-410
A-mode (amplitude mode), analog
ultrasound scanner, 23:94
Amoeba proteus, acoustic images of,
14:72-74
Amorphous materials
low-temperature properties of, 12:
211-212
unique position of, 12:155-156
Amplification
acoustic waves, 4A: 1-45
ultrasonic, 4A: 2, 26-32
Amplifiers
crystal oscillator, 24:223
digital ultrasound, 23:124
phonon, 4A: 105-109
tunnel diode, 1B: 291-292
Amplitude, 4B: 135-139; 19:82
dependence, 3A: 151-153,
191-192
in tantalum, 3A: 151-154
light, 2B: 341-342
low stress, 3A: 125-145
measurements, for capacitative
transducer, 14:365
Amplitude distance correction, 23:
199
Amplitude-frequency effect, 24: 232,
233
in quartz crystal resonators, 11:
272-278
Amplitude ratios, IA: 83
Analog electric network models, 13:
173-179
Analog mechanical sector scanners,
23:101-102
16
Analog scan converter, medical
ultrasonic imaging, 23:97-98
Analog static scanners, 23:83-84
display, 23:94-96
focusing, 23:119
hardcopy, 23: 99, 101
limiter, 23:91
memory, 23: 97-99, 100-101
receiver, 23:91-94
signal processing, 23: 94, 127-128
transducer, 23:86-90
transmitter, 23:90-91
Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC),
medical ultrasound, 23:
125-126, 133-134
Anderson's theory, 4B: 81-88; 5: 3,
4,5,6,8
experimental test, 5:5
Anelastic behavior, see also
Anelasticity
attenuation in, 13:6
total recoverability in, 13:2
Anelasticity, 13:1-27
anisotropic, 13:10-11
copper, 3A: 355
defined, 13:1-2
direct relaxation spectrum in, 13:8
dislocation relaxations in, 13:
19-22
dynamic experiments as function
of temperature in, 13:8-10
effects, 3A: 60-65
electronic relaxations in, 13:
25-26
equilibrium relationship and, 13:2
formal theory of, 13:2-11
grain-boundary relaxation in, 13:
22-23
Hooke's law and, 13: 2, 12
internal friction, 3A: 1-42
internal variables and
thermodynamic basis for
Subject Index
relaxation spectra in, 13:
12-14
lognormal distribution in, 13:8
magnetic relaxations in, 13:24-25
measurements, 3A: 307-314
pure crystals, 3A: 313
phonon relaxation in, 13:23-24
physical origins of, 13:14-27
point defect relaxations and, 13:
14-18
relaxation spectra of, 13:7-8
theory, 3A: 2-6
thermoelastic relaxation and, 13:
23
Anelastic relaxation, 20:420-428
activation energies, 20:421-425,
427
magnetic interpretation, 20:428
orthorhombic YBCO, 20:423-425
oxygen diffusion, 20:427
relaxation strengths, 20:426
tetragonal YBCO, 20:420-423
Anemometers, sonic, 14:411; 23:
361,362-363
Angle beam transducer directivity
patterns, measurement of, 14:
384
Angle shear constant, 7:55
Angular distribution, 21: 253
Angular frequency, 19: 82, 108
Angular momentum, law of balance
for, IA: 11-12, 17-18
Angular spectra, 21: 8, 161; 24:296
Angular spectrum of waves theory,
13:88-90
accuracy of, 13: 90
in acoustic analogues to optical
devices, 13:108
diffraction and, 13:85
and diffraction from tapered source
functions, 13:94-95
Anharmonic crystals, 6:357
Subject Index
Anharmonic effects
in solids, 8:188-191
standing wave observation and, 8:
191
Anharmonicity, 3B: 208-209, 219
anharmonic processes, 3B:
220-224
in A- 15 superconductors, 10:
270-278
in Landau-Rumer theory, 8:
285-286
Anharmonic modes, of thickness-
shear vibrations, 16: 40, 62
Anharmonic oscillator systems, echo
formation in, 16: 297, 299-321
Animal audition, ultrasonics and, 15:
7-8
Anion-anion interaction, 3B: 72-75
Anions, 2A: 398, 400-410
lattice potential, 3B: 72-73
and sound velocity, 3B: 60-61
Anisotropic condenser lens, 13:
109
Anisotropic cylinders and disks,
diffraction in, 13: 110
Anisotropic fluctuations, 6:11, 50
Anisotropic fluids, ultrasonic
investigation of, 14:95
Anisotropic medium, 6:15
Anisotropic propagation media, 19:
101
Anisotropic scaling parameters, 13:
85
Anisotropic solid/liquid boundary,
scattered wave vectors at, 14:
46
Anisotropic solids, ultrasonic
diffraction in, 11:155-158
Anisotropic surface acoustic wave
diffraction, theory of, 13:82-93
Anisotropy, 4A: 361-362; 4B: 271;
19:127
17
of attenuation in magnetic
superconductor, 20:209-211
for Fe-30% Ni, 4B: 287
for germanium oxide, 13:82
of grains, 4B: 272-274, 282-286
parabolic, 13:85
parameter b, 19:101
sound waves and, 8:334-336
steel transformation products, 4B:
316
theory of, 13:82-85
ultrasonics and, 14:95
velocity, 4B: 317-326, 378
Zener relaxation in, 13:16-17
Anisotropy constant, 3B: 190
Anistropic layer, in NN 55 material,
9:99
Annealing, 3A: 99-102, 115,
134-135, 163, 186, 249-250;
4A: 264-265; 4B: 292; 5:
103
attenuation, 3A: 262-263
behavior, Ta, 3A: 134
effects, 5:73
isochronal, 3A: 129-13.1
isochronal technique, 5:89
low temperature, 3A: 128-136
pulse, 3A: 252-253
substrate-film strain, 5:134
Annihilation operators, 6:72-73
Annular array, 24:78
medical ultrasound, 23:112
Annular probe, 14:503
Annular transducers, 14:226-228
Anomalous frequency, 5:72
Anomalous skin effect, electric field
and, 10:158-159
Anser, Inc., nondestructive testing
instrument, 23: 247, 250, 251
Antenna, medical ultrasonics, 23:53
Antiferromagnetic fluctuation theory,
7:112
18
Antiferromagnetics, magnetoelastic
interactions in, 8:194
Antiferromagnets, 4A: 126
coupling, 4A: 131
relaxation, 4A: 127-128
Antigorite, 4B: 380
Antimony, IB: 293
Antimony semiconductors,
backward-wave echoes in, 16:
221,227
Antireflection coatings
for acoustic lens, 14:51-59
design of, 14:56-59
effectiveness of, 14:56-59
transmitted wave vs. input wave
amplitudes in, 14:55
two-layer, 14:57
Antiresonance frequency, 13:130
Antisubmarine warfare, 15:52
ANTISYMMETRIC modes, 9:
76-77
Anvil device, in ultrasonic
measurements, 8:209
AO modulator, see Acousto-optic
beam modulator
Aperture
diffraction, 21: 19, 32, 53
effects on catastrophes, 21: 53,
136, 146
Apex angle, 21: 114
Apodization, wave-front distortion
and, 15:124
Apodized transducers
diffraction compensation for, 13:
102-105
dummy electrode and, 15:
124-125
Application specific integrated
circuits (ASICs), medical
ultrasound, 23:128-129
Arc oscillations, in telephone
transmission, 15:22
Subject Index
Area averaging
fixed retractable traversing probe
in, 14:503
midradius chord and, 14:494-496
multiple chords in, 14:496-499
for nonuniform flow profiles, 14:
407-503
rectangular method in, 14:
500-501
Areopagus syndrome, 23: 10; 24:10
Arrte, 21" 67
Argon, 2A: 39-40; 4B: 144,
155-157, 168-172
isolation of, 16:9
plasma
CMA diagram, 4B: 119
collision frequencies, 4B: 103
propagation constant, 4B:
114-115
weakly ionized, 4B: 11 4-115
sound absorption by, 16:30
Argon-helium, 2A: 37
Argon-ion laser, 6 : 1 9
Armco iron, Lamb wave propagation
in, 14:257-260
Aroclor series, 2A: 327-328
Aroclor 1232, 6: 192, 195
Aroclor 1248, 6: 208, 222
Aroclor 1254, 6:193, 195, 203
Aroclor 1260, 6:203
Aroclor 1262, 6:202
dynamic moduli of, 6:195-196
dynamic viscosities of, 6:196-198
theories of, 6:200-209
Array beam pattern, multielement
array, 23: 114-119
Array factor
for crossed-field model, 15: 138,
154-160
delta-function model and, 15:
113-114
design, examples of, 15:117-120
Subject Index
diffraction or "beam steering" and,
15:123-124
in interdigital transducers, 15:111
transducer geometry design and,
15:115-120
in transducer models, 15:
100-101, 111
for typical applications, 15:
177-187
Array-impulse response, 15" 112
Arrays, 21: 312; 24: 129; see also
Phase arrays
1.5D arrays, 24: 79, 102, 105
annual array, 24:78
beam patterns, 23:11 4-119
convex array, 23:111
curved sequenced array, 24: 78, 79
Galois, 18:11, 12
infinite double-periodic, 18:8
linear phased array, 24: 78, 79, 80,
98
linear sequenced array, 24: 78, 79,
80
linear stepped array, 23" 108-111
periodic, 18:3
phase array, 23:106-108, 118, 131
quadratic residue, 18- 4-8
quantization errors, 23:130-134
transducer, 18" 1-20
two-dimensional array, 24- 78-79,
98
vector array, 23: 111-112
Arrhenius equation, 3A: 7
Arrhenius model, 2B: 139
Arrhenius relation, 5:64
Arrival times, 21" 240, 245, 247,
251,252, 280, 281,295, 300,
305
in pulse problem solutions, 12:
239-243
Artificial heart, transducer for, 14:
470
19
Artificial intelligence (AI), flaw
detection and, 23:223-224
A-scans, 23:199, 201
ASDIC ("Antisubmarine Detection
Inventions Committee"), 15:
33-34, 37
ASICS, see Application specific
integrated circuits
Aslamazov-Larkin theory, for
fluctuations in thin helium
films, 11: 62
Aspect ratio, 22: 62, 92
Association-dissociation reactions,
2A: 381-382
ASTM (American Society for
Testing and Materials), 19:
109
Astroid caustic, 21:195-198
A- 15 superconductors
alloying in, 10:213
anharmonicity, instability, and
superconductivity in, 10:
270-278
anomalous behavior of, 10:
197-204
band structure and Fermi surface
of, 10:284-287
Batterman-Barrett transformation
in, 10:205-213
composition, disorder, and defects
in, 13:36-41
elastic behavior of, 10:214-242;
13:32-33
electrical resistivity of, 10:
201-203; 13:30-31, 36-41
Grfineisen parameters in, 10:273
Hall and Seebeck coefficients for,
10:201-203
high-frequency phonon behavior
and, 13:41
history of, 10:194-195
magnetic behavior in, 10:197-201
20
A- 15 superconductors ( c o n t i n u e d )
magnetic susceptibility of, 13:
30-31
polycrystalline components of, 10:
237-239
specific heat for, 1 0 : 2 0 3 - 2 0 4
strain dependence in, 10:239-242
stress behavior in, 13:34-35
structural instability of, 10:
290-292; 13:29-45
structural phase transition in, 13:
41-44
structure of, 10:195-197
Tc change due to structural
transformation in, 10:
253-255
temperature dependencies of, 10:
198, 222-239, 269
tetragonal distortion in, 10:
251-256
topological sample changes in, 10:
209
transformation temperatures and
distortions in, 10:206
tunneling studies in, 10:266-268
ultrasonic attenuation in, 10:
216-222
unit cell changes in, 10:206-209
volume changes in, 10:208
X-ray studies in, 13:32
ASW, s e e Angular spectrum of
waves theory
Asymmetric problems, 13:193
Asymptotic expansion, 21: 17, 47,
51, 164
Asymptotic matching principle, 11:
82-83, 144; s e e also Matched
asymptotic expansions
AT&T, technology transfer in, 23:
13; 24:13
AT, s e e Attached transducer
Subject Index
AT-cut crystals, 3B: 236, 245; 5: 65,
67, 72, 78, 81, 87, 89, 91, 118,
137, 139, 140, 142, 150, 151
anisotropy of, 16:45
equations of elasticity for, 16:44
loss curve, 3B: 272-274
vibrations of, 16:48
ATL/Echo, piezoelectric
composites, 24: 95, 99
Atmosphere
acoustic sounding of, 14:470
interstitial
condensed, 3A: 244
dilute, 3A: 245
Atmospheric sound absorption, 17:
145-232
absorption-loss coefficients,
experimental and predicted
values, 17:192-208
classical theory of, 17:151-153
experimental data on, 17:
174-224
comparison, 17:189-220
historical aspects of, 17:146-147
prediction model, comparison with
other methods, 17:220-224
relaxation parameters on, 17:
174-189
rotational relaxational type, 17:
153-157
theory of, 17:147-173
total, 17:171-173
vibrational relaxation type, 17:
157-171
Atom, solute
interstitial, 3A: 21, 23-25
pairs, 3A: 35-37
substitutional, 3A: 21, 37-38
Atomic absorption spectronomy, 18:
371
Atomic clocks, Global Positioning
System, 24:217
Subject Index
Atomicity, 3B: 203-204
Atomic oscillators, frequency
standards, 24: 263, 264
Atomic standard, 24:210
Atomic weight, 4B: 358
Atomization, IB: 30-31
Attached transducer technique,
detection of photoacoustic
signals, 18: 206, 207, 210
Attenuation, 2A: 19-21, 25-26; 2B:
244-246; 3B: 182-185; 19:
107, 144, 232-234; 21:271
absolute, 19:109
in air, IA: 357-358
Alfv6n waves
in argon, 4B: 158
fast, 4B: 163
in gas plasmas, 4B: 156, 158
in hydrogen, 4B: 159
alkali halides, 3B: 98
in aluminum, 1A: 487; 3A: 201
longitudinal wave, 3A: 201-210
shear wave, 3A: 200-203, 211
in anelastic behavior, 13:6
anisotropy of attenuation in
magnetic superconductor, 20:
209-211
in annealed steel, 3A: 262-263
anomaly 203
at magnetic phase transition, 20:
201
at superconducting transition,
20: 193, 194
spin-phonon interactions, 20:
203
apparent, 19: 109, 149
in Bal_xKxBiO3
longitudinal, 20:287
transverse, 20: 282, 288
background, 7:180
beams, ultrasonic
high frequency, 3B: 219-227
21
low frequency, 3B: 227-232
in BiSrCaCuO, curve, 20:278
in brass, 4B: 299-300
by scattering, 4B: 269-328
grain, 4B: 271-287
calculations, 4A: 19-26; 4B: 185;
9: 18, 30-31
comparative, 19:109
of copper, 4A: 252-253
correction for, in ultrasonic
diffraction, 11: 173, 177
deformed material, 3A: 263-268
and dislocation density, 4A: 243
double-crystal interferometer, 2A:
33
elastic waves in earth, 3B:
287-322
in ErBa2Cu307, curve, 20:270
and frequency, 4A: 251-252
frequency-dependence
of Ero.187Hoo.813Rh4B4, 20" 219
of Ero.7osHoo.295Rh4B4,20:216
of HoRh4B4, 20:219
measurement, 2 0 : 1 9 7
in fused silica, IA: 488-491
in gases, 1A: 355-364; 2A: 3, 28
gas mixtures, 2A: 36
in GdBa2Cu307, curves, 20:273
graphing data, 4B: 278
helicon waves, 4B: 166
high frequency, 3B: 248-253
humidity, frequency, 2A: 173
ion acoustic waves, 4B: 144
in La2_xSrxCuO4, 20:238-243
Ero.o88Hoo.912Rh4B4, at high
magnetic fields, 20:227
of Ero.aHoo.6Rh4B4, 20" 200
of Ero.7osHoo.295Rh4B4, 20" 200
of ErRhaB4, 20:210, 211
peaks, 20:242
in lead, 4A: 268-269
liquid metals, 4B: 77-83
22
Attenuation (continued)
in liquids, 1A: 355-364
in lithium oxide, 4A: 221-222
longitudinal waves, 4A: 258; 4B:
172
and loop length, 3A: 206-207
low amplitude linear range, 4A:
315-317
magnesia, 4A: 218-221
magnetosonic waves, 4B: 172
measurement, IA: 281-284; 4A:
77-80, 215-222; 6: 282; 7: 5,
299-301; 24: 348, 351-352
absolute, IA: 318-319
A1203, 4A: 215-218
by phase comparison, IA:
290-291
in solids, 19:115-154
ultrasonic, 9 : 4 - 5
mechanisms, 15:15
melting and, 3B: 314
in mercury, 4B: 77-78
in metals, IA: 364-365
polycrystalline, IA: 445-446
moving dislocations and, 9:18
in Nb3Sn, in magnetic field, 20:
19, 20
normal state, 7:21
n-type material, 4A: 332-336
peaks, 20: 228, 242, 256, 257,
258, 261,262, 297, 419
in MCFs, 9:215-218
phonon-phonon interactions, 3B:
253-267, 275-276
phonon processes, 3B: 201-286
polycrystalline nickel, 4B:
297-298
preferred orientation, 4B:
300-304
p-type Si, 4A: 338-346
quartz, 3B: 235-286
in Rayleigh region, 4B: 290
Subject Index
recorders, 19:148
relative, 19:108-109, 149
relaxation-type (in
Erl_xHoxRhaB4), 20:
218-227
broad maximum, 20: 196,
197
in HoRhaB4, at different
frequencies, 20:219
relaxation attenuation equation,
20:219, 222
residual, 20:7
seismic waves, 3B: 304-311
at earth's surface, 3B: 311-322
selective, IA: 158-164
frequency dependence, IA:
163-164
scattering, IA: 162-163
theory, IA: 460
shear waves, 3B: 248-250, 271;
4A: 257
in fluids, IA: 64-66
solid buffer techniques, IA: 302
in solids, IA: 355-364
types, IA: 486-491
spin-phonon coupling, 4A: 153
calculation, 4A: 160-162
static imperfections and, 3B: 225
in steel, 4B: 313, 315
stiffness and loss factor, IA:
272-273
Stokes-Kirchhoff coefficient, 4B:
77
and strain, 3A: 212
in superconducting state, 4A:
307-310
vs. normal state, 4A: 317-322
in T(l)BaCaCuo
curves, 20:277
peaks at Tc, 20:297
in tantalum, 20:9
temperature-dependence, 6:286
Subject Index
at constant magnetic fields, 20:
195, 196, 199, 203, 204
thermal conduction
in fluids, IA: 62, 68
in solids, IA: 76-77
thermal process effects, 3B:
201-286
of thermal waves, 4A: 237
three photon, 5:226
of torsional filters, IA: 410-
411
ultrasonic, see Ultrasonic
attenuation
in uranium, 4B: 300
values, 7:307
viscoelasticity, IA: 88-89
viscosity and, 1A: 66-68
in water, 2A: 376-378; 3B: 288
in xenon discharge, 4B: 152
in YBa2Cu307
anistropy, 20:254-264
peaks, relaxation, 20: 256, 257,
258, 261,262, 297
zero-field, 7:25
in zinc bar stock, 4B: 302-303
Attenuation anomaly, 20:203
at magnetic phase transition, 20:
201
at superconducting transition, 20:
193, 194
Attenuation coefficient, 12: 278; 19:
135
of sound, 14:99
derivation of, 16: 5, 6
ultrasound, 23: 58-59
Attenuation Comparator (Sperry
Products Co.), 23:218-219;
24:348
Attenuation constant, 5:225
Attenuation curve, intermediate-
state, 7:22-25
Attenuation equation, 4B: 316
23
Attenuation formula, BCS, 7: 27,
164
Attenuation signature, 20:290
Attenuation tests, 23: 209, 218-219
A-type vibrations, of quartz crystals,
16: 75-76, 85
Audibility limits, 15: 5-6, 20-21
high-frequency generators and, 15:
4-8
Audio generator, 19:84
Audio multiples, 19:103
Audio signal, 19:84
Austenite, 4B: 285-286
Austenitizing temperature, 19:105
Automatic frequency control (AFC)
phase technique combined with,
16:151
use in bridge measurements, 16:
155
Automatic water taps, ultrasound
sensors, 23:308-310
Automation Industries
C-scan system, 23:236-237
Sondicator S2B, 23: 268, 270
Automobile noise, Doppler effect in,
14:467
Automotive industry
intake air sensor, 23: 359-361,
362-363, 423
nondestructive testing, 23: 220,
236, 251,253, 258
Autonomy period, 24:216
Auxiliary exterior problem, 22:322
Auxiliary function, 22:331
Average superfluid density, in third
sound studies, 11: 57-59
Aviation industry, ultrasound
sensors, 23: 312, 332
Axial caustic and focusing, 21:
155-159, 181, 194
Axial interrogation flow cells, 14:
502
24
Axial rays, 21: 153, 155
Axial spatial resolution, medical
ultrasound imaging, 23:75
Axial state, 20:10
Aximuthal parity, 22:53
Axisymmetric problems, 13:192
Axisymmetric vibration, 22:310
Axisymmetric waves
in generalized wave theory, 13:
218-231
in single layer, 13:219-223
Azimuthal mode number, 21:267
p-Azoxydianisole, sound
propagation measurement in,
14:154-159
p-Azoxydiphenetole, sound
propagation measurement in,
14:154-155
B 221-259, 296
Bal_xKxBi03, 20:280-289
attenuation
longitudinal, 20:287
transverse, 20: 282, 288
crystal structure, 20:295
elastic constants, 20:295
magnetic field, 20:284
phase diagram, 20:281
velocity
longitudinal magnetic field, 20:
288
transverse magnetic field, 20:
283, 285
Babinet's principle, in holography,
10:343
Backed piezoelectric transducer,
backing noise of, 14: 372; see
also Piezoelectric transducers
Background
hard, 21: 203, 208
Subject Index
integral, 22: 55
phase shift, 22:20
scattering, 21: 262, 272, 273, 282,
297
S-matrix, 22:29
soft, 21: 203, 262
Backing impedance, piezoelectric
plate transducers and, 24: 56,
57-58
Backscattered electron-acoustic
image, 18:144
Backscattered electrons, 18:126
Backscattered form function, 22:8
Backscattered waves, amplitudes of,
15:281
Backscattering, 21:119, 124,
150-219
angle, 21: 32, 153, 174
Back-sensors, 23:307
Backward-wave echoes, 16:
electroacoustic interaction in
dielectrics and, 16:
222-227
materials producing, 16:
230-235
tunable spiral cavities for studies
of, 16:235-245
Bainite, 4B: 311-314
Balance, of mass, momentum,
angular momentum, and energy,
IA: 9-18
"Band" cooperative Jahn-Teller
effect, 12: 3; see also
Cooperative Jahn-Teller effect
Band elimination filters, 9:219
Bandpass filters, isolated resonators
as, 9:169
Band structure, 4B: 65
Bandwidth
medical ultrasonic transducer, 23:
51-52, 105
Subject Index
modulator, 7:316-320
Bandwidth parameter, 15:171
Bar equation, 22:97
Barium niobate ("banana"
compound)
echo formation in, 16:234
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), IA:
202-204, 206, 210, 213,
217-218, 255-257, 457; 6:65
impedances, 1A: 476-477
single crystals, 5:133
in torsional mode delay line, IA:
431-433
unbonded transducers, 1A:
447-450
Barker code correlator, errors
inherent in, l l : 228-229
frequency and velocity
misalignments in, 11:
228-230
in phase coded surface waves, 11:
218-220, 223-230
Barkhausen effect
acoustical, 11: 329; 15:342
magnetic, 15:347-348
Bars of extrusion
residual stress measurement in, 17:
126-128
Bartlett bisection theorem, 1A: 345
Bar wave, 21: 275
Basis functions, 22: 7, 333
Basis states, 2 2 : 9
Bathymetric mapping, 18:100
Bats
audible clicks from, 15:52-53
echolocation in, 15:86-87
as "first ultrasonic echo-ranging
system," 15:86-87
"sixth sense" of, 15: 4, 27
ultrasound and, 15:52
Batterman-Barrett transformation,
13:31-32
25
alloying effects and, 10:213
in A- 15 structure superconductors,
10:205-213
stress dependence of, 10:211-212
temperature dependence and, 10:
225-226
thermodynamic order of, 10:
209-211
Battery consumption, military
applications, 24:221-222
BAW, s e e Bulk acoustic wave
BAWs, s e e Bulk acoustic waves
BBOA, s e e n-p-Butyloxybenzyl-
indene-p-n-octylaniline
BCS attenuation
isotropic energy gap, 20:10
longitudinal, 20:8
transverse, 2 0 : 6
BCS coherence factor, 12:114
BCS density of states model, 12:
120-121 "
BCS energy gap, 9:31
BCS theory, 4A: 318-322; 12: 108,
113-116
BCS transition probabilities, 12:
113-115
Beam
apertured, 7:280
on elastic foundation, 22:204
free
closed ends, 2B: 285-287
open ends, 2B: 283-288
quality, 19:98
spreading (ultrasonic diffraction),
19: 91, 109
subject to nonslip condition, 2B:
287-290
streaming velocity, 2B: 290
velocity transform, 2B: 288-289
Beam chopping systems, 18:132
Beam deflection assembly, 18:134,
169, 210
26
Beam deflection scan, 18:467
Beam deflection unit, see Laser
beam deflection system
Beam focusing, ultrasonic
transducer, 23:54-57
Beamforming, digital ultrasound, 23:
124-130
Beam hole facility, 3A: 312-314
Beams, ultrasonic, 3B: 220-232
Beam scattering, 18:369
Beam spreading, IA: 491-492; 4B:
289-290
in diffraction, 11: 153
Beam-spreading energy, 19:90
Beam steering, 23:118, 170
diffraction loss and, 13:93-94
and surface acoustic wave delay
line design, 13:99-102
Beamwidth, medical ultrasound, 23:
65, 70, 71
Bechmann number, for electrode
diameter-to-thickness ratios, 16:
53, 54, 61, 62, 67
Bell, Alexander Graham, 18:21
Bellboy system, IA: 398, 402
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 9:170;
15: 62, 77
Benchmark, 21:78
Bending modulus, 22:221
Bending shell theory, 12:234
Benzene, 4A: 192
sound absorption by, 16:30
Berg-Barrett diffraction camera,
schematic of, 16:95
Berlinite, 24:151
Bernouilli, kinetic theory of gases
and, 16:6
Beryllium
compensation in, 8:67
Fermi surface
deformation parameters for, 8:
86
Subject Index
strain dependence of, 8:92
oscillatory magnetization of, 8:
61
Bessel beam, 21:46
Bessel functions, 16: 55, 70, 84,
116, 120; 18: 45, 170, 229, 235,
259-261,307, 308, 356; 22:
344
identities, 22:114
pulses and, 12:236
Bessel transform, 12:218
Beta acoustic waves, scanning in
pulse echo by, 14:253
Beveling, for suppression of
vibrational modes of quartz
crystals, 16: 52-56, 65
Bevelled buffer rods, in ultrasonic
flowmetry, 14:428-429
Bidirectional response, of SAW
EMT's, 14:247
Bilinear functionals, 22:258
Bimorph actuator, 9:130
cantilever, 9:149-153
in control loop, 9:145-149
in tape skew and flutter control, 9:
144-148, 151
transfer function and, 9:149-153
Bimorph bars, 9:134-135
in controllable pump, 9:142-144
Bimorph controlled servo system, 9:
151
Binary alloys, 3A: 29, 65-66
Binary gas mixtures, ultrasonic
concentration measurement in,
23:437-438
Biological processes, ultrasound
applications in, 15:72-74
Biology, 2B: 329-330
Biopsy samples, acoustic microscope
and, 14:68
BIOS Reports, 15:69-70
Bipolar coupling, 22: 103, 104
Subject Index
Biquand, work on sound
propagation, 16:30
Birch's law, 4B: 360-361
Birch theory of TOE constants for
cubic crystals, 17:2
Bird calls, ultrasonic, 15:6
Birefringence, 2B: 352-353
texture- and stress-induced, 17:
133-137
Birefringent modulators, 7:357-359
Bismuth, 2A: 295, 297; 4B: 6, 13,
19-21; 7:198
compressibility, 4B: 59-60, 66
magnetoelectric effect, 4B: 21
molten, 4B: 53-54
absorption, 4B: 80
resistivity, 4B: 71
velocity, 4B: 55-56
quantum oscillation period, 4B: 21
Bismuth germanate (BGO)
echo formation in, 16: 233, 234,
236, 243-251,253
memory type, 16: 357, 358
Bismuth germanium oxide, 24:151
anisotropy and power flow, 13:82
as minimal diffraction cut
candidate, 13:106-107
parabolic velocity surfaces and,
13:87
Bismuth silicate (BSO)
echo formation in, 16:234
BiSrCaCuO, 20:274-280
attenuation curve, 20:278
crystal structure, 20:294
elastic constants, 20:296
superconducting fluctuations, 20:
290
velocity curve, 20:279
Bistable tube, ultrasound, 23: 84, 85,
97
Bistatic echoes, 21: 253, 303, 310,
312
27
Bistatic radar, 24:219
Bistatic radiation pattern, 22: 33,
146, 155
Bistatic reflection, for creeping
waves at cylinders, 1 0 : 8 0
Bistatic scattering pattern, 22:
34
Bitter-type magnets, 5 : 2
Blake threshold, 1B: 121-123
Blatek, Inc., piezoelectric
composites, 24: 99, 101
B leustein-Gulyaev (BG) waves, 24:
144
Bleustein-Gulyaev-Shimizu (BGS)
waves, 24: 144, 145
Bloch equations, solution of, 12:
186-193, 197
Bloch-Gr/ineisen law, 7:181
Bloch theory, 3B: 202
Bloch wall, 4A: 126, 138
Blood, raw echoes from, 14:438
Blood flow, ultrasonic measurement
of, 14: 443-444
Blood smears, transmission acoustic
microscopy of, 14:62-63
B-mode (brightness mode), analog
ultrasound scanner, 23:95
Bodies of revolution, 22:295
Body, IA: 2
rate of change of properties, IA:
7-10
relative positions of material
points, 1A: 18-27
Body couple, 1A: 12
Body-diagonal coordinate system,
4B: 260-264
anisotropy coefficients, 4B:
261-264
exchange tensors, 4B: 263
stress tensors, 4B: 263
Boeing Corp.
bubblers, 23:241-243
28
Boeing Corp. (continued)
MAUS (Mobile Automated
Scanning), 23:244
Bogoliubov quasiparticles, 9:19
Bohm-Staver velocity, 4B: 64
Boiler pipes, ultrasonic
nondestructive testing, 23:
245-248
BOILERWATCH ~> acoustic
thermometry, 23: 431
Boiling, nucleate, IB: 127-129
Boltzmann, work on sound
propagation, 16: 7, 34
Boltzmann constant, 9:31; 16:15;
18:281
Boltzmann equilibrium, 18: 294,
295, 302
Boltzmann-Hopfield machines, 18:
20
Boltzmann superposition, 2B: 19
Boltzmann transport equation, 2B:
93; 3A: 48; 3B: 214-215; 4A:
329; 4B: 6, 131-132; 8: 281,
299-301; 9: 18; 17: 147; 20: 3,
7 274
conservation laws, 2A: 9-10
distribution function, 2A: 7-8
generalized stress-strain relation
in, 8:291-294
H theorem, 4B: 198-199
and integrals, 2A: 7-10
Sonine polynomials, 2A: 27-28
stress, heat flux, 2A: 13-14
validity of, 8:296-297
waves and, 2A: 10
without collisions, 8:297
Bonding, 4A: 84-86
cements, 4A: 86
covalent system, 4B: 74
greases, 4A: 85-86
homopolar, 4B: 54
metals, 4A: 85
Subject Index
thermocompression, 7:5
Bonding agents, 19:110, 115-119,
134
Bonding layers, transducer loss and,
9:242-247
Bond integrity studies, SAM in, 14:
86
Bond meters, IB: 46
Bond thickness, 19:88
Bone marrow specimen, for blood
smears, 14:62
Borate glasses, 2B: 120-123
Bordoni peak, 3A: 40, 77-121
experiments, 3A: 95-114
in fcc metals, 3A: 184-187
methods, 3A: 85-88
structure, 3A: 111-112
theory, 3A: 88-95, 477-484
width, 3A: 116-119
Born-Huang method, elastic
constants in lattice dynamics,
17:51
Born-Mayer constants, 8:275
Born-Mayer type potential, 8:
Born-Oppenheimer approximation,
in Jahn-Teller effect, 12:7
Boron, 4A: 338-339, 343-344,
347-348
dopant, 1B: 193
for gages, 1B: 210-211
magnetoresistance, 1B: 194
Boron alloy, IB: 293
Boron trioxide, 2A: 305
Boroxide glass, 12:159
Bottom-up liquid level sensors, 23:
334, 335
Boundary catastrophes, 21:136
Boundary conditions, 22: 122,
204
at edge of plate, 22:295
in crystal symmetry, 9:93-95
Subject Index
in elastic wave propagation, 9:
41-45
wave equations and, 9:37-44
Boundary layers, 2B: 266
ac, 2B: 303
acoustic monitor sensor, 14:
464
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11:80
Boundary value problem, in surface
acoustic wave devices, 13:
57-62
Boundary wall motion, 7:18
Bound electron states, 4A: 14-17
Bourgin, work on sound
propagation, 16: 21, 27, 28
Boxcar amplification system, 18:
361-363, 367
Bragg cell, 7:248
Bragg diffraction, 14:333
advantages of, 7:307
collinear, 14:4-5
sampling technique, 14:386
Bragg equation, 7:279
Bragg modulator, 16:389
Bragg modulators, 7:316-323
Bragg processors, 7:359-360
Bragg reflection, 4A: 357
Bragg refraction, transducer beam
evaluation, 24:70-71
Bragg regime, 7:313
Brailsford's theory, 3A: 93-94
Brain, echo technique in study of,
15:81-82
Branches, TA, 6:14
Brass
70:30, 3A: 29
~, 4B: 291-292
attenuation, 4B: 299-300
recrystallized, 4B: 294, 296
13, 3A: 32, 69
40% zinc, 4B: 307
29
Brass targets, 22:103
Brazing, 1B: 14-18
Breakaway, 4A: 323-325
Breakaway losses, 4A: 323-325
Breit-Wigner form, 22: 20, 35, 57,
107
Breit-Wigner resonance, 21:208
Breit-Wigner theory, 21:236
Bremsstrahlung spectroscopy,
relaxation phonons in, 12:
139-142
Brewster's constant, 2B: 353
"Brick wall" filters, 15:178-179
Bridge transmission method, for
resonant crystal mode detection,
16:152-153
Bridge-type microwave transmission
spectrometer, 8:137
Bridgman anvils, 4B: 366
Bridgman technique, alloy crystal
preparation, 16:178
Brightness, defined, 23:172
Brillouin components, 6:9-10
BriUouin doublets, 6:11, 15
Brillouin frequency distribution, 4A:
190-191
Brillouin linewidth, 6:12
Brillouin scattering, 6: 2, 15, 29, 35,
293,297, 299; 7: 79; 8: 33; 18:
23
backward, 6:29
of carbon dioxide, 6:37
efficiency of, 6:15
studies, 6:35
Brillouin selection rules, 6:13-14,
14, 16
Brillouin zone, 3B: 204; 4A: 328,
355-356; 4B: 7; 6: 8, 353; 14:
164
cubic lattice, 4A: 368-369
in gallium, 4B: 26
noble metals, 4A: 369-372
30
Brinnell hardness number (BHN),
23:205
British Gas, ultrasonic gas meter, 23:
401,403, 404, 405
Broadband digital beamformer, 23:
133
Broadband echoes, spectrum
analysis of, 12:331-334
Broadband pulses, 19: 91, 93
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
191-195
Broadband sources, 24:112
hydrophone calibration, 24:112
theory, 24:112-115
Broadening, inhomogeneous, 8:
176-187
Broad radiation (scattering)
in diffraction gratings, 18:1-20
in number-theoretic phase arrays,
18:1-20
Broadside incidence, 22:85
Broadside lobes, 22:118
Bromides, 2A: 298-299, 320-321,
400
Bromwich expansion method, 13:
195
Brownian motion, 2B: 28, 30; 3A:
466
of kinks, 3A: 480-482
Brugger's definitions, 17: 2, 9
Brush Development Company, 15:
70-71
B-scans, 23:200
BSC attenuation formula, 7:27
BSC gap parameter, 7:164
BT-cut resonators, 5: 91, 137
B-type vibrations, of quartz crystals,
16: 76, 85
Bubblers, 23: 240-243, 244, 245,
246
Bubbles, see also Air bubble;
Cavitation bubbles; Gas bubbles
Subject Index
attached, IB: 146-147
causing mechanical stress, IB:
144-146, 150
cavitation
gas filled, IB: 116
life cycle, IB: 115
collapsing, IB: 89, 146-147
vibrating
gas, 2B: 320-322
Gould's experiments, 2B:
327-329
streaming speeds, 2B: 321
in water, 21: 157, 164, 194, 196
Bueche's model, 2B: 27
Buffer, solid, IA: 301-303
Buffer rod, 19: 83, 95, 105
liquid, 19:96
method, 19:107, 134-148
in ultrasonic attenuation
measurement, 12:328-334
Buffer rods, in ultrasonic diffraction,
11:175-186
Bulk acoustic wave angle, 14:217
Bulk acoustic wave (BAW)
oscillator, 24:218
Bulk acoustic wave (BAW)
resonators, 24:167, 168, 169,
232
Bulk acoustic waveforms, 18:79
Bulk acoustic waves (BAWs), 14:190
basic coil designs for, 14:238
frequency steering of, 14:218-219
phase matching of periodic EMT's
to, 14:217-219
transduction, 14:219-228
filament transducers in, 14:
219-222
transient excitation currents and,
14:228-229
velocity, 14: 217
Bulk longitudinal wave EMATs, 24:
126-128
Subject Index
Bulk modulus, IA: 89
Bulk-modulus change
elastic constants and, 8:256-257
volume change and, 8:259
Bulk modulus relaxation, 6:12
Bulk stress, 2B: 208-213
Bulk wave resonator, 19:269
Bulk waves, 6: 112, 113, 120, 123
conversion to surface waves, 18:
103
excitation of, 18:190
generation of, 18: 63, 79-86, 93,
94, 105
surface skimming, 18:74
Burgers equation, 2B: 246-247
in acoustic wave formation, 11:
130-133
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11:146
in time-harmonic piston problem,
11:136
Burgers region, defined, 11: 130
Burgers vector, 3A: 323-324,
364-366; 5: 168; 9: 1, 21; 16:
98, 207, 209
Buried pulse, 15:299-300
Burst emissions, in acoustic
emissions, 11: 293-295, 299
Butanediols, 2A: 316-318, 322,
330-331,335, 339-341
n-Butanol, 2A: 315
Butler configuration, oscillator, 24:
238, 239
Butterfly catastrophe, 21: 98, 105,
128
n-p-Butyloxybenzylindene-p-n-
octylaniline, skew wave
reflection technique in, 14:170
C
Cadmium, 4B: 11-12, 22-24; 7:
193, 207
31
conductivity and compressibility,
4B: 70
Hill mean, 4B: 364
magnetoacoustic effect, 4B: 22
parallelepiped, 4B: 22
resistivity, 4B: 73-74
thermal conductivity, 4B: 78
Cadmium acetate, 2A: 429
Cadmium selenide
echo formation in, 16: 234, 343
microwave-frequency acoustic
holography of, 16:351
Cadmium sulfide, 3B: 97-98; 4A: 2,
5, 26-32, 198-201,212, 215; 6:
43, 55, 111; 24:151
in acoustic microscope, 14:7
crystals
single crystals, 5:130
ultrasonic pulse propagation in,
14:339
deposition, 4A: 198-199, 209
echo formation in, 16: 223, 227,
230-234
epitaxial growth, 4A: 210-211
films, in spin-phonon spectrometer
studies, 8:29-31
piezoelectric properties, 4A:
196-198
transducers, 6: 294; 7: 38; 8:
129
Cadmium telluride, echo formation
in, 16:234
Cagniard method, 13:207-212
Calcite, 4B: 362-363
Calcium acetate, 2A: 421-422, 424
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 4B:
364
Calcium fluoride (CaF2), 4A: 207
Calculus of variations, 22:197
Calibration blocks, electronic
transponder and, 14:374-375
Calibration standards, 19:275
32
Calorimetric analysis with
photoacoustic spectroscopy, 18:
371-374
Calorimetric spectronomy, 18:
371
Calorimetry with thermal lens
spectroscopy, 18: 395, 396
Cancer, ultrasound imaging, 23:
75-77, 81, 114
Cancer cells, acoustic image of, 14:
69-72
Canongate Technology
point sensors, 23: 328, 329, 334,
335, 344
SpotCheck level sensor, 23:344
Cantilever bimorph actuator, transfer
function of, 9:149-153
Cantilever bimorph bars, 9 : 1 3 3
Capacitance transducers, see also
Transducers
Green's function and, 15:315
schematic drawing of, 15:318
"Yobell" specimen testing and, 15:
317
Capacitive detector, transducer as,
14:316
Capacitive receiver
assembly, 17:13, 14
calibration of, 17:15-17
equivalent circuit of, 17:15
measurement techniques for, 17:
18-27
results using for some solids, 17:
27-50
for room-temperature
measurements, 17:13-15, 18,
20
block diagram for, 17:19
sample preparation for, 17:18
use in absolute amplitude-
measurements, 17:12-18
variable-gap type, 17:17-18
Subject Index
velocity measurements by, 17:
21-22
Capacitive sensor, transducer as, 14:
318
Capacitor, clamped, 9:223
Carbides, 3B: 67
moduli
bulk and shear, 3B: 67
isotropic, 3B: 53-54
sound velocity, 3B: 61
Carbon, 3A: 255
Carbon dioxide, 2A: 166-167
Cole plot, 2A: 154
mixtures, 2A: 167-168
molecular absorption, 2A: 154
relaxation frequency, 2A: 155
displacement, 2A: 161-162
role in atmospheric sound
absorption, 17:146
sound absorption, 2A: 153
sound propagation through, 16:
20-21, 28
Carbon dioxide laser, 6:19
Carbon disulfide, 2A: 153
Carbon monoxide, 2A: 151, 162
Carbon tetrachloride, 6: 12, 34
sound absorption by, 16:30
Carcinotrons, 5:229
Cardiovascular events
color flow imaging, 23:167-176
Doppler imaging, 23:149-150
Carlson's theorem, 22:40
Carnevale, Edmund H., 23: 12-13;
24:12-13
Carome interference, 19:140
Carrier effective mass, 6:54
Carrier frequency, 21: 245,259, 264,
284-295, 299
Cascades, displacement, 3A:
296-299
Catastrophes
classification of, 21: 96, 98
Subject Index
polynomial, 21: 98, 101
theory, 21: 3, 96-107
Cathode-ray tubes, in scanning
electron microscope, 16:122
Cauchy determination, 22:157
Cauchy equation of motion, 22:214
Cauchy procedure, 22:23
Cauchy relations
for SOE constants, 17: 27, 28
for TOE constants, 17:28
Cauchy residue theorem, 22:56
Cauchy stress components, 17: 67,
68, 93
Causality principle, 21: 130, 132,
241,249, 250; 22:11
Caustic, 21: 3, 14, 53, 57; 22:185
curvature, 21: 62
curve, 21:56-59
phase jump at, 21: 276, 279
produced by reflection, 21: 57, 89
shape of a, 21: 114
surface, 21: 23, 57
Caustic-correction factors, in surface
waves, 10:32
Cavitation
acoustic, s e e Acoustic cavitation
classical studies in, 15:66
ultrasonic, 15: 20, 38-39, 58
Cavitation bubbles, collapse of, 15:
39, 66
Cavity, IB: 71-116; 21: 268, 269,
273, 276
elastic-wave scattering from, 15:
240-281;see also Cylindrical
fluid-filled cavities; Spherical
fluid-filled cavities
equations of motion, 1B: 72-78
linear response frequency, IB:
81-82
motions
dissipative, 1B: 94-103
nondissipative, 1B: 78-103
33
unstable, 1B: 90
pressure fields, IB: 110-115
Rayleigh, 1B: 72, 78-79, 88, 103,
115-116
stable, 1B: 78-80, 84-86, 93
surface instabilities, IB: 115-116
transient, 1B: 103-110
generation of, 1B: 86-93
luminescence, 1B: 136
Cavity resonator, 7:300
Cayley-Hamilton theorem, 13:
222
CBOOA, s e e Cyanobenzylidene-
octyloxyaniline
CC, s e e Cholesteryl chloride
CEF, s e e Crystalline electric fields
Cell smears, in transmission
acoustical microscopy, 14:
60-63
Cell-wall conduction, 18:239
Center of energy, 5: 202, 204
Center of loss, 5:204
Centurion, ultrasonic instrument, 23:
255, 256
Ceramic crystals
lead-zirconate-titanate, 9: 132,
149-153
property measurement for, 9:164
"revolution"by, 9:163
Ceramic ferrites, magnetostrictive
properties of, 14:320
Ceramic gap holder, 5:67
Ceramics
acoustic emission in, 11:311-312
excitation of common modes, IA:
232-233
ferroelectric, IA: 193-195
for high power transducers, IA:
250-256
piezoelectric, IA: 170-171,
178-179, 257-258
at low signals, 1A: 200-204
34
Ceramics (continued)
compressive stress, 1A:
211-216
high dynamic stress, IA:
216-217
high electric input, IA: 204,
208-210
temperature variation and aging,
IA: 207
piezoelectric properties of, 9:
131-132
polycrystalline, IA: 364, 371
stability, acoustic-emission
monitoring and, 15:350-351
thickness modes, IA: 229-230
torsional modes, IA: 429-431
Cerenkov effect, 3A: 458-459
Cesium, 4B: 63
frequency standards, 24: 263,
264
Cesium fluoroperovskites, TOE
constants of, 17:40-43
Cesium iodide, 4A: 161, 170, 172,
174
Chalcogenide glass, 12:159
Change in velocity, 19:81
Channeling, 3A: 298-299
Channels, 2B: 290-295; 5 : 6 0
Charge cancellation
in beveled quartz crystals, 16: 55,
56
for mode suppression, 16:66-67
Charge density distribution, for
transducer electrodes, 15:144
Charge distribution in dielectrics,
18:117
Chemical actions, ultrasonic effects
on, 15:58
Chemical-biological processes,
ultrasonics in, 15:72-74
Chemical relaxation, in electrolytes,
2A: 381-394
Subject Index
CHIEF (combined Helmholtz
integral equation formulation),
22:62
Chirp filter, 24:172-173
Chlorides
Maxwell relationship, 2A: 336
volume viscosity, 2A: 297-298
Chlorinated biphenyls, 6: 192, 203,
239
density of, 6:194
viscosity of, 6:194
Chlorine gas, 2A: 147
liberation from water, IB:
140-142
Chloroform, sound absorption by,
16:30
Cholesterics, 14:142-144
defined, 14:94-95
helical structure of, 14:142
shear wave reflection coefficient
for, 14:164-165
shear wave reflection
measurements in, 14:
163-165
sound propagation studies in, 14:
160-165
as twisted nematics, 14: 100, 143
unoriented, 14:161
Cholesteryl chloride, longitudinal
wave propagation in, 14:
160-162
Cholesteryl myristate, 14:160
Chopped "pump" laser beam, 18:
248
Chord sequence, 21: 170, 172
Christoffel determinant, 13:56
Christoffel equation
in acoustic microscopy, 14:4 l, 45,
202
stiffened, 13: 51-57
Christoffel method, for acoustic plane
wave propagation, 13:117
Subject I n d e x
Chritoffel symbol, 22: 246, 248
Chromatography
with photoacoustic spectroscopy,
18:377
thin-layer, 18: 380--382, 396-398
Chromium, 3A: 144-145; 4B:
25-26
divalent, 4A: 92-93
Chrysotite, 4B: 380
CI meters, quartz crystal vibrational
mode studies of, 16:147-153
Cin6 loops, medical ultrasound, 23:
138
Circuit factor
for simple matching circuits, 15:
164-166
transducer and, 15:155
for typical matching circuits, 15:
165
Circuit-factor compensation, 15:160
Circular dichroism, 8:12-14
for divalent thulium, 8:21-22
measurement of, 8:14-17
paramagnetism and, 8:12-14
Circular disk, 22: 308, 311,336
Circular plates, 19:110-111
X-ray topography of, 16:100-101
Circular polarization, measurement
of, 8:15-16
Circular polarization signal, phonon
intensity for, 8:17-18
Circular quartz plates, vibrations in,
16:49
Circumferential pulses, i2" 225-
232; 21:237
Circumferential waves, 21: 236-262,
269-271,276, 281-286,
294-296, 300-308; 22:175
geometry of, 10:49
numerical mode calculations, 12:
244-254
physical plane in, 12:258
35
pressure points radiated from, 12:
267
spherical shell and, 12:240
and submerged elastic structures,
12:220-225
types of, 12:264-270
Circumnavigations, 22:42
Circumscribing sphere, 22:72
Citation Classic, 19:83
Civil engineering studies, acoustic
emission in, 11: 334
CJTE, see Cooperative Jahn-Teller
effect
Clamped capacitance, 9:223
Clamped permittivity
piezoelectric composites, 24: 87,
88
piezoelectric materials, 24:82-83
Clamp-on angle-beam wedges,
attenuation coefficients for, 14:
473
Clamp-on flowmeter
accuracy of, 14:484
transient response of, 14:492
Clamp-on no-flow meter, 14: 475
Clamp-on ultrasonic sensors, 23:
277, 279, 290, 328, 344
for gases, 23:425-426
liquid measurement, 23: 361,
363-373, 374-375
Clapp configuration, oscillator, 24:
238, 239
Classic skin depth, 10:165
Clausius, work on theory of sound,
16: 6, 7
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 7:53
Clausiu~-Mosotti polarization, 6: 67;
14:510
Cleaning, substrate, 4A: 207-209
Cleveland Machine Controls,
ultrasonic proximity sensors,
23:321,324
36
Closed annulus transducer, 14:225
Cluster formation, 6:198, 203, 210
Clustering, defect, 3A: 349-355
CM, see Cholesteryl myristate
Coagulating action, of ultrasonics,
15:57
Coal mining, ultrasound sensors and,
23:321
Coated shells, resonance scattering
and, 15:221-223
Cobalt
cobalt-60, 3A: 326
gamma irradiation, 3A: 331-332
divalent ion, 4A: 95-97
Cobalt fen'ite, 3B: 181-182
Coded pulses, 11: 215-223
Coded signals, elastic surface wave
filters for, 11:213-214
Codimension, 21: 97, 98, 106, 144
Coherence length, 7: 7; 2 0 : 1 3
Coherent confocal scanning system,
image produced by, 14:34
Coherent processor, 7:343
Coherent pulsed wave (PW) Doppler
system, 23: 155-166
Coil, polymer, 6:234
Coil size, 6:218
entangled, 6:220
Coincidence angle, 2 2 : 1 1 8
Coincidence frequency, 22:129
Cold work, 3A: 97-99, 104, 115,
238, 258-261,264-265, 267
iron, 3A: 233-234, 253
maximum, 3A: 223
peak, 3A: 38-39
low temperature, 3A: 40
Cole plot, 2A: 144-145, 154
Collapse
bubble, IB: 89
Rayleigh cavity, IB: 72, 78-79,
103, 112-113
transient cavity, IB: 103-110
Subject Index
computer calculations, 1B:
104-105, 107-108
Collapse speed, 1B: 100-103
Collecting optics, 6:27-29
conical, 6:26
spherical, 6:26
Collective excitations, 6: 7, 13, 44
Collinear Bragg diffraction, 14:4-5
Collinear collisions, 18:287
Collinear optical beam deflection
arrangement, 18: 462, 470-472
Collinear photothermal beam
deflection, 18: 470, 471
Collinear photothermal scan, 18:
472
Collisional deactivation, 18:306
Collision drag effect, 7:5
Collisions
adiabatic, 18:287
collinear, 18:287
intermolecular, 18:282-292
rate equations for, 18:291-305
nonadiabatic, 18:287
vibration-translation (V-T), 18:
292-294, 298-301,336-343
vibration-vibration (V-V), 18:
292-305, 336-343
wall, 18:282-286
Color center formation, 3B: 121-123
Color flow imaging, 23:110,
166-175
color encoding schemes, 23:
172-174
Doppler-based systems, 23:
167-170, 183, 184
power Doppler imaging, 23:
174-175
time-domain-analysis-based
systems, 23:167, 170-172
Color saturation, defined, 23:172
Color velocity imaging (CVI), 23:
171-172
Subject Index
Colpitts configuration, oscillator, 24:
238, 239
Columbia University, 15:38
Coma abberration, 21: 114
Combined Helmholtz integral
equation formulation (CHIEF),
22:62
Commercialization
piezoelectric composites, 24:
95-98, 99
technology transfer and, 23:
15-20, 40-41; 24: 15-20,
40-41
Communication systems, 1A:
364-371
frequency control devices, 24:
209-210, 211,212-216
synchronization, 24:213, 215, 216
Comparative attenuation, 19:109
Complex bulk modulus, 2B:
184-185
component evaluation, 2B: 184
measurements, 2B: 191-193
hydrostatic acoustics, 2B:
198-225
of polystyrene, 2B: 193-195
wave propagation, 2B: 184-198
pulse techniques, 2B: 185-186
storage and loss, 2B: 19t-193
stress relaxation, 2B: 209
temperature effects, 2B: 154-156
traveling wave techniques, 2B:
186-187
Complex coefficient definition, 6:
171
Complex compliance, anelasticity
and, 13:4
Complex dielectric constant, 6:71
Complex dynamic stiffness, 6:171
Complex frequency plane, 21: 265,
269, 287, 288
Complex Legendre gratings, 18:16
37
Complex modulus, IA: 88, 272-273
Complex propagation constants, 22:
98
Complex ray paths, 22:36
Complex rays, 21: 50, 51, 62, 72, 73,
100
Complex reflection coefficient, 6:
182
Complex root location, 21: 209
Complex sound velocity, 7:66
Complex source point, 21: 45, 51
Compliance, relaxed, 13:4
Compliant sphere pressure method,
19:118-119
Composite materials, 11: 310-311;
19: 130; 24:76
Composite piezoelectrics,
transducers, 23:104, 105
Composite-piston model, 18:
212-215, 225-232, 237, 244;
see also Rosencwaig-Gersho
thermal-piston model
Composite plate modes, infinite
substrate modes and, 9:87
Rayleigh modes and, 9:86
Composite resonators, 3B: 98-101;
4A: 153-155; 8:196-198
transmission-line equivalent circuit
of, 8:196-198
Composite transducers, 24: 44,
76-78
applications, 24: 98, 100-107
array transducers, 24:78-81
commercialization, 24: 95-98, 99
composite construction and, 24:
94-95
composite parameters and, 24:
84-91
lateral vibration modes, 24:
91-94
piezoelectric material
characteristics, 24:81-84
38
Composite transmit/dynamic receive
focus, medical ultrasound, 23:
120, 122-123
Compressibility, 2A: 74, 107-108;
2B: 199-208; 6:314-315
adiabatic, isothermal, 2B: 174
chemical equilibria, 2A: 376
excitation relaxation, 2A: 137
effective adiabatic, 2A: 144-145
instantaneous adiabatic, 2A:
140-141
isothermal, 4B: 72-73
electrolytes, 2A: 365-366
temperature, 2A: 368-370
in liquids, 2A: 287
molal
ionic concentrations, 2A:
358-365
isothermal, 2A: 363-364
normalized, 2A: 67
resistivity and, 4B: 70-77
rubber sulfur, 2B: 201-202,
205-208
temperature dependence, 2A:
327
temperature and pressure, 4B:
65-70
theoretical, 4B: 61-65
Compressibility coefficient, 20:253
Compression, polymers, 2B:
208-213
Compressional relaxation, 2A:
337-338
Compressional temperature and
velocity, 4B: 441-442
Compressional waves, 10: 143-145;
15:241-247
echoes of in aluminum alloy, 10:
142
generation of, 10:139
intensity distributions of, 10:140
Subject Index
in semimetals, 10:181-183
temperature dependence in, 10:
182
Computed tomography (CT)
medical applications, 23: 47-48,
49
ultrasonic signal processing, 17:
119
Computer-aided design, SAW
components, 24:149
Computers
digital, IA: 421-423, 496-497
in metal dislocation studies, 16:
182, 183
in quartz-crystal vibration analysis,
16: 42-43, 49-50, 51,
155-156
in random sound field studies, 17:
235
Computer software, SAW crystal
studies, 24: 152-153
Concave surface, 22:274
Concentration effect, in electron drag
stresses, 9:27-28
Concentration measurement,
ultrasound, 23:423
in gases, 23: 437-438, 440
in liquids, 23: 439, 441-443
Concrete, acoustic emission in, 11:
311
Condensed phase substances,
analytical applications of
photoacoustic spectroscopy to,
18:347-399
Condenser, spark discharge of, 15:
24
Conductance, ac variations, 2A: 457
Conductivity, 4B: 70-77
electrical, 20:246
in semiconductors, IB: 181-185
thermal, 3B: 214, 270; 20:251
Subject Index
in cavitation, 1B: 94-103,
142-143
due to lattice waves, 3B:.
218-219
quartz, 3B: 271-273
of water, 1B: 149
Conductivity equation, 4A: 336
Conductors, 4A: 152
rf penetration, 4A: 162
Confocal scanning microscope, 14:
31
Confocal scanning system, 14:34
Conical wavefronts, 21: 35, 219
Connectivity, piezoelectric
composites, 24: 83, 84-85
Conservation energy, 3B: 228
Conservation equations, 2A: 9-10,
35
Conservation frequency, 3B: 227
Conservation laws, 1A: 9
Constant-amplitude phase array, 18:
19
Constant phase planes, 6:114
Constant shear transducers, 14:
375
Constant volume (density) heat
capacity, 14:110
Constrained total least squares
technique, 22:22
Contactless sensors, 23: 443-456,
457
Containment vessel, 19:110
Continuity equation, 1A: 9; 2B:
240
Continuous-wave composite
resonator, 8:98
Continuous-wave Doppler systems,
23:150-155
Continuous-wave excitation, 18:
349, 350, 369, 370, 374,
388
39
Continuous-wave generation, 15:
22-23
Continuous-wave method, 19:82
history of, 8:96
for ultrasonic wave speeds, 17: 63,
105
Continuous-wave observation, of
anharmonic effects in solids, 8:
188-191
Continuous-wave oscillator, pulse-
echo-overlap (PEO) instrument,
24:349
Continuous wave spectrometer
systems, 8:129-155
sensitivity considerations in, 8:
130-132
transmission spectrometers and, 8:
132-137
ultrasonic, 8:152-155
Continuous-wave transmission
spectrometer, 8: 96-97,
132-137
composite resonator used in, 8:
101-103
equivalent electrical circuit method
model of, 8:99-104
marginal oscillator ultrasonic, 8:
142-152
Q-meter and if-bridge type, 8:
141-142
reflector type, 8:137-140
Continuous wave ultrasonics
applications of, 8:104-105,
170-196
attenuation and phase velocity in,
8:96
basic transmission spectrometer
and, 8:96-99
fundamentals of, 8:96-104
general composite resonator in, 8:
111-113
40
Continuous wave ultrasonics
(continued)
high-frequency, 8:95-198
interference effects and
inhomogeneous bonding in,
8:119-120
nonisolated one-dimensional
resonator in, 8:110-113
resonator assemblies and probes
in, 8:120-129
sampled-cw techniques and
spectrometers in, 8:155-163
theory and propagating wave
model in, 8:105-120
transducers and, 8:128-129
Continuum approximation, 3A: 372,
374-384
Continuum mechanics, IA: 2-54
balance of mass, momentum,
angular, momentum, and
energy, 1A: 9-18
deformation rate and vorticity, IA:
28-30
isotropic fluid media, IA: 48-52
material and spatial descriptions,
IA: 2-9, 4-6
acceleration, IA: 7
material derivative, IA: 6-7
rate of change of properties of a
body, IA: 7-9
velocity, IA: 3-4
volume change, IA: 7
nonlinear thermoelasticity in
solids, IA: 30-42
small deformation, IA: 52-54
strain, IA: 18-27
Contour deformation, 22:37
Contouring, for suppression of
vibrational modes of quartz
crystals, 16: 56-58, 65-66
Contour vibrations, 5:139
Contrapropagating transmission
Subject Index
transducer and flow cell
configurations in, 14:
419-423
in ultrasonic flow, 14" 414-436
Contrapropagation flowmeters, 23"
414
Contrast agents, medical imaging,
23:176-179
Contrast resolution, medical
ultrasound imaging, 23" 70,
75-77
Contravariant form, 22:230
Contravariant vector, 22" 236
Control engineering, piezoelectric
principles in, 9:130-131
Control loop
bimorph actuator in, 9:
145-149
Piezoelectric stepping motor in, 9:
153-156
Control parameter, 21: 56, 97, 99,
101
Conventional coherent system,
image produced by, 14:34
Conventional incoherent system,
image produced by, 14:34
Conventional superconductors,
attenuation, 20:1
magnetic field dependence, 20:13
clean type II, 20:19
dirty type II, 20:16
temperature dependence, 20:2
longitudinal waves, 20:4
transverse waves, 20:4
Conventional ultrasound pulse-echo
technique
difficulties, 20:384-385
measurement, 20:383-385
sample preparation, 20:383-385
Conversion efficiency
for acoustic power, 10:157
of microsound generation, 10:161
Subject I n d e x
Conversion mode, IB: 34-35
Convex array, medical ultrasound,
23:111
Convolvers, unapodized dispersive
transducers and, 15:184-187
Cooperative Jahn-Teller effect, 12: 3,
8-9; see also Jahn-Teller effect
application to rare earth crystals,
12:25-67
basic theoretical model of, 12:
10-12
in transition metal ion compounds,
12:67-73
Cooperative Jahn-Teller phase
transitions
elastic constants and, 12:20-23
paradigm of, 12: 25
for rare earth vanadates, 12:26-58
in thulium vanadate, 12:28-48
Cooperative Jahn-Teller systems,
elastic properties of, 12:9-25
Cooper pairs, 20:262
in single-particle tunneling, 12:
82-85, 95-96
Copper, 3B: 39; 4A: 250-260, 304,
373; 4B: 5-6
acoustoelastic measurements on,
17:112, 113
anelasticity, 3A: 313
annealing, 3A: 99-101
in hydrogen, 3A: 315
attenuation, 4A: 307
Bordoni experiments, 3A:
478-479
Debye 19, 3B: 4, 30-31
decrement, 3A: 329-330
dislocations, 3A: 324; 3B:
280-283; 4A: 237
divalent, 4A: 96-97
elastic moduli, 4A: 290-291,295
frequency dependence, 3A:
105-10g; 4A: 260
41
with germanium, 4A: 265, 268
graphical method, 3B: 11
internal friction, 3A: 97, 100,
103-105, 345-349
irradiated, 3A: 333-336, 348-349,
351-352; 4A: 252
kink, 3A: 463
polycrystalline, 3A: 97, 100,
103-105; 4A: 235
Q, 3B: 290
recovery time, 4A: 260
rolled, 4B: 319-322
series expansion, 3B: 13-15
single crystal, 4A: 232, 266
decrement vs. frequency, 4A:
262-263
doped, 3A: 102-104
internal friction, 3A: 96, 98
single crystal constants, 3B: 44-45
SOE constants of, 17:4
stress-induced velocity studies on,
17:62
subsidiary peak, 3A: 109-111
surface, 3B: 5-6
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 29-32
velocity, 4A: 283-287
magnetic field dependence, 4A:
283-284
Copper acetate, 2A: 419, 421,424,
429
Copper-aluminum crystals,
dislocation drag in, 16: 201,
203, 204
Copper crystals, dislocation drag in,
16: 196-197, 199, 200, 213
Copper-gold alloy, 4A: 286-287
Copper oxide, planes, distortions,
20: 289, 290
Copper-zinc compound, TOE
constants for, 17:3
Corank, 21: 98, 104
Cornell University, 15:312
42
Coronet necks, sound velocity
oscillations due to, 8:87-88
Corporate environment, technology
transfer and, 23: 12-14; 24:
12-14
Correlation flowmeters
tag or tracer in, 14:449-453
test data for, 14:412
Correlation length, 6 : 6
Correlation photoacoustic
spectroscopy method, 18: 361,
362
Correlations, long-range, 6:17
Correlators, 24:171-172
Corundum, 4B: 365
COS, 2A: 153
Cosense, liquid level equipment, 23:
320, 322-323
Cottrell theory, 3A: 244, 247
Coulomb, long-range, 7:60
Coulomb force, in electrostatic
transducer, 14:315
Coulomb potential, 3A: 434
Countdown (frequency divider), 19:
84
Coupled cavities, 6 : 2 0
Coupled thickness-shear vibrations,
electrode strips in, 9:
187-191
Coupled wave fields, 5:121
Couple stress, IA: 12
Coupling, 3B: 131-135; 4B:
182-183; 19:109
antiferromagnetic crystals, 4A:
175-176
between vibrational modes of
quartz crystals, 16: 42, 45
constants, 1A: 182-193
dispersion, 3B: 136
excitation equilibria, 2A: 119-120
isothermal reactions, 2A: 103-109
compressibility, 2A: 107-108
Subject Index
eigenvalue problem, 2A:
103-105
numerical example, 2A:
108-109
relaxation times, 2A: 105
reverse transformation, 2A:
106-108
mechanisms, 22:101
molecular, 4A: 185-187
multiple relaxation, 2A: 110
nuclear electric quadrupole, 4A:
131-138
nuclear spin-phonon, 4A: 153, 159
pulse techniques, 4A: 162
screened, 4A: 41-43
to nuclei in metals, 4A: 176
Coupling constant, 6 : 5
piezoelectric composites, 24:
88-89
piezoelectric materials, 24:80-81
Coupling factor, 9: 224; 22:35
resonance frequency and, 13:
131
Coupling mode, IA: 153-158
causes, IA: 153, 155-156
effect of pulse propagation, IA:
153-155
in plate-type waveguides, IA:
156-158
Covalency, 3B: 71
Covariant derivative, 22: 239, 240,
246
Covariant form, 22: 230, 236
CPM, see Composite-piston model
Crack detection, AE system for, 15:
351; see also Microcracks
Crack growth, in acoustic emissions,
11:305
Cracking process
dislocation loop in, 15:324-325
surface displacement for typical
emission in, 15:326
Subject I n d e x
Cracks, thermal imaging of, 18:
270-272
Crack volume, growing microcrack
lifetime and, 15:327
Cramer's rule, 15: 243; 22:290
Cranes, acoustic emission testing of,
15:350
Creation operators, 6:72-73
Creep
acoustic emission and, 11: 335
below Tg, 2B: 150
bulk, and recovery, 2B: 213-215
and creep recovery, 2B: 151
microseismic activity and, 11:308
minimum times, 2B: 148
rate, steady-state, 2B: 141-148
and stress, 2B: 94-95
relaxation, 2B: 131-154
temperature change, 2B: 215-217
volume curves, 2B: 216-217
torsional, 2B: 149
"Creeping" waves, 10: 22, 26, 29,
34-35, 54-57, 71-84; 15: 206,
246; 21: 242, 245, 246, 250,
257, 277-280, 288; 22: 175;
see also Franz creeping waves
attenuation in, 10:77
contribution, 22:34
first computation of, 10:82
pulse shape in, 10:76
relative velocity of, 10:76
schlieren visualization of, 10:
71-73
velocity and attenuation in, 10:77
Creep recovery, anelasticity and, 13:
2 206, 219, 220
Critical angle, 21: 44, 164, 170, 251
scattering, 21:205
Critical exponent theoretical values,
7:112
Critical field, 7:18-19
at energy interface, 7:17
43
thermodynamic, 7:2
Critical mixtures, ultrasonic
absorption in, 7:61
Critical opalescence, 6 : 2
Critical phonons, 20:262
Critical point, 6: 26, 37
liquid-vapor, 7:62
Critical temperature, 7" 6, 20
Critical values, of wavenumber, 22:
285, 350
Cross-derivatives, 22:209
Crossed-field Mason circuit, 15:137
Crossed-field model, 9:224
array-factor analyses and, 15:
154-160
capabilities of, 15:141-142
electrode mass/electrical loading
and, 15:140-141
element factor for, 15:139-140
of piezoelectric transducer, 9:231
simple array-factor concept and,
15:155-157
three-port circuit for, 15:138-139
Cross-polarized scattering, 21: 158,
194
Cross relaxation, in spin-phonon
interactions, 8:11
Cryogenic measurements of TOE
constants, 17:22-27
block diagram of setup, 17:26
Crystal detectors, 15:32
Crystal filters, 24: 267-268; see also
Monolithic crystal filters
monolithic, 9:167-219
Crystalline electric fields (CEF), 20:
Crystalline media, 2B: 353
Crystalline quartz, 19:104
Crystallite
cubic, 4B: 274
hexagonal, 4B: 274-275
Crystallization, 2B: 101
44
Crystallization ( c o n t i n u e d )
detection in amorphous substrates,
18:106
Crystallography
phase transitions, 6:38
Voigt investigations in, 15:24
Crystal motors, 9:135-138
Crystal orientation, IB: 179
Crystal oscillator (XO), 15: 36; 24:
223-236, 237
acceleration, 24:253-256
magnetic field, 24:256-257
noise, 24:243-246
radiation, 24:257-259
shock, 24: 256, 257
stability vs. tunability, 24:
227-228
Crystal plates, 24:224
as acoustic transducers, 13:119
doubly rotated, 13:122
Crystals
AC and BC, 1A: 376
ADP, 1A: 428-430
alkali halide, 4A: 130, 169
anharmonicities, 3B: 210-211; 6:
357
antiferromagnetic, 4A: 175-176
AT, IA: 375-376
CT, IA: 376; 5:156
cubic, s e e Cubic crystals
cuts for improving frequency
spectrum, 1A: 376
DT, 1A: 375-376
excitation of common modes, IA:
232-233
fcc
{ 111 } plane, 3A: 401-403, 410,
420
[ 111 ] plane, 3A: 409
ferroelectric, IA: 204-210
ferromagnetic, 4A: 138
flux-grown, 3B: 182
Subject Index
hcp, 3A: 410-411
hexagonal, IA: 179, 183
ideal, 3A: 362; 3B: 203, 205
illumination effects, 3B: 116-117
imperfect, 8:239-244
insulating, 4A: 2
ionic, 3A: 69-74; 4A: 171-174
mixed, 3A: 73
NaC1 type, 3A: 423
irradiated, 3B: 104-109
low temperature, 3B: 107-109
room temperature, 3B:
105-107
liquid, s e e Liquid crystals
longitudinal generating, 1A:
493-494
magnesium oxide, 2B: 260
magnetic, 4A: 124-128
absorption, 4A: 138-139
with domain walls, 4A: 126
nuclear interaction, 4A: 124
monoclinic, IA: 193
nonmagnetic, 4A: 118-123
III-V semiconductors, 4A:
130-131
"normal," IA: 175
phonon echoes in, 16:219-220
photoelastic matrices, 2B:
354-355
photoelastic measurements, 2B:
362-364
anharmonicity, 2B: 367
birefringent, 2B: 363-366
piezoelectric, s e e Piezoelectric
crystals
point defects, 3A: 1-42
precision oscillator, IA: 397-399
quartz, s e e Quartz
real, 3B: 203, 205, 208
single, s e e Single crystals
sodium chlorate, 4A: 130
sound absorption in, 12:166
Subject Index
spin-phonon interaction, 4A:
47-112
tetragonal, 1A: 183, 193
three-dimensional, 3A: 424
triclinic, IA: 186, 193
unirradiated, 3B: 102-104
wurtzite, IA: 191, 194-195; IB:
335-336; 4A: 5-7
X-cut quartz, 1A: 376-377; 4B: 20
zincblende, 1B: 337-338
Crystal structure, high Tc
superconductors, 20:291-295
Crystal symmetry, IA: 171-175,
173-174; 9:88-109
boundary-condition determinant
in, 9:93-95
class
2, IA: 174
63 m m and 4 m m , 1A: 174-175
32, 1A: 175
222, IA: 172-173
classification of, 9:88-93
dielectric and elastic constants,
1A: 172
orthorhombic, 1A: 327
trigonal, IA: 328
Crystal unit, resonance frequency,
24:236
Crystal unit equivalent circuit, 24:
224-227
C-scan imaging, 24: 68, 74, 276-278
with ball target, 24: 65-67, 68, 73,
75
history, 24:280
with microprobe, 24:67
C-scans, 23:200-201,202,
236-238, 239, 240
CT, see Computed tomography
CTI Manufacturing, point sensors,
23: 328, 329, 330
CTRSR, 3A: 194
CTSR, 3A: 159-162
45
C-type vibrations, of quartz crystals,
16:76
Cube texture, 4B: 319-322
velocity in, 4B: 322
Young's modulus E, 4B: 321
Cubic crystals, 1A: 101-108; 3A:
9-11, 16-21; 4A: 132; 6 : 1 4
diamond, 3A: 53-54
difference between tetragonal and,
6:144
elastic coefficients, 1A: 72
elastic moduli and mode velocities
in, 10:215
equations, 3A: 49-50
ferromagnetic, 3B: 193
harmonic generation of
longitudinal waves in, 17:
5-12
hydrostatic pressure, 1A: 102-104
Rayleigh modes for, 9:110-111
semiconductor, IA: 179, 182
surface wave velocity for, 6:
141-146
theory of third-order elastic
constants of, 17:2
third-order coefficients, 1A:
101
under shear stress, 3A: 13
uniaxial compression, 1A:
104--108
wave propagation along pure mode
directions in, 17:9-11
Cubic secular equation, 3B: 6-7
Cubic system, ion-strain interaction
and, 12:62
Curie point, 6:66
ferroelectric, 7:60
magnetic, 7:110
Curie-Weiss law, 6: 74, 76; 7:98
Current density
electron, 20:8
lattice, 20:8
46
Curvature, effect on delay
characteristic, IA: 437-438,
454-455
Curvature difference, 21: 115
Curvature tensor, 22: 232, 246,
283
Curved sequenced array, 24: 78, 79
Curved surfaces, acoustic radiation
from, 10:61-125
Curved transparent objects, surface
waves in, 10:37-56
Curvilinear coordinates, 22:282
Cusp
catastrophes, 21: 98, 103, 127, 141
of caustics, 21: 58, 67, 78, 89, 118,
119, 188
opening rate of, 21: 69, 79, 86
Cusp point, 21: 68, 77, 84, 85
CVI, s e e Color velocity imaging
CW, s e e Continuous wave
CW, s e e u n d e r Continuous wave
CW oscillator, s e e Continuous-wave
oscillator
Cyanobenzylidene-octyloxyaniline,
sound propagation in, 14: 158,
167-168
Cycle choice, 19:100
Cycle-for-cycle superposition, 19:
84
Cyclohexane, 4A: 192
Cyclotron
absorption, 7:18
frequency, 7:19
Cyclotron mass, 5: 30, 42, 51
Cylinder devices, in ultrasonic
measurements, 8:211-233
Cylinders, 21: 33-37, 154, 155
aberration, 21:69
acoustic radiation from, 10:
68-70
creeping wave properties of, 10:
73-81
Subject Index
finite, 22: 67, 87-105, 111-136,
166
geometry, 2B: 296
guided elastic waves, IA: 153-164
hollow, 10:96-104
hydrophone measurements with,
10:73-81
impenetrable, diffraction by, 12:
260
infinite, 22: 48, 51, 58, 61, 154,
162, 166, 176
isotropic elastic, IA: 112-113
oscillatory flow, 2B: 295-299
in fluid, 2B: 317-319
reradiated acoustic field at, 10:
81-82
resonance formulation for, 15:
197-202
rigid, 22:83
scattering theory and, 15:194-207
shear waves and, 10:84
shell, 21: 199-203, 207-214
solid, 10:62-96
modes of propagation, IA:
130-141
Cylindrical bar, 22: 53, 121
speed, 22: 107, 184
wave, 22: 107, 146, 153, 177
Cylindrical fluid-filled cavities, 15:
268-273
dispersion curves for, 15:272
resonance theory for scattering
from, 15:270-271
Cylindrical geometry, 1 9 : 9 2
Cylindrical shells
acoustic pulse incident on, 12:228
acoustic radiation from, 10:
96-104
hydrophone measurements for, 10:
103-104
resonance theory for, 15:208
ring-stiffened, 12:269-270
Subject Index
transverse acoustic pulse and, 12:
234
Cylindrical waves, reflection and
transmission of, 13:198-200
Cytoplasm, viscosity of in SAM
studies, 14:74-75
D measurement, 3B: 98
Daisy pattern, 21: 310-312
D'Alembert's paradox, 11:72
Dalton's law of partial pressures, 17:
171
Damping
acoustic wave, 4A: 299-352
alkali halide, 3B: 102-104
and amplitude, 3A: 192
amplitude dependent, 3A:
128-129, 157-158
frequency dependence, 3A:
158-159
"background," 4A: 261
collisional, 4B: 141
and dislocation, 3A: 241-267
dislocation, 3A: 368; 4A:
225-274, 299-352
high-frequency, 4A: 335-336
kilocycle frequency, 4A:
232-235
low-frequency, 4A: 231-232
electromagnetic waves, 4B: 155
electron, 4A: 310-311, 315-317
fatigue studies, 3A: 270-273
ferromagnetic material, 3A:
224-240
helicon waves, 4B: 165
in ionized gases, 4B: 152
iron, 3A: 239-240
irradiation effects, 3A: 136-138
kilocycle range, 3A: 258-261; 4A:
249, 260-264
47
Landau damping, s e e Landau
damping
lithium fluoride and copper, 4A:
256
low frequency, 3A: 248-258
magnetomechanical, s e e
Magnetomechanical damping
magnetosonic waves, 4B: 173
megacycle range, 3A: 261-268;
4A: 250-264
in NaC1, 4A: 252
nonlinear, 3A: 170-176
peaks, 3A: 53, 58, 63
purity, 3A: 138-142
strain amplitude
dependent, 3A: 248-259
independent, 3A: 248, 257-261
suppression, 3B: 105-107
permanence, 3B: 106
in tantalum, 3A: 130
thermoelastic, 4B: 278
zero-point theory, 4A: 270
Damping spectra, 3A: 125
molybdenum, 3A: 139-140
niobium, 3A: 128
polycrystalline, 3A: 136
tantalum, 3A: 140
Danfoss, ultrasonic flowmeters, 23:
387, 390, 391
Daniel Measurement and Control,
UltraTap Ultrasonic Flowmeter,
23:280
Dark-field imaging, with Sonoscan
acoustic microscope, 14:78
Datac, Inc., sonic resonance
instrument, 23: 258-259, 261
Davidson-Cole distribution, 2A: 338
Dc electric field, influence of on
quartz crystals, 11: 283-287
DCM, s e e Direct coupling methods
DDS, s e e Direct digital synthesis
48
"Death ray," 15:83
Debye approximation, 3B: 258
Debye dielectric loss, 3A: 34
Debye equations, 3A: 5-7
Debye functions, 4B: 371
Debye-H/ickel theory, 2A: 354,
358-365, 370, 373
chemical relaxation, 2A: 387
dilute solutions, 2A: 360-362
ionic species, 2A: 428
velocity, compressibility, 2A:
358-365
Debye peak, 3A: 6-7, 30, 34
broad, 3A: 8-9
Debye screening length, 4A: 13,
42-43
Debye-Sears effect, 15: 47, 54
Debye series, in surface wave
analysis, 10: 50, 52
Debye spectrum, 3A: 461
Debye sphere, radius of, 9:18
Debye temperature, 3A: 421; 4B:
373; 8: 311,319, 332
attenuation and, 8:327
solids, 3B: 1-42
computer program, 3B: 47-48
from density, 3B: 62--64
from elastic constants, 3B:
45-46
theory, 3B: 1-5
Debye velocity, 6:93
Debye VRH moduli, 3B: 54-55
Debye-Waller function, 10:277
Decay, 3A: 263-267
attenuation, 3A: 278
time dependent, 3A: 263-264
Decibel, 19:108
Decomposition, displacement field,
IA: 26
Decrement
polycrystalline Cu, 4A: 235
and strain amplitude, 4A: 233
Subject Index
De-excitation processes,
nonradiative, 18: 168, 169, 176,
177, 349
Defects
clustering, 3A: 349-355
-dislocation, 3A: 314-357
copper, 3A: 355-357
diffusion, 3A: 332-344
energy dissipation, 3A: 314-332
internal friction, 3A: 345-349
detection, 18: 103, 474
equilibrium numbers of, 8:
260-262
extrinsic, 5:128
intrinsic, 5:129
migration, 3A: 306-307
pairs, 3A: 29-38
semiconductor device materials, 5:
135
structure, 3A: 138-142
Deflection signal, transverse, 18:
468
Deflectors
diffraction, 7:325-328
anisotropic materials, 7:
327-328
efficiency, 7:328
performance parameters, 7:
325-326
gradient, 7:323-325
isotropic, 7:327
DeForest triode, 15:23
Deformation, 1A: 18-27; 3A:
125-128, 250-251,363
isentropic, small, IA: 95-97
large elastic, constitutive
equations, IA: 33
parameter, 7:183
plastic, IB: 145; 3B: 111-112,
121-122; 4A: 232-233, 247
recovery process, 4A: 259-260
potential, 7:153
Subject Index
rate and vorticity, 1A: 28-30
shearing, 2B: 165
small, IA: 52-55
constitutive equations, IA: 87
sodium chloride, 3A: 211-214,
220-221
on solid surfaces, 18:393
tensors, IA: 20
isotropic, 7:184
thermally induced, 18:399
ultrasonic methods, 3A: 199-221
volume, 2B: 173
Deformational mechanics, 2B: 5-6
complex compliance, 2B: 6
complex modulus, 2B: 5-6
Deformation generation, in
semimetals, 10:166
Deformation-induced peaks, 3A:
184-187
Deformation potentials, calculation
of for glasses, 12:201-203
Deformation vector, defined, 14:97
Degeneracy, 19:128
in semiconductors, 1B: 177
temperature, IB: 182
Degenerate electrons, 4A: 23
Degenerate multiplet, 22:33
Degenerate perturbation theory, 14:
135
De Gennes elasticity theory, for
smectic A, 14:174-175
Degree of homogeneity of a
functional, 22:255
de Haas-van Alphen effect, 4A: 285,
359, 361,370, 373-374; 5:
24-25
Delaminations, imaging of, 18: 144,
160, 163, 456
deLaunay's tables, 3B: 7-10
Delay
generators, 19:84
measurements, 19:84
49
time, 19:83
Delay lines, 4B: 260; 15: 77-78; 19:
104
biphase coded tapped, 15:
119-120
with interdigital transducers, 15:
102-104
microwave, 3B: 148, 150
tapped, 15:183-184
transversal filter and, 15:104
ultrasonic, IA: 417-500
definition, 1A: 418-419
dispersive, applications, IA:
424-428
guided wave, 1A: 417-483
history, IA: 419-420, 485-486
materials, IA: 429-431,
435-437
multiple reflection type, IA:
420, 485-500
nondispersive, applications, IA:
420-424
piezoelectrically driven, 1A:
418
shear mode strip, IA:
438-446
strip, 1A: 455-467
transducers, IA: 439-440
variable, 4B: 341-344
Delta Control Corp., air-coupled
ultrasound, 23:447
Delta (8) symbol, 22:198
Delta-function model, interdigital
transducer and, 15:113-114
"Delta-function" wire, 14:201
Delta pulses, 21: 243,244, 249, 250,
277, 279
Demand-pull force, technology
transfer, 23:2-3; 24:2-3
Densitometer
raster scan, 18:413
ultrasonic, 14:503-507
50
Density
high To, superconductors, 20:
295-296
spectral, 4B: 195, 202-204
spin, IA: 12
Density gradients, 20:7
Depinning, 4A: 271-272
Depolarized scattering, 6:10-12
Depth information, 18:405
Depth profiling, 18: 173, 474
Descartes ray, 21: 63, 64, 111, 112
Desorption, effect in photoacoustic
signal production, 18:247
Detector sensitivity
for low-energy phonons, 12:
110-111
in quantitative phonon detector
model, 12:101-104
Detector signal measurement, in
quantitative phonon detection
model, 12:98-100
Detour parameter, 21:17, 20, 42
Detrex Corporation, 1 5 : 6 8
Devitrification, 4B: 270
Dewar system, 3B: 99, 101
Dew-Hughes model, 16:209
DFT, see Discrete Fourier transform
Diagrammatic representation, 22:
126
Diamagnetic properties, of
superconductors, 7 : 6
Diamond-Ue solids, Keating's model
for lattice dynamics of, 17:
51
Diasonics Vingmed Ultrasound,
piezoelectric composites, 24:99
"Dice and fill" method, piezoelectric
composites, 24:95
p-Dichlorobenzene, 4A: 192
Dielectric breakdown, generation of
acoustic waves by, 18: 24-29,
55, 56
Subject I n d e x
Dielectric coefficients, for quartz
crystals, 11: 261-265
Dielectric constant, 6:71-72
perturbed, 7:275
piezoelectric composites, 24: 87,
88
Dielectric crystals
interaction of sound waves with
thermal phonons in, 8:
279-339
phonon mean free path in, 12:
146-147
ultrasonic attenuation in, 12:
160-161
Dielectric film layers, SAW
substrate, 24:182-183
Dielectric loss, 3A: 69-70
Dielectric loss peak, 5:100
Dielectric relaxation, 2B: 113-116;
6:238
Dielectric resonator oscillator
(DRO), 24:218, 244
Dielectrics, 4A: 195-222
charge distribution in, 18:117
electroacoustic interaction in, 16:
222-227
Dielectric sphere, dispersion curves
for surface waves of, 15:291
Dielectric tensor, 6: 5, 14; 7:276
Diethyl p,p'-azoxydibenzoate, sound
propagation anisotropy in, 14:
165-166
Differential cross section, 21: 27, 28
Diffracted intensity, from surface of
perfect crystal, 16:97
Diffracted surface rays, 10: 34, 62
Diffraction, see also Light
diffraction; Scattering
for acoustic analogues of optical
components, 13: 107-110
acousto-optic effects and, 15:
48-49
Subject Index
angular spectrum of waves theory
and, 13:85
on anisotropic cylinders and disks,
13:110-111
anisotropic surface acoustic wave,
13:79-111
beam spreading in, 11: 153
beam steering theory and, 13:
93-94
by thick plate, 11: 106-109
catastrophes, 21: 4, 53, 104, 105
deflectors, 7:325-328
dynamic theory of, 13:184
efficiency, 7:320
Fresnel region in, 11:152
from large apertures, 11: 152
geometric theory of, 10:30
inverse; 13:110
minimal cuts in, 13:105-107
of perfect crystal, equations for, 5:
120
prediction
in surface acoustic wave
diffraction, 13:85-86
ultrasound "prediction" of, 15:
47-48
process, 21: 239
surface acoustic wave delay line
design and, 13:98-105
for tapered source functions, 13:
94-98
theory, 15:49
two-step solution in, 11:153
ultrasonic, see Ultrasonic
diffraction
Diffraction coefficient, 10:31; 21:
18
Diffraction correction, 19:101-102,
105, 107, 109, 123, 129-134,
149
anisotropic materials, 19:130
formulas, 19:130-133
51
isotropic materials, 19:129
longitudinal waves, 19:129
phase shitts, 19:104
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
173-186
Diffraction gratings, see also
Complex Legendre gratings;
Galois reflection phase grating;
Zech gratings
in acoustic holography, 10:
367-368
characteristics of, 18:1-20
phase, 18: 2, 6, 9, 12-14, 20
Diffraction loss
from rectangular, gaussian,
truncated gaussian, and
cosine-shaped sources, 13:
96
from unequal receiving and
transmitting apertures, 13:97
Diffraction loss curve, 13:94
Diffractive degrees of freedom, 22:
28
Diffuse reflection, in microwave
excitations, 10:160-162
Diffuse reflectors, medical
ultrasound, 23: 59, 60-61
Diffuse scattering, 23: 59, 60-61
Diffusion, 1B: 74
copper, 1B: 343-347
in ordered alloys, 3A: 69
random walk process, 3A: 44-45
rectified, 1B: 120-123
stress induced, 2B: 111-112
temperature
time, 3A: 332-334
surveys, 3A: 332-337
to dislocations, 3A: 337-344
theory, 3A: 465-474
Diffusion equation, IA: 64
derivation of, 8:55-56
Diffusivity, 5:274-277
~2
Digital archiving, medical imaging,
23:176
Digital bandpass filter, 23:127
Digital beamforming, 23:124-130
Digital communications
phase-shift-keyed (PSK) digital
modulation, 24:216
slips, 24:216
synchronization, 24:216
Digital element line buffers (DELB),
medical ultrasound, 23:125,
126, 128
Digital imaging, 23:102-103
arrays
annular array, 23:112
convex array, 23:111
linear stepped array, 23:
108-111
phase arrays, 23:106-108, 118,
131
vector array, 23:111-112
beamforming, 23:124-130
digital scan converter (DSC), 23:
98-99, 134-138
endocavity transducers, 23:
112-114
array beam patterns, 23:
114-119
image display, 23:138-141
image postprocessing, 23:
141-144
intraoperative transducers, 23:114,
115
multielement transducers, 23:
103-106, 114
quantization errors, 23: 130-134
transmitter, 23:123-124
zone focusing, 23: 119-123
Digital processing, medical
ultrasound, 23:127-128
Digital quadrature detection (DQD),
medical ultrasound, 23:127
Subject Index
Digital scan converter (DSC),
medical ultrasonic imaging, 23:
98-99, 134-138
Digital shift register (DSR), medical
ultrasound, 23:126
Digital vemier phase shift
multiplication, 23:126-127
Digital video line buffer (DVLB),
medical ultrasound, 23: 127,
134-135
Digital Wave Corp., Modal AE, 24:
359-360
Dilatation, 2B: 216
Diode limiter, 19:85
Dioxane, 2A: 447
relaxation frequency, 2A: 438
Dipolar force, long-range, 6:65
Dipolar pressure pulse, 18:45
Dipolar pressure signal, 18:27
Dipolar Rayleigh wave, 18:74
Dipolar transients, 18:36
Dipotassium tartrate, 15:61-62
Dirac delta functions, 14: 196; 18:
178; 22:270
Direct-connection transducer, 15:
165-166
Direct coupling methods, use in
measurements of thermoelastic
vibrations of waves, 18: 349,
353, 354
Direct digital synthesis (DDS), 24:
355
Direct excitation spin, 4A:
153-162
equivalent circuit, 4A: 155-157
matching network, 4A: 157-160
Directional caustic, 21: 24, 29, 78,
83, 155
Directivity patterns, 18: 69, 75
Direct-pulse-intemal measurement
for ultrasonic wave speeds, 17:
63
Subject Index
Direct rays, in generalized ray
theory, 13:212-213
Dirichlet boundary condition, 22:
286
Dirichlet problem, 22:289
Discontinuity, 2B: 238
nondestructive testing, 23:
203-204
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT),
18: 5, 12, 16
medical ultrasound, 23:161
Disk, dc field, 3B: 140-143
Disk transducer, 3B: 143-148; 14:
225
ferromagnetic, 3B: 143, 147
transmission line, 3B: 144-146
Dislocation attenuation, low- and
high-frequency components of,
8:350-351,358-364
Dislocation barrier, velocity-
dependent, 9:15
Dislocation damping, Granato-Lficke
theory of, 8:358
Dislocation-dislocation interactions,
4A: 257
Dislocation lines
curved, 3A: 408-413
displacements, 3A: 365-366
with kink pair, 3A: 449-455
straight, 3A: 405-408, 415-424
tension, 3A: 414
Dislocation loops, 7:180
in microcrack processes, 15:
324
for source event, 15:325
Dislocation losses, 4A: 229-246
Dislocation motion
damping of by phonons and
electrons, 9 : 2
electron drag stresses and, in
superconductors, 9:1-31
lattice resistance to, 9 : 2
53
temperature dependence in, 9:
28-30
Dislocation relaxation, 3A:
123-196; 13:19-22
activation, 3A: 145-147, 183
continuum treatment, 3A: 176-177
point defect and, 3A: 162-164
Dislocations, 5 : 9 4
acoustic emission generation due
to, 15:340-342
for alloys and impure metals, 8:
364-367
attenuation in Cu, 4A: 253
in bcc metals, 3 A: 241-242
and damping, 3A: 241-267; 4A:
226
decrement in Cu, 4A: 254
defect
behavior, 3A: 307-308
clustering, 3A: 349-355
migration, 3A: 306-307
defined, 9:1
drag coefficients, 3B: 274-284
edge-type, 3A: 324-326, 372-373,
420; 3B: 278-279
elastic constants and, 8:244-252
electron damping, 4A: 310-311,
317-322
energy, 3A: 388-397
energy equation for, 8:362
experiments, 3A: 247-268; 8:
250-252
internal friction due to, 8:347-371
in metals
electron and phonon drag on,
16:173-215
high-velocity type, 16:179
mobile, 16: 180-178, 209-210
motion of, 16:174
spectroscopy of, 16:208
mobility
intrinsic lattice, 3A: 178
54
Dislocations (continued)
point defects, 3A: 178-182
models of, 8 : 2 4 4 - 2 5 0
motion, 3A: 164-177
multiwell potential, 3A:
165-166
through solid, 3B: 277-278
movement, 3A: 475-477
narrow, 3A: 384-390
pairs, 3A: 379-384
Peierls model, 3A: 397-427
pinned, loop model, 3A: 242-247
pinned down, 4A: 240
radiation defects, 3A: 305-306
screw-type, 3A: 324-326, 420,
422; 4A: 270, 313
in copper, 4A: 255-256
extended, 3A: 413-414,
417-418
single, 3A: 375-379
theory, 4A: 229-231
for moon and earth rocks, 8:
368-371
thermally activated, 3A: 159
ultrasonic velocity, 3A: 21 4-221
velocity, effect on, 4A: 289-291
vibrating string model, 4A:
226-229, 245-249
vibration, 3A: 204
volume changes associated with,
8:251
wide, 3A: 390-395
Dislocation segment
depinning of, 9:23
pinned, 9:21
underdamping of, 9:23
vibrating-string model of, 9:
20-26
Dispersion, IA: 62, 310-311; 4A: 2
acoustical relaxation, 2A: 96-97
acoustic velocity, 6:28
electrolytes, 2A: 439, 441
Subject Index
from propagation in curved rod,
IA: 437-438
irreversible processes, 2A: 66-72
single relaxation, 2A: 68-69
in para-H2, 2A: 178
secondary, 2B: 194-195
sound waves and, 8 : 3 3 4 - 3 3 6
and temperature, 2A: 146
thin lithium niobate plate, 13:62
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
174-175
velocity, 2A: 171, 315-318,
439-440
Dispersion curves, 22:29
changes in, for gold-quartz
composites, 9:83-84
Lamb waves and, 10:18
for Rayleigh wave, 15:213-217
for saggital-plane modes, 9:87
for transverse modes of composite
plate, 9:88
Dispersion design, for lithium
niobate, 13:51
Dispersion equation, 4B: 134-135
electron acoustic waves, 4B:
110-111
propagation in collisionless
plasma, 4B: 126-131
Dispersion excitation relaxation, 2A:
137-142
Dispersionless regime, measurement
in, 14:154
Dispersion relations, 4B: 117-118,
118
electromagnetic waves, 4B:
116-117
laser equations and, 4B: 131-133
magnetoelastic wave, 4B: 217-225
partially ionized gas, 4B: 111-112
sound waves, 4B: 115-117
Dispersive delay lines, 19: 84,
104
Subject Index
Dispersive effect, amplitude-
dependent, 8:189-191
Dispersive filters, 15:180-183; see
also Surface acoustic wave
filters
design procedure for, 15:181-182
example of, 15:182-183
Dispersive medium, 19: 82, 83
sound propagation in, 16:4
Dispersive reflection, for multiline
arrays, 9:271
Dispersive specimens, 19:96
Dispersive transducers, 15:181-182
unapodized, 15:184-187
Displaced oscillator transformation,
Hamiltonian and, 12:12-16
Displacement
components in cylinders
flexural modes, 1A: 183
longitudinal modes, 1A:
135-136, 138, 449-450
torsional modes, 1A: 134
continuity of, 1A: 80
distribution properties in a mode,
1A: 118-120
general solutions and source
functions for, 13:188-193
gradients, 1A: 73, 75-76
in prestressed bodies, 17:66-69
rigid, 1A: 20
vector in cylinders, 1A: 130-132
vector in plates, 1A: 113
Displacement field, 1A: 18; 22:65
Displacement meters, IB: 200
Displacement patterns, Rayleigh
mode and, 9:64-65
Displacive ferroelectrics, 7:107
Dissipationless theory, 2B: 337-339
Dissipative effects, in
hydrodynamics, 14:115-120
Dissipative media, 2B: 232-250
Dissociation, 2A: 76, 387-388
55
one-step, 2A: 403
rate constants, 2A: 404-407
single-step, 2A: 442
three-step, 2A: 444
Dissociation equilibrium, relaxation,
2A: 193-199
Distance sensors, 23: 288, 302, 321
Distinguished limits, in scattering
problems, 11: 96
Distortion, 2B: 232
finite amplitude, 2B: 250-263,
333-334
phenomenological description,
2B: 334
RF acoustic pulse, 2B: 252-253
in viscous medium, 2B: 239-242
wave, 2B: 236-238
Distribution equivalent circuit, 2B:
27
Distribution relaxation times, 2B:
24-28
Disturbance
irrotational, 1A: 78
solenoidal, IA: 77
Disymmetrical systems, 4B:
197-206
Boltzmann's H theorem, 4B:
198-199
S+ 1, 4B: 199-201
symmetry and invariance, 4B:
197-198
thermodynamics and, 4B: 199
Divergence theorem, 22: 71, 78, 269
DKDP crystal, in acoustic
holography, 10: 360, 364-365
DNA, IB: 151-152
Dolph-Chebyshev tapering, 14:223
Domain
reorientation, IA: 217-219, 257
scattering, 7:100
structure, macroscopic, 7:10
switching, IA: 210-212, 215-216
56
Donnell's model of cylindrical shell,
22:249
Doping, 4A: 325-326, 349
and elastic moduli, 4A: 326-327
theory, 4A: 327-332
Doppler-based color flow imaging,
23: 110, 167-170, 183, 184
Doppler blood-flow signals, from
breast, 14:440
Doppler catheter, design of, 14:441
Doppler configurations, for
externally or internally mounted
transducers, 14:436-437
Doppler effect, 19:242-243
broadening, 18:283
in crystal vibration studies, 16:114
description of, 14:411-412, 436,
467
Doppler equipment, clamp-on, 14:
412; see also Doppler
configurations; Doppler
flowmeters
Doppler flowmeters, 14:436-446
crossed-beam, 14:442
industrial, 14:445-446
scatterers and, 14: 437-443
Doppler flowmetry
in blood flow applications, 14:
443-444
industrial applications of, 14:
444-446
Doppler frequency shift, medical
ultrasound, 23:81-83
Doppler profile, 18:283
by successive beam intersections,
14:499-500
Doppler radar
delay lines for, 15:77
low-noise oscillator, 24:218,
219
Doppler returns, range-gaited, 14:
499-500
Subject Index
Doppler shift, automobile noise and,
14: 442; see also Doppler
effect
Doppler splitting, 4B: 9
Doppler systems, 1B: 40
Doppler tube, 14:515
Doppler ultrasound
advanced Doppler flow sensors,
23:414-421
applications, 23: 147-151, 158,
165, 168-169
audio output, 23:161
coherent pulsed wave (PW)
system, 23:155-157
color flow imaging, 23:110,
166-175
continuous wave (CW) devices,
23:150-155
duplex imaging systems, 23:
163-166
power Doppler imaging, 23:
174-175
quadrature phase detection (QPD),
23: 158, 159
spectral display, 23:161-163
Doppler velocity spectra, 14:443
Dose dependence, 3A: 348
Dot product, in ultrasonic
diffraction, 11:157-158
Double beam photoacoustic
spectroscopy, 18:374-377
Double-conversion efficiency, of
EMT, 14: 204; see also
Electromagnetic transducers
Double electrode, stopband problem
and, 15:125-126
Double-pulse-superposition method,
for ultrasonic wave speeds, 17:
105
Doubly rotated cuts
of aluminum phosphate, 13:
153-155
Subject Index
of lithium niobate, 13:162
of lithium tantalate, 13:
155-162
properties of, 13:134-162
of quartz, 13:134-153
Doubly rotated plates, 13:
115-117
stacking of, 13:179
Douglas Aircraft, ultrasonic testing,
23: 238-239, 241
Dove siren, 15:8
Dow Chemical Co, air-coupled
ultrasound, 23:447
DQD, see Digital quadrature
detection
Drag, electron, 4A: 312-315
Drag coefficients, 3B: 274-284
Drag dislocation, velocity-
dependent, 9:15
Drift, oscillators, 24:241
Drilling, IB: 21-23
DRO, see Dielectric resonator
oscillator
Drosophila melanogaster, acoustic
micrographs of, 14:75-76
Drying, IB: 31
DSC, see Digital scan converter
DSR, see Digital shift register
DT-cut quartz, 5: 154, 156
Dual cusp, 21:103
Dual-quadrature Michelson
interferometer, 14:330
Ductile fracture, surface
displacement transient
measurement during, 15:
321-323
Ducts, ultrasonic flowmetry for, 14:
458-462
Duff, work on sound propagation,
16:8
Dummy electrodes, apodized
transducers and, 15:124-125
57
Duplex echo-Doppler scanner, 14:
443-444
Duplex imaging, Doppler medical
ultrasound, 23:163-166
Du Pont, ultrasound flaw detection,
23:221
Dust figures, in sound velocity
measurement, 15:10-11, 37
DVLB, see Digital video line buffer
Dye's interferometric method, for
quartz crystal vibration study,
16:71-73
Dynamical Theory o f Gases (Jeans),
15:24
Dynamic echoes, definition of, 16:
297
Dynamic impedances, 6:195, 210,
211,224, 234
Dynamic moduli, 6:211
of Aroclor series, 6:195-196
for S-108-DBP, 6:214
Dynamic photoelastic visualization,
19:292-299
relation between light intensity and
stress value, 19:299
set-up, 19:293
ultrasonic stress measurement, 19:
293-295
Dynamic polarization-echoes, in
metallic powders, 16: 277-282,
295-340
Dynamic range, in transducer
electronics, 14:244
Dynamic receive focus, medical
ultrasound, 23:120, 122
Dynamics, cavitation, IB: 94-103
Dysprosium antimonide, elastic
properties of, 12:58-62
Dysprosium vanadate
cooperative Jahn-Teller
phenomena and, 12:48-54
elastic properties of, 12:48-54
58
Dysprosium vanadate ( c o n t i n u e d )
pseudo Jahn-Teller effect in, 12:
49-50
Earth
elastic waves, 3B: 287-322
interior, 3B: 315-317
low velocity layer, 3B: 313-314
mantle density, 3B: 56-57
rocks, internal friction in, 8:
368-371
Earthquakes, 3B: 308-311
rock behavior in, 11: 306-307
EAT, see Electromagnetic transducers
Echo amplitude correction, in
ultrasonic diffraction, 11: 176
Echo amplitude processing, analog
ultrasound scanner, 23:91-92
Echo amplitude resolution, medical
ultrasound, 23:70
Echo amplitude transfer curve, 23:
135
Echo boxes, in radar calibration, 15:
78
Echocardiography, 15:81
Echo chamber, 2A: 172-173
Echoes
memory-type, see Memory echoes
overlap, 19:100
sequence diagram for, 16:342
train, 19:90
two-pulse phonon type, in solid-
state acoustics, 16:217-294
types of, 16:297
Echo frequencies, medical
ultrasound, Doppler shift, 23:
81-83
Echolocation, in bats, 15:86-87
Subject Index
Echo ranges, diurnal variation in, 15:
34
Echoscope, as diagnostic instrument,
15:80
Echo tracking, 23:373
Echo Ultrasound, piezoelectric
composite transducers, 24:
95-97, 99, 101
ECMD, see Enclosed-cell-
microphone detection
Eddy current resistance, as function
of infinitesimal gap, 14:197
Edelmann whistle, 15:20-21
Edge dislocation
energy of, 8: 249, 253
property changes and, 8:250
strain-energy density of, 8:249
Edge-rays, 21: 17, 18, 19, 44, 135,
136
Edges
flow near, 22:334
in integral equation formulations,
22:295
Edgetone frequency, mean jet
velocity and, 14:453-455
Education, collaborative program
between university and industry,
23: 24-33; 24:24-33
Effective aperture, 22:126
Effective cavity length, 22:153
Effective force, 2B: 271-278
Effective gamma, IB: 96-97
Effective relaxation time, 20:251
Effective surface force density, for
Lorentz forces, 14:189
Effective coherence length, 20:16
EIA standard, 19: 273, 274, 290,
512
Eigenfrequency, 22:257
complex, 21: 253-254, 269, 271,
286, 295, 303
spectrum, 21: 235, 275
Subject Index
Eigenfunction, 22:259
Eigenvalue, 22:234
Q, 4B: 189
Eigenvalue equations, 3A: 353-354
vibrations, 3A: 437-438
Eigenvector, 22:234
Eikonal equations, 4B: 238-239
Einstein, work on sound
propagation, 16: 13-18; 22, 26,
27
Einstein coefficients for absorption,
18:283
Einstein model, 6:92
Einstein summation convention, 22:
228
Elastic aftereffect, 13:2
Elastic change, 5:64
Elastic coefficients, IA: 36-37
cubic crystals, IA: 72, 101-108
isentropic and isothermal, IA: 39
isentropic solids, IA: 72-74, 107
for piezoelectric quartz crystals,
11:252-255
third order, IA: 36, 39-41, 98-108
abbreviated notation, IA: 39-41
definition, IA: 36
Elastic constants, 7:298-299
Bal_xKxBiO3, 20:295
BiSrCaCuO, 20:296
calculations of thermal properties
involving, 8:266-269
changes of with flux, 8:258-259
dislocations and, 8:244-252
and equilibrium numbers of
defects, 8:260-262
ErBa2Cu307, 20:295
fourth-order, 8: 238, 269-275
high Tc superconductors, 20:
295-296
Jahn-Teller energy and, 12:18-23
Lal.86Sr0.14CuO4, 20:398-399
La2CuO4, 20:398
59
La2_xSrxCuO4,20: 239, 295
nonlinear, 7:301
phonons and, 8:262-275
point defects and, 8:252-262
pulse-echo technique,
measurement by, 20:383-385
quartz, 20: 396, 398
resonant ultrasound, measurement
by, 20:393-396
for sound wave velocities, 8:242
T(1)BaCaCuO, 20:296
third-order, 7: 301-304; 8:
237-275
YBa2Cu307, 20:295
Elastic continuum, 3B: 203,
211-212
Elastic degrees of freedom, 22:31
Elastic dipole, 3A: 11-13
in cubic crystals, 3A: 16-21
orthorhombic, 3A: 34
(110), 3A: 19-21
(100) tetragonal, 3A: 16-18, 28,
32, 34
(111) trigonal, 3A: 18-19, 32
uniaxial stress, 3A: 13-16
Elastic displacement vector, 22:169
Elastic energy, 3A: 403-407
and kinks, 3A: 429-430
Elastic form function, 22:144
Elasticity, 2B: 3-4
entropy, 2B: 3
equations of, 13: 186, 197
linear theory of, 17:65
rubberlike, 2B: 3
Elasticity and Anelasticity in Metals
(Zeners), 15:84
Elasticity equations, for quartz
crystals, 16:43
Elastic modes, 22:93
spurious, 7:299
transducer systems for, 14:
237-241
60
Elastic modulus, 3A: 303-308; 6:
11; 22:215
of A-15 superconductors, 13:
32-34
calculation from wave velocities,
1A: 326-328
dilatational, 2A: 338-341
from elastic constants, 3B:
84-90
Landau quantum oscillations of, 8:
63-69
limiting, 2A: 322-329
of liquid, 2A: 285-292, 326-329
longitudinal waves, 2A:
288-290
magnitude, 2A: 320-321
relaxation times, 2A: 291-292
shear waves, 2A: 290-291
measurement, IA: 275-277
below 1 Mc, IA: 303-304
dynamic methods, 1A: 272-276
in single crystals, IA: 324-329
for piezoelectric materials, IA:
328-329
references, 3B: 91-95
relaxational behavior, 2A:
329-341
compressional, 2A: 337-338
longitudinal data, 2A: 329-341
shear, in liquids, 2A: 331-337
single-crystal solids, 3B: 77-83
of solid, 2A: 320-321,326-329
strain dependence of, 10:239-242
third order, IA: 329
tOo from, 3B: 5-31
Elastic plate, eigenvibrations of, 10:
17
Elastic ports, 9:225
Elastic properties, of solids, 8:
191-195, 316-317
Elastic scattering, 3B: 224-227; 8:
303
Subject Index
Elastic spheres, scattering from, 15:
202-203
Elastic surface wave filters, 11:
213-215, 236-241
Elastic surface waves, 22:98
anisotropy in, 9:46
Barker code correlator for, 11:
218-230
fixed sequence
generator/correlator for, 11:
233
programmable sequence generator
for, 11:231-235
pulse compression filters for, 11:
236-241
pulse expansion filters for, 11:
239-240
simplification of equations in, 9:
44-47
velocity dispersion for, 11:
236-237
Elastic targets, 21:247-257
acoustic-wave scattering from, 15:
193-240
Elastic theory of Love, for
longitudinal vibrations of
crystals, 16: 81, 85
Elastic traveling waves, study of, 12:
277-278
Elastic-vibration problem, solution
of, 18:185
Elastic wave equations, 9: 36-44;
18:185, 209
static-field approximation in, 9:39
Elastic wave propagation, 9: 36; 18:
194
anisotropic examples of, 9:
109-125
assumed solutions for, 9:39-41
boundary conditions for, 9 : 4 1 - 4 5
close-to-cutoff velocity in, 9:
55-56
Subject Index
dispersion relations for Rayleigh-
like modes in, 9:47-59
displacements for Rayleigh-like
modes in, 9:59-66
isotropic problem in, 9:44-88
Love nodes in, 9:66--70
metallic plating and, 9:107-109
perturbations due to misalignment
in, 9:102-104
PP 33 and PP 44 symmetries in, 9:
104-105
Rayleigh-like modes in, 9:47-59
Sezawa mode in, 9:63
Stoneley waves and, 9:72-76
surface-wave velocities in, 9:49
in thin layers, 9:35-125
Elastic waves
electromagnetic generation of, 14:
311-314
equations of, 13:186-188; 17:
5-8
generation of, 18: 163, 168, 186,
190, 201
in solids, 18:101, 104, 109
one-dimensional, 18:209
photothermal, generation of, 18:
188-211
photothermal theory of, 18:
204-206
Elastic-wave scattering, from cavities
and inclusions, 15:240-281
Elastomat, Magnatest, 4B: 336
Elastooptical coefficients,
measurement of, 7:304-307
Elastooptical constants, 6:14
Elastooptical diffraction, 7:299
Elastooptical interaction formula, 7:
275
Electrical contact effects, in
ultrasound detectors, 14:338
Electrical coupling, in multielement
array, 23:119
61
Electrical impedance, piezoelectric
materials, 24:83
Electrical impedance matching
techniques, 14: 347-349; see
also Impedance measurements
Electrical parameters, of vibrating
quartz crystals, 16" 145-156
Electrical probe methods, for quartz
crystal vibration studies, 16-
88-94
application, 16- 90-92
Fukuyo-Koga method, 16" 89-90
van Dyke method, 16- 92-94
Electrical resistivity, 4B." 70-77; 13:
30-31
of A- 15 superconductors, 13"
30-31, 36-41
Electrical waves, generation of in
early 20th century, 15:22-24
Electric arcs, ultrasonic pulse
generation with, 14:324
Electric field, anomalous skin depth
in, 10" 158-159
Electric quadrupole
interactions, 4A" 171-174
covalent effects, 4A" 173-174
magnification, 4A: 171-173
transition probabilities, 4A:
177-178
Electric susceptibility, 7" 292
Electroacoustical coupling, 5:222
Electroacoustical devices, early, 15-
35-36
Electroacoustic interaction, in
dielectrics, 16:222-227
Electroacoustics, early 20th-century
developments in, 15" 16-18,
22-26
Electroacoustics (Hunt), 15" 88
Electroacoustic transducers, pulsed
impedance measurements in,
14" 361
62
Electroacoustic transfer function T 13,
15:157-158
Electroacoustic transformer ratio,
15:139
Electrode arrays, in surface wave
transducers, 9:269
Electrode-configured matched filter
devices, 24:170-171
correlators, 24:171-172
pulse-expander-compressors, 24:
172-173
programmable transversal filter,
24:173-174
Electrode mass
electrode length-to-plate thickness
and, 9:181-182
frequency and, 9:183
Electrode "mass/electrical loading,"
15:125-126
Electrodes
gold, 5:99
piezoelectric transducer loss and,
9:242-247
single and double, 15:125-126
Electrode strip, energy trapping in,
9:178
Electrodiffusion, 5 : 7 4
Electrodynamic transduction,
Lorentz force case of, 14:183
Electrolysis, 2B: 326-327
Electrolytes
1-1, 2A: 408-409, 427
2-2, 2A: 429-440
absorption, 2A: 440-451
concentration, 2A: 431-432
D20, 2A: 436
dielectric constant, 2A: 432-436
mixed, 2A: 436-438
pressure, 2A: 438
temperature, 2A: 438-439
velocity dispersion, 2A: 439
acoustically inactive, 2A: 389
Subject Index
chemical relaxation, 2A: 381-394
acoustical techniques, 2A:
394-396
multiple, 2A: 391-394
one-step, 2A: 382-391
transient methods, 2A: 396-398
little or no excess absorption, 2A:
401-402
polyvalent, 2A: 393
relaxation frequencies, 2A: 429
relaxation processes, 2A: 376-452
chemical, 2A: 394-398
theory, 2A: 378-394
sound absorption in, 16:33
ultrasonic wave propagation, 2A:
351-362
Debye-Hiickel theory, 2A: 354,
358-365
velocity, compressibility, 2A:
358-365
Electrolytic iron, acoustic emission
source for, 15:329
Electromagnetic acoustic transducers
(EMATs), 14: 181,312; 19:
202; 24: 45, 118-129; s e e a l s o
Electroacoustic transducers
design, 24:120-122
disadvantages, 24:118
elastic waves in solids, 18: 101,
104, 109
mode of operation, 24:118,
119-120
types, 24:118-119, 122-129
Electromagnetic feedthrough, 15:
130-131
Electromagnetic generation
classical theory of, 10:131-135
coil design in, 10:138-142
conversion efficiency in, 10:
134-135
equations of motion in, 10:
131-133
Subject Index
high-temperature, results in, 10:
135-148
low-temperature results in, 10:
170-185
microscopic theory of, 10:
149-170
principles of, 14:181
Electromagnetic induction, 14:181
Electromagnetic interaction
in Erl_xHoxRh4B4, 20:211
in magnetic superconductor, 20:
192, 208
Electromagnetic radiation, 14:181
acoustic wave generation by, 18:
22, 23
Electromagnetic reception, 14:181
Electromagnetic scattering
resonances in, 15:285-292
theory of, 15:285-289
transverse electric and magnetic
modes in, 15:287
"Electromagnetic" term, context of,
14:180-181
Electromagnetic to acoustic energy
conversion, 18:54
Electromagnetic transducers, 10:
170, 185-186; 14:181-182,
185-270, 311-315; 15:63-64
absolute insertion loss prediction
for, 14:205
acoustic wave beneath receiver
type, 14:231
"apodized," 14: 210
applications of, 14:248-268
bidirectionality response in, 14:
247
in buried gas pipeline detection,
14:251
coil fabrication and design for, 14:
235-237
comparisons of results in, 14:206
conductor patterns in, 14:190
63
conductor-sample surface, 14:203
conversion efficiency of, 10:143
currents, nonuniform, 14:229-231
in defect characterization, 14:
248-253
dispersive, 14:208
efficiency of
effective efficiency of, 14:313
in ferromagnetic materials, 14:
234
for elastic modes, 14:237-241
electric power delivered to receiver
"load" of, 14:203
equivalent circuit for transmitter
setup with, 14:198
fabrication of, 14:235-241
filament-loop, 14:250
"flat cable" type, 14:235-236
growth of, 14:182-183
input impedance of, 14:360
Lorentz force operation of, 14:
185-186, 191-211
low electrical impedance of, 14:
349
magnetostriction forces in, 14:211
in material property measurement,
14:253-260
meanderline, see Meanderline
transducers
motion sensing with, 14:260-267
in nondestructive testing, 10:
146-148
overall performance measures of,
14:206
parallel matching of, 14:202
phase matching of with bulk
waves, 14:217-219
piezoelectric transducers and, 14:
184
potential applications of, 14:
267-268
receiver emf of, 14:221
64
Electromagnetic transducers
(continued)
reflection of surface acoustic
waves back to, 14:201
relative insertion loss
measurements for, 14:204
room-temperature coils for, 14:
236
setups for, 14:182
shear-wave spiral type, 14:
248-249
single-and double-conversion
efficiency related to, 14:204
specialized acoustic signal
techniques in, 14:245-247
spectrum analyzer data and, 14:
266
and surface acoustic wave
radiation resistance, 14:199,
203
thickness measurement with, 14:
260-267
transducer electronics and, 14:
241-242
transduction with plane waves in,
14:185-190
T and R wedges in, 14:184-185
tube wave generation and reception
for, 14:240
vector potential of, 14:312
velocity anistropy measurement
with, 14:256
vs. piezoelectric, 10:145
wedge pair with wide bandwidth
and, 14:204
wedge type, 14:182
Electromagnetic transducer strips,
uniform current distribution in,
14:195
Electromagnetic-ultrasound
transducers, 14:179-270; see
also Electromagnetic
S u b j e c t Index
transducers; Ultrasonic
transducers
Electromagnetic waves, 4B:
154-155
zero magnetic field, 4B: 116-117
Electromechanical coupling, IA:
448-450; IB: 322
effect on bandwidth, IA: 475-478
Electromechanical coupling
coefficient, 5:222
Electromechanical transduction,
ceramic crystals and, 9:163
Electron-acoustic images, see
Electron-beam acoustic images
Electron-acoustic imaging, see
Electron-beam acoustic imaging
Electron acoustic microscopy, 18:
22; 24:282
micrographs, 18:146
scanning electronic acoustic
microscopy, 24: 282-283,
286
Electron acoustic waves, 4B:
110-111, 139-140
experiments, 4B: 146-150
propagation in sodium, 4B: 147
Electron beam
focused, use as heat source, 18:
125, 126
heating of, 18:161
modulated excitation of, 18:
208
scanning of, 18:161
Electron-beam acoustic images, 18:
125-164
backscattered, 18:144
Electron-beam acoustic imaging
basic phenomena, 18:126-132
of solids, 18:125-164
Electron-beam energy, conversion
into ultrasonic signals, 18:130
Subject Index
Electron-beam generated sound
wave, 18:142
Electron cyclotron waves, 4B:
173-174
Electron damping, of dislocation
motion, 9:1-31
Electron distribution function, 5:
53-55
Electron drag, 4A: 312-315
alloying effects and, 9:26-28
correction, 4A: 321
on metal dislocations, 16:173-215
in superconductors, 16:
176-180
on moving dislocations, 9:16-20
temperature dependence in, 9:
28-30
theory of, 9:14-26
Electron drag stresses, 9:1-31
Electron energy, magnetic field and,
10:176
Electronic attenuation ratio, 9:
30-31
Electronic circuits, 19:112
Electronic relaxation, 2A: 145-147,
181; 13: 25-27
Electronics industry, acoustic
emission testing in, 15:350
Electronic transponder, design of,
14:375
Electronic warfare, 24:220-221
Electron mean free path, 5:273-280
Electron microscopy, light beam
addressing, 14:3
Electron-phonon interaction, 7: 6,
153; 20: 2, 246
magnetic superconductor
BCS theory, 20: 193, 198, 207
order of, 20:228
strong, 20:193
Electron-phonon scattering, 4A:
304-305; 5:273-280
65
Electron-phonon system, 10:154
Electron reservoir, between CuO
planes, 20: 262, 290
Electrons
"local conduction" of, 14:186
mean free path, 7: 32, 38-39, 152
impurity scattering and, 7:34
phonon scattering and, 7:34
orbits, 4A: 357-359
screening, 4A: 23-24
viscous properties, 4A: 301-303
Electron spin resonance, 4A: 48-51
Electron traps, 5:90
Electron velocity, 5:280
Electron viscosity, values of, 9:19
Electrostatic beam deflection
assembly, 18:134
Electrostatic devices, piezoelectric
principles and, 9:132-145
Electrostatic excitation, 1A:
303-305, 309
at high frequencies, 1A: 309
environment variations, 1A: 319
flexural vibrations, 1A: 305
longitudinal vibrations, 1A: 305
Electrostatic transducers, 14:
315-319
air dielectric in, 14:318
applications of, 14:319
displacement field measurement in,
14:383-384
equivalent circuit analysis of, 14:
317
as perfect capacitor, 14:316
as ultrasound source, 14:315
use in generation and detection of
elastic waves in solids, 18:
101
Electrostriction, 18: 23, 46, 47
Element factor
in crossed-field model, 15:
137-140
66
Element factor ( c o n t i n u e d )
for double electrodes, 15:126
for generalized circuit model
transducer, 15:145
ELINT (ELectronic INTelligence)
receiver, 24:220
Ellipse eccentricity, 6:140
Ellipsoid, general, 3B: 131-133
Elliptical integrals, 22: 299, 338
Elliptic umbilic catastrophe, 21: 98,
103, 116
ELO (Ericksen-Leslie-Orsay Study
Group) theory of liquid crystals,
14: 96-97; s e e a l s o Liquid
crystals
Elongation, IA: 23-24
EMATs, s e e Electromagnetic
acoustic transducers
EMBAC, s e e Ethyl-p-(p'-
methoxybenzylidine)amino
cinnamate
Embedding medium, 22:31
Empty-cavity scattering amplitude,
15:275-277
EMT, s e e Electromagnetic
transducers
Emulsification and dispersion, IB:
23-25
Emulsifying-dispersing action, of
ultrasound, 15:56-57
Encapsulated transducers, 19:96
Enclosed-cell-microphone detection
imaging, photoacoustic, 18:
257-269
signals of, 18:264-269
use in detection of photoacoustic
signals, 18:190, 206-213,
243, 258, 259, 270
Enclosed-cell photoacoustics, 18:
211-248
Endcaps, 22:67
scattering from, 22:184
Subject Index
Endocavity transducers, medical
ultrasound, 23: 112-114
Endpoint, 21: 13, 20; 22:201
Endress + Hauser, Prosonic P level
measuring equipment, 23: 326,
327
Energy
absorbed, 2B: 10-11
absorption, 3B: 203-231
absorption/volume, 7:19
activation, 3A: 115-116
adiabatic change in, 14:122
anisotropy, 3B: 194
barrier, 3A: 384-397
conservation, 2B: 240; 7:277
corollary, 22:251
exchange, 4A: 187-189
interaction, 3A: 398-403
interface, 7:17
pair binding, 7:8
total, per unit volume, 1A: 13-14
velocity and, in Hamiltonian
mechanics, 14:104
Energy conservation, 6 : 7
Energy density, 4A: 150-152
Energy dissipation, IB: 98; 3A:
314-332
Energy equation, IA: 12-14, 41, 47,
65-66, 75
differential forms, 1A: 15-17
Energy flow rate, ultrasonic
velocimeter and, 14:511-513
Energy flux, nonmechanical, 1A:
13-14
Energy flux vector, 22:78
Energy gap, 4A: 320-322; 5:228
Energy-level crossing, at high
magnetic field, 20:229
Energy perturbation, 3B: 207-208
Energy transfer mechanisms, 18:
281-291
nonradiative, 18: 305, 348
Subject Index
Energy trapping, 24:235
by quartz crystals, 16:54
for mode suppression, 16:
58-64
in electrode strip, 9:178
SEM pattems and, 16:128-135
Energy velocity, 5: ~236-252, 253,
264
Engineering education, technology
transfer and, 23: 24-33; 24:
24-33
Gas Research Institute case study,
23: 24, 25, 26-28; 24: 24, 25,
26-28
Takano Company project, 23: 24,
25, 28-29; 24: 24, 25,
28-29
Enhanced ultrasonic attenuation,
Erl_xHoxRh4B4, in
superconducting state, 20:
198-207
Entanglement effects, 6:218, 223
Enthalpy, 4B: 372
change in, 8:241
Entropy, 1A: 31-32; 3A: 14; 6 : 8
changes upon fusion, 2A: 300-301
production rate, 2A: 60
Entropy continuity, equation of, 14:
105
Entropy fluctuations, 6: 10, 16
in solids, 6:15
Entropy production formalism, 14:
106-108
Entropy production rate, equation
for, 14:118
Envelope terms, array beam pattern,
23:115
Environment variation
measurements, IA: 319-323
pressure, IA: 323-324
temperature, IA: 319-323
Envirotech, 19:151, 154
67
Equations of motion, IA: 10-11, 66,
73, 75-76, 81, 90, 96, 112-119;
1B: 72-78; 2A: 290; 2B: 240;
3A: 165-166, 316; 3B: 155-
156, 302-303; 4A: 240, 357;
4B: 197, 214-215; 9:37-39
assumed solutions of, 9:39-41
by Schl6mann, 4B: 238
dislocation dynamics, 3A: 204
dislocation through solid, 3B:
276-277
integration of, IA: 130-134
Bessel functions retained, IA:
130-131
displacement field, lA: 131-132
stress components, 1A: 132
stress-strain relationships, IA:
132
for ions, 4B: 110
isotropic elastic medium, 3B: 167
kink, 3A: 467
linearized, 3B: 130-133
magnetization and strain, 3B: 196
mechanical wave transmission,
IA: 276-277
nondissipative, for incompressible
liquid, IB: 86-87
Prandtl-Dehlinger-Frenkel-
Kontorova model, 3A:
369-370
for prestressed body, 17:68-69
propagation case, 3B: 138-139
in terms of particle displacement,
1A: 273
for a thin ring, IA: 220-223
thin-shell equations of, 12:233
three-particle species, 4B:
102-103
Equations of state, 2A: 10-12; 2B:
235-236; 4A: 3
adiabatic, 2A: 140
bulk modulus, 2A: 66
68
Equations of state (continued)
chemical, 2A: 58-61, 84
effective coefficients, 2A: 63-65
Maxwell relationships, 2A:
59-60
compressibility, 2A: 65-66
dynamic, 2A: 50, 63-65, 84,
86-87
irreversible processes, 2A: 65-66
linear expansion, 2A: 64
nonlinearity, 2B: 334
Equilibrium critical phenomena, 7:
56
Equilibrium theory, IB: 121
Equivalent circuits
applications, IA: 245-246
for a crystal, IA: 407
crystal resonator, IA: 342
crystal unit, 24:224-227
derivation of types, IA: 234
in filters and oscillators, IA:
335-416
immittance, 19: 268, 269
length expander bars, IA:
234-238
lumped constant approximations,
IA: 342
piezoelectric bar, 1A: 239-242
thickness modes, IA: 238-239
for transducers
composite, IA: 246-249
high power, IA: 250-256
magnetostrictive, IA: 467-470
piezoelectric, IA: 467-470, 476
piezomagnetic, 1A: 263-267
unloaded piezoelectric resonator,
1A: 242-245
Equivalent networks
analog, 13:173-179
lumped parameter, 13:162-173
for thickness nodes, 13:
174-177
Subject Index
Erl_xHoxRh4B4
phase transition temperature, Tcl ,
Tc2 , Tm, 20:194
physical dimensions, 20:194
sound velocity, 20:194
synthesis, 20:194
ErBa2Cu307, 20:270-274
attenuation curve, 20:270
crystal structure, 20:292
elastic constants, 20:295
velocity curve, 20:271
Erosion, IB: 144-150, 159-160
Error correction, 19:275
Esaki diodes, IB: 174, 202-210,
246-251
constant current mode, 1B:
255-256
current-voltage, IB: 248-249
operation of, IB: 254-264
switching mode, IB: 254-257,
265-267, 269-270
tunneling, IB: 206-208
ESAT, see Electrostatic transducers
Eshelby potential, 3A: 380-381,
429, 435, 438, 446
Etch pit counting, 3A: 324, 332; 16:
180
Ethanediol, 2A: 297
Ethanol, 2A: 315
Ethyl alcohol, sound absorption in,
16:32
Ethylene, 7:80
Ethylene diamine tartrate, 15:61
Ethyl-p-(p'-methoxybenzylidine)
amino cinnamate, longitudinal
wave sound propagation in, 14:
168-169
Eucken expression, 17:152
Euclidean dimension, 21:159
Euler angles, IB: 228; 16: 377,
379-380
Euler-Bernoulli beam, 22:224
Subject Index
Euler equations, 18: 248, 249; 22:
209, 251,310
Eulerian coordinate, 2B: 232-234
Euler's totient function, 18:16
Europium iron garnet (EulG), 3B:
160, 189, 192-193
single crystal sphere, 3B: 161-162
7'11 shear mode, 3B: 191-192
zero temperature coefficient, 3B:
193-194
Evanescent fiber coupler sensors, in
acoustic transduction, 16:
436-439
Even parity resonances, 22:109, 170
Evolute, 21: 56
Excitation beam, 18: 350-354,
361-363, 383, 463, 464
Excitation photoenergy, 18:367
Excitation pulse modification
technique, 14:344
Excitation pulse width, 14:344
Excitations
collective, 6:44
gas, three-level, 2A: 109-113
high frequency, 6:21
hybrid, 6 : 4 7
low-lying, 6:5
photoabsorption, 18:349
self-beat studies of, 6:26
single particle, 6:44
velocity, 6:250
Existence of a solution, 22:285
Exit plane, 21: 8, 149, 151, 159,
160, 206, 218, 219
Expansion coefficient, 6:314-315
ExperTest, sonic resonance
instrument, 23: 266, 267
Exterior angle, 22: 334, 343
Exterior problem, 22: 267, 268, 289
External wedge transmission
flowmeter, 14: 419-421
Extinction coefficient, 5:86
69
Extinction theorem, 22:64
Extremum, 22:199
Extremum principle, 22: 199, 260
Fabry-Perot interferometer, 6:21;
14:8
Fabry-Perot representation, 21:201,
208
Failure Mode and Effect Analyses
(FMEAs; Ford Motor Co.), 23"
202
Faraday rotation, 4B" 169-171
acoustical, 7" 309
in yttrium iron garnet, 4B: 248
Faraday waves, 1B: 115
Far field, 7: 280; 21: 12, 23, 24, 31,
33, 37, 84, 216
form function, 22:49
radiation factor, 22:130
Fast chemical reactions, 6:50
Fast electrons, 3A: 301
Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 22:
165
medical ultrasound, 23:161
Fast gas reactor, sound dispersion in
measurement of, 15:41
Fatigue, 3A: 268-284
in acoustic emission, 11: 335-336
in bcc metals, 3A: 223-291
dislocation damping, 3A: 271-274
internal friction, 3A: 270-273
time dependence, 3A: 281-284
Fay theory, 2B: 242-244
in time-harmonic piston problem,
11:141
F-band, 3B: 109-112, 116
F-center, 3B: 121-124
Fenkel "hole" model, 4B: 54
Fermat's principle, 18: 248; 21:10
spherical aberration and, 14:24
70
Fermi energy, 4B: 62-63
Fermi level, IB: 247, 282
Fermi liquid
neutral, 6:246
parameter, 6:322
theory, 6:322
Fermi resonance, 18:294
Fermi sphere, 7:159
Fermi surface, 4A: 302, 305, 307,
331; 4B: 3, 14, 64; 7 : 2
aluminum, 4B: 16-18
of A- 15 structure superconductors,
10:284-287
"butterfly" portions, 4B: 27
chromium group metals, 4B:
41-42
of copper, 4A: 354
dimensions, 4B: 5, 7
experiments, 4A: 364-368
free electron model and, 7:184
of gadolinium, 4B: 26
of lead, third zone, 4B: 34
of monovalent metals, 4A:
353-377
nearly-free-electron, 4B: 16-17
of noble metals, 4A: 368-377
nonspherical, 4B: 6
of potassium, 4B: 32
single-band, 4B: 5
spherically symmetrical, 7:4
strain dependence of, 8:59-94
two-band, 7:161
of zinc, 4B: 23
Fermi velocity, 4B: 3-4, 62; 5: 236,
273, 280; 9:18
Fermi wave vector, strain and, 8:69
Ferrites
a-, constants, 3B: 44-45
commercial, IA: 259-262
Fe2 +, 3B: 174-177
losses, 3B: 174
polycrystalline, 3B: 128
Subject Index
single crystal, 3B: 128, 181-182
Ferroelectric Curie temperature, 6:
66
Ferroelectricity, and lattice
dynamics, 6:68
Ferroelectric liquid crystal, 14:95
Ferroelectric mode, 6:67
Ferroelectric model, 6: 67, 69, 92, 93
Ferroelectric phase transition, 6: 39,
65
Ferroelectrics
at low signals
linear equations for poled
media, IA: 198-200
numerical data, IA: 200-206
Barkhausen effect in, 11:329-330
biaxial, 7:96
Curie points, 7:60
depolarization, IA: 210
displacive, 7 : 1 0 7
electrostriction, IA: 198-200
polycrystalline, IA: 170, 178,
198-219
at high mechanical input, 1A:
210-217
domain mechanisms, IA:
217-219
transition, 7:54
triaxial, 7:96
Ferromagnetic film, 4A: 66
Ferromagnetic fluctuation theory, 7:
112
Ferromagnetic resonance, 3B: 159
rare earth garnets, 3B: 190-193
YIG spheres, 3B: 172-173
Ferromagnets, 3B: 133; 4A:
125-126
damping, 3A: 224-240
elastic behavior, 3A: 224-226
EMT generation efficiency in, 14:
234
powder echoes in, 16:271
Subject Index
saturated, 3B: 129
time-varying component, 3B:
159-162
Fessenden oscillator, 15: 27, 35
Feynman diagrams, 22:104
Fiber loop, acoustic response
calculations for, 16:403-406
Fiber optic acoustic transduction, 16:
385-457
by evanescent fiber coupler
sensors, 16:436-439
by hybrid fiber sensors, 16:
439-445
by optical intensity fiber sensors,
16:424-436
by polarization sensors, 16:
420-424
by single-fiber interferometer, 16:
415-420
in Mach-Zehnder fiber
interferometer, 16:389-415
practical sensor implementation,
16:445-455
sensor components, 16:452-453
sensor design, 16:453-455
Fiber-to-fiber transmission, acoustic
sensors for, 16:441-443
Fick's equation, 3A: 44
Filament strip transducers, 14:
222-225
"cophased" and "counterphased"
excitation and, 14:223
Filament transducers, 14:219-222
ring transducers and, 14:225
Film removal, 2B: 324-326
Films
stoichiometric, 4A: 199
structure, 4A: 210-211
Film thickness monitor, 4A:
203-207
Filtering noise reduction method, 18:
361
71
Filter insertion loss, in SAW filters,
15:161
Filters
acoustic, 1A: 350-355
brick-wall, 15:178
for communications, IA: 355,
364-371
constant K, IA: 339-341
crystal and ceramic resonator
circuits, IA: 381-391
hybrid coil, IA: 382-384
lattice, IA: 381-382
wide band ladder, 1A: 384-385
design theory, IA: 345-346
electrical, 1A: 336-337
electromechanical, IA: 398,
400-412
temperature coefficient, 1A:
75
high frequency, 1A: 364
hydraulic, IA: 352
ladder and lattice, IA: 343-349
mechanical, 1A: 336-337
Collins, IA: 408-409
mechanical transmission line, IA:
403-412
longitudinal flexure, IA:
403-409
m-type band pass, 1A: 344-345
nondispersive bandpass, 15:
177-180
O-type, IA: 387
SAW, s e e Surface acoustic wave
filters
theory, IA: 337-338
torsional, IA: 410-411
wideband employing coils, IA:
386-393
Foster's theorem, 1A: 390-391
single-section, IA: 387-393
Finite amplitude beams, interactions,
2B: 260-263
72
Finite amplitude waves, 15: 20; 18:
36
Finite element modeling
piezoelectric composite
performance, 2 4 : 8 6
for quartz vibration analysis, 16:
50-51
Five-phonon process, 6:269-271
Fixed code sequence generator, for
elastic surface waves, 11: 233
Fixed path cell, 14:150
Fixed retractable traversing probe,
14:503
Flare meters, ultrasonic, 23: 423,
438-439
Flat-bottomed hole (FBH), 24:317,
318
Flat end caps, 22:165
Flat field theory, 1 4 : 2 3 0 - 2 3 1
Flat films, third sound in, 11:2-27
Flaw detection, 12: 346; 18:101
acoustic microscopy, 24:324-332
Flaw detectors, 23: 203-204,
205-208
history, 23: 216-219
modern instruments, 23:
219-224
Flaws, nondestructive testing, 23:
202-204
test methods, 23:205-208
Flexural displacement, 5:148
Flexural modes, 22: 52, 53; s e e a l s o
Longitudinal and fiexural
modes
Flexural motion, 22:221
Flexural resonances, 22:127
Flexural wave mode, 21: 308, 309
Flocculation, ultrasonic, 1B: 26
Flow, categories, comparison of, 14:
408-409
Flowmeters, ultrasonic, s e e
Ultrasonic flowmeters
Subject Index
Flow momentum, IA: 10-11
Flow resistance, 5:12
Flow stress measurements, in
superconductors, 9 : 5 - 6
Flow velocity, contrapropagating
transmission measurements of,
14:414-436
Fluctuations
anisotropic, 6:50
frequency of, 6:5
probability of, 6 : 9
Fluid-borne wave, 21: 257, 309
Fluid-filled cavities, cylindrical, 15:
268-273
Fluid flow, types of, 14:412
Fluid-immersed resonator, 8:
173-176
Fluid particles, movement of, 14:
101
Fluids, 6:10
gas bubbles in, 15:228
under hydrostatic pressure, 1A:
43-48
ideal, 14:101-106
isotropic media, IA: 48-52; 6:8
with Newtonian viscosity, 1A:
50-51
nonviscous, IA: 49
perfect, 1A: 49
relaxation processes in sound
propagation in, 16:1-36
viscoelastic, 6:11, 13
viscous, IA: 64-66
Flumes, ultrasonic flowmetry for, 14:
458-462
Fluorescence method, 18:337
Fluoroperovskites, TOE constants of,
17:40-50
Flutter, 3A: 457, 459-461
Flux, energy, nonmechanical, 1A:
13-14
Fluxoids, 7:30
Subject Index
Fluxoid spacing, 7:26
Fluxons, 7 : 2
Flux-trapping effects, 7:15
FM pulse compression filters, 11:
236-241
Foaming, beverage, 1B: 12-13
Focal circle, 21:159
Focal ray, 21: 111
Focused beams, medical ultrasound,
23:53-57
Focus effects, in acoustic
microscopy, 1 4 : 2 5 - 2 6
Focusing, 3A: 297-298
acoustic beams, 24:289-295
adaptive, 23:179-180
analog static scanner, 23:119
slice-thickness focusing, 23:
129-130, 180-181
transducers, 24- 289
ultrasound static imaging
transducer, 23" 88-90
zone focusing, 23- 119-123
Fold caustics and catastrophes, 21"
56, 98, 103, 104, 127, 145
Forced oscillation, 21" 261,297,
300
Forcing function, in matched
asymptotic expansion, 11" 80
Ford Motor Company
Failure Mode and Effect Analyses
(FMEAs), 23" 202
nondestructive testing
flaw detection instrument, 23"
220, 262
iron foundry, 23" 251,253
spot welds, 23:236
research budgeting, 23: 12; 24" 12
Form function, 21: 28, 31-36, 154,
163, 183, 188, 192, 200,
210-213, 258-262, 272-273,
281-291,297-298, 304-312;
22- 8
73
Forster's dynamic resonance method,
4B: 389
Forward problem, nondestructive
testing, 23:206
Forward propagating flexural wave,
22:125
Forward scattering, 21: 32, 214
Foster flow tubes, 14" 479
Fourier analysis, 3B: 307-309; 18:
415
Fourier-Bessel integrals, 14" 225
Fourier-Bessel transform, 14" 36,
38
Fourier law of heat conduction, 17:
94
Fourier-plane filtering, postreference,
7:343
Fourier series, 22:297
Fourier's law, 1A: 42, 75
Fourier spectrum, 1B: 113-114; 18:
205
Fourier transform, 12: 218, 252; 18:
5, 11, 12, 16, 17, 112, 364, 385,
419; 21: 245, 259, 277, 278,
281-284, 289, 304, 306,
311-312
inverse, 13:86
"opposite sign" definition and, 14:
215
for parabolic velocity surfaces, 13:
86-88
pulses and, 12: 238, 249-254
spatial, 14:195
Fourier transform algorithm, 14:
385
Fourier-transform diffraction
patterns, 18:13
Fourier-transform infrared
spectrometry, 18:396
Fourier-transform variable, 18:2
Four-phonon process, 6: 271-272,
282
74
Fourth-order elastic constants (FOE),
8:238
measurement of, 17:4
Fourth sound, in helium films, 11:
9 Free-surface boundary conditions, 6:
Frame averaging, medical
ultrasound, 23:137
Frank-Read mechanism, 3A: 345
in dislocations, 8:359
Franz creeping waves, 10: 22, 26,
29, 34-35; 21: 249, 252, 257,
268, 288-289, 300, 303, 306;
s e e also "Creeping" waves
first calculation of, 10:82
hydrophone measurements and,
10:73-81
Schlieren visualization of, 10:
71-73
Franz modes, 22: 24, 29
poles, 22:38
wave pulse, 22:164
waves, 22:41
Franz pole, 10:55
Fraunhofer diffraction, 18:13, 19;
23:130
Fraunhofer pattern, 14: 50; 18:13
Fraunhofer region, in ultrasonic
diffraction, 11: 152
Free electrons, IB: 174-175, 177
and attenuation, 4A: 299
attenuation model, 20:246
dislocations damped, 4A: 310-325
energy, IB: 183
Fermi surface and, 7:184
in metals, 4A: 301-325
mobility, 1B: 175, 180
model, 4A: 302-303, 368
velocity, 1B: 181
Free energy, 2B: 3-4; 3A: 15, 17;
3B: 130-133; 7:55
Free-field Green's function, 22: 65,
270
Subject Index
Free-plate dispersion curves, 15:
234-235
Free-space filter, 7:347
Free spectral range, 6:22
135
Free vibration, 21: 261-263, 300
Free volume
compliance proportion, 2B: 207
concept applicability, 2B: 201-202
definition, 2B: 179-180
pressure effect, 2B: 180-181
viscosity-temperature, 2B:
178-181
Freeze frame, medical ultrasound,
23:136-137
Frenkel defects, 3B: 123
Frequency, 3A: 255; 19: 82, 108
and Bordoni peak, 3A: 105-109
bosons, 7:277
ultrasonic attenuation, 19:
119-120
Frequency bandwidth, medical
ultrasonic transducer, 23:52
Frequency control devices, 24:
209-210
applications, 24:210, 212
battery consumption, 24:
221-222
communication systems, 24:
209-210, 211,212-216
electronic warfare, 24:220-221
identification-friend-or-foe
(IFF) systems, 24:219-
220
missile guidance, 24:221
navigation, 24:216-217
surveillance, 24:218-219
characteristics, 24:262-264
choosing, 24:265
failure, 24:266
filter crystals, 24:267-268
Subject Index
harsh conditions and, 24:222
history, 24:210, 212
logistics costs, 24:222
oscillators, 24:223-224
acceleration changes, 24:
253-256
accuracy, 24:240
aging, 24: 241-242
categories, 24:236-238
circuit types, 24:238-239
frequency vs. temperature
stability, 24:246-252
instabilities, 24: 223, 240-262
magnetic field effects, 24:
256-257
noise, 24: 213, 242-246
precision, 24:241
primary standards, 24:240
radiation effects, 24:257-259
reproducibility, 24:241
stability, 24: 240, 241,246-262
warm-up, 24:252
quartz crystals, 24: 210-212, 267
quartz crystal sensors, 24:
268-269
quartz crystal transducers, 24:
268
quartz crystal unit, 24:228-236
resonators, 24: 268, 270
specifications and standards, 24:
266-267
theory, 24:222-262
crystal unit equivalent circuit,
24:224-227
stability vs. tunability, 24:
227-228
Frequency-dependent attenuation
of Ero.187Hoo.813RhaB4, 20:219
of Er0.7osHoo.295Rh4B4, 20:216
of HoRh4B4, 21): 219
Frequency-dependent bulk viscosity,
7:61
75
Frequency-dependent measurement,
20:197
Frequency domain response
piezoelectric plate transducer, 24:
48-59, 62, 63, 65, 74
theory of Aamodt, Murphy, and
Parker, 18:247
Frequency equation, 1A: 118
elastic propagation in a cylinder,
IA: 132-134
fiexural modes, IA: 123
longitudinal modes, IA: 122-123
Rayleigh-Lamb, IA: 122-123, 128
torsional propagation in a solid
cylinder, IA: 134
Frequency jumps, oscillators, 24:
246
Frequency-offset method, 6:189
Frequency pulling, in marginal
oscillator ultrasonic
spectrometer, 8:149
Frequency response, "waxed edges"
and, 8:184
Frequency stability, 5:224
Frequency steering, of BAW's, 14:
218-219
Fresnel approximation, 14: 36, 49;
21:11
Fresnel diffraction, in acoustic
microscopy, 14:28
Fresnel equation, 2B: 353-354
Fresnel integral, 21: 16, 17, 181
Fresnel reflection sensors, properties
and theory of, 16:443-445
Fresnel region, IA: 491-492; 11:
152
Fresnel volumes, 21: 38, 39, 40, 44,
53, 117
Fresnel zone, 14: 8; 21: 40, 41
Fresnel zone lens, principle of, 14:
246
Frictional force, 3A: 457-465
76
Fringe index, 21: 106, 144, 147
Fringe pattern, in hologram, 10:
315-316
Front surface detection,
optoacoustic, 18: 445-447,
448, 455, 458
Front surface imaging, 18:474
FTIR, see Fourier-transform infrared
spectrometry
Fubini solution, in time-harmonic
piston problem, 11: 138
Fukuyo-Koga method, for quartz
crystal vibration studies, 16:
92-94
Function space, 22:200
Fused quartz, 19:92
Fuzzy logic, with ultrasound sensors,
23: 288, 301,425
G Gas cell photoacoustic imaging, 18:
Gabbro,4B: 374-375, 380
Gadolinium, 7: 113; 19:105
Gadolinium molybdate (GMO), echo
formation in, 16:234
Galerkin's method, 22:352
Gallium, 3B: 181; 4A: 338-340,
347-348; 4B: 9, 13-14, 26-29
molten, 4B: 53-54
absorption, 4B: 79-80
thermal conductivity, 4B: 78
velocity, 4B: 55-56
Gallium antimonide, 1B: 207,
209-210, 253-257, 262, 299
experimental diodes, IB: 274-280
noise, IB: 287
n-type, 1B: 274-275, 277-280
pressure measurement, IB: 255-
256, 279
p-type, IB: 274-280
temperature effects, IB: 282
Subject Index
Gallium arsenide, IB: 207, 209-210,
253-254, 257, 262, 342; 4A:
6-7, 33; 24:151
echo formation in, 16: 265, 287,
327, 328
experimental diodes, IB: 273-274
memory type, 16: 355, 363-365
noise, IB: 288
temperature effects, IB: 280, 282
Galois arrays, 18:11, 12
Galois field, 18:11, 17, 18
Galois reflection phase grating, 18:
13, 17, 19
Galois sequence, 18:12
Galton whistle, 15: 6-7, 20, 39, 61
Gamma rays, 3A: 302
Gap relation mechanism, 7:25
Gas bubbles
circumferential wave in, 15:230
in fluids, 15:228-232
131, 149
Gas cell photoacoustic microscopy,
18: 149, 161
Gas-coupled microphone cells, 18:
348, 381,389
Gas current generator, 15:39
Gases
Becker, 2A: 20, 23-27
diatomic, 2A: 27, 141
rotational relaxation, 2A:
179-181
excitable
with inert, 2A: 117-118
mixture, 2A: 118-130, 167-171
eigenvalue problem, 2A:
120-121
exchange relaxation, 2A:
125-127
isothermal relaxation, 2A:
122-123
molar heat, 2A: 123-125
Subject Index
numerical example, 2A:
127-129
reaction scheme, 2A:
118-120
ideal, 2A: 141
bimolecular, 2A: 81-82
collision-free period, 2A: 142
equation of state, 2A: 76
isothermal reaction, 2A: 80-83
monomolecular, 2A: 80-81
trimolecular, 2A: 83
ionized
acoustic and plasma waves in,
4B: 99-179
propagation in, 4B: 108-116
molecular theory of, 15:19
monatomic, 2A: 4-15, 26-27
Burnett equation, 2A: 21-23,
41
Burnett theory, 2A: 33-35
distribution function, 2A: 7-8
equation of state, 2A: 10-11
measurements, 2A: 34
13-moment solution, 2A:
21-23, 41
Navier-Stokes equation, 2A: 20,
23, 41
propagation constant, 2A:
18-23
III, IV waves, 2A: 43
II wave, 2A: 42
I wave, 2A: 41
more than three atoms, 2A:
157-160
centered symmetrical molecules,
2A: 157
derivatives, 2A: 157-159
higher-order molecules, 2A:
159-160
pyramid shaped molecules, 2A:
157
nonexcitable
77
mixtures, 2A: 161-167
large concentrations, 2A:
163-167
small concentrations, 2A:
161-163
partially dissociated, sound
propagation in, 16:13-18
polyatomic, 2A: 11-15, 23-27, 36
equation of state, 2A: 11
relaxation, 2A: 48-131, 133-202
dissociation equilibrium, 2A:
193-199
excitation, 2A: 135-181
molecular theory, 2A: 182-192
problem definition, 2A:
133-135
theory, alternatives, 2A:
134-135
three-level, 2A: 109-113
triatomic, 2A: 152-157
angular molecules, 2A:
156-157
linear molecules, 2A:
152-156
rotational relaxation, 2A: 181
two-state, 2A: 112
two vibrational degrees of
freedom, 2A: 130
ultrasonic sensors in
binary gas analyzers, 23:
437-438
concentration measurement, 23:
437-438, 440
distance range, 23:298-299
flow measurement, 23:
345-346, 401,403, 404,
405, 425-426
level sensors in air, 23: 305,
310-317
velocity of sound in, 16:7
Gasoline tank, ultrasound sensors,
23:339
78
Gas pipeline
leaks, acoustic detection of, 14:
464-467
ultrasonic measurements in, 14:
511-513
Gas removal, IB: 12-13
Gas Research Institute (GRI),
collaborative program with
Iowa State University
engineering department, 23: 24,
25, 26-28; 24: 24, 25, 26-28
Gas roton, 6:252
Gas siren, IB: 26-28
Gated-carrier circuit, block diagram
for, 6:187
Gated-carrier method, 6:182, 187,
188
Gate oscillators, 24:239
Gating, of pulses and echoes, 21:
238, 281-284, 305, 307, 309,
312
Gauge condition, 22:48
Gaussian beams, 21: 45, 46, 50
radius, 18:170, 242
Gaussian curvature, 21: 23, 83, 155,
156, 220
Gaussian excitation beam, 18:394
Gaussian intensity distribution, 18:
170
Gaussian laser beam, 18: 206, 210,
211,256, 262, 355
Gaussian line shape, 4A: 76
Gaussian plane, 18:412
Gaussian profile, 18:351,395
Gaussian pulse, 2 2 : 1 6 1
Gaussian pulsed rf, 19:96
Gaussian pump-laser beam, 18:250
Gaussian quadrature approach, 14:
498
Gaussian temperature field, 18:394
Gauss pulse, 18:17
Gauss's theorem, 22: 212, 269
Subject Index
Gauss sums, 18:5
GdBa2Cu307, 2 0 : 2 7 0 - 2 7 4
attenuation curves, 20:273
crystal structure, 20:292
velocity, 20:274
Gedanken experiment, 3B: 289
Gels, relaxations, 2B: 1-90
General Dynamics Corp., 11: 332
General Electric Co., 15: 22, 33, 44,
67-68
General Electric Medical Systems,
piezoelectric composites, 24:
99
Generalized circuit model
element factor for, 15:145
three-port circuit for, 15:145-146
Generalized ray groups, matrix
formulation of, 13:220-222
Generalized rays
for arbitrarily oriented force, 13:
232-237
arrival times of, 13:247-249
receiver functions and, 13:
204-206
Generalized ray theory, 13:197-206
axisymmetric waves due to point
load in, 13:218-231
buried and surface forces and head
waves in, 13: 217-218
Cagniard method and, 13:
207-212
complex integrals in, 13:250-252
convolution integration in, 13:251
cylindrical waves in, 13:198-200
development of, 13:196-197
direct and refracted rays in, 13:
212-218
for elastic solids, 13:183-263
first motion approximation in, 13:
242-244
Laplace transform inversion in, 13:
224-227
Subject Index
line source solutions in, 13:
227-229
pivotal point in, 13:250
plane wave approximation in, 13:
240-242
point source response in, 13:
227-229
point source solutions in, 13:
229-245
potential, displacements and
stresses in, 13: 223
ray integrals in, 13:240--245
Rayleigh surface wave effects in,
13:257-261
receiver functions in, 13:201-202,
204-210
reflection and transmission
coefficients in, 13: 202-204,
234-237
source functions in, 13: 232-234,
237-239
transient responses and numerical
examples in, 13:246-263
unbounded medium and, 13:
229-231
underlying principle, in, 13:
198-202
Generalized SAW (GSAW) waves,
24:145
General Radio Frequency Meter and
Discriminator, 8:78
Generators
cleaning, IB: 6-9
magnetostriction, IB: 14-16
Geodesics, 2 1 : 2 7 1
Geometrical optics
limit, 21: 14
rays of in elastic media, 10:34
Geometrical reflected waves, 21:
245, 248, 259, 262
Geometrical transmitted waves, 21:
236, 294
79
Geometric theory of diffraction
(GTD), 21: 15, 18, 251; 22: 2,
36, 104
Geometry, 21: 3
helicon, 10: 152-157, 164,
168-169
Geophone, in acoustic emissions,
11:291
German GHG system, 15:52
Germanium, 1B: 174, 186-187, 190,
244-245, 253-254, 257,
262-264, 296, 335; 3A: 54; 3B:
266, 269-271; 4A: 265, 318,
325, 349; 4B: 54
attenuation, 3B: 237, 271; 4A:
332-333
longitudinal, shear wave, 3B:
248-250
drag on dislocation, 3B: 275, 281
energy surfaces, 4A: 346
epitaxial growth, IB: 347
Esaki diodes, IB: 207-210
Griineisen parameter and thermal
expansion of, 17:54-56
high doping levels, 1B: 192
hook transistor, 1B: 317
internal friction, 3B: 238-240
interstitial oxygen, 3A: 27
loss
Akheiser, 3B: 260-261
thermoelastic, 3B: 256
magnetoresistance, IB: 194-195
for measuring flux, 1B: 197-198
noise, IB: 287-288
n-type, 4A: 326-338
Peierls stress, 3A: 422-424
relaxation times, 4A: 333-336
semiconductors, 4A: 300
SOE constants for, 17:4
temperature effects, IB: 280, 282
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 32-37
temperature variation, 17:50-56
80
Germanium (continued)
tunnel diodes, IB: 247-248,
254-256
ultrasound attenuation in, 16:35
g-factor, 5: 33, 42, 53; 6 : 5 4
Giant monopole resonance, 15:
262-267
Giant quantum oscillations
in sound absorption, 10:176-177
Gibbs, work on sound propagation,
16:10
Gibbs free energy, 8:240
temperature and pressure
dependence of, 8:243
Gibbs free energy differential
relation, 14:104
Gibbs function, 3A: 14
Gibbs fundamental equation, 2A:
58
Gilmore's equation, IB: 78, 104-107
Ginzburg-Landau constants, 9: 29,
31; 16: 192, 193; 20: 13, 16
Ginzburg-Landau formulations, 7:
32
Glacial acetic acid, 2A: 423
Glasses, 3B: 292; see also Two-level
systems; Vitreous silica
absorption in, 12:161-165
acoustic emission from, 15:
338-339, 346-347
acoustic pseudospin echoes in, 16:
260-263
acoustic and thermal behavior of,
below helium temperature,
12:170-176
Bloch equations for spin in, 12:
183-186
borate, 2B: 120-123
borosilicate, 2B: 135-136; 12:159
relaxation curves, 2B: 136-137
boroxide, 12:159
chalcogenic, 12:159
Subject Index
deformation potentials in, 12:
201-203
diabase, 4B: 380
echo formation in, 16: 234, 296
fracture of, 14: 321
inorganic, 2B: 110-156
ionic migration, 2B: 113-124
modulus-temperature, 2B:
154-156
network deformation, 2B:
112-113
structure, 2B: 110-112
transformation range, 2B:
124-154
low-energy excitations in, 12:156
low-temperature behavior in, 12:
177-203
microcrystallites in, 12:157-158
microscopic model of two-level
systems in, 12:203-210
microscopic structure of, 12:
156-159
multicomponent, 12:159
phonon propagation in, 12:159
relaxation spectra, processes, 2B:
91-163
resonant absorption in, 12:
187-189
resonant interaction for small
acoustic intensities in, 12:
193
saturation of ultrasonic absorption
in, 12:173-175
"self-induced acoustic
transparency" in, 12:173
silicate, 2B: 100
complex, 2B: 119-120
lead, 2B: 139
soda lime silica, 2B: 128
creep and stress, 2B: 136, 139
temperature effect, 2B: 154
tensile creep, 2B: 149
Subject Index
viscosity, 2B: 151
soda silica, 2B: 114-115
sound absorption in, 12:162-170
sound attenuation in, 16:34
sound propagation in, 12:181-193
sound velocity temperature
dependence in, 12:169-170,
175-177, 191-193
specific heat and thermal
conductivity of, 12:170-173
stabilized
completely, 2B: 135-139
non-, 2B: 134-135
partially, 2B: 132-136
temperature dependence of sound
velocity in, 12: 169-170,
175-177, 191-193
thermal anomalies in, at low
temperatures, 12: 177-178
thermal expansion of, 12:337
transition, 2B: 99-101, 109-110
large-scale relaxation, 2B: 112
in polymers, 2B: 167-168
poly(vinyl acetate), 2B:
214-215
pseudo-, 2B: 173-174
temperature, 2B: 195-196
two-level systems in, 12:181-193
ultrasonic absorption in, 12:
210-211
ultrasonic attenuation in, 12:
164
ultrasonic properties of, at low
temperatures, 12:155-212
ultrasonic velocity measurements
in, 12:337
vitreous silica and, 12:158-159
Glasslike solids, 20:250
Glass transition, 2A: 283
high-frequency moduli, 2A: 321
pseudo-, 2A: 285
supercooled liquids, 2A: 303-304
81
Glass transition temperature, 2A:
283-285; 6 : 2 0 2
Global Positioning System (GPS),
24:217
Glory rays, 21: 156, 159, 170, 184,
191,206
Glory scattering, 21: 141, 148, 155,
216,217
Glow-discharge method, for quartz
crystal vibration study, 16:
67-68
Glucose, 2A: 284, 310
Glycerine, sound absorption by, 16:
30
Glycerol, 2A: 284, 310, 315,
320-324, 335
pressure dependence, 2A: 344
temperature dependence, 2A:
343-344
velocity dispersion, 2A: 318
and water, 2A: 336-337
Gold, 4B: 19; 7 : 1 8 2
annealing, 3A: 102
deformation, 3A: 185
frequency dependence, 3A:
108-109
internal friction, 3A: 186-187
Gold electrodes, 5:99
Gold-nickel composites, Rayleigh
modes for, 9:112-115
Gold-quartz composites, dispersion
curves for, 9" 80, 83-84
Goodrich Company, 15:51
Government agencies, technology
transfer and, 23" 9-10, 33-42;
24" 9-10, 33-42
GPJM theory, in superfluid helium
films, 11" 61-62
GR 1602 admittance meter, for null
bridge methods, 16:154-155
Grain boundary, 18" 148, 149
82 Subject Index

Grain-boundary relaxation, 13: compressional velocity, 4B:

22-23 383-385, 388
Grain refinement, IB: 25 Graphite, 4B: 323
dopant effect, IB: 177-178 Grating spectrometer, 6:21
effect of strain, stress, IB: Gray-scale imaging
215-217 analog mechanical sector scanners,
lattice stress effect, IB: 186 23:101-102
of semiconductors, IB: 174-178 analog static scanners, 23:
intrinsic, IB: 175-176, 178 83-86
Grains display, 23:94-96
anisotropic, 4B: 273-276 focusing, 23:119
elastic anisotropy, 4B: 285 hard copy, 23: 99, 101
hexagonal, 4B: 282-283 limiter, 23:91
austenitic volume in steel, 4B: 291 memory, 23: 97-99,
nonequiaxed, 4B: 287 100-101
polyphase, multiparticle structure, receiver, 23:91-94
4B: 284-287 signal processing, 23: 94,
Grain scattering 127-128
experiments, 4B: 288-317 transducer, 23:86-90
formulas, 4B: 273-276 transmitter, 23:90-91
preferred orientation and, 4B: cin6 loops, 23:138
282-283 digital, 23: 102-103
Rayleigh orthorhombic, 4B: 275 annular array, 23:112
tables, 4B: 276-277 array beam patterns, 23:
theory, 4B: 272-287 114-119
Grain size beamforming, 23:124-130
determination, 18:419 convex array, 23:111
distribution, 4B: 278-282, 281 digital scan converter, 23:
computer method, 4B: 280 134-138
Grain structures, 18:144-149 endocavity transducers, 23:
Grain-to-grain anisotropy, resolution 112-114
of scanned image, 24:313 image display, 23:138-141
Granato-Hikata-Liicke equations, image post-processing, 23:
3A: 246-247, 257 141-144
Granato-L/icke theory, 3A: 242-243; intraoperative transducer, 23:
4A: 312; 8:358-360 114, 115
internal friction, 3A: 346-347 linear stepped array, 23:
model, 3A: 244-245 108-111
Granato-Lficke vibrating string multielement transducers, 23:
model, 9: 20-26, 30 103-106, 114
Granite, 3B: 292-295; 4B: phased array, 23:106-108, 118,
374-375 131
Subject I n d e x
quantization errors, 23:
130-134
transmitter, 23:123-124
vector array, 23:111-112
zone focusing, 23:119-123
duplex displays, 23:141
frame averaging, 23: 137
freeze frame, 23:136-137
gray-scale invert, 23:140
harmonic imaging, 23:177-179
history, 24: 280, 281
human engineering, 23:144-146
image annotation, 23:141
image contrast, 23:136
image invert, 23:140
image measurements, 23:141-144
pseudo-color display, 23:140-141
system operators, 23:146-147
zooms, 23:138
Gray-scale invert, medical
ultrasound, 23:140
Green's function, 18: 68, 110, 211,
258-264, 350; 22:270
in acoustic emission, 15: 301-307,
312, 314
calculated vs. experimentally
measured, 15:315
diffraction and, 13:86
dynamic, 15:313
experimental determination of, 15:
315, 354
finite temperature, 6:263
for infinite plate, 14:292
inverse, 15:309
step-function, 15:310
thermodynamic, 6:76
transfer function and, 14:357
Green's tensor, calculation of, 18:66
Green's theorem, IA: 15, 18; 14: 98,
101, 114, 116
Griffing recombination theory, IB:
133
83
GrindoSonic, sonic resonance
instrument, 23:264-266
Ground loops, in SAW filter, 15:131
Ground state, degenerate, 4A: 58-59
Group delay, 19: 82, 84
Group velocity, 6:113; 19: 82, 83,
96; 21: 250, 269, 271,276-277,
280-281; 22: 60, 162, 166, 184
Gr/ineisen constant, 6: 77, 78; 8:
262-263, 265, 268, 269, 321,
326-327, 333, 338; 20:222
calculation, 3B: 254-255, 258,
261,267
linear chain model for, 6:84
soft-mode, 6:83-86
Grfineisen parameters, 8:268
macroscopic, 10:273
temperature dependence of, 17:
50, 51
in ultrasonic measurements, 8:218
Gr/ineisen tensor, 8:337
sound waves and, 8:294
GSAW, see Generalized SAW waves
Guided wave, 8: 182; 21: 48, 203,
205, 206, 234, 310
Gun-hardened oscillators, 24:222
Gyrator, 1B: 200-202
ideal, 1A: 265
H
Hafnium, 3A: 63-65
Half-order derivative, 21: 181
Half-plane phase delay, 7:336-339
Halides
alkali, 3B: 65-66
harmonic, 3B: 60-61
illumination effects, 3B: 109-116
irradiated, 3B: 104-109
unirradiated, 3B: 102-104
lattice potential, 3B: 73
84
Hall coefficient
in A- 15 structure superconductors,
10:201-203
formula, 4B: 54
Hall effect, 1B: 174, 179-181; 2A:
457-458; 4A: 282-285,358; 8:
67; 10:164
noise, IB: 212
relaxation processes of water, 16:
31-32
Hall effect devices, 1B: 196-202
Halogens, 2A: 147-149
vibrational relaxation, 2A: 148
Hamiltonian, 3A: 461; 3B: 204-205;
4A: 51-60, 66-69
for cooperative Jahn-Teller
phenomena, 12:10-12
displaced oscillator transformation
and, 12:12-16
free-phonon, 6:261
hydrodynamic, 6: 260, 262
Ising, 12:14
nuclear-phonon, 4A: 139
perturbation, 3B: 206, 208, 221
spin-phonon, 4A: 88, 139
unperturbed crystal, 3B: 205-206,
209
Hamiltonian spin, 4A: 66-69
Hamilton's principle, 22:210
Hamming weighting filter, 15: 183,
187
Hankel function, 18: 356; 22:6
Hankel transform, 13: 192; 18:170
Hard body, 22:306
Hardening, 3A: 345-346, 363
Hard strip, scattering by, 11:94-98
Harmonic approximation, lattice
dynamics in, 8:283-285
Harmonic attached transducer
photoacoustic detection, 18:
210
Harmonic excitation, 18:192-201
Subject Index
Harmonic generation, 7:301-304
Harmonic heating, 18:202
Harmonic heat source, 18:198
Harmonic imaging, medical
ultrasound, 23:177-179
Harmonic mean, 18:14
Harmonic modes, of thickness-shear
vibrations, 16:40
Harmonic oscillators, 2A: 113-116;
3B: 204
Boltzmann distribution, 2A: 116
eigenvalue problem, 2A: 115
energy equation, 2A: 116
quantum exchange, 2A: 116
reaction scheme, 2A: 113-114
relaxation time, 2A: 142-144
molecular theory, 2A: 184-185
two systems, mixture, 2A:
129-130
Harmonic responses, interference
with inharmonic, 8:180-185
Harmonics
distortion measurement, 2B:
250-263
relaxing medium, 2B: 253-254
structure, 2B: 337-340
Harmonic waves, 18:197, 209
elastic, photothermal generation
of, 18:201
Hartmann generator, 15: 39-40, 61,
63
improvements in, 15:64
Hartree-Fock potential, 4B: 71
Harvard University, 15:23
Harzburgite, 4B: 380
Hasiguti peaks, 3A: 184-187; 13:21
Headwaves
conical, 10:11
schlieren photographs of, 10:
118-120
shear rays in, 10:122
Hearing, upper limit of, 15:20-21
Subject Index
Heat, effects on ultrasound
attenuation, 16:34-35
Heat capacity, 2B: 218-221
Heat conduction, IA: 41-42; IB:
106-107
attenuation due to, 8:308
Fourier's law, 1A: 42
sound and, 15: 15; 16:3-6
Heater
as broad-band phonon source, 8:
44-49
phonon transport in, 8:44-47
Heat flow
one-dimensional, 18:174-177
three-dimensional, 18:177-182,
212, 230
Heat flux, 2A: 13-15
Heat transfer, 2B: 266, 327
Heat treatment, 20: 244, 245, 248,
276, 415
Heavy Fermion superconductor, 20:
10
Heavy water, mole fraction analysis,
23:441
Helical path, 21:271
Helical resonator, echo studies, 16:
238-239
Helicon geometry, 10: 152-157,
164, 168-169
Helicon-phonon coupling, 10: 163,
179
Helicon waves, 4B: 120, 164-166;
8: 67; 10: 163; 2 2 : 5 4
Helium, 2A: 166-167; 4B: 174; 6:
35
equations of motion for, 11: 16-22
experimental results, 7:127
films, s e e Helium films
liquid, 11: 1-2
phonon decay rate and, 8:42
phonon interference in, 8:
49-55
85
phonon transmission in, 12:
148-149
plasma, 4B: 128
solid, s e e Solid helium
superfluid, s e e Helium II
thermal and viscous penetration
depth of, 11: 21
zero-point energy, 6:244
Helium-3
interaction potential, 6:305
quasiparticle, 6:246
absorption, 6:266
degenerate, 6: 256, 259
excitation, 6: 247, 249, 250, 255
Helium-4
attenuation measurements, 6:
272-274
excitationspectrum of, 6:247-248
impurities in, 6:246
optical sound velocity
measurement, 6:281
phase transition in, 6:244-245
superfluid transition, 6:249
velocity measurement, 6: 276, 281,
285, 292
Helium films
critical velocity of, 11: 2
and equations of motion for gas,
11:16-22
and equations of motion for
substrate, 11: 15-16
fourth sound in, 11:9
He3_He4 combinations in, 11:
49-51
normal fluid motion and
attenuation in, 11: 55-57
phonon interference in, 8:49-55
saturated and nonsaturated, 11:
32-33
substrate roughness in, 11: 38-40
superfluid, 11: 1-64
surface waves in, 11: 2
86
Helium films (continued)
third sound in, 11: 49-51
Helium gas jet noise excitation, 14:
322
Helium II, flow of, 11:1-2
Helium loss, surface sandblasting
and, 8:47
Helium-neon laser, 6:19
vibrational mode pattern studies
by, 16:116-117
Helmholtz coils, 7:25
Helmholtz equation, 17: 236, 244,
267, 281; 22:268
Helmholtz free energy, 8: 262; 12:
17
change in, 8:242
Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral
corollary, 22:270
Helmholtz resonators, 15:9
Helmholtz theorem of reciprocity,
23: 350, 355, 356
Hemispherical endcaps, 22:83
Henry, work on energy exchange
between molecules, 16: 26, 28
p-p'-Heptyloxyazoxybenzene, 14:
171
Herepath, work on velocity of sound
in a gas, 16: 6, 27
Herring approximations, IB: 73, 78,
103-105, 107
Herring mechanism, in attenuation,
8: 327-328, 331
Hertz's equation, IB: 310
Herzfeld relaxation concept, sound
propagation, 16:18-21, 22-23,
27, 32
Hessian, 21: 14, 80, 99, 195
Heterodyne detection, optical, 7:
321-323
Heterodyne holographic
interterometry, 19:241-242
Heterodyning, 14:329
Subject Index
collinear, 7:348
Hexagonal crystals, 6:146-147
1,2,6-Hexanetriol, 2A: 316-319,
322, 335, 339-341
Hiedemann and Hoesch method, 2B:
357-359
High-frequency acoustic pulses, 18:
29
High-frequency acoustics
early 20th-century work in, 15:
20-28
in 19th century, 15:3-20
pre-19th-century developments in,
15:3-4
Rayleigh's contributions to, 15:
18-20
High-frequency acoustic waves,
generation of, 15:23
High-frequency alternator, 15:
23
High frequency cells, 14:151
High-frequency generators
audibility limits and, 15:4-8
in early 20th century, 15:20-22
High-frequency phonon behavior, in
A- 15 superconductors, 13:41
High-frequency ultrasonic research,
5:228
High-level acoustic system (HLAS),
23: 331,332, 333
High performance liquid
chromatograph, instrumentation
of, 18: 378, 380
High-power ultrasonics, 15:64-74
High-temperature anomalies, 20:
419, 428
High temperature loss, 5:81
High-temperature superconductors
at superconducting transition, 10:
242-278
Cohen-Cody-Halloran (RCA)
model of, 10:281-283
Subject Index
density-of-states peak model of,
10:278-284
elastic behavior and structural
instability of, 10:193-292
Labbr-Frieder model of, 10"
270-283
lattice anharmonicity model in, 10:
287-290
structural instability of, 10:
290-292
theoretical models of, 10:278-290
High-velocity pseudo-SAWs
(HVPSAWs), 24:144
Hilbert transform, 21: 131, 135, 181
Hill mean, 4B: 363-364
Hitachi Medical Corporation of
America, piezoelectric
composites, 24:99
HOAB, see p-p'-
Heptyloxyazoxybenzene
Hodgkin's disease, 14:71
Holders, for material testing, 1B: 36
Hole-electron recombinations, 3B:
238-240
Hole theory, 1B: 174-175, 183; 2A:
310-315; 2B: 178-179
effective mass, IB: 181-185
energy diagram, 2A: 311
mobility, 1B: 175
rate equation, 2A: 313-314
volume, symmetry, 2A: 315
Hologram, 10: 299-300; see also
Acoustic holography;
Holography
diffraction patterns in, 10:329
early acoustic, 10:312-318
fringe pattern in, 10:315-316
interference patterns in, 10:322
kinogram, 10:301
microwave, 10:313
optical, 10:331
of pinhole, 10:310
87
point source of light in, 10:
309
side lobes in, 10:327-330
theory of, 10:312
zone plates in, 10:301-311
Hologram pulse compression, 10:
374-378
Hologram radar, 10:333-334
Hologram speckle, 10:327-331
Holographic interferometry, 19: 202,
239-242, 261-262
Holographic method, of vibration
measurement, 16:115
Holography, see also Hologram
acoustic, 10:297-380
Babinet's principle in, 10:343
coherence in, 10:318-321
coherence length in, 10:320
DKDP crystal in, 10: 360,
364-365
information handling in, 10:
359-360
"in-line" vs. "off-axis," 10:308
optical, 10:297-298
reflection zone plates in, 10:
321-327
seismic applications of, 10:
378-380
spatial coherence in, 10:319-320
synthetic-aperture concept in, 10:
332-340
Homogeneous functional, 22:255
Hooke's law, 1A: 115, 272-273; 3A:
2-3, 9; 3B: 296-297; 4A: 294;
17: 97; 18: 130; 22:215
anelasticity and, 13: 2, 12
generalized, 14:97
stiffness coefficient of, 17:70
Hookian interatomic forces, 3B:
205
Hopf-Cole transformation, 11: 131
Hopping rate, 24:213
88
Hot metals, solid-solid phase
transitions in, 14: 267; s e e a l s o
Aluminum; Iron; Metals
Hot tapping, 23: 279, 280
Hot wire waveguides, in ultrasonic
flowmetry, 14:467-470
HPLC, s e e High performance liquid
chromatograph
Hsieh-Plesset threshold, IB:
121-123
Hue, defined, 23:172
Huffman-Louat model, dislocation
motion and, 9:30
HUFS, s e e Hyperbolic umbilic focal
section
Hugoniot curve, IB: 108
Human engineering, medical
ultrasound, 23: 144-146
Humidity of air, effect on sound in
rooms, 16:29
Huygens' principle, 18: 427; 22:63
HVPSAWs, s e e High-velocity
pseudo-SAWs
Hybrid bridge method, for detection
of frequency mode, 16:
151-152
Hybrid circuit, 19:85
Hybrid excitation, 6:47
Hybrid fiber sensors, 16:439-445
fiber-to-fiber transmission, 16:
441-443
Fresnel reflection type, 16:
443-445
laser diode type, 16:441
moving mirror type, 16:439-440
Hybrid ray-mode theory, 22:3
Hybrid transducers, 23: 279-280,
291,361,364, 382-383
Hydration
enthalpy, 2A: 450
ionic, 2A: 371-372
numbers, 2A: 370
Subject Index
Hydrocarbon oils, 2A: 338, 340-341
complex shear modulus, 2A: 331
limiting moduli, 2A: 323-325
Hydrodynamic approximation, 6:10
Hydrodynamic cavitation, 15:
38-39, 58, 66
Hydrodynamic equations, one-
dimensional, 18:53
Hydrodynamic Hamiltonian, 6: 260,
262
Hydrodynamic interaction, 6:220
Hydrodynamic modes, nonlinear
couplings in, 7:362
Hydrodynamic quantities,
fluctuations of, 7:61
Hydrodynamics
continuous broken symmetries in,
14:113
conventional, 14: 101-108
dissipation and, 14:115-120
entropy production formalism in,
14:106-108
ideal fluids in, 14:101-106
liquid crystals in, 14:113-120
of nematics, 14:137-140
theory
correctness of, 14:97
ELO and MPP theories in
relation to, 14:96-97
Leslie's, 14:173
third sound in, 11: 5-6
variables, in smectic B material,
14:135-137
Hydrogen, 2A: 177-179
para-H2, 2A: 176-179
removal of, 5:94
sound dispersion through, 16:
19-20, 30
substitutional, 5: 85, 90
Hydrogen-bonded OH, 5: 105, 106
Hydrogen peroxide, production, IB:
140-144
,u lndex
Hydrogen sulfide, 2A: 156
Hydrolysis, 2A: 381-382, 402-424
aluminum sulfate, 2A: 418
lanthanum nitrate, 2A: 418
rate constants, 2A: 404-407
salts, weak acids, 2A: 402-406
Hydrophone, 24:107-112
acoustic holography and, 10:364
in circumferential wave study, 12:
245-246
measurements
for aluminum cylinder, 10:
87-96
of creeping waves, 10:73-81
for cylindrical shells, 10:
103-104
schlieren photographs and, 10:
90-96
Rayleigh angle and, 10:112-113
Rayleigh waves and, 10:111
Hydrostatic-acoustic methods, 2B:
198-208
Hydrostatic pressure, 1A: 43-48,
98-99, 102-104
current flow, IB: 262
I-V characteristics, 1B: 251-255
InSd, 1B: 195-196
resistance, 1B: 196
transducers, 1B: 242-244
transistors, IB: 301-304, 311
Hydrostatic tank gage, 23:331
Hyperbolic umbilic catastrophe, 21:
76, 98, 103, 115, 116
Hyperbolic umbilic focal section
(HUFS), 21: 84, 85, 110, 111,
113, 116
Hyperelasticity, as restricted
behavior, 17:69
Hypersonic elastic constants, 6:36
Hypersound, 1A: 317-319
Hysteresis, 2A: 340; 20: 270, 410,
414, 419
89
oscillators, 24:250
in quartz crystals, 11: 259-261
Hytrel thickness, of optic fiber
jackets, 1 6 : 3 9 5
Ice, 3A: 73-74
acoustic emission in, 11: 312
crystal structure of, 16:31
Ideal fluids, 14: 101-108
Ideal transformer, 1A: 265-266
Identification-friend-or-foe (IFF)
systems, 24:219-220
IDTs, s e e Interdigital transducers
IEEE International Ultrasonics
Symposium, 24: 139, 146, 198
IF amplifier, 24:353
IIDT, s e e Interdigitated interdigital
transducer
Ill-conditioning, 22: 68, 350
Illumination effects, 3B: 109-117
low temperature, 3B: 112-116
optical properties, 3B: 109-111
room temperature, 3B: 111-112
Image contrast
imaged cancerous lesion, 23:
76-77
medical ultrasound, 23: 76-77,
136
Image display, medical ultrasound,
23:138-139
analog ultrasound scanner, 23:
94-96
perception and, 23:80-81
Image echoes, definition of, 1 6 : 2 9 7
Image grain structures, 18:147
Image invert, medical ultrasound,
23:140
Image memory, medical ultrasonic
diagnostics, 23: 97-99,
100-101
90
Image noise, medical ultrasound
imaging, 23:77-80
Image post-processing, medical
ultrasound, 23:141-144
Image processing, 18:415
Image resolution, medical
ultrasonics, 23:69-71
beam pattern, 23: 53-57
Imaging
of acoustic vibrational modes, 18:
126
by mechanical scanning, 14:13
of cracks, 18:270-272
of delaminations, 18: 144, 160,
163,456
diffraction limit in, 14:2
dopants, 18:126
gas cell, photoacoustic, 18: 131,
149
of grain structures in
polycrystalline solids, 18:147
gray-scale, s e e Gray-scale imaging
medical, 23: 46-48; s e e also
Medical ultrasonic imaging
of near-surface cracks, 18:126
of nonoptical structures, 18: 419,
420
with optically generated thermal
waves, 18:403-475
of plastic deformation of metals,
18:126
of polyphase materials, 18:146
of subsurface cracks, detachments,
and laminations, 18:126
of subsurface structure, 18:
264-269
of thermal structures, 18:427
of thermal waves, 18:449-456
ultrasonic, s e e Medical ultrasonic
imaging
Imasonic, piezoelectric composites,
24:99
b'ubject l n d e x
Immersion, liquid, IA: 299-301
Immittance characteristics,
equivalent circuit, 19:270
Impedance, 2A: 290; 2B: 9-10; 19:
88, 89; 21:298
acoustic, 15:40-41
characteristics, 2B: 10
frequency dependence, 2B: 22
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11:89-91
surface, 22:317
for viseoelastic materials, 1A:
274-275
of wave transmission elements,
IA: 361-363
Impedance bond, 19:88
Impedance matching, 14: 347-349;
19:124
Impedance measurements, IA:
274-275; 14:359
by shear reflectance, IA: 296-297
for piezoelectric elements, 14:
364-365
shear, ultrasonic, IA: 294-297
Impenetrable targets, 21:239
Imperfect crystals, thermodynamics
of, 8:239-244
Implantation damage, 18:126
Impregnation, IB: 12-13
Impulse model, interdigital
transducer and, 15:114-115
Impurities, 3A: 115; 5:74
alloying effects of, 9:26-27
concentration effects of, 9:
27-28
stress changes and, 9:7-10
aluminium, 5: 78, 102, 103, 104
and attenuation, 3B: 235-286
and Bordoni peak, 3A: 102-104
copper, 5:104
diffusion coefficient, 3A: 43-75
hydrogen, 5: 85, 90, 105
Subject Index
internal friction, 3B: 238-248
iron, 5:106
lithium, 5: 78, 79, 85, 100, 104,
107
potassium, 5: 79, 100, 107
relaxations, 3B: 240-246
silver, 5:104
sodium, 5: 77, 85, 100, 104, 107
Incident shear waves, 15:247-252
Inclusions, elastic-wave scattering
from, 15:240-281
Incoherent radiation, spatial
frequency content of, 14:33
Incommensurate boundary
conditions, 19:125-126
Incomplete Airy function, 21:63
Index ellipsoid, 7: 275, 276
Index-raising, 22:237
Indiana University, 15:84
Indium, 4A: 304, 325; 4B: 29; 7: 25,
205
attenuation, 4A: 305-306
superconducting, 4A: 308-310
Fermi surface of, 7:191
resistivity, 4B: 71
velocity in, 4B: 59-60
Indium antimonide, 1B: 253-254;
4A: 6-7, 169, 172, 174-175
deformation potential and
piezoelectric coupling in, 8:
194
in Esaki diodes, 1B: 207-210
magnetoresistance, 1B: 195-196
devices, 1B: 202
measuring flux, IB: 197-199
Indium arsenide, 1B: 253-254
Industrial espionage, technology
transfer and, 23: 5; 24:5
Industrial ultrasonic imaging, 24:
275-278, 284, 285, 343-344
acoustic velocity, 24:298
applications, 24:323-343
91
focusing acoustic beams, 24:
289-295
future work, 24:344
history, 24:278-281
image processing, 24:321-323
imaging surfaces, 24: 300-308,
309
material imaged, 24:295-299
photoacoustic microscopy (PAM),
24: 282, 285
resolution, 24:276
measuring, 24:313, 316-321
scanning acoustic microscopy
(SAM), 24: 275, 276, 282,
284
scanning electron acoustic
microscopy (SEAM), 24:
282-283, 286
scanning laser acoustic microscopy
,(SLAM), 24: 283, 285, 287
subsurface imaging of volumes,
24: 308, 310-313, 314, 315
Infinite double-periodic array, 18:8
Infinite medium, line of vertical
forces in, 13: 190
Infinite piezoelectric plate, 9:
192-193; see also Piezoelectric
plates
dispersion curves for, 9:175
Infinite strip, IA: 142-145
Infrared absorption, 3A: 27; 5: 62,
87, 94, 105
Infrared radiation, 18:444
Infrared thermographic techniques,
14:327
Inhomogeneous broadening and
damping, in solids, 8:176-187
Inhomogeneous Helmholtz equation,
22:270
Inhomogeneous plane wave, 21:47
Injection molding, piezoelectric
composites, 24:95
92
Innovation
NDT market, limitations on, 23:
21-22; 24:21-22
technology transfer and, 23: 2, 17;
24: 2, 17
Insertion loss
absolute or double-conversion, 14:
230
in piezoelectric transducer, 9:228
Insertion loss/bandwidth triple-
transit tradeoffs, 15:169-175
Inspection, see also Nondestructive
testing
use of ultrasonic waves, IB: 1-55
continuous wave, IB: 36-40
types of waves and velocities,
IB: 32-34
Instability
magnetoelastic, 3B: 159-162
spin waves, 3B: 163-165
Institute of Radio Engineers, 15:61
Insulators
antiferromagnetic, 4A: 138-139
ferromagnetic, 3B: 127-199
linear, 3B: 129-152
piezoelectric, 4A: 3-7
Intake air sensors, ultrasonic, 23:
359-361,362-363, 423
Integral equations, 22:273
Integral transforms, in acoustical
response of submerged elastic
structures, 12:217-272
Integrated circuits, thermal wave
inspection, 18:435
Integrated optic spectrum analyzer,
15:185
Integration by parts, 22: 207, 250,
279
Intelligent blind flange, 23:325
Intelligent multisensor flowmeter,
23:424-425
Intelligent proximity switch, 23:302
Subject Index
Intense ultrasound, 15: 41-60; see
also Ultrasonics; Ultrasound
early apparatus for, 15:44
Loomis' work in, 15:43-45
physical effects of, 15:41-42
Wood's work in, 15:42-44
Intensity gates, 19:84
Interdigital transducers, 24: 137,
148-149
acoustic propagation loss in, 15:
131-132
array factors in, 15: 100-101,
111-113
bulk or plate waves and, 15:
129-130
circuit factors in, 15:154-155
circuit-model analysis and design
of, 15:99-187
crossed-field model in, 15:
137-142
delta-function model in, 15:
113-114
electric admittance for, 15:
136-137
fabrication, 24:153-156
as filter elements, 15:102-110
generalized circuit model of, 15:
142-146
grid structure of, 11: 217-218,
222-223
impulse model of, 15:114-115
materials, 24:149-153
phase code surface elastic wave
generation by, 11: 215-216
phase-reversal, 15:152
plate mode coupling to, 13:
72-76
plate mode excitation of, 13:
67-72
power reflection coefficient for, 15:
128
Rayleigh waves, 13: 64; 15:133
Subject Index
regeneration distortion and, 15:
127
SAW devices, 24:156
bandpass filter, 24:160-167
multiple-port delay line, 24:
159-160
SAW oscillators, 24:169-170
SAW resonators, 24:167-169,
232-233
two-port delay line, 24: 156-
159
source-withdrawal weighting and,
15:120-122
spurious mode excitation by, 13:
50
surface wave, 13:80
three-port circuit models of, 15:
101, 132-160
tradeoffs of bandwidth and other
factors in, 15:169-176
transfer functions in, 15:134-136
vs. transversal filters, 15:106-109
Interdigitated interdigital transducer
(IIDT), 24: 164, 170, 187
Interface
in cavitation, IB: 71, 76
of collapsing cavity, 1B: 109-110
Interface network
for thickness modes, 13:177-178
Interference, 19: 90; 21: 286,
289
constructive, 21: 257, 295-296
destructive, 21: 257, 273,289, 295
effects, 19:125-126
Interferometers, 2A: 30-34; 6:
21-25; see also Acoustic
interferometer; Ultrasonic
interferometer
automatic wave velocity
measurement, 1A: 285
double crystal, IA: 285-286; 2A:
32-34
93
measuring small differences in
velocity, IA: 285
single crystal, 1A: 282-284; 2A:
30-32
tandem, 6:37
upper surface of liquid free, IA:
284-285
Interferometry, 18:210
with acoustic holography, 10:
370-374
transducer power measurements,
14:368
Interior problem, 22: 267, 268, 286
Intermediate state, model for, 7:10
Intermittent continuous wave, 18:
349
Intermolecular collisions, 18: 282-
292
rate equations for, 18:291-305
Intermolecular forces, 6:30
Internal deformation model for
memory echoes, 16:349-356
Internal energy, 1A: 36, 41
Internal friction, 1A: 274; 2B:
150-151; 3A: 239, 303-308;
3B: 238-248; 4A: 226-227; 5:
64, 66, 79, 82, 83, 166, 210; 6:
207, 219
for alloys and impure metals, 8:
364-367
amplitude dependence, 3A:
345-349
and anelasticity, 3A: 1-42
in bcc metals, 3A: 223-291
Bordoni peak, 3A: 474-475
by dislocations, 3A: 362-369
calculation, 3A: 315-321
Fourier series, 3A: 318-321
steady-state, 3A: 315-318
coefficient of, 6:217
copper, 3A: 325-326
in crystals, 3A: 361-495
94
Internal friction (continued)
kinks, 3A: 474-484
fatigue, 3A: 270-273
grain boundary, 8:355
in-pile experiments, 3A: 308-309
irradiation, 3A: 337-338, 354
pulsed, 3A: 339
normalized curve for, 8:351
Internal function, anelasticity and,
13:5
Internal interference method, quartz
crystal vibration studies, 16:
79-83
Internal reflection, 4B: 345-346; 21:
283, 294, 297
Internal stress, 20:413
Internal variables
coupled, 13:13-14
single, 13:12
Interphase surface energy, 7:16
Interplay
ferromagnetic order and
superconductivity, 20:193
magnetic ions and
superconducting current, 20:
207
Interstitial, 3A: 52-58
magnetic after-effects, 3A:
238-240
split, 3A: 27-29
Intraluminal imaging, 23:180
Intraoperative transducers, 23:114,
115
"Intrinsic" power conversion
efficiency, 14:188
Inverse correlation length, 7:90
Inverse diffraction problem, 13:110
Inverse Laplace transform, 12:257
Inverse problem, nondestructive
testing, 23:206
Inverse scattering, 21: 37, 125, 219,
236, 266, 273, 285, 300
Subject Index
Inverse transforms, 12:239-243
Inverted spin population, 8:33
Involutes, 21: 57, 218, 219
Iodine vapor, sound propagation
through, 16: 14-15, 18
Ion complexes, alkali metal, 2A:
451-452
Ion-core motion, transverse, 7:5
Ion cyclotron, 4B: 159-162
Ionic association, 2A: 424-452
Bjerrum concept, 2A: 424-425
divalent acetates, 2A: 427-429
1-1 electrolytes, 2A: 427
2-2 electrolytes, 2A: 429-440
interactions, 2A: 425-427
Ionic displacement, 6:75
in nonlocal limit, 10:154-157
Ionic impurity levels, 6:55
Ionic relaxation, 2B: 119-120
Ionic solids, TOE constants for, 17:
37-40
Ionic vibration potentials, 2A:
453-457
pulse techniques, 2A: 455-456
uni-univalent electrolyte, 2A:
454-455
Ion-ion interactions, 2A: 354
Ionization, 2A: 402-424
pressure effect, 2A: 410
relaxational parameters, 2A:
406-407
of water, 2A: 406-408
weak acid in water, 2A: 402-403
weak bases and acids, 2A:
408-416
Ion milling, 9:266
Ion-neutral collisions, 4B: 143
Ions
covalent bonding, 4A: 174
iron group, 4A: 88-97
paramagnetic, 4A: 124-125
rare earth, 4A: 59-60
Subject Index
S-state, 4A: 59
Ion-solvent interactions, 2A:
365-373
Ion transport, 2B: 326-327
Ion waves, 4B: 134-139
acoustic, 4B: 108-110, 134-139,
141-145
cyclotron, 4B: 124, 155-162
downstream, 4B: 142
phase and amplitude, 4B:
135-139
phase velocity, 4B: 144-145
plasma, 4B: 134-141, 145-146
Iowa State University, technology
transfer and engineering
education, 23: 24-33; 24:
24-33
IRIS Inspection Services, tube wall
thickness inspection, 23: 247,
249, 250
Iron, 30% Ni, 4B: 291-292
Iron, 3A: 142-144, 223; 3B: 181
0.02%C, 3A: 280
acoustoelastic measurements on,
17:18
~-, 0.006% C, 3A: 269
annealed, 3A: 232-234
attenuation, 4B: 307
vs. frequency, 4B: 301
cold worked, 3A: 233-234
and copper, 3A: 325-326
divalent, 4A: 94-95
equiaxed and quenched, 4B: 295
experiments, 3A: 274-284
fatigue, 3A: 268-270
Ferrovac E, 3A: 235
garnets, 3B: 185-193
high purity, 3A: 229-232,
251-254
internal friction, 3A: 251,
255-256
microstructure, 4B: 306
95
nondestructive testing of, 23: 251,
253
recrystallized, 3A: 241-242; 4B:
296
sonic soldering, IB: 16-18
trivalent, 4A: 93-94
wave propagation in, 17:3
zone refined, 3A: 230, 258-259
Iron alloys, bcc, 3A: 24
Iron-carbon alloys, 3A: 23-26,
38-39
Iron-manganese-nitrogen alloys, 3A:
38, 59
Iron-nitrogen alloys, 3A: 23-26, 36,
38-39, 57
Iron-oxygen alloys, 3A: 33-36
Irradiated quartz, 5: 72, 73, 78, 93,
103
dimensional change in, 5:90
displacement damage, 5:90
frequency change in, 5: 89, 91
Irradiation, 3B: 243; 4A: 249-254,
261; s e e a l s o Radiation
cobalt-60, 3A: 205
cobaltgamma, 4A: 237
continuous, 3A: 337-344
and copper, 3A: 325-326
electron, 3A: 356
facilities, 3A: 312-314
gamma-ray, 4A: 262-263,
289-290
neutron, 4A: 290
pinning points, 3A: 321-322
pulsed, 3A: 338-341
precipitation curves, 3A:
342-344
Irreversibility, 2A: 51-55
quantity, 2A: 53-54
Irreversible processes, 2A: 51-61
chemical degrees of freedom, 2A:
55
compressibility, 2A: 65-66
96
Irreversible processes (continued)
entropy, 2A: 60
free acoustic fields, 2A: 60-61
homogeneous systems, 2A: 55-61
kinetics, reaction, 2A: 77-80
progress variables, 2A: 57-60
relaxation strength, 2A: 72-83
thermodynamics, 2A: 51-55
thermodynamic variables, 2A:
57-60
Ising ferromagnet, 7:55
Ising Hamiltonian, 12:14
Ising internal energy, 7:55
Ising model, 7:54
Isobutyl bromide, 2A: 298-299, 334
Isobutyl chlorides, 2A: 322
Isochoric model of Korpiun and
Buchner, 18: 227, 234
Isochromats, defined, 1 6 : 8 4
Isoclinic fringes, 1 6 : 8 4
Isomers
cis and trans, 4B: 182
rotational, 4B: 183, 187, 196
Isomorphic materials, miscible, 9:
164
Isothermal compression,
determination of, 8 : 2 2 6 - 2 3 0
Isotropic continuum, attenuation in,
8:319-320
Isotropic fluid, 6 : 8
Isotropic materials, 7: 279; 22:216
Isotropic modulators, 7:357
Isotropic modulus, 3B: 48-54
Isotropic plates, SH modes of, 13:
63
Isotropic problem, in elastic wave
propagation, 9:44-88
Isotropic scattering, 6:12
Isotropy, 3B: 28-3 l; 4B: 214
shear, 4A: 137-138
Iterative orthogonalization
techniques, 22:62
Subject I n d e x
ITT-Barton vibrating plate
densitometer, 14:504-507
Jacobian, IA: 7; 22:282
Jacobian matrix, definition of, 17:
5-6
Jahn-Teller coupling
between lattice and electronic
state, 12:5
strength of, 12:25
Jahn-Teller degeneracy, 12:7
Jahn-Teller distortion, 4A: 51
Jahn-Teller effect, 12: 3-9; see also
Jahn-Teller interaction
cooperative, see Cooperative Jahn-
Teller effect
mean field approximation and free
energy in, 12: 16-18
static, dynamic, and pseudo, 12:
6-7
Jahn-Teller energy, 12: 5, 18-23
Jahn-Teller Hamiltonian, 12: 10-12,
10-14, 20-21
Jahn-Teller interaction, see also
Jahn-Teller effect
model parameters in, 12:23-25
"phonon exchange" parameter in,
12:24
for rare earth materials, 12:29-67
for spinels, 12:71-73
thermal expansion due to, 12:22
for transition metal ion
compounds, 12:67-73
Jahn-Teller ions, 12: 6, 8-9, 12
mean field approximation and free
energy for, 12:1 6-18
Jahn-Teller phase transitions, elastic
properties in, 12:1-75
,~'ubject l n d e x
Jahn-Teller systems, cooperative, s e e
Cooperative Jahn-Teller
systems
Jahn-Teller theorem, 12:1-3
proof of, 12:4-6
Jamming margin, 24:218
Janovsky-Pohlman whistle, 15: 64,
70
Jeans' theory of sound propagation,
16:10-13
JENTEK Sensors, Inc., technology
transfer case study, 23:15-20;
24:15-20
Jersey Nuclear Company, 11:331
Jet fuels, mass flow rate of, 14:
510-511
Jinc function squared, 23:66
Jog motion
conservative, 3A: 179-180
formation, 3A: 307-308
nonconservative, 3A: 180
Johns Hopkins University, 1 5 : 4 2
Josephson currents, 12:92
Jost function, 22:9
Joule, molecular theory of gases and,
16:6
Junctions
breakdown, IB: 245-246
Esaki, IB: 247-251
p - n , IB: 202-210, 246-251 '
silicon, C, D, and E, 1B: 246-251
superconducting tunneling, s e e
Superconducting tunneling
junctions
K isolated, 3A: 439-443
Kaiser effect, in acoustic emissions,
11: 294-295, 334
Kapitza resistance, 11: 15-16; 12:
148
97
Keating model, lattice dynamics of
diamond-like solids, 17: 51, 53
Keesom's formula, 2A: 15
Kelvin & Hughes, Ltd., 15:76
Kelvin, sound attenuation in solids
and, 16:34
Kelvin-Voigt model of
viscoelasticity, 15:221
Kennecott Copper Corp., 11:323
Kernels, 3A: 412-413, 424; 22:299
Kerr effect, inverse optical, 6:60
Kessel plastic deformation model,
16:351
KGL model, 3A: 164-165, 191-192
Kidney tissue, linear and second
harmonic acoustic images of,
14:79
Kinetic energy density, 22:213
Kinetics, s e e Reaction kinetics
Kink density, in superconducting
state, 9:25-26
Kinks, 4A: 247-248
diffusion theories, 3A: 92-95
in dislocation lines, 3A: 361-491
in dislocations, 8:362
double
Brownian motion, 3A: 466
energy, 3A: 431-435
formation rate, 3A: 448-457
geometry, 3A: 432
nucleation rate, 3A: 455-457
functional forces on, 3A: 457-465
geometrical, 3A: 427-428
interaction between, 3A: 431-436
Coulomb type, 3A: 447
long range, 3A: 447
mass, 3A: 430
motion
barriers to, 3A: 178-179
coupled, 3A: 179
models, 3A: 181
98
Kinks (continued)
nucleation growth, 3A: 179
narrow, 3A: 373-374
oscillations, 3A: 459-461
pairs, 3A: 382, 449-455
formation rate, 3A: 471-474
generation, 3A: 468-474
potential, 3A: 426
properties, 3A: 427-474
shape, 3A: 428-429
theory, 3A: 448-451
applied, 3A: 474-484
thermal, 3A: 427-428
density, 3A: 443-447
sinusoidal potential, 3A:
445-446
Kink viscosity, 3A: 458-461
Kinoform, 10: 301, 366-370
Kirchhoff, work on sound
propagation, 16: 5, 6, 19
Kirchhoff approximation, 18: 13; 21:
7,15
Kirchhoff formula, for sound
pressure determination, 14:385
Kirchhoff's equations, for perfect
gas, 15:50
Kirchhoff's laws, for piezoelectric
resonators, 9:196
Kirchhoff stress tensor, 17: 67, 93,
98
Kirkwood-Bethe approximations,
IB: 73-74, 77-78
KMT theory, 4B: 164
Kneser, work on sound propagation,
16:21-30
Kneser liquids, 15:84
Knife-edge technique, in ultrasound
detection, 14:331
Knight shift, 10:199, 201
Knudsen-Kueser, studies on sound
absorption in gases, 16:
28-30
Subject Index
Kobayashi theory of
acoustobirefringence, 17:101
Koehler distribution, 4A: 246
Koehler-Granato-Lficke model, 5:
210
Koga's theory for quartz crystal
vibrations, 16:43
Kolmogorov's equations, 4B: 188
Krster effect, 3B: 103-104
Krsters prism, 7:322
Kramer's equation, 3A: 467
Kramers-Kronig equations, 4B: 190
Krautkramer Branson Inc.
nondestructive testing instrument,
23: 223, 225, 226, 227, 229,
255-256, 259, 260
piezoelectric composites, 24: 99,
100, 102, 104
Krohne, ultrasonic flow sensor
program, 23: 391,392, 398
Kronecker delta, 17: 6; 22:215
Kronig, work on theory of sound,
16:6
Krrnig-Kramer relation, 3B: 246,
301
Krypton-helium, 2A: 37
k-space improper integrals in, 14:
226
Kubic harmonics, 3B: 14
Kubo's theory, 3A: 468-469
Kundt tubes, 15: 10-12, 20-21, 57
Kuo-Favro theorem, 18:258
Lal.86Sro.14Cu04 single crystal
elastic constants, 20:398-399
temperature dependence, 20: 400,
405-406
orthorhombic-tetragonal structural
transition, 20:403-406
Subject Index
self-consistent phonon
approximation, 20:404-406
La2CuO4 single crystal
elastic constants, 20:398
structure phase transition, 20:400
temperature dependance, 20:399
ultrasound velocity minimum, 20:
400-401
La2_xSrxCuO4, 20:238
attenuation, 20:238-243
attenuation peaks, 20:242
crystal structure, 20:292
elastic constants, 20: 239, 295
internal friction, 20:241
phase transition, 20:240
velocity, 20:238-243
Labysch model, 16:209
Lagrange convention, 22: 200, 203
Lagrange equations, 17: 6, 10; 22:
210
Lagrange multipliers, 22: 262, 352
Lagrangian, description, 22:211
Lagrangian coordinates, 2B:
232-234; 22:211
spherical wave equation, 2B:
247-248
Lagrangian density, 22:213
Lagrangian strain matrix, definition
of, 17:5
Lamb, H., 24: 143, 145
Lambda point, 6: 245, 310
attenuation near, 6:318
PBF theory of velocity, 6:313
specific heat at, 6:314-315
velocity near, 6:310-316
Lambda transition, 7: 57, 61
specific heat at, 6:314-315
Lambert-Beer law, 18:352
Lambert diffusor, 17: 289, 295, 300,
307
Lambert's cosine law, 17: 236, 291
Lamb-like plate modes, 22:178
99
Lamb modes, 10: 118, 121; 13: 62;
19: 205, 208
bidirectional radiation resistance
for, 14:215
in ferrous sheet metal, 14:238
indicator, 14:.214
trade-offs and, 14:239
Lamb theory, incidence angles in,
10:122
Lamb wave amplitude plot, 14:214
Lamb waves, 10: 17-20; 21: 49, 52,
205, 211,215, 217; see also
Electromagnetic transducers
bulk acoustic waves and, 14:219
cylindrical, 14:226
dispersion curves, 10: 18; 15:235
excited by meanderlines, 14:213
on flat plate, 10: 42, 54
generation of, 18: 56, 78
helical, 14:267
in hot-rolled Armco iron, 14:213
magnetostriction, 14:216, 235
in plates, 14:202
propagation, stress effect in, 14:
257-260
transduction of, 14:225
translation technique with, 14:
254-255
velocity of, 10:120-121
Lam6 constants, 1A: 72, 107; 16"
41,394; 17: 85; 18: 207, 209;
21: 248; 22: 5, 65, 215
Lam6 mode, in plates and cylinders,
1A: 142-143, 146
Landau damping, 4B: 134, 135, 139,
141; 6:48
approximate formula, 4B: 140
electron-wave,~ 4B: 146-147
experiments, 4B: 143-145
Landau-Khalatnikov peak, 16:258
Landau-Khalatnikov theory, 6: 310,
318
100
Landau levels, 5:24
Landau-Placzek ratio, 6 : 9
Landau quantum effects
experimental methods in, 8:74-79
induction-strain coupling and, 8:
65-69
magnetic domains and oscillatory
elastic moduli in, 8:71-74
magnetic susceptibility
measurements and, 8:74-75
no induction-strain coupling and,
8:64
sound velocity measurements and,
8:75-79
theory of, 8:61-74
Landau quantum number, 4B: 8
Landau quantum oscillations
comparison with existing data, 8:
92-93
of elastic moduli, 8:63-69
experimental approximations in, 8:
70-71
experimental results in, 8:79-91
Fermi surface and, 8:59-93
hip frequency and deformation
parameters in, 8:85-86
of magnetostriction, 8:69
recording of, 8:78
ultrasonic attenuation in, 8:91
Landau quantum period, for coronet
necks, 8:87
Landau-Rumer theory, 8: 283-291,
298-299
anharmonicity in, 8:285-287
extra terms in, 8:319
lattice dynamics in, 8:283-285
sound velocity and, 8:289-290
ultrasonic attenuation in, 8:
287-291
value of method in, 8:290-291
Landau-Teller ratios, 2A: 114, 116,
129, 143; 18: 294, 297
Subject Index
Langasite, 24:151
Langevin sandwich transducer, 15:
31-32, 51, 54-55, 78
Lang's method of X-ray topography,
16:94-96
Lanthanum, 3A: 193
LA phonons, 6:14
Laplace equation, 16: 11; 22: 261,
334
irreversible processes, 2A: 61
monatomic gases, 2A: 2
Laplace inversion, 12:263
Laplace region, in acoustics, 11:118
Laplace transform, 12:219, 237,
252, 257-258; 18: 201,202;
21: 241,244, 265, 278
inversion of in generalized ray
theory, 13:224-227
transient acoustic waves and, 12:
243
Laplace transition current, 14:229
Laplace-Watson transforms, 12:
220, 264-270
Large aspect ratio scatters, 22:176
Large wave vector, excitations of, 6:
8
Larmor frequency, 4A: 115, 140,
142
Larmor radius, 7: 18, 19
Laser beam deflection system, 9:
130, 156-163
open-loop frequency response of,
9:162
two-plane, 9:160
using multimorph ceramics, 9:
156-160
Laser beams
deflection, photothermal, 18:
248-254
Gaussian, 18: 206, 210, 211,256,
262, 355
harmonically chopped, 18:210
Subject Index
ultrasonic generation of acoustic
waves by, 18:21-118
modulation, 18:415
propagation, 18:25
Laser diode acoustic sensor
implementation, 16: 446, 452
properties of, 16:441
Laser fluorescence, 18:369
Laser-generated bulk waves, 18:105
Laser-induced breakdown, 18:26
Laser probe technique, 13: 82, 89
Laser-pulse shocking, transducer
surface motion evaluation, 24:
73
Lasers, 4B: 166; 7: 306-307; see
also specific types
annealing processes, 18:116
coherence and, 10:319
electron density, 4B: 154-155
for Faraday rotation, 4B: 169
holograms and, 10:299
molecular gas, 5:229
noncontact techniques, 18:105
scattering, 6:294
sources, 6:19-20
vibrational mode pattern studies
by, 16:114-121
amplitude measurement by
interferometry, 16:
118-121
Laser Schlieren technique, 18:337
Laser welds, AE monitoring of, 15:
353
Latency time, 5:183
Lateral inertia, 22:52
Lateral spatial resolution, medical
ultrasound imaging, 23:74
Lateral vibration modes,
piezoelectric composites, 24:
85, 86, 91-94
Lateratwaves, 10: 9, 14-17; 21:258
La Tour siren, 15:64
101
Lattice, 4A: 189-191
bcc, 3A: 22, 29, 31-32, 34, 46,
52-53
dislocation-interstitial, 3A:
243-245
fcc, 3A: 27-29, 31-32, 34, 50,
60-65
behavior, 3A: 69
vacancy pairs, 3A: 50
hardening, 3A: 345
hcp, 3A: 29, 31-32, 34, 60-65
radiation effects, 3A: 345
Lattice deformations, 6:47
Lattice dynamics
ferroelectricity and, 6:68
in harmonic approximation, 8:
283-285
model for, 6:69
Lattice waves, 3B: 201-219
phonon processes, 3B: 205-214
properties, 3B: 202-205
transport, 3B: 214-219
Launching efficiency, of surface
waves, 10: 9-10, 14
Layered elastic solids, generalized
ray theory for, 13:183-263
Layered media
asymmetric and axisymmetric
problems in, 13:192-193
wave propagation in, 14:51-56
Layered structures, allowed wave
vectors in, 14:52
LC coupling method, for crystal
mode frequency determination,
16:157-163
Lead, 2A: 295; 4A: 265-266, 268,
294; 4B: 33-35; 7: 195, 211
doped with tin, 4A: 269
electronic state of, 9:14
electron viscosity for, 9:19
frequency dependence, 4A: 260
molten
102
Lead (continued)
compressibility, 4B: 65
resistivity, 4B: 71
velocity, 4B: 55
resistivity, 4A: 314
single crystals, 4A: 324; 7:22
solid-solution hardening of, 9:28
stress changes in, 9:7-13
superconducting, 4A: 311
Lead alloys, mobile dislocations in,
16:179
Lead crystals
electron drag on dislocations in,
16: 176-177, 179
mobile dislocation studies on, 16:
184, 185, 188, 189
Lead diodes, in programmable
sequence generator, 11: 233
Lead-indium crystals
electron drag on dislocations in,
16:177
mobile dislocations in, 16: 185,
186, 188
electron drag in, 16:189-195
Lead-tellurium, 4B: 35
Lead-thallium alloys, 4A: 293
Lead-tin crystal, stress changes in,
16:174-175
Lead zirconate titanate (PZT), 9:
132, 149-153
medical ultrasonic transducer, 23:
50-51
PZT-4, IA: 201-205, 210,
213-217, 249, 253-256
PZT-5, IA: 201-206, 209-210,
213, 217, 254-256, 451,
456-457, 476-477
PZT-5A, IA: 440; 9: 140, 156
Leaks, acoustic detection of, 14:
464
Leaky guided waves, 21: 206-219
Leaky Rayleigh wave, 21:258
Subject Index
Leaky surface waves, 24: 144,
303-304
Leaky waves, 10:19
Least-squares formalism, for
handling three-dimensional
equations, 16:50
Legendre functions, 22:38
Legendre polynomials, 3B: 24-25
Legendre sequences, 17: 307; 18:
16, 17, 18
Legendre theory, for double
conversion insertion loss, 14:
230-231
Legendre transformation, 2A: 58, 75
Length expander bar, IA: 225-226
Lens, perfect, 7:335-336
Lens aberration, in SAM, 14:20-26
"Lens Makers Equation," 24:
291
Lens surface transmittance, 14:
41-47
anisotropic case, 14:45-47
isotropic case, 14:41-45
Leslie hydrodynamic theory, of
liquid crystals, 14:173-174
Level scheme, 21:273-275
Level sensors, ultrasonic, in liquids,
23: 290, 291-295, 298, 320,
322-323, 334, 335, 339
Light
alkali halide, 3B: 97-125
cadmium sulfide, 3B: 97-98
incandescent, 3B: 111
monochromatic, 3B: 112-114
polarized, 2B: 359
velocity ratio of at lens interface,
14:11
white, 3B: 112-113
Light diffraction, 2B: 333-369
by sound beam, 14:332-333
distribution, 2B: 347-349
Subject I n d e x
experimental arrangement, 2B:
343-344
intensity maxima, 2B: 346-347
methods, 2B: 344-351
in photoelastic solids, 2B:
356-367
spectra, 2B: 345, 349, 350
Light scattering, 18:182, 184,
243-246, 381,391
electric-field-induced, 6:47
Limestone, Solenhofen, 4B: 386
Linear acoustics, equations of, 22:
211
Linear array, multielement
transducers, 23:103
Linear dependence, attenuation, dirty
type II, 20:14
Linear-FM dispersive transducer, 15:
118-119
Linear operator, 22:200
Linear parameter estimation, 19:284
Linear phased array, 24: 78-80, 98
Linear programming, IA: 463-467
Linear sequenced array, 24:78-80
Linear spectroscopy, 18: 212,
215-222
Linear stepped array, medical
ultrasound equipment, 23:
108-111
Linear theory of elasticity, 17:65
Linear variable differential
transformer (LVDT)
in studies of mobile dislocations,
16:185
Lines per frame, medical ultrasound,
23: 63, 70
Lips
caustics, 21:119, 125
events, 21: 119, 120, 123, 189
Liquid chromatograph, see High
performance liquid
chromatograph
103
Liquid columns, 19:96
Liquid crystalline phases, three
groups of, 14:94
Liquid crystals
as anisotropic fluids, 14:93
ELO theory of, 14:96-97
hydrodynamics of, 14: 96-97,
113-120, 173
MPP theory of, 14:96-97
as organic compounds, 14:94
rigid molecular structure of, 14:
94
sonic cells and, 14:149-153
sound attenuation in, 14:147-148
sound propagation in, 14:126-144
Liquid crystal scanner, transducer
beam evaluation, 24:71
Liquid helium, phonon interference
in, 8:49-55
phonon transmission in, 12:
148-149
Liquid level, ultrasound sensors, 23:
290, 291-295, 298, 320,
322-323, 334, 335, 339
Liquid level ultrasonic flowmeters,
14: 412; see also Ultrasonic
flowmeters
Liquid metals, 5 : 8
Liquids
acoustic absorption in, 14:74
acoustic approximation, IB:
73-74, 99-103, 105, 111,148
associated, 2A: 298-299, 316,
318-321,323-325
hydrogen bonded, 2A: 331-334
mixtures, 2A: 336-337
weakly, 2A: 294-295, 323-325,
334-336
in cavitation, 1B: 70
compressibility, 1B: 73
degassed, IB: 125
gas phase transition, 6:10
104
Liquids (continued)
Herring approximation, IB: 73,
78, 103-105, 107
hydrocarbon, 2A: 320-321
hydrogen bonded, 2A: 294-295
entropy, 2A: 301
volume viscosity, 2A: 296-298
incompressibility approximation,
IB: 73-74, 76, 78-83, 134,
163
solutions, IB: 83-86, 111, 120
inhomogeneities, IB: 72
Kirkwood-Bethe approximation,
IB: 74, 77-78, 107-110
light scattering in, 6:10-12
limiting moduli, 2A: 319-329
magnitudes, 2A: 319-322
temperature dependence, 2A:
322-329
low-molecular-weight, 6:169-204
measuring mechanical properties,
IA: 271-334
acoustic interferometers, IA:
282-286
acoustic streaming, IA:
281-282
high frequency pulse
techniques, IA: 286-291
longitudinal waves, IA:
293-294
low-viscosity, radiation
pressure, IA: 280-281
optical methods, IA: 279-280
quantities of interest, IA:
292-293
reverberation, IA: 278-279
shear mechanical properties,
IA: 294-297
viscoelastic, 1A: 292-297
molten salts, 2A: 294
monatomic, 2A: 295; 6:34
neon, 6:34
b'ubject lndex
nonassociated, 2A: 294-295,
298-299, 320-321,323-325,
334-336
nonlinearity parameter, 2B:
333-353
determination, 2B: 343-352
dissipative medium, 2B:
337-340
experiment, 2B: 336
organic, 6:31
polar, 2A: 354-355
polyatomic, 6:32
polymeric, 2A: 294
properties, 2A: 282-283
pure, 2B: 17-18
relaxation, 2B: 1-90; 6: 34, 36
specialized boundary conditions
for, 14:56
state, 6:34
structural and shear relaxation, 2A:
281-349
dielectric, 2A: 341-345
elastic moduli, 2A: 285-292
limiting moduli, 2A: 319-329
mechanical, dielectric, 2A:
294-295
moduli behavior, 2A: 329-341
structural viscosity, 2A:
293-315
supercooled, 2A: 303-305
thermoelastic effects in, 18:98
ultrasonic measurements with, 8:
221-226
ultrasonic sensors in
clamp-on, 23: 361,363-373,
374-375, 425
concentration measurement in,
23: 439, 441-443
distance range, 23: 290,
291-296, 298, 327-339
ultrasonic wave distortion, 2B:
334-340
Subject Index
volume and shear viscosities, 2A:
294-295
Liquid-solid interfaces, surface
waves on, 10:5-14
Liquid-solid phase, 6:244-245
Liquid-vapor phase transition, 6:10
Lithium
Debye | 3B: 5-6, 16
doping, 3B: 244-245
Lithium chloride, 2A: 297
Lithium dioxide, 4A: 221-222
Lithium ferrite, 3B: 182
Lithium fluoride, 3A: 273; 4A: 237,
256
crystals, 3B: 218
light, effect of, 3B: 97, 103, 107
pinning, 3B: 116
velocity, 3B: 279-281
Lithium iodate, echo formation in,
16:234
Lithium iodide, 4A: 172, 174
Lithium ion, 3B: 247-248
Lithium-magnesium alloys, 3A: 32
Lithium niobate, 6: 149; 24:
149-152, 163
in angular spectrum of waves
method, 13:90
disperson diagram for, 13:51
doubly rotated cuts of, 13:162
echo formation in, 16: 221,
230-234, 237, 253-255, 265,
286, 324, 325, 328
memory type, 16: 344,
363-365, 374-376
inverse velocity curves for, 13:60
plate mode excitation in, 13:75
SH modes of, 13:75
thin plate
dispersion characteristics for,
13:62
mode coupling calculations for,
13: 66, 73-74
105
Lithium nitrate, 2A: 297, 300-301
Lithium sulfate, 15:61
Lithium tantalate, 24:150-152
doubly rotated cuts of, 13:
155-162
echo formation in, 16: 233, 234
Lithium tetraborate, 24:161
Lithography, subsurface void arrays,
24: 318, 319
LMFBR (liquid-metal fast breeder
reactor), ultrasonic velocity
measurement in, 12:348-350
"Local conduction," of electrons,
14:186
Local limit, ionic displacement in,
10:153
Lock-in amplification systems, 18:
361-376, 386, 388, 412-416,
452, 453
Logarithmic amplifier
analog ultrasound scanner, 23:91
digital ultrasound, 23:124
Logarithmic decrement, 5:69
Logarithmic singularity, 22: 201,
299
Lognormal distribution, in
anelasticity, 13:8
London penetration length, 20:13
Longitudinal cusp caustics, 21:
67-74, 101
Longitudinal and flexural modes,
1A: 119, 122-129
in circular wire, IA: 446-447
in cylinder, 1A: 112, 138
L(O, 1), IA: 450-453
lowest ,longitudinal, IA: 447
in plate, IA: 112, 135-136, 138
Longitudinal phonons, 3B: 222-232
Longitudinal relaxation time, in two-
level systems, 12:198-201
Longitudinal resonance, 18:
320-325
106
Longitudinal resonances, 18:
320-325; 22:97
Longitudinal sound waves, in
smectic B material, 14:
168-169
Longitudinal stress waves, detection
of, 14:314
Longitudinal wave modes, 18:77
Longitudinal wave propagation
relaxation in, 14:157-160
in smectic A material, 14:165-167
Longitudinal waves, medical
ultrasound, 23: 49, 198
Long-range order parameter, 7:58
Long wavelength approximation, in
acoustic waveguides, 11: 111
Loomis Laboratory, 15:41-46
Lorentz, work on sound propagation,
16: 7-9, 18, 26
Lorentz broadening, 18:283
Lorentz force, 14:189-211
for acoustic medium of finite
conductivity, 14:200
of electrodynamic transduction,
14:183
in electromagnetic generation, 10:
132
in electromagnetic transduction,
14:313, 315
"rectangular" meanderline of, 14:
110
self-field excitation and, 14:233
Lorentz force density
defined, 14:185
EMT transmitter coil and, 14:231
Lorentz force generation, 14:180
Lorentz force method, application to
metals, 14:263-264
Lorentz force operation, of EMT
transmitter-receiver, 14:185
Lorentz force transduction, 14:180
Lorentzian approximation, 6:267
Subject Index
Lorentzian field, 6:26
Lorentz line shape, 4A: 75-76
Lorentz-Lorenz relation, 7:304
Lorentz profile, 18:283
Lorentz transformation, 3A: 374,
376
Loss, from OH bond, 5:105
Loss fluctuation, 19:92
Loss mechanisms, 3B: 165-194; see
also Attenuation
acoustic attenuation, 3B: 182-185
Akheiser, 3B: 256-267
ferrites, 3B: 181-182
and material properties, 3B:
165-194
nonintrinsic, YIG, 3B: 111-178
rare earth iron garnets, 3B:
185-193
spheres, 3B: 165-169
elastic modes, 3B: 165-169
measurements, 3B: 169-171
thermal, 3B: 274-284
thermoelastic, 3B: 255-256
YIG, best samples, 3B: 178-181
zero temperature coefficients, 3B:
193-194
Loss peak, 5: 64, 66, 70, 72, 74, 90,
100; 19:91
impurity-induced, 5:67
model for 50~ 5:100
Lothe's theory, 3A: 92-93
Love, A. E. H., 24: 143, 145
Love modes, 9:107-109
anisotropic examples of, 9:
117-119
dispersion curve for, 9:122-124
displacements of, 9:120
in elastic wave propagation, 9:
66-70
of isotropic combinations, 9:
101
stiffened, 9:104-107
Subject I n d e x
transverse modes and, 9:88
Love waves, 3B: 314-316, 318; 10:
20-21
propagation, 24:182
Low elastic frequency limit, 7:
290-291
Low frequencies, 21: 4, 203, 234
Low frequency limit, 22:261
Low-frequency modulators, 7:
313-323
Low-frequency oscillations, 15:27
Low-molecular-weight materials, 6:
169, 204
Low-noise oscillators, 24:216, 218,
219, 221,244
Low temperatures, ultrasonic
properties of glasses at, 12:
155-212
LPM theory, 4B: 290-291
Luminescence, 1B: 139-140
as cavitation measure, 1B:
157-158, 162
intensity, 1B: 140-144
nonthermal, 1B: 132-133
theoretical explanations, IB:
133-134
thermal, 1B: 132-139
time of occurrence, 1B: 134-136
Lumped parameter networks, 13:
162-173
Lycopodium powder method
for quartz crystal vibration study,
16: 67-68, 76-77
Lydane-Sacks-Teller (LST) relation,
6:68
M expansions
McDonnell Douglas Co.
bubblers, 23: 241-243, 245, 246
MAUS (Mobile Automated
Scanning), 23:244
107
Mach number times acoustic
impedance, for ultrasonic mass
flowmeter, 14:507-510
Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer,
16:389-415
acoustic transduction by, 16:
392-415
in air, 16:414-415
at intermediate frequencies, 16:
402-409
at low frequencies, 16:394-400
desensitization, 16:400-402
ultrasonic response, 16:
409-414
geometric versatility of, 16:
391-392
interferometer arrangement, 16:
389-390
schematic of, 16:389
threshold pressure detectability by,
16:390-391
Mach-Zehnder interferometer, 7:
322, 323
Macromolecules, 1B: 150-153
Macroscopic theory of higher-order
elastic constants, 17:2
McSkimin criterion, 19: 84, 86, 91,
92, 105
in pulse-echo-overlap method, 12:
287-295
in pulse superposition method, 12:
300-301
McSkimin pulse superposition
method, 8 : 7 6
Madelung constant, 3B: 65, 73-74
MAE, see Matched asymptotic
Magnaflux, Inc.
nondestructive testing instruments,
23: 254, 255, 258
resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy
(RUS), 23: 266, 268, 269
108
Magnatest, elastomat, 4B: 338-339
Magnesium, 3A: 80, 104; 4B: 14,
30-32
cation, 3B: 74
ferrite, 3B: 181
isotropic moduli, 3B: 50-51
Q, 3B: 290
tO vs. density, 3B: 62
Magnesium oxide, 4A: 99-100, 153,
207, 218-221; 4B: 335-336,
350, 366-367
compression, 4B: 367
echo formation in, 16:233-235
elastic constants, 4B: 338-339
refractive index, 4B: 358
velocity vs. temperature, 4B: 388
Magnesium silicate, 4B: 358
Magnesium sulfate, 2A: 381,
430-431
effect on sound propagation in
seawater, 16:33
frequency and concentration, 2A:
431,433-434
Magnetic anisotropy, effects of, 14:
232-233
Magnetic Barkhausen effect, 15:
347-348
Magnetic domains, low temperature
and, 8:89
Magnetic effects, in acoustic
emission, 11:324-330
Magnetic field
crystal oscillators and, 24:
256-257
dependence of in type II
superconductors, 9: 5, 13-14
effects on sound propagation, 5 : 7
electron energy in, 10:176
internal
analysis, 4B: 250-253
coordinate system, 4B: 251
inverse function, 4B: 255
Subject Index
synthesis, 4B: 253-259
para-process associated with, 14:
233
separation, 4B: 252
Magnetic-field dependent
attenuation, 20: 200, 210, 211,
227
Magnetic field drives, 15:344-345
Magnetic flux meters, IB: 197-199
Magnetic flux quantization, 20:212,
213
Magnetic relaxations, 13:24-25
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
medical applications, 23:
47-48, 49
Magnetic superconductor
antiferromagnetic, 2 0 : 1 9 2
ferromagnetic, 2 0 : 1 9 2
magnetic impurity, 20:191
Magnetic susceptibility, 13:30-31
experimental results in, 8:79-83
measurements, Landau quantum
effects and, 8:74-75
Magnetic susceptibility curves
of Er0.187Hoo.813Rh4B4at constant
fields, 20:201
of Ero.6Hoo.aRh4B4 at zero field,
20:199
Magnetite, 3B: 182
hematite, 3B: 306
single crystal, 3B: 128
Magnetization, 4A: 141; 6: 14; 7:
21; 20:13
transient technique, 4A: 146
type I superconductor, 20:13, 14
type II superconductor, 20: 13, 14
for type II superconductors, 7:15
Magnetoacoustic absorption, in
metals, 8:194
Magnetoacoustic dispersion, 4B: 85
Magnetoacoustic effect, 4A:
359-364
Subject Index
Magnetoacoustic oscillations, 4B:
3-7, 15
in aluminum, 4B: 15-18
in antimony, 4B: 36-38
in arsenic, 4B: 19
in bismuth, 4B: 19-21
in cadmium, 4B: 22-24
in copper, 4B: 24-25
in gold, 4B: 19
in indium, 4B: 29
in lead, 4B: 33-35
in magnesium, 4B: 30-32
in molybdenum, 4B: 32-33
in potassium, 4B: 29
in rhenium, 4B: 35
in silver, 4B: 15
in thallium, 4B: 41
in tin, 4B: 38-40
in tungsten, 4B: 41-43
in zinc, 4B: 44-46
Magnetocrystalline coupling, 3A:
238-239
Magnetoelastic coupling, 3B: 129,
140; 4B: 219, 223
Magnetoelastic coupling constants,
3B: 188-189
Magnetoelastic echoes, 16:298
Magnetoelastic energy, 3B:
194-196
Magnetoelastic interactions, 3B:
165-194
in antiferromagnetics, 8:
194
coupling, 20:228
Magnetoelasticity, 4B: 211
infinite medium, 4B: 218
internal fields, 4B: 240-244
magnetic field
nonuniform, 4B: 238-240
uniform, 4B: 212-227
Magnetoelastic properties, of solids,
8:191-195
109
Magnetoelastic resonance, 3B:
153-158
Magnetoelastic splitting, 4B:
221-222, 227-232
Magnetoelastic waves, 4B: 231-238;
6: 44-47, 188
circularly polarized, 3B: 134-135
dispersion, 4B: 221-225
in crystalline direction, 4B: 219,
223
positive frequencies, 4B: 221
generation of, 3B: 139-152
instability, 3B: 152-165
plane, 3B: 133
Magnetohydrodynamics, 4B: 83-88
Magnetomechanical acoustic
emission, 15:342-348
Magnetomechanical damping, 3A:
226-240, 233,249
experiments, 3A: 229-238
high frequency, 3A: 228-229
kilocycle range, 3A: 232-234
low frequency, 3A: 227-232
megacycle range, 3A: 235-238
theory, 3A: 226-228
Magnetomechanical effect, in stress
determination for ferromagentic
materials, 15:354
Magnetosonic waves, 4B: 129-130,
171-173
Magnetostriction, 3A: 238; 3B:
129-130
discovery of, 15:16
in ferromagnetic media, 14:180
form effect, 3B: 129
Lamb wave, 14: 235
Landau quantum oscillations and,
8:69
later developments in, 15:62
linear, 3B: 129, 152-153
in longitudinal wave generation,
14:216
llO
Magnetostriction (continued)
materials, IA: 257-267
Nrel ferromagnet, 3B: 190
in submarine detection, 15:30
in ultrasonics, 15:46-47
volume, 3B: 129
Magnetostrictive-based QG gear, on
destroyers and submarines, 15:
51
Magnetostrictive coupling, 3A: 238;
4A: 138
Magnetostrictive oscillators, 15:47
Magnetostrictive spacers, 6:23
Magnetostrictive transducers, IA:
419, 467-475; IB: 4-5; 14:
319-320; 1 5 : 6 7
band width, IA: 475-478
equations for, IA: 469-470
and piezoelectric, IA: 467-475
symmetrically loaded, IA:
420-472
unified analysis, IA: 467-475
unloaded, IA: 470-475
Magnetostrictors, 15:46-47
Magnets, memory echoes in powders
of, 1 6 : 3 5 9 - 3 6 0
Magnon-phonon conversion, 4B:
229-232, 244
Magnons, 6: 5, 8, 18, 21
Maki's theory of change in stress in
metals, 16:194
Mandrel, optical fiber wound on,
acoustic response by, 16:
406-409
Manganese, 3B: 181
divalent, 4A: 93-94
Manganese sulfate, 2A: 434-436
and HC1, 2A: 437-438
and NaC1, 2A: 436-437
Manufacture
nondestructive testing during, 23:
202-203
Subject Index
process parameters and
nondestructive testing, 23:
210-215
Mapping, 22:229
Marginal oscillator ultrasonic
spectrometer, 8:142-152
calibration of, 8:146-147
frequency pulling in, 8:
149-150
operating principle of, 8:143-144
self-modulated or heterodyne, 8:
147-152
sensitivity of, 8:151
Marketing, technology transfer, 23:
39-40; 24:39-40
Markov processes, 4B: 184-186
Markov systems
general equations, 4B: 188-191
sinusoidal field, 4B: 186-197
two-state model, 4B: 193
Martensite, 4B: 284-286, 311-314
Martensitic phase transformation, in
A- 15 materials, 10:205
Marvin's model, 2B: 27
Maser, 4A: 105-109
Maser amplification, 5:171
Maslov's method, 2 1 : 5 4
Mass, conservation, IA: 9; 2B:
232-233
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 15: 22, 78, 84
Mass action law, 1 6 : 1 6
Mass continuity, equation of, 14:
105
Mass loading, in piezoelectric plates,
13:128-129
Mass transfer, IB: 74-76
Matched asymptotic expansions
(MAE), l l : 69-147
in acoustic streaming, 11: 143
acoustic waveguides in, 11:
110-125
Subject Index
asymptotic matching principle in,
11:82-83
boundary layer in, 11: 80
defined, 11:70
development of, 11: 71-72
dimensional reasoning in, 11: 73
and eigenfunctions in closed
cavity, 11: 121
exact closed form expressions in,
11:107
forcing function in, 11: 80
in future of acoustics, 11:145-146
Hopf-Cole transformation in, 11:
131
impedance concept in, 11: 89-91
"matching on overlap" in, 11: 144
Navier-Stokes equation in, 11: 75
in nonlinear acoustics, 11:
125-143
physical reasoning in, 11:129
Reynolds number in, 11:71-73
scattering and diffraction problems
in, 11:93-110
scattering matrices and
impedances in, 11:74-75
second-order model equation in,
11:91-93
techniques of through one-
dimensional expansions, 11:
76-88
three-dimensional problems in, 11:
109-110
time-harmonic piston problem in,
11:135-143
Matching circuits, circuit factors for,
15:165
Matching loss, in piezoelectric
transducer, 9:228
Matec, Inc., 16: 236, 247; 19: 100,
106
Material ablation, effects of, 18:79
Material derivative, 1A: 6
111
Material inspection, nondestructive,
18:416, 438
Material line, plane, point, IA: 2
Material probing, optoacoustic, 18:
422
Material properties
acoustic properties, 14:14-17
engineering parameters and, 23:
210-215
measurement, with EMT's, 14:
253-260
nondestructive testing, 23:
204-205, 249, 251,253-256
sonic resonance, 23: 201,
256-271
test instruments, 23: 249, 251,
253-271
test methods, 23:208-215
ultrasonic attenuation, 23:209
ultrasonic backscattering, 23:
209-210
ultrasonic velocity, 23:
208-209, 249, 251,
253-256
Materials testing, ultrasonic
transducers in, 14:277-394
Material Systems Inc., piezoelectric
composites, 24: 99, 105, 106
Matthiessen's rule, 7:181
Maxwell-Boltzmann theorem, 2A:
183
Maxwell model, 2B: 20-22,
24-28
elastic deformation, 2B: 21
stationary flow, 2B: 20
Maxwell molecular theory of gases
and, 16: 6, 7
sound propagation and, 16:34
Maxwell's equations, 4A: 282; 4B:
6; 9: 18, 38; 16: 182; 18:248
Maxwell's theory of relaxation time,
16:2
112
Maxwell-Wagner model, 2B:
117-118
M band, 3B: 111
MBBA, s e e p-Methoxy-benzylidene-
p'-butylaniline
MCFs, s e e Monolithic crystal filters
MCXO, s e e Microcomputer
compensated crystal oscillator
MDC, s e e Minimal diffraction cut
Meacham bridge circuit, IA:
397-398
Meandering Winding
Magnetometer TM (MWM),
technology transfer case study,
23:15-20; 24:15-20
Meanderline coil, 24:128-129
Meanderline design, in specialized
acoustic signal techniques, 14:
245
Meanderline EMT, frequency
steering of BAW's with, 14:218
Meanderlines
electrical properties of, 14:196
Lamb waves excited by, 14:213
radiation resistance for, 14:201
Meanderline transducers, 14:
191-219
Mean-field approximation, Jahn-
Teller ions and, 12:16-18
Mean-field behavior, HoRh4B4, 20"
192, 204
Mean-field-type model, 7:58
Measurements
conditions for resonators, 19:272
fixtures for resonators, 19:
273-274
methods for resonators, 19: 272,
273
tank depth, IB: 52
threshold, IB: 123-127
ultrasonic, 1A: 271-334
Mechanical and dielectric processes
Subject Index
cooperative effects, 2A: 346-347
relaxation, 2A: 347
shear viscous, 2A: 346
volume viscous, 2A: 346-347
Mechanical impedance, 6:193, 210,
223, 227
Mechanical piston, 18:213, 214,
218
Mechanical properties, in
superconducting state, 9:16
Mechanical radiation, 24:46
Mechanical relaxation, 3A: 142-145
Mechanical scanning, imaging by,
14:13
Medical Device Act (1968), 23: 48,
140
Medical ultrasonic imaging, 15:
79-83; 23: 46-48, 184
adaptive focusing, 23:179-180
advantages, 23:48-49
cancer and, 23: 75-77, 81, 114
contrast agents, 23:176-179
Doppler frequency shift, 23:
81-83
Doppler imaging
applications, 23: 147-151
coherent pulsed wave (PW)
system, 23:155-157
color flow imaging, 23:110,
166-175
continuous wave (CW) devices,
23:150-155
frequency range, 24:323
gray-scale imaging, 23:83
analog, 23:83-102
digital, 23:103-147
harmonic imaging, 23:177-179
history, 23: 83-85, 102-103, 128
image feature perception, 23:
80-81
image formation
acoustic coupling, 23:69
Subject Index
acoustic velocity limitation, 23:
63-64
pulse-echo beam pattern, 23:
64-69
pulse-echo measurement, 23:
49, 62-63
soft tissue propagation, 23:
58-61
transducers, 23:50-53
transmit beam pattern, 23:
53-57
image hardcopy, 23: 97, 99, 101
image noise, 23:77-80
image resolution, 23:69-71
contrast resolution, 23: 70,
75-77
spatial resolution, 23: 69-70,
71-75
intraluminal imaging, 23:180
panoramic imaging, 23:182-183
picture archiving and
communication systems, 23:
176
slice thickness focusing, 23:
180-181
soft tissue acoustic properties, 23:
49, 57, 58
theory, 23:49-50
3D imaging, 23:181-182
transducers, 24:103
array transducers, 24:78-81
Meissner effect, 7: 5, 168
Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect, 7 : 7
Meissner state, 7: 27; 16:185
Melt viscosity, 2B: 127-131
Arrhenius type, 2B: 127-129
free-volume, 2B: 129-131
Membrane, vibrating, 2B: 322-323
streaming speeds, 2B: 322
Memory echoes in powders, 16:
341-383
dc field effects on, 16:374
113
definition of, 16:297
experimental data on, 16:343-345
experimental methods for, 16:
354-356
experimental observations of, 16:
356-376
field orientation dependence of,
16: 366-369, 379-381
frequency dependence of memory
readout of, 16:369-373
integration of, 16:358-359
internal deformation model for, 16:
349-356
orientation dependence of, 16:
381
long memory time of, 16:356-358
materials exhibiting, 16:359-360
multiple echo effects in, 16:358
particle preparation for, 16:354
particle rotation model for, 16:
345-348
after powder stirring, 16:360-363
power dependence of, 16:363-365
properties of, 16:342
repetitive readout of, 16:374-376
spectral hole burning mechanism
of, 16:352-353
spectrometer used in studies of,
16:354-356
stored polarization through charge
transfer and, 16:351-352
Mendousse's theory, 2B: 244
Meniere's disease, 15:82
Merck, Inc., 19:110, 117, 155
Mercury, 2A: 295, 297; 4B: 53; 7:
212
absorption, 4B: 79
attenuation, 4B: 77-78, 87
bulk viscosity, 4B: 79
cavitation threshold, 4B: 89-90
compressibility, 4B: 70
covalent bonding, 4B: 74
114
Mercury (continued)
propagation, 4B: 88-90
velocity in, 4B: 59-60
pressure dependence, 4B: 69
Mercury-thallium, 4B: 81-82
Merging
of echoes, 21: 132, 133, 134
of rays, 21: 82, 92, 115, 117, 118
Meromorphic function, 21:277
Metal cations, 2A: 446-452
enthalpies of hydration, 2A: 450
Metallic glasses, 13:18
acoustic emission from, 15:
338-339, 346-347
Metallic plating, elastic wave
propagation and, 9:107-109
Metallic powders, dynamic
polarization echoes in, 16:
277-282
electromagnetic excitation at metal
surface, 16:278-282
Metallization, multilayer, 18:126
Metallurgic processes
acoustic emission in, 15:339-340
ultrasonic applications in, 15:
71-72
Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-
effect transistor (MOSFET)
gate, use in capacitive receiver,
17:20
Metals, 4A: 176
alkali, 4A: 361
Alpher-Rubin absorption and
dispersion in, 8:59-60
bcc, 3A: 223-291
dislocation, 3A: 241-242
fatigue, 3A: 271-272
models, 3A: 168-182
nonlinear phenomena, 3A:
151-162
observations, 3A: 125-162
transition, 3A: 123-196
Subject Index
binary, 3A: 58
Bordoni measurements, 3A: 78, 83
cold worked, 3A: 78
cubic, 3A: 77-121
dislocations in, electron and
phonon drag on, 16:173-215
fcc, 3A: 477; 4A: 247, 289
Fermi surface of, 8:59-60
ferromagnetic, 3B: 38, 128,
290-292
group V transition elements, 3B:
39-40
hcp, 4A: 247
impure, dislocation theory for, 8:
364-367
interstitials in, 3A: 52-53, 57-58
magnetocaustic absorption and
dispersion in, 8:194
martensitic transformation in, 11:
321
memory echoes in powders of, 16:
359-360
molten, 2A: 295-298; 4B: 53-97
electron density, states, 4B:
66-67
ion-ion potential, 4B: 80-81
magnetic fields, 4B: 83-88
propagation, 4B: 83-88
viscosity, 4B: 77-81
monovalent, 4A: 353-377
noble, 4A: 368-377
oscillatory magnetoacoustic
phenomena, 4B: 1-53
experiments, 4B: 13-15
plastic deformation of, 18: 149,
151,423
plate resonances in, 10:172-174
polycrystalline
attenuation for plane waves, IA:
445-446
for communications, 1A:
364-365
Subject I n d e x
losses, IA: 461
polyvalent, 4B: 3
solid-solid phase transitions in, 14:
267
specific heats, 3B: 33-39
ternary, 3A: 58
thermal properties of, 1 8 : 4 0 4
TOE constarts for, 17:29-32
ultrasound attenuation in, 16:35
Metal surface, current density
induced on, 14:190
Metal tubes, EMT thickness
measurements for, 14:
261-262
Metglass, acoustic emission from,
15:347-349
Methane, chlorinated, 2A: 159
Methanol, 2A: 315
Method of isolation and
identification of resonances
(MIIR), 21: 237, 254, 258-261,
282-286, 296-297, 303,
310-312
Methods of steepest descent, 5:
183-200
p-Methoxy-benzylidene-pl-
butylaniline, sound propagation
measurements in, 14: 154-158
Methyl-butyl metacrylate, 14:67
Methyl halogen derivatives, 2A:
157-158
Metric tensor, 22:230
Mettler ultrasonic densitometer, 14:
506
Michelson interferometer, 14: 330;
16: 68, 69; 21:204
in crystal vibration studies, 16:
70-71
Microbalance, 4A: 203-207
Microbend sensors
acoustic measurements by, 16:
431-434
115
design and properties of, 16:
426-436
Microbubbles, IB: 131
as ultrasound contrast agent, 23:
177
Microcomputer compensated crystal
oscillator (MCXO), 24:221,
238, 252
frequency standards, 24: 263, 264
Microcracks
crack volume and, 15:327
lifetime and propagation rate for,
15:332
parameters of for various mild steel
specimens, 15:330-331
Microcrystallites, in glasses, 12:
157-158
Microphone deflection scans, 18:
447
Microphone detection, 18:416-434,
416-435, 447, 454
optoacoustic, 18: 425-429, 462
Microphones, IB: 296-301
carbon granule, 1B: 313-316
magnetoresistance, IB: 202
piezoresistive, 1B: 296-301, 316
probe, 1B: 124
transistor, IB: 307, 310-316
Microreversibility, 4B: 197
Microscope
acoustic, see Acoustic microscope
ultrasonic, 1B: 49
Microscopy, 3A: 272
electron-acoustic, 1 8 : 2 2
gas cell photoacoustic, 18: 149,
161
optoacoustic of thermal structures,
18:418, 425-429
photoacoustic, 18:115, 190
scanning acoustic, 1 8 : 4 2 9
thermal wave, 18: 125, 425, 431,
434-438
116
Microseisms
in acoustic emissions, 11:
291-292
field work in, 11: 309-310
laboratory work in, 11: 306-309
source of, 11:293
Microsonics, in thin films, 10:
183-185
Microsound generation, conversion
efficiency and, 10:161
Microstep
control unit for, 9:153-154
motor, 9: 130, 139-144
servocontrol of, 9:154-156
Microstreaming, IB: 150-151; 2B:
321-322
and electrolysis, 2B: 326-327
physical change, 2B: 324-326
rate processes, 2B: 326-329
Microstructure and grain scattering,
4B: 304-307
applications, 4B: 31 6-317
Microstructures, measurement of,
17:120
Microwave
experiments, 4B: 14
in gallium, 4B: 28
systems, 4B: 166-167
Microwave excitations
acoustic generation and, 10:
157-162
diffuse reflection and, 10:160-162
specular reflection and, 10:
159-160
Microwave frequencies, 4A:
195-222
Microwave generation of acoustic
waves, 18:22
Microwave hologram interferometry,
10:373
Microwave holograms, 10:313
Microwave phonon, 5:226
Subject Index
Microwave region, 3B: 148, 150,
165
Microwave resonator probes, 8:
126-129
Microwave technology, 5:229
Middle surface, of plate, 22:218
Midradius chord, area averaging and,
14:494-496
Midradius group, of ultrasonic
flowmeters, 14: 430-431
Mie scattering, 18:383
Migration, ionic, 2B: 113-124
MIIR method of isolation and
identification of resonances, 22:
34
Milas, Nicholas A., 23: 8; 24:8
Military applications
battery consumption, 24:221-222
communication systems, 24:
212-216
jamming, 24:213-215
radio silence, 24:216
electronic warfare, 24:220-221
identification-friend-or-foe (IFF)
systems, 24:219-220
missile guidance, 24:221
navigation, 24:216-217
surveillance, 24:218-219
survivability under radiation and
high acceleration, 24:222
Military Standard 15-A, resolving
power, 24:316
Milltronics, ultrasonic sensors, 23:
294, 318-320
Mindlin-Spencer formula, 16: 41,
46-48
Mindlin's plate equations, 16:
44-45, 55, 62, 64
Mindlin two-dimensional equations,
9:171-177
Mineralogy, 4B: 381-382
Minerals, velocities, 4B: 395-420
Subject Index
Miniaturization, ultrasound flaw
detection, 23:221-222
Minimal diffraction cut, 13:
105-107
Minimum potential energy, 22:266
Minimum singularity principle, 11:
96, 103
Mintrop wave, 1 0 : 9
Mirage effect, see Transverse optical
deflection
Mirror pole, 22:21
Mirror scanners, 18:411
Mismatch, 19: 86, 87, 88
Missile guidance, low-noise
oscillators, 24:221
Mitronic microcomparator, as
position transducer, 9:154
Mittag-Leffler expansion, 15: 245;
22:15
Mixed-mode glory, 21: 172, 178
Mixed state, 5:10-23
Mixed state theory, 7:13
M-mode (motion mode), analog
ultrasound scanner, 23:95-96
Mobility, IB: 175-183
dopant effect, 1B: 177
effective mass, 1B: 181-185
of electrons, 1B: 175-180
Modal acoustic emission (Modal
AE), 24:358-361
Modal singularity, 21: 101
Mode coupling, to lithium niobate
thin plates, 13: 66, 73-74
Modeling
cavitation nucleus, 1B: 127-131
interdigital transducer, 24:149
piezoelectric composite
performance, 24:85-86
piezoelectric plate transducer
performance, 24: 48-59,
73
Mode-mode coupling theory, 7:62
117
Mode pattem and temperature, 5:
139
Mode plate vibrators, see Doubly
rotated plates
Mode series, 21:269
Mode spectrographs, 13:171
Mode transformer, IA: 433-434
Modified Butler configuration,
oscillator, 24: 238, 239
Modulated magnetic order in
superconducting state, 20: 192,
208
Modulation conversion, 7:339-341
by Fresnel diffraction, 7:339
by Zemicke phase plate, 7:339
Modulation efficiency, 7:319
Modulus
frequency-determining, 5:65
phonon-phonon interactions, 3B:
153-163
relaxed, 1A: 87
time-varying, 3B: 159-162
unrelaxed, 1A: 87
VRH, 3B: 54-55
Modulus defect, 3A: 170-176
and amplitude, 3A: 192
asymptotic, 3A: 320
calculation, 3A: 315-321
in distortions, 8:359
irradiation, 3A: 337-338
orientation, 3A: 323-324
Molecular-field theory, 7:112
Molecular friction coefficient, 6:219
Molecular orientation times, 6:239
Molecular spectra, 4B: 192
Molecular theory of gases, 15:19
Molecular theory of sound
propagation, 16:6-10
Molecular transformations, acoustic
emission during, 15:335-340
Molecules
coiled, 2B: 28-34
118
Molecules (continued)
dynamic properties, 2B: 30
nonfree draining coil, 2B: 31-32
rotating, 2A: 192
theories, 2B: 109-110, 175-182
Mollwo's law, 3B: 116
Molten metals, ultrasonic treatment
of, 15:72
Molybdenum, 3A: 187, 261,269;
4B: 32-33; 7: 195, 216
activation, 3A: 146
Momentum, 2B: 232-233
Momentum conservation, 6 : 7
Momentum flux, equation for, 14:
108
Momentum flux tensor, 14:120
Monoatomic fluids, 6:34
Monochromatic acoustic waves,
detection of with spin-phonon
spectrometer, 8:27-33
Monochromatic radiative transfer,
18:282
Monochromatic rf bursts, 19:83
Monocrystals, perfect, 4B: 13
Monolithic crystal filters, 9:
167-219
applications of, 9:169-170,
213-219
attenuation peaks in, 9:215
characteristics of, 9:213
defined, 9:167
design of, 9:199-201
discovery of, 9:169
equivalent electrical circuit for, 9:
195-201
fabrication technology for, 9:
207-213
frequencies for, 9:199-200
Gaussian passband in, 9:219
light-resonator, 9: 168-169, 190
Mindlin two-dimensional
equations for, 9:171-177
Subject Index
physics of, 9:201
precision and stability in, 9:170
process technology in, 9:201-213
in pulsed Doppler radar, 9:218
resonant frequency and electrode
area in, 9:198
and thickness vibrations in thin
piezoelectric plates, 9:
171-191
transmission peaks in, 9:215
vibration problem in, 9:170
Monolithic piezoelectric plate
transducers, 24: 44, 45-48, 62,
73-76
construction, 24:46
frequency domain response, 24:
48-59, 62, 63, 65, 74
pressure profile, 24:60-62
Sittig computer program, 24:
48-59, 73
space domain response, 24: 60-62,
65-73, 74
theory, 24:48-62
time domain response, 24: 48-59,
62-63, 74
Monomer-dimer equilibrium, 2A:
423-424
Monopolar pulse, 18:91, 92
Monopolar transients, 18:36
Monopoles, 22:86
Monostatic configuration, for
creeping waves, 10:78-79
Monostatic radar, 24:219
Monostatic reflection, 10:72
Moon, internal friction in, 8:
368-371
Moon rock, 19:104
MOSFET detection, 24:185
M6ssbauer effect, 8: 163-167; 10:
277
MOS transistors, limitations of, 11:
231-232
Subject Index
Motion
domain-wall, 3B: 171-172
homogeneous dilatational, 2B:
196-198
for length expander bars, IA: 234,
237
molecular, 2B: 182
wavelike of a plane, 1A: 65-66
Motion sensing, with EMT's, 14:
260-267
Motor
microstep, 9:139-144
piezoelectric, 9:134-140
Mott model, 4B: 70
MOUS, s e e Marginal oscillator
ultrasonic spectrometer
Moveable reflectors, 19:110
Moving-coil transducer, 15:27
Moving dislocations, electron drag
in, 9:16-20
Moving mirror hydrophone
in hybrid fiber sensor, 16:439-440
Moving targets, radars and sonars
for, 10:345
MPP (Martin-Parodi-Pershan)
theory, 14: 96-97, 121
MRI, s e e Magnetic resonance
imaging
MSC, s e e Multistrip coupler
Multibeam interferometry, quartz
crystal vibrations, 16:77-83
Multicomponent liquids, 7:92
Multielement arrays, 23:103-106
beam pattern, 23: 114-119
color flow imaging, 23:169-170
linear stepped array, 23:108-111
phased array, 23:106-108,
131
quantization errors, 23:130-134
Multilayered system, allowed
longitudinal and shear waves in,
14:53
119
Multilayer metallization, 18:126
Multilayer transducers, 9: 225-229,
256-258
Multiline arrays, 9:271
Multimode waveguiding, 19: 91, 92,
94
Multimorph actuators
open-loop frequency response of,
9:161-162
servosystem for, 9:160-163
Multimorph ceramics, beam
deflector unit using, 9:156-160
Multimorph servostep response, 9:
163
Multimorph strip, in laser beam
deflection unit, 9:158-159
Multipath ultrasound, 23: 283,
284-286
Multiphase flow, defined, 14:413
Multiphase media, examples of, 14:
413
Multiple chords
Doppler methods and, 14:498
flow principles and, 14:496-499
Multiple echoes, 19: 83, 84, 111,
120
Multiple modes, 19:128
Multiple piezoelectric layers,
bandpass characteristics of, 9:
256-258
Multiple-port delay line, 24:
159-160
Multiple reflections, 21: 298-299,
305
tinging produced by, 14:307
Multiplicity, 21: 96
Multiplier, for analog computer, IB:
200
Multistrip coupler (MSC), 24:
177-179
Multivalley semiconductors, 13:
26
120
Multiwell potential, 3A: 165-166,
173-175
Muntz metal, 4B: 307
attenuation, 4B: 311
grain structure, 4B: 309
heat treatment, 4B: 308
Murnaghan formalim for elastic-
solid deformations, 17:5
Musical tone, production of, 15:6
N Near-surface cracks, imaging of, 18:
NA, s e e Numerical aperture
Nabarro force, 5:168
Naphthalene, 4A: 192
Napier, 19:108
NAR, s e e Nuclear acoustic
resonance
NASA
Langley oscillating pipe facility,
14:492
space program and technology
transfer, 23:11; 24:11
National Bureau of Standards, 15:
33
National Research Council, 15:32
National Science Foundation (NSF),
technology transfer and, 23:10;
24:10
Natural boundary conditions, 22:
214, 223
Natural gas pressure, ultrasonic
velocimeter and, 14:511-513
Naval Consulting Board, 15:43
Naval Research Laboratory, 15:51
Navier-Stokes equations, IA: 51; 11:
7-9
for compressible perfect gas, 11:
126
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11: 75, 135-136, 146
Subject Index
in nonlinear acoustics, 11: 126
in shock reflection from wall, 11:
132-135
Navigation, frequency control
devices, 24:216-217
NDK, piezoelectric composite
transducers, 24:97
NDT, s e e Nondestructive testing
Near-field, 7: 280; 21:154, 206,
219
Near-glassy regions, 6:203
126
N6el point, magnetic, 7:104
Nematics
defined, 14:94-95
dissipative parts of fluxes for, 14:
138
elastic properties of, 14:124-126
hydrodynamics of, 14:137-140
momentum flux of, 14:137
shear waves in, 14:156-157
sound propagation in, 14:
153-160
thermodynamic identity for, 14:
125
twisted, 14:100, 143, 160
Neodymium-YAIG laser, 6:19
Neon, liquid, 6:34
Neon-helium, 2A: 37
Neon plasma, 4B: 156
frequency, 4B: 153
index of refraction, 4B: 121-122
Neoplastic cells, acoustic image of,
14:69-70
Neper, 19:108
Nephroid, 21:159
Nerason, Inc., nondestructive testing
instrument, 23: 247-248, 252
Neravite ~R~,liquid crystal scanner,
24:71
Nettleton model, 6: 92, 95
Subject Index
Networks
classical random, 2B: 141
coil and condenser dissipation, IA:
341-342
constant K, IA: 338-341
deformation, 2B: 111-113
ladder, IA: 338-349, 344-345
lattice, IA: 343-349
symmetrical, 1A: 345-346
theory, 2B: 110-111, 119
transmission, delay line, IA: 424
wideband admittance matching,
IA: 378-381
Neumann boundary condition, 22:
84
Neumann problem, 22: 286, 289
Neutron diffraction topography,
crystal vibration studies by, 16:
110-114
Neutron irradiation, 7:180
Neutrons
reactor fast, 3A: 300
thermal, 3A: 302
Neutron scattering, 6:247
inelastic, 6:8
phonon behavior and, 10:259-262
New London Naval Experiment
Station, 15:33
Newton-Rhapson technique, 14:140
Newton's equation, IA: 196,
220-221,225
Newton's interference rings, 21:
204
Newton's laws of motion, 14: 98,
102
Newton's method, 22:263
Newton's second law, 16:223
NGK Spark Plugs Co., piezoelectric
composites, 24: 99, 100
Nickel, 3B: 182
carbon pairs in, 3A: 60-61
cold worked, 3A: 28
121
divalent, 4A: 96-97, 104
moduli, 4B: 291-292
recrystallized, 4B: 293, 296
polyerystalline, 4B: 297-298
Nickel chromite, cooperative Jahn-
Teller behavior for, 12:73
Nickel-iron alloys, IA: 436-437
Nickel-molybdenum composites,
Rayleigh modes for, 9:112
Nickel rod, acoustic emission studies
of, 11:326-328
Niobium, 3A: 141-142, 270, 272; 7:
29, 32, 37, 197, 213
activation, 3A: 146
aging, 3A: 128-129
annealing, 3A: 130
bamboo structured, 3A: 126, 134
damping
and modulus, 3A: 159
spectra, 3A: 133
electron viscosity for, 9:19
internal friction, 3A: 186-187
polycrystalline
Arrhenius plot, 3A: 145
peak, 3A: 150
strain, 3A: 159-160
in superconductors, 7:14
Niobium alloys, 3A: 25-26
Niobium crystals, electron-
dislocation drag in, 16:
176-177, 189-195, 210, 211
Niobium stannide, attenuation,
magnetic field, 20: 19, 20
Nipissing diabase, 4B: 344
Nitrilotriacetates, 2A: 451
Nitrogen, 2A: 127-128; 4B: 151
absorption coefficient of, 16:29
He added, 2A: 180
relaxation
frequency displacement, 2A:
162
vibrational, 2A: 148-151
122
Nitrogen (continued)
relaxation frequency for, 17:
185-189
role in atmospheric sound
absorption, 17:146
sound absorption by, 1 6 : 3 0
Nitrogen dioxide, 2A: 153
Nitrogen hydride, 2A: 375
Nitrogen tetroxide, 2A: 196-199,
415-416
Nitrous oxide, 2A: 156, 181
dissociation, 2A: 195-199
sound propagation through, 16:
28
vibrational relaxation, 2A:
148-151
NMR, see Nuclear magnetic
resonance
NN 52 symmetry, 9:124
NN 55 anisotropic layer, 9: 99, 104,
117
Nobel Prize, 15:18
Noble-gas solids, 3B: 67, 69-71
Noble metals
Fermi surface of, 7:181
TOE constants for, 17:3
Noether's theorem, 22:252
Noise
medical ultrasound imaging, 23:
77-80
oscillators, 24:213, 242-246
in semiconductor devices, IB:
210-213, 233
in tunnel diodes, IB: 284-288
equivalent circuit, IB: 285-286
theory, 1B: 286-287
Nomarski interference, 14:82-83
Nonadiabatic collision, 18:287
Noncontact detection methods, 18:
411
Noncontacting measurement, 18:
106
Subject Index
Noncontacting photothermal rear
surface radiometry, 18:448
Noncontact laser techniques, 18:105
Nondegenerate electrons, 4A: 20-22
Nondestructive testing (NDT), 14:
180; 18: 416, 438; 19: 82-83,
96; 23: 194-196; 24:347
acoustic emission in, 15:353
acoustic emission measurements,
24:358-361
advances in, 15:89
artificial intelligence and, 23:
223-224
attenuation measurements, 24:
348, 351-352
bubblers, 23: 240-243, 244, 245,
246
contact transducer, 19:126-127
C-scan imaging, 24: 65-68,
73-75, 276, 277, 278, 280
defined, 23:194
for discontinuities in test materials,
23:203-204
test instruments, 23:216-224
test methods, 23:205-208
during lifetime, 23:203
during manufacture, 23:202-203
history, 23: 216-219; 24:278-281
instrumentation, 23:199, 200,
215-216
C-scans, 23: 200-201,202,
236-238, 239, 240
flaws testing, 23:21 6-224
large installations, 23:238-243
material properties testing, 23:
249, 251,253-271
pitch-and-catch, 23: 205, 226
portable systems, 23: 222, 223,
243-252
thickness gages, 23:224-229
transducers, 23:230-236
users of, 23:195-196
Subject Index
for material properties, 23:
204-205
test instruments, 23: 249, 251,
253-271
test methods, 23: 204-205,
208-215
noncontact, 18:103
nonlinear measurements, 24:
355-356
process control, 23:281-282
pulse-echo, 15:75-77
sonic resonance, 23: 201,
256-271
technology transfer,23:16, 19,
20-23; 24:16, 19, 20-23
test methods
flaws, 23:205-208
material properties, 23:
204-205, 208-215
thermal wave imaging in, 18: 104,
475
thin film measurements, 24:
357-358
transducers, 10: 146-148; 14:
281
array transducers, 24:78-81
monolithic piezoelectric plate
transducers, 24: 46-48, 73,
76
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
182-183
ultrasonic flowmetry and, 14:514
ultrasonic velocity and attenuation
measurements in, 12:
335-348
ultrasound in, 15: 74-79; 23:
196
air-coupled ultrasound, 23: 339,
342-344, 422, 425,
444-447
A-scan, 23:199, 201
B-scan, 23:200
123
contactless sensors, 23:
443-457
C-scan, 23: 200-201,202,
236-238, 239, 240
medical diagnostics, 23:196
production and reception, 23:
197-199
sonic resonance, 23: 201,
256-271
surface acoustic wave (SAW)
sensors, 23: 280-281,436,
444, 447-457
velocity measurements, 24:
348-351
Nondispersive bandpass filters,
transducer design and, 15:
177-180
Nondispersive filter transducer, 15:
117-118
Nondispersive media, 19:84
Nondissipative media, 2B: 232-250
Nondissipative theory, 2B: 250-251
Nonequilibrium between vibration
and translation, 18:283
Non-Euclidean space, 22:231,237
Nonflat flow profiles, 14:487-488
Nonisotropic scattering, 18:183
Nonlinear acoustics, 2B: 231-264;
11:125-143
beam interaction, 2B: 263
distortion, viscous medium, 2B:
239-242
experiment, 2B: 250-260
explicit solution, 2B: 238-239
matched asymptotic expansion in,
11:125-143
propagation, plane wave, 2B:
232-234
state, isentropic equation, 2B:
235-238
weak shock waves in, 11: 126-132
124
Nonlinear acoustics analyses, 2B:
242-252
Burger's equation, 2B: 246-247
Fay, 2B: 242-244
Mendousse-Rudnick, 2B:
244-246
numerical, 2B: 246
relaxing medium, 2B: 248-250
spherical waves, 2B: 247-248
Nonlinear estimation, 19:288
Nonlinearity coefficient, 7:302
Nonlinearity mechanism, 3A:
461-465
Nonlinear measurements, 24:
355-356
Nonlinear propagation, ultrasound,
23:179
Nonlinear signal processing, 23:
137-138
Nonlinear wave propagation, 15:
15-16
Nonlocal limit, ionic displacement
in, 10:154-157
Nonmetals, 3B: 32-33
Nonoptical structures, imaging of,
18: 419, 420
Nonparallel resonator, 8:185
Nonpiezoelectric layer, 9: 96, 98
Nonpiezoelectric medium, metallic
plating of, 9:107-108
Nonplane acoustic wave fronts, in
apodized transducers, 15:124
Nonpropagating transients, 22:155
Nonradiative de-excitation
process(es), 18: 168, 169, 176,
177, 349
Nonradiative energy transfer
processes, 18: 305, 348
Nonradiative propagation of heat,
18:405
Nonradiative relaxation, 18: 350,
369, 383
Subject Index
Nonuniform flow profiles
area averaging for, 14:487-503
dynamic flow profile and, 14:
492-494
limitations of, 14:489
Norite, 4B: 380
Normalized mechanical
displacement (Rayleigh wave)
quantities, 14:202
Normal modes, 21: 238, 244-247,
253, 266, 303; 22: 4, 47
coordinates, 6:72
defined, 13: 194
theory of, 13:194-196
Normal processes
in attenuation and velocity of
sound, 8:301-302
collisions, 5: 259, 262, 267,
271-272
Normal state attenuation, 7:21
Norton equivalent, for capacitive
detector, 17:16
NP 54 symmetry, 9:106-109
N processes, 3B: 215-217, 219, 229,
231
Nuclear acoustic resonance, 8:
195-196
Nuclear magnetic moment, 4A:
115-116
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
2B: 101; 4A: 113-127,
162-163; 8: 142-143; 13:
30-31
absorption, 4A: 183-193
absorption lines, 4A: 133
acoustic saturation, 4A: 139-143
conditions, 4A: 115-118
cw, 4A: 143-146, 279-280
magnetic dipole transitions, 4A:
132
nonmagnetic crystals, 4A:
118-123
Subject Index
pulse, 4A: 143-146
two-level system lifetime and, 12:
195
Nuclear reactors
irradiation effects on acoustic
emission, 11: 334
ultrasonic thermometry in, 12:
348-358
Nuclear spin, in solids, 4A:
113-182
Nuclear spin-phonon absorption,
4A: 128-139
coupling, 4A: 131-138
in magnetic crystals, 4A: 138-139
theory, 4A: 128-143
Nuclear spin-phonon absorption
coefficient, 4A: 128-131
Nuclear spins, acoustic shear waves
and, 10:169
Nucleation, 3A: 455-457
Nuclei of strain, transient wave
generation by, 15:354
Nuclei and thresholds, IB: 116-131
inception of cavitation, 1B:
116-120
in liquids, IB: 124
measurements, IB: 123-127
models, IB: 127-131
theoretical, IB: 120-123
Nucleus, unstable, 1B: 119-120
Null bridge methods, for crystal
parameter measurement, 16:
153-155
Null-field method, 22:62
Null-space, 22: 287, 290
Null-space eigenfunctions, 22:291
Number-theoretic phase arrays
characteristics of, 18:1-20
with radiation (scattering), 18:
1-20
Numerical aperture, of acoustic lens,
14:12
125
Numrich-de Billy (NdB) method, 21:
238-239, 259, 282, 297
NuSonics, ultrasound sensors, 23:
296, 441-443
NWM ions, 2B: 155-156
Nyquist sampling theorem, 23:130
O
OAS, see Optoacoustic spectroscopy
Obliquity or inclination factor, 21:8
Occupation number, thermal, 6:16
Ocean, sound propagation in, 16:33
OCXO, see Oven-controlled crystal
oscillator
Odd parity resonances, 22: 109, 170
Off-axis incidence, 22:46
Off-center beam deflection
technique, 18:447
Olivine, 4B: 365
1.5D arrays, 24:79
1.5 ultrasonic testing, 24: 285-286,
288
One-dimensional expansions,
matched asymptotic expansion
in, 11:76-88
One-dimensional resonator theory,
applications of, 8:170-176
One-dimensional thermoacoustic
treatment, 18:212
One-port calibration, 19:277
One-port flowgraph, 19:277
One-port measurement, 19:278
Onion skin cells, acoustic images of,
14:78
Onoe method, weak crystal mode
detection, 16:156-157
Onsager recoprocity prnciple, 14:
118
Opaque objects, surface waves from,
10:30-33
126
Open channel acoustic flowmeter
error summary, 14:478
Opening rate, 21: 69, 79, 86
Open orbit resonance, 4B: 10
in cadmium, 4B: 24
in copper, 4B: 24-35
in thallium, 4B: 41
in tin, 4B: 38-40
in zinc, 4B: 44-46
Optical absorption, 18:168, 169
Optical analogies, 21:6
Optical beam deflection, 18: 104,
177-179, 466; 19: 213-216,
251-252
collinear, 18: 462, 470-472
high resolution, 7:323
photothermal image, 18:265
Optical beam detection
of photoacoustic signals, 18:393
photothermal, 18:462
Optical components, acoustic
analogues of, 13:107-110
Optical detection, ultrasound, 14:
328-337, 368
Optical excitation, 18:434
Optical fibers
as acoustic sensors, 16:385-457
composition and properties of, 16:
396
types of, 1 6 : 3 8 6 - 3 8 9
Optical filters, 7:333
Optical generation, of acoustic
waves, 18:22
Optical heterodyne defection, 7:
321-323
Optical intensity, 19:211
Optical intensity fiber sensors, 16:
424-436
microbend sensors as, 16:
426-436
threshold pressure detectibility in,
16:425-426
Subject Index
Optical interference technique,
quartz crystal vibration study,
16:68-71
Optical interferometry
delay, 19:226-227
electronic delay detection, 19:231
Fabry-Perfot, 19:244-248
fiberoptic, 19:227-228
heterodyne, 19: 224, 228-239,
243, 254-255
Mach-Zehnder, 19:235-237
Michelson, 19:218-222
path stabilization, 19: 222,
252-254
quadrature dual beam detection,
19:222-224
Optical irradiance, 19:211
Optically generated thermal waves,
imaging with, 18:403-475
Optical maser (laser), 10: 299, 319
Optical micrographs, 18:160
Optical path, 22:180
Optical path analysis, 18:248
Optical path difference
interferometric technique, 14:
331
Optical phase conjugation, 19:
262-263
Optical phonons, 6:18
Optical polarization, 19:210
Optical probing, in sound field
characterization, 14:387
Optical processing, linear, 7:331
Optical properties, thermally
modulated, 18:407
Optical reflection image, 18:439
Optical retroreflectors, 21: 192
Optical scanning, 18:435
Optical sensing, of acoustic emission
transients, 15:334
Optical speckle, 19:261-263
Optical theorem, 21: 32, 214
Subject Index
Optic axis, 21: 150
Optics, 3B: 105, 109-111
Optimal, 22:260
Optoacoustic detection, 18:411,
416, 420
Optoacoustic effect, 18:404
Optoacoustic front surface
microphone detection, 18:455
Optoacoustic images, 18:417, 425
Optoacoustic imaging, 18: 408, 417,
417-419, 425, 441,461
piezoceramics, 18: 419, 433
Optoacoustic material probing, 18:
422
Optoacoustic microphone detection,
18: 425-429, 462
Optoacoustic microscopy of thermal
structures, 18:418, 425-429
Optoacoustic piezoceramic
detection, 18:429
Optoacoustic piezoceramic imaging,
18: 419, 433
Optoacoustic spectroscopy, 18: 23,
98, 100, 437
Optoacoustic surface signal, 18:420
Optoacoustic thermal wave
microscopy, 18:428
Orbiting Mole, 23:11; 24:11
Order-disorder transitions, 6: 39, 319
Order parameter, 6: 312; 7:13-14
clean type II, 20:16-18
dirty type II, 20:16-18
temperature dependence of, 7:13
Ordinary liquids, wave propogation
in, 14:108-113
Organic liquids, 6:31
Orientational relaxation, 6:238
Ornstein-Zernike theory, 7:62
Orsay Liquid Crystal Study Group,
14:96
Orthoclase, 4B: 365
Ortho-D2, 2A: 177
127
Orthogonality relation, 22:234
Orthogonal transducer, 14:441
Orthotropic materials birefringence
formula for, 17:63
Oscillations, see also
Magnetoacoustic oscillations;
Resonant oscillations
complex representation, IA:
55-57
de Haas-van Alphen, 4B: 19
giant, 4B: 8-9, 28, 44-46
parallel-field, 4B: 11-12
plasma, 4B: 100
quantum, 4B: 6-7
theory, 4B: 5
Oscillators, 24:209-210
accuracy, 24:240
applications, 24:210, 212
communication systems, 24:
209-210, 211,212-216
electronic warfare, 24:220-221
identification-friend-or-foe (IFF)
systems, 24:219-220
missile guidance, 24:221
navigation, 24:216-217
surveillance, 24:218-219
categories, 24:236-238
characteristics, 24:262-264
choosing, 24:265
circuit, 4B: 340; 24:238-239
composite, 4B: 331,339-341
continuous-wave oscillators, 24:
349
crystal, 15: 36; see also
Piezoelectricity
crystal oscillator, see Crystal
oscillator
failure, 24:266
filter crystals, 24:267-268
gate oscillators, 24:239
gun-hardened oscillators, 24:
222
128
Oscillators ( c o n t i n u e d )
harmonic, s e e Harmonic
oscillators
history, 24:210, 212
instabilities, 24: 223, 240-262
acceleration changes, 24:
253-256
aging, 24:241-242
frequency vs. temperature
stability, 24:246-252
magnetic field effects, 24:
256-257
noise, 24: 213, 242-246
radiation effects, 24:257-259
warm-up, 24:252
logistics costs, 24:222
low-frequency, 15:27
phonon oscillators, s e e Phonon
oscillators
power requirement, 24:221-222
precision, 24:241
primary standards, 24:240
quartz crystals, 24: 210-212, 267
quartz crystal sensors, 24:
268-269
quartz crystal transducers, 24:268
quartz crystal unit, 24:228-236
radiation hardening, 24:222
reproducibility, 24:241
resonators, 24:210, 268
sidebands, 24:255
specifications and standards, 24:
266-267
stability, 24: 240, 241,246-252,
259-262
theory, 24:222-262
crystal unit equivalent circuit,
24:224-227
stability vs. tunability, 24:
227-228
warm-up, 24:252
Oscillatory flow, 2B: 295-299
Subject Index
velocity components, 2B: 298-299
Oscilloscope photographs, "impulse
response" in, 14:184
Outgoing wave basis functions, 22:
64
Oven-controlled crystal oscillator
(OCXO), 24: 227-228, 238,
241,242, 248, 249, 250, 252,
266
frequency standards, 24: 263, 264
Global Positioning System, 24:
217
Overall gain, analog ultrasound
scanner, 23:93-94
Overlap, 19: 86, 87, 100
Overtone, 21:262
Oxides, 3B: 59-60, 64-76; 4B: 358
s-aluminum, 3B: 165
bulk modulus, 3B: 69-70
and shear, 3B: 67
Debye temperature, 3B: 62-64
glass-forming, 2B: 110-111
sound velocity, 3B: 59-60
Oxygen, 2A: 127-128; 3A: 63-65,
193
absorption coefficient of, 16:29
anions, velocity, 3B: 58
atoms, 3B: 238-240
bonding ion, 5 : 1 0 3
frequency displacement, 2A: 162
helium added, 2A: 180
interstitial, 3A: 27, 53-54
pair peak, 3A: 26-27
relaxation frequency for, 17:
181-185
role in atmosphere sound
absorption, 17:146
sound propagation through, 16:
28, 30
vibrational relaxation, 2A:
148-151
Cole Plot, 2A: 147-150
;5"ubject I n d e x
Oxygen content, 20:412
Oxygen pair, nonbridging, 5:96
Oxygen relaxation, 2B: 118-119
PACs, s e e Picture archiving and
communication systems
"Paint" transducer, for spin-phonon
spectrometer, 8:30-31
Pair binding energy, 7 : 8
Pair-distribution function, 6:13
Pair ground state, 7 : 6 - 7
Palladium, 3A: 102, 108-109; 3B:
31
PAM, s e e Photoacoustic microscopy
Panametrics, Inc., 19: 100, 106
air transducer, 23:305
flare gas equipment, 23:440-441
flaw detection instrument, 23:
220-221,222, 223, 224
flow measurement, 23: 363, 366,
418
liquid level sensors, 23:334
mass flowmeter, 14:511
Mole Fraction Gage, 23:441
pulse-echo-overlap (PEO)
instrument, 23: 12-13; 24:
12-13, 349-351
thickness gage, 23: 224-225, 228
Transflection, 23:417-418
ultrasonic thermometer
instruments, 23:429
Panoramic imaging, 23:182-183
Papanicolau smear, in cervical
cancer diagnosis, 14:61
Parabolic umbilic catastrophe, 21:
98, 103
Parabolic wave equation, 21: 44, 45
Paraelectric materials, 6:76
Parallel chords, in flow profiling, 14:
497
129
Parallel design, piezoelectric
composites, 24:99
Parallel processing, medical
ultrasound, 23:128
Paramagnetic saturation, 4A: 69-77
Paramagnets
acoustic spin echoes in, 16:
259-260
phonon echoes in, 16:296
powder echoes in, 16:271
Parametric coupling, 3B: 153-154
magnetized disk, 3B: 155-158
Parametric field-mode interaction
systems, echo formation in, 16:
296, 321-325
Paraxial approximation, 21:10
Parity, 22: 53
Parking garage sensors, 23:307-308
Partial-wave
index, 22:17
phase shift, 21: 208, 209, 215
series, 21: 211,272, 305; 22:36
S-matrix, 22:17
Partial-wave scattering amplitude,
15:206
Particle
diffusing, 3A: 165-170
heavy charged, 3A: 300-301
Particle displacements, elliptical, 6:
129
Particle rotation model of memory
echoes, 16:345-348
Particle velocity field, determination
of, 14:46
Parts failure, nondestructive testing,
23:202-203
PAS, s e e Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Passage to a limit, 22:274
Passive ultrasonic sensors, 23: 276,
288
Patch-welded disks, acoustoelastic
measurements on, 17:128-130
130
Patents, technology transfer and, 23:
4-5, 38-39; 24: 4-5, 38-39
Pattern recognition, applications of,
18:415
Pauli equation, 4B: 182-183
PDS, see Photothermal deflection
spectroscopy
Peak location, in MCFs, 9:215-218
Peak phase excursion, 24:255
Peak structure, 3A: 147-150
narrow, 3A: 149
regular, 3A: 147-149
relaxation strength, 3A: 149-150
Pearcey-Fock function, 21:188
Pearcey function, 21: 71-74, 81, 90,
94, 141, 188, 197
Pearlite, 4B: 311-314
growth, 4B: 284, 287
Peierls barriers, 8:360-361
Peierls energy, 3A: 387, 394-397,
412
barrier, 3A: 368, 419-423
potential, 3A: 407-413
Peierls force, 3A: 356-357
Peierls hill, 3A: 365
Peierls integral equation, 3A: 405,
411
Peierls model, 3A: 373-374
dislocation, 3A: 397-427
Peierls-Nabarro barrier, 9: 2; 16:
210
Peierls-Nabarro stress, 9:13
Peierls stress, 4A" 247
Peierls valley, 3A: 365; 13:20
Pendulum, torsion, 2B: 96-97; 3A"
86-88
Penetrable spheroids, 21: 74-78,
84-86, 107, 113, 121, 124, 196
rainbow, 21: 74
Penetrable target, 21:266
Penetration depth, 1A: 64-65
Pentachloride diphenyl, 2A: 322
Subject I n d e x
Pentachlorobiphenyl, 6:, 169, 198
4-Pentanediol, 2A: 318, 322, 335
p-n-Pentyl-p'-cyanobiphenyl, sound
propagation in, 14:157
PEO method, see Pulse-echo-overlap
method
Perfluorocarbons, as ultrasound
contrast agent, 23:177
Perimeter of a plate, 22:225
Period, 19:83
Periodic arrays, 18:3
Periodic interference pattern, 19: 90,
91
Periodicity, 4B: 3-5
Periodicity term, array beam pattern,
23:115
Periodic losses, 19:125-126
Periodic permanent magnet (PPM),
EMAT design with, 24:
123-126
Period thermal expansion, 18:212
Peripheral equipment, 19:96
Permittivity, piezoelectric materials,
24:82-83
Perovskite
cubic structure, 6:66
lattice, 6:65-67
TOE constants of, 17:40-50
Perturbation, quantum mechanical,
4A: 19-26
Perturbation analysis, 2B: 249-250
Perturbation methods, matched
asymptotic expansions as, 11:
70
Perturbation theory, 3B: 206-207,
225
"Golden Rule" of, 8:287
Perturbed glory scattering, 21:198
PETP, see Polyethylene-terephthalate
Petrography, 4B: 378-381
classifications, 4B: 378
modal analyses, 4B: 376, 445-450
Subject Index
Phase adjustment methods
gated twin bursts in, 12:312-314
re-point method and, 12:
308-312
in ultrasonic velocity
measurement, 12:308-318
Phase advance, 22:42
Phase angle probing, 18:449
Phase angles, 19:88
Phase arrays, 18: 2, 19
constant-amplitude, 18:19
number-theoretic, 18:1-20
periodic, 18:3
quadratic-residue, 18:4-8
with scattering, 18:1-20
Phase changes, in wave propagation
for plane waves, 14:51-55
Phase-coded elastic surface waves,
decoding in, 11: 217
Phase-coded signals, 11: 215-223
Phase coherence, 19: 90; 22:
101
in ultrasonic velocity
measurement, 12:314-315
Phase comparison, IA: 290-291,
323; 4A: 277-279, 282; 4B:
331,347-348
block diagrams of, 12:312-314
velocity measurements, 1A:
315-317
Phased array, 24: 78, 79
beam steering, 23:118
medical ultrasound equipment, 23:
106, 118, 131
Phase delay, quantization error, 23:
132
Phase detection techniques,
attenuation and velocity
measurements, 24: 351-352
Phase diagram
H vs. T Er0.705Hoo.295RhaB4,20"
217
131
type I superconductor, 20:15
type II superconductor, 20:15
Phase fronts, 19:93
Phase function, 13:185
Phase gratings, 18: 2, 6, 9, 12-14,
20
complex Legendre, 18:16, 17
primitive-root, 18:14-16
quadratic-residue, 18: 8, 10
reflection, 18: 12, 13
two-dimensional, 18:10
Zech, 18:17-19
Phase inversion, 19:98
Phase jitter, 14:464
Phase matching, 21: 236, 264, 269,
271,273, 275-276, 279,
283-295; 22:180
Phase modulators, 7:337
Phase-preserving analyzer, 7:361
Phase-sensitive receiver, 19:101
Phase shift, 19: 86, 101
associated with scattering
processes, 22:184
Phase-shift-keyed (PSK) digital
modulation, 24:216
Phase spatial dependence, 4B:
135-139
Phase transition, 6: 37-42, 65
crystallographic, 6:38
echo technique in studies of, 16:
251-259
powder echoes, 16:288-289
ferroelectric, 6:39
in 4He, 6: 244, 245
magnetic, 7:62
temperature, 6:102
Phase velocity, 5: 236-252; 6:112,
114, 119; 19: 82; 21: 269, 271,
277, 280; 22: 53, 96, 162
Phonautograph, 15:8-9
Phonon back scattering, by
resonance fluorescence, 12:141
132
Phonon Boltzmann equation, 8:
294-296
Phonon bottleneck, 3B: 225-227
Phonon collision drag, 12:108
Phonon damping, of dislocation
motion, 9 : 2 - 3
Phonon density, calculation of, 10:
261-264
Phonon detection
by quasiparticle excitation, 12:
84-86
quantitative model of, 12:98-113
in single-particle tunneling, 12:
82-84
Phonon dispersion curve, 1 0 : 2 6 0
specific heat and, 1 0 : 2 6 2 - 2 6 5
Phonon distribution, 6:16
nonequilibrium, 6:43
Phonon drag, 3B: 268, 274-284; 20:
4 experiments
on metal dislocations, 16:173-215
Phonon echoes, 16: 217-294, 296
acoustic spin type, 16:259-263
anharmonic case of, 16:220
backward-wave type, 16:
221-259
classification of, 16:220-221
field mode case of, 16:220
measurement of, 16:236
origin of, 16:218
powder type, 16:263-292
pulse sequence and, 16:219
use in phase transition studies, 16:
251-259
Phonon-electron interaction, 4A:
266-267
Phonon emission spectra, 12:
113-137
quasiparticle-phonon interaction
and, 12:113-116
recombination phonons and, 12:
116-126
Subject Index
relaxation spectrum and, 12:
127-131
Phonon energy, normalized, 12:
120-121
Phonon exchange, 12:8
Phonon excitation, 6: 255-257, 259
velocity, 6:250
Phonon frequencies, heater
temperature and, 8:45
Phonon gas, 3B: 227, 254; 6:250
deformed, 3B: 229-232
Phonon generation, 4A: 211-215
apparatus for, 8:33-36
basic aspects of, 12:82-87
by quasiparticle recombination,
12:85-86
by quasiparticle relaxation, 12:
86-87
by spins, 8:33-44
detector signals in, 12:94-95
pulse measurement system in,
12:90
signal dependence on generator
voltage in, 12:94-98
single-particle tunneling and, 12:
82-84
site for, 8:34-36
Phonon instabilities, 6:38
Phonon intensity, from circular
polarization signal, 8:17-18
Phonon interference, in thin liquid
helium films, 8:49-55
Phonon-magnon conversion, 4B:
244
Phonon maser, 4A: 105-109
Phonon mean free path, 5: 256, 258,
266, 282
in dielectric crystals, 12:146-147
in normal and superconducting
metal layers, 12:145-146
Phonon oscillators, 4A: 105-109
b'ubject Index
mechanically coupled, 4A:
183-184
Pound-Watkins, 4A: 157-158
Phonon-phonon attenuation, 4A: 325
Phonon-phonon collisions, 8:
328-329
model for, 8:310
Phonon-phonon interactions, 3B:
153-167; 4A: 301; 5: 95; 6: 66,
344; 20:227
Phonon-phonon losses, 3B:
182-184; 5 : 1 0 0
Phonon-phonon loss peak, 5:100
Phonon-phonon scattering, 6:306
TOE constant measurements from,
17: 3, 4
Phonon-plasmon interaction, 6:48
Phonon processes, 3B: 201-286
attenuation, 3B: 235-286
four-, 3B: 221
interactions, 3B: 205-214
three-, 3B: 206, 212-216, 221,
228-230
two-, 3B: 207-210
Phonon propagation, 12: 80; 18:
161
experiments
pulse amplitude recording in,
12:90
techniques in, 12:87-92
tunneling currents used in,12:
123-124
in glasses, 12:159
Phonon radiation
lattice-limiting frequency and, 12:
80
recombination and relaxation in,
12:96
Phonon reabsorption, 12:104-106
boundary condition, film
thickness, and frequency in,
12:106-110
133
detector sensitivity in, 12:
110-111
detector time constant and, 12:
104-106
Phonon relaxation, 13:23-24
Phonon relaxation time, 5:258-259
Phonon-resonant scattering, 12:140
Phonon-roton excitations, 6:299
Phonons
creation operators, 6:16
decay rate for, 8:41
as defects, 8:262-266
double quantum detection, 4A:
97-100
elastic constants and, 8:262-275
energy density, 6:262
energy-to-volume ratio for, 8:
264-265
excess density of, 8:41
heaters as broad-band sources of,
8:44-49
high-frequency behavior, 10:
259-269
interaction of sound waves with, 8:
279-339
lifetime measurements of, 8: 36,
41
lifetimes, 5:229
low-energy, 12:110-111
neutron scattering and,. 10:
259-262
recombination, 12:116-126
self-consistent, 6:354
softening, superconductivity and,
10:265-269
spectral characteristics of, 8:
47-49
thermal property calculations for,
8:266-269
in two-level system in glasses, 12:
179
Phonon scattering, 3A: 462-463
134
Phonon spectroscopy
with high-energy relaxation
phonons, 12:142-145
principle of, 12:81
with recombination phonons, 12:
137-139
Phonon-spin interaction, 4A: 62
Phonon transmission
at solid-solid and solid-liquid
boundaries, 12:148-149
in liquid helium, 12:148-149
Phonon transport, heater and, 8:
44-47
Phonon velocity, 6:15
Photoabsorption excitation, 18:349
Photoacoustic analysis, of turbid
samples, 18:387
Photoacoustic detection, 18:168,
169, 254, 292, 416
Photoacoustic ECMD imaging, 18:
257-269
Photoacoustic effects
in condensed matter, 18:167-274
theory of, in condensed matter, 18:
167-274
thermoelastic coupling, 18:
186-189
Photoacoustic imaging, 18:126,
254-272, 426; see also
Photothermal imaging
pulsed, 18:115
Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM),
18:115, 190; 24: 282, 285
gas cell, 18:149, 161
Photoacoustic signals, 18:305
detection
by attached transducer
technique, 18: 206, 207
by enclosed-cell-microphone
detection method, 18:190,
206-213, 243, 258, 259,
270
Subject Index
in liquids, 18:352-361
optical detection, 18:393
enclosed cell, 18:168, 173, 190
frequency characteristics of, 18:
356
generation
in liquids, 18:348-366
in turbid solutions, 18:383-388
production, effect of desorption in,
18:247
Photoacoustic spectroscopy
calorimetric analysis, 18:371-374
chromatography, 18:377
condensed phase substances, 18:
347-399
optical properties of colloidal
and/or opaque material, 18:
47, 98, 99, 190, 207,
347-353, 358-399, 404
pulsed lasers in, 18:115
Photoconductor-piezoelectric
receiver element, 14:7
Photoconductor-piezoelectric
switching, in acoustic
microscope, 14:6-7
Photocurrent, 6:26-27
Photoelasticity
photoelastic contents, 2B:
361-366
Bergmann and Fues, 2B:
363-364
Mueller, 2B: 361-364
Schaefer-Bergmann, 2B: 362,
364-365
theory, 2B: 352-356
basic concepts, 2B: 352-353
behavior, 2B: 356
crystalline media, 2B: 353
crystal symmetry, 2B: 354-355
piezooptic, photoelastic
matrices, 2B: 353-354
Photoelastic method
Subject Index
transducer beam evaluation, 24:
69-70
vibrating quartz crystals, 16:
83-85
Photoelastic phenomenon,
acoustoelastic phenomenon
compared to, 17:110
Photoelastic system
elements of, 14:336-337
for ultrasonic visualization, 14:
336
Photoelastic tensor, 7:275
Photoelastic visualization
Lamb wave, 19:337-338
of surface wave pulse, 19:295
technique, 19:292-299
of transducer acoustic field, 14:
389-394
transducer radiation field, 19:298
Photographic techniques, in
ultrasound detection, 14:34-41
Photon echoes, definition of, 16:295
Photon scattering, inelastic, 6 : 7
Photothermal beam deflection, 18:
343, 465-473
Photothermal deflection
spectroscopy, 18:393-399
Photothermal detection, of surface
and subsurface structures, 18:
254
Photothermal displacement imaging,
18:473
Photothermal displacement
spectroscopy, 18: 115, 190
Photothermal effects, in condensed
matter, 18: 167-274
Photothermal elastic-waves
generation of, 18:188-211
theory of, 18:204-206
Photothermal generation, of
harmonic elastic waves, 18:
201
135
Photothermal imaging, 18: 254-272,
440
Photothermal infrared radiometry,
18:442-461,465
Photothermal laser-beam deflection,
18:248-254
Photothermally generated elastic
waveforms, 18:206
Photothermal methods, 18:336
Photothermal optical beam
deflection, 18:265
use in spectroscopy and imaging,
18: 248-253, 260-273,
462-474
Photothermal optical beam detection,
18:462
Photothermal processes, in
condensed matter, 18:167-246
Photothermal pyroelectric detection,
18: 254, 440
Photothermal radiometry, 18: 442,
443, 447
scan, 18:447
source of error in, 18:451
of thermal waves, 18: 442-447,
451,456
Photothermal rear surface
radiometry, noncontacting, 18:
448
Photothermal scan, 18:472
Photothermal scanning, 18:472
Photothermal signal, 18:397-399
Photothermal transmission, 18:455
Physical acoustics, 11: 69-147; see
also Acoustics; Sound
development of, 15:25
linear, 11: 75
progress in, 15:49-51
ultrasonics and, 15:83-87
Physical optics approximation, 21: 5,
24, 38, 157, 160, 168
Physical Optics (Wood), 15:42
136
Physical Sciences Directorate (U.S.
Army), technology transfer case
study, 23: 33-42; 2 4 : 3 3 - 4 2
Pickett's theoretical equation, 4B:
335
Picosecond ultrasonic laser sonar
(PULSE), 24:357
Picture archiving and
communication systems
(PACs), medical imaging, 23:
176
Pierce acoustic interferometer, 15:
38, 45, 49-50
Pierce configuration, oscillator, 24:
238, 239
Pierce type circuit, 1A: 395-397
Piezoceramic detection, 18: 429,
432, 434
Piezoceramic element, 14:349
Piezoceramic imaging, optoacoustic,
18: 419, 433
Piezoceramic sensor, threshold
detectability of, 16:391
Piezoelectric acoustic emission
transducer, 15:318
Piezoelectrically active pseudo-SAW
(PSAW) waves, 24: 144, 151
Piezoelectric anisotropic layer
problem, numerical techniques
in, 9:88-89
Piezoelectric bar, loaded on one face,
1A: 239-242
Piezoelectric bimorph bars, 9:
132-135
Piezoelectric ceramic transducer
acoustic field of, 14:380
damaged, 14:380
Piezoelectric composites, 24: 76-77,
83-84; s e e also Piezoelectric
materials
0-3 composites, 24: 77, 84-89, 91,
94
Subject Index
1-3 composites, 24: 77, 83, 84-89,
90-93, 94-98
2-2 composites, 24: 77, 84-89, 91,
93, 94-95
application, 24: 98, 100-107
commercialization, 24: 95-98, 99
companies selling, 24:99
connectivity, 24: 83, 84-85
construction, 24:94-95
lateral vibration modes in, 24: 85,
91-94, 96
literature review, 24:83-84
modeling performance, 24:85-86
permittivity, 24:83
properties, 24:86-89
transducer performance and, 24:
90-91
Piezoelectric composite transducers,
24: 44, 76-78
applications, 24: 98, 100-107
array transducers, 24:78-81
commercialization, 24: 95-98, 99
composite construction and, 24:
94-95
composite parameters and, 24:
84-91
lateral modes, 24:91-94
piezoelectric material
characteristics, 24:81-84
Piezoelectric constants, 6:149
Piezoelectric coupling factor, 1A:
189-195; 4A: 24-26; 6: 76; 13:
117
in dynamic systems, IA: 190
with ferroelectric ceramics, 1A:
193
invariant or eigen, IA: 192
in stress systems, IA: 191-192
Piezoelectric crystals, 24:229
above Curie point, IA: 178-181
elements, IA: 371-381
in ladder networks, IA: 384
Subject Index
medical ultrasound, 23:50-51
voltage, 23: 53
plane acoustic waves in, 13:
117-120
properties, 1A: 171-182
surface acoustic wave sensors, 23:
448
symmetry, IA: 171-175, 178
transmission line equations for
waves in, 13:173-174
Piezoelectric detection, 5: 229; 18:
125, 131, 150, 163, 429-438,
473
Piezoelectric effects, 6: 150; 15: 17;
24:229
for quartz crystals, 11: 255-261
in submarine detection, 15:
29-31
Piezoelectric elements, 24:46
in transducer design, 14:349
Piezoelectric energy, equation for,
11:255
Piezoelectric engineering, 15:35
Piezoelectric excitation, 1A:
306-309; 5:112
equivalent circuit, 1A: 307
longitudinal vibrations, 1A:
308
particle velocity at resonance, 1A:
307-309
Q and velocity, 1A: 307
of Rayleigh waves, 7:231
Piezoelectric generation, in
aluminum alloy, 10:143
Piezoelectric interaction, 6:76
Piezoelectricity, 1A: 170; 4A:
196-198
application, 1A: 171
of ceramic materials, 9:131-132
in control engineering, 9:130-131
development, 1A: 171
discovery of, 15:16
137
equations of the medium, 1A:
182-198
in solid state control elements, 9:
129-164
telephone applications of, 15:35
Piezoelectricity (Cady), 15:61
Piezoelectric layer
frequency response in, 9:238-242
impedance and thickness in, 9:238
input conductance of, 9:234-257
on nonpiezoelectric substrate (PN),
9:95-96
as transducer, 9:224
Piezoelectric linear stepping motor,
9:138-144
Piezoelectric materials, 5: 135; 6:
111; see also Piezoelectric
composites
anisotropy of, 15:123-124
coupling constant, 24:80-81
echo formation in, 16: 223,
227-230
equation of motion for, 9:223
man-made, 15:61
memory echoes in, 16:341-343,
354
permittivity, 24:82-83
polarization echoes in, 16:
266-277
properties of, 9:258-261
specific acoustic impedance, 24:
82
waves and vibrations in, 13:
117-121
Piezoelectric oscillator, sound
propagation studies, 16:27
Piezoelectric plate, equivalent
circuit, 1A: 238-239
Piezoelectric plates
acoustic wave incident on, 14:4
critical frequency approximations
for, 13:127-129
138
Piezoelectric plates (continued)
equivalent electrical networks for
thickness vibrations in, 9:
191-201
infinite, 9:192-193
isolated resonators on, 9:169
lumped equivalent circuit
parameters for, 13:162-171
mass loadings vs. frequencies in,
13:128-129
mode spectrographs for, 13:
171-173
simple thickness modes of, 13:
120-121
single-mode excited, 13:
124-126
thickness vibrations in, 9:171-191
two- and three-mode excited, 13:
122-124
ultrasound, 23: 197, 199; 24:46
Piezoelectric plate transducers, 24:
44, 45-48, 62, 73-76
backing impedance, 24: 56,
57-58
construction, 24:46
frequency domain response, 24:
48-59, 62, 63, 65, 74
pressure profile, 24:60-62
Sittig computer program, 24:
48-59, 73
space domain response, 24: 60-62,
65-73, 74
theory, 24:47-62
time domain response, 24: 48-59,
62-63, 74
Piezoelectric plate vibrators
critical frequencies of, 13:
121-129
electrical characteristics of, 13:
162-173
excitation of plate modes in, 13:
64-77
Subject Index
Piezoelectric quartz crystals, 11:
255-262; see also Quartz
crystals
nonlinear effects in, 11: 245-287
Piezoelectric resonators, 5: 137; 15:
36-37; 16: 50; see also
Resonators
LC filter and, 9:222
vibrations of, 16:48
Piezoelectric rotating motors, 9:
135-138
Piezoelectric spacers, 6:23
Piezoelectric stepping motor, in
control loop, 9:153-158
Piezoelectric surface, 5:222
Piezoelectric switching, in acoustic
microscope, 14:6-7
Piezoelectric thin film transducers, 8:
127
Piezoelectric third-order coefficients,
for quartz crystals, 11: 286
Piezoelectric transducers, IA: 419;
2B: 199-201; 4B: 288-289; 14:
295-311; 19: 85, 206-207
in acoustic emission, 11: 296-298;
15:318
analytic description of, 9:222
backing noise of, 14:372
broadband, 14:304-305
clamp-on, 14:471-486
construction details for, 14:350
coupling of, 14:310-311, 421
design of, 9: 221-272; 14: 296,
304, 349-351
as detector, 14:298-299
dissipation loss in, 9:247-253
electrical impedance matching
network for, 14:348
epicenter normal displacement for,
14:355-356
equivalent circuit for, 14: 297, 299
evaporator, 4A: 202
Subject Index
fabrication methods for, 9:
263-268
four- and two-pass, 9:225
impulse technique for, 14:359
input admittance of, 14:364-365
input impedance measurements
for, 14:364-365
longitudinal, IA: 447-450
loop sensitivity and, 14:373
losses in, 9:234-254
materials used in, 9:258-262
modifications in, 14:300-306
multilayer, 9:225-229
multiple, 9:254-258
above 100 MHz, 9:221-272
partially depoled, 14:303
quasi-static description of, 14:296
single-layer, 9:233-254
spurious series resistance,
inductance, and capacitance
in, 9:253-254
surface wave generation with, 10:
7 constant for high doping levels,
technological methods for, 9:
263-271
thickness longitudinal, IA:
456-457
thin-film, 5: 229; 7:5
torsional, IA: 429-431
transmission media in, 9:261-263
in ultrasonic-wave generation, 10:
127-128
variability of, 14:294
vs. electromagnetic, 10:145
water cell testing arrangement of,
14:340
wave equation and, 9:38-39
X-rays of, 14:351
Piezoelectric valves, 9:144-145
Piezoelectric waves, 15:129
Piezoelectromagnetic transducer, 14:
181
139
Piezomagnetic coupling, IA:
257-259, 262
Piezomagnetic transducers,
equivalent circuit, IA: 263-267
Piezomagnetism, IA: 257-267
basic equations, IA: 259
equivalent circuit, IA: 263-267
numerical data, 1A: 258-263
symmetry condition, IA: 257-258
temperature, IA: 262-264
Piezooptic constants, 2B: 366
Piezoreflectance, 19:212-213
Piezoresistance effect, IB:
215-222
coefficient values, IB: 220-222
longitudinal, transverse, and shear,
1B: 217
orientations for maxima, IB:
218-221
pressure coefficient, IB: 217
in ultrasound detectors, 14:338
Piezoresistivity, 1B: 186-192
IB: 192
unstressed, 1B: 188
Piezoresonant motor, 9:134
Piezorubber, 24: 97, 100
Pi-networks, lumped element, 14:
348-349
Pinhole, hologram of, 10:310
Pinkerton, work on sound
absorption, 16:30-33
Pinned dislocation segment, 9:21
Pinning, 3A: 214, 263; 3B:
111-114; 4A: 272-274
de-, 3A: 261,281
defect, 3B: 117-119
of dislocations, 3A: 355
energy barrier, 4A: 312
equilibrium concentration, 3A:
353
and F-center, 3B: 124
140
Pinning (continued)
lithium fluoride, 3B: 116
repinning, 3A: 258, 282
spectral dependence, 3B: 112
temperature dependence, 3B:
114-116
theory, 4A: 259
thermally induced, 3A: 334-335
unpinning, 3A: 214
Pinning point, 3A: 345; 13:21
density, 3A: 341-344
from irradiation, 3A: 321-323,
341-344
Pinning rate, 3A: 332-337
copper at 20~ 3A: 333
room temperature, 3A: 334
Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor, IA:
92; 17:67
Pipeline gas flow, measurement of,
14:511-513
Pipeline interface detector, 23:
441-443
Pippard equations, 7:54
n-point stepped echoes, in ultrasonic
attenuation measurement, 12:
333-335
Piston
composite, 18: 212-215,225-232,
244, 377
mechanical, 18:213, 214, 218
thermal, 18:212-215
ultrasonic measurements in, 8:
211-233
Piston problem
simplified treatment of, 11: 127
time-harmonic, 11: 135-143
Piston radiator, 14:289
Piston sources, 19:111, 135
Pitch-and-catch, nondestructive
testing for flaws, 23: 205, 226
Pitot tube, fixed profile-weighting,
14:503
Subject Index
Pi-transmission method, quartz
crystal vibrations, 16:147-153
Pixel fill-in algorithms, medical
ultrasound, 23:136
Plain film radiography, medical
applications, 23: 47
Planar scanning, 14:385
Planck's constant, 18:281
Planck's radiation formula, 18:442
Plane of incidence, 21: 35
Plane interfaces, acoustic radiation
and reflection from, 10:
104-125
Plane strain problems, 13: 188,
191-192
Plane surfaces, acoustic radiation
from, 10:61-125
Plane waves, 4B: 227-238; 1 9 : 8 2
between parallel walls, 2B:
282-290
dilatational, in fluid, IA: 66-68
dissipationless media, 2B:
334-337
dissipative media, 2B: 334-337
functions, 4B: 227-228
shear, in fluid, IA: 64-66
thermoelastic fluid, IA: 58-63
thermoelastic solid, IA: 76-77
transduction with, 14:185-190
normal incidence in, 14:
186-189
oblique incidence in, 14:
189-190
in unbounded crystals, IA: 89-108
viscoelastic, IA: 87-89
Plasma column, 4B: 148
Plasma formation, 18: 84, 205
Plasma frequency, 5:210
Plasma resonances, multiple, 4B:
148
Plasmas
argon, 4B: 144-146
Subject Index
cesium, 4B: 142
diagnostics, 4B: 154-155
echoes in, 16: 264, 271,298
electromagnetic pulses in, 5:
166
hydrogen, 4B: 145
krypton, 4B: 145
potassium, 4B: 142
Plasma shielding, 18:81
Plasma state, 6 : 8
Plasma waves
dispersion, 4B: 104-107
experiments, 4B: 140-141,
145-146
fluid theory, 4B: 101-131
ion, 4B: 134-139
kinetic theory, 4B: 131-140 9
macroscopic equations, 4B:
101-106
resistance, 4B: 72
xenon helicon, 4B: 164
Plasmons, 6: 5, 18
Plastic deformation, 3A: 125-128
acoustoelasticity and, 17:96-100
cubic elements, 17:138
of metals, 18: 149, 151,423
imaging of, 18:126
Plastic flow, models of, 9 : 2
Plastics
frequencies, 1A: 298-303
measurements, 1A: 297-303
quantities, 1A: 297-298
sound velocities in, 14:482
Plastic strain rate, acoustic emission
and, 15:341
Plastic welding, 15:69
Plate
application of theories, IA:
141-152
bending modulus, 22:244
bounded, IA: 141-142, 456
and cylinders, 1A: 141-152
141
determining elastic constants, 1A:
147-152
elastic modes of propagation, IA:
112-129
integration of equations, 1A:
112-119
longitudinal and flexural, 1A:
122-129
SH, IA: 119-122
guided elastic waves and, 1A:
153-164
mode character, IA: 158-164
mode coupling, 1A: 153-158
selective attenuation, IA:
158-164
infinite, 1A: 141-142
rotating, 2B: 190
segments, 22:307
semi-infinite, IA: 145-147
simple thickness modes of, 13:
120-121; see also
Piezoelectric plates
stretching modulus, 22:221,244
Y-cut lithium sulfate, IA: 229-230
Plate equations, finite-element
method connected with, 16:50
Plate mode coupling, to interdigital
transducers, 13: 72-76
Plate mode excitation
by interdigital transducers, 13:
67-72
in piezoelectric sub strate s, 13:
64-77
Plate mode propagation, in surface
acoustic wave devices, 13:
51-64
Plate modes
completeness, 13:63-64
displacement components for, 9:
79
excitation of in piezoelectric
substrates, 13: 64-77
142
Plate modes (continued)
Rayleigh-type modes and, 9:
76-88
Plate mode suppression, in surface
acoustic wave delay lines, 13:
76-77
Plate resonances
in metals, 10:172-174
in semimetals and semiconductors,
10:178-181
Plate theory, shear deformation in,
16:44-45
Platinum, 3A: 99
annealing, 3A: 102
frequency, 3A: 108-109
PN 35 symmetry, 9:106-109
p-n junction, IB: 237-320
Pochhammer-Chree frequency
equations, IA: 134-135,
446-447, 454, 461
Pochhammer-Love solution, 4B:
333
Pochhammer's equations, 4A: 157;
22:50
Pockel's elastooptical constants, 6:
14
Poincar6 expansion, in matched
asymptotic expansion, 11: 79
Point defects, 3A: 1, 11; 8:
252-262
asymmetric, 3A: 2-3
diffusion, 3A: 293-359
and dislocations, 3A: 38-40
distribution, 3A: 252-255
elementary, 3A: 21-29
models of, 8:252-254
nonequilibrium, numbers of, 8:
254-260
pinning points and, 13:21
relaxation, 3A: 50-58
symmetric, 3A: 2
Point focus, 24: 289-290, 294
Subject Index
Point load, axisymmetric waves due
to, 13:218-231
Point reflector, 14:377
Point sensors, 23:328
Point source solutions, in unbounded
medium, 13:229-230
Point spread function, 24:304
Poiseuille flow, 5:271-272
Poisson effect, 22: 93, 185
Poisson equation, IB: 205, 339-341;
4B: 131-132; 16: 223, 227,
267, 351,352
in scattering and diffraction
problems, 11: 100
Poisson's ratio, 4B: 374; 7: 222; 14:
228; 16: 75, 76, 394; 18: 66,
67, 84; 22:215
determination of, 14:267-268
of optic fibers, 16:396
Polaritons, 6:21
Polarization, 21: 65, 66, 158, 194
electronic, 6:71
piezoelectric, 4A: 3-5
Polarization direction, 19:110
Polarization echoes, in piezoelectric
powders, 16:266-277
large-signal regime, 16: 273-276,
287
nonlinear response, 16:270
small signal limit, 16: 271-273,
282-286
Polarization sensors, for acoustic
transduction, 16:420-424
Polarized scattering, 6:11
Polaroid Corp., air transducers, 23:
447
Polar state, 20:10
Poles, 21: 265-270, 275-277,
280-281,286-288, 296
crossing of, 22:159
of S-matrix, 22:17
Polyalkylsiloxanes, 2B: 156
Subject Index
Polyatomic liquids, 6:32
Polycrystalline aggregate, 19:128
Polycrystallinity, 4B: 271
Polycrystals, 4B: 269, 279
in engineering, 4B: 269-270
equiaxed, 4B: 270
residual stresses in, 17:91
Polyetalons, 6:25
Polyethylene, 2B: 100, 105-109,
198
0~peak, 2B: 109
branched, 2B: 105-109
bulk modulus of, 8:229
crystalline, 2B: 107
linear, 2B: 107-109
Polyethylene terephthalate film, 18:
117
Polyisobutylene, 2A: 296, 320-321;
2B: 186-188, 190
Poly(isobutylmethacrylate), 2B:
191-193
Polymer coil, 6:234
applied stress on, 6:204
Polymers, 1B: 152-153; 2A:
334-336
air-coupled ultrasound for NDT,
23: 446, 447
amorphous, 2B: 165-229
inorganic, 2B: 156-158
phosphonitrilic chloride, 2B:
157
noncrystalline, 2B: 177
pulse techniques, 2B: 186
solid, 2B: 91-163
auxiliary tests, 2B: 101
relaxation spectra, 2B: 91-163
sound attenuation in, 16:34
temperature dependence, 2B:
98-100
unvulcanized, 2B: 166-167
whole, 2B: 34
Polymer solutions, 2B: 3-4, 23
143
flow, 4B: 196-197
infinite dilution of, 6:229
relaxation, 2B: 1-90; 6:238
shear properties of, 6:167-168
ultrasonic spectra, 4B: 195-197
Polymethylene, 2B: 108
Polymethyl methacrylate, 2B:
102-105
process, 2B: 103-104
[3 peak, 2B: 103
gamma peak, 2B: 104
repeating unit, 2B: 102
Polyphase materials, imaging of, 18:
146
Polypropylene, 2B: 167-168
Polystyrene, 2A: 284; 2B: 209, 211
high-frequency properties of, 6:
170
high-speed deformation of, 6:170
monodisperse, 6:169
refractive index, 2B: 217-218
wave propagation in, 17:3
Polyvalent metals, Fermi surface of,
7:181
Poly(vinyl acetate), 2B: 166, 201,
204, 206-207
creep curve, 2B: 216-217
glass transition, 2B: 214-215
volume vs. pressure, 2B: 209-213
Poly(vinyl chloride)
measurements, 2B: 198
secondary dispersion, 2B:
194-195
Polyvinylidene fluoride, see PVDF
Porosity, 20:417
Positive definite, 22:260
Potassium, 2A: 295; 4A: 362; 4B:
29-30
absorption, 2A: 398-399
Fermi surface of, 7:181
melting
absorption, 4B: 79
144
Potassium (continued)
compressibility, 4B: 63-64
propagation, 4B: 85
resistivity, 4B: 71
Potassium acetate, 2A: 421-422
Potassium acid phosphate (KDP),
echo formation in, 16: 234,
235, 288
Potassium bromate, memory echoes
in, 16: 368, 373
Potassium bromide, 4A: 161, 166,
172, 174-175
Potassium chloride, 2A: 297; 3B:
280-281
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 37-40
Potassium cyanide, 2A: 416-417
Potassium fluoroperovskites, TOE
constants of, 17:40-43
Potassium iodide, 4A: 158, 161, 166,
168-169, 172, 174
Potassium ion, 3B: 247-248
Potassium manganofluoride, echo
formation in, 16: 236, 251-259
Potassium nitrate, 2A: 297
Potassium sulfate, 2A: 373-374
Potassium tantalate, 6:66
Potential energy, 22:213, 241
of plate, 22:221
Potential equation, 2A: 187-188
Powder echoes, 16: 220, 263-292
anharmonic oscillator interactions
model for, 16:299-321
amplitude-dependent dispersion,
16:301-321
higher-harmonic generation, 16:
316-321
large-signal regime, 16:
306-315, 329-337
small-signal limit, 16: 303-306,
325-329
experimental results on, 16:
325-337
Subject Index
memory type, 16:341-383
parametric field-mode interaction
model for, 16:321-325
Powder method, for quartz crystal
vibration study, 16: 73-77, 85
Power, 22:320
Power flow, reciprocity and, 14:
38-39
Power flux, 6:155-157
Power-flux constant, 14:202
Power spectrum, 22:100
Power ultrasonics, development of,
15:55-59
Poynting vector, 6:155
acoustic, 14:38
Rayleigh models and, 9:114
PP 33 and PP 44 symmetries, 9:
104-105
Prandtl-Dehlinger-Frenkel-
Kontorova model
continuum approximation, 3A:
374-384
energy barrier, 3A: 384-397
equations, 3A: 369-372
mathematics, 3A: 484-491
Peierls model, 3A: 423-424
physical interpretation, 3A:
372-374
static energy, 3A: 484
Prandtl-Reuss equation, 17: 97, 98
Praseodymium antimonide, elastic
properties of, 12:62-64
Preamplifier, analog ultrasound
scanner, 23:91-94
Precision, 19:83
numerical, 22:68
oscillators, 24:241
Precision Acoustic Devices,
piezoelectric composite
transducers, 24:97
Precision oscillator circuit, 1A:
397-398
Subject I n d e x
Presence sensors, ultrasonic, 23:
299-306, 321
Pressure, 4B: 432-440
in cavities
heat conducting, IB: 102-103
vaporous, 1B: 99
fields generated by cavities, IB:
110-115
fractional volume and, 2B:
208-213
measurement, IB: 237-320
ultrasound sensors, 23:430-436
radiation, IA: 280-281
shock, IB: 113-114
thermodynamic, 1A: 43
ultrasonic measurements and, 8:
230-233
variations with, 1A: 323-324
and volume relaxation, 2B: 131
Pressure chamber, 2B: 213-214
Pressure fluctuations, 6: 5, 8, 10
Pressure generation, in ultrasonic
measurements, 8:206-207
Pressure pulse
acoustic, 18:45
dipolar, 18:45
radiated, thermoelastic, 18:45
Pressure-release surface, 22:317
Pressure signal, dipolar, 18:27
Pressure vessel calibration block, 24:
324-326
Pressure waves, 18:399
Prestressed bodies, wave motion in,
17:64-71
Prestressed sandwich transducer, 15:
63
Primary standards, 24:240
Princeton Applied Research Corp.,
8:77
Princeton University, 15:45
Principal curvatures, 21: 22, 27, 84,
220
145
Principal directions, 21:22
Principal radii, 21:22
Principal transition, 5:183, 196
Principal value, 22" 276
Prism, Wollaston, 2B: 359, 365-366
Probability of detection (POD), 23:
206-208
Probe-beam deflection, 18- 249, 250,
252, 394, 470
Product testing, nondestructive, see
Nondestructive testing
Programmable SAW filters, 24:174
Programmable sequence generator,
for elastic surface waves, 11"
231-235
Prolate spheroid, 22:138-183
Prolate spheroidal expansion, 22" 67
Prony series, 21: 265, 277-281
Propagation, 4B: 377
Alfv6n wave, 4B" 156
in Ar, 2A: 39-40
coupled-mode theory, 4B: 230
elastic wave, 1A: 112, 418-419,
467
in electrolytes, 2A: 351-462
experiments, 4B: 140-141
free molecule, 2A: 37-40
in gas
fully ionized, 4B: 108-111
partially ionized, 4B: 111-116
in gas, liquid, and solid, 1A"
350-371
attenuation, 1A: 355-364
internal friction, 1A: 355-364
velocities, 1A: 355-364
high-frequency, 4B: 118-123,
166-171
isentropic, acoustical tensor, 1A:
94-95
large-amplitude, 4B: 88-90
low-frequency, 4B: 123-125
magnetic fields and, 4B: 83--88
146
Propagation ( c o n t i n u e d )
collision influence, 4B:
130-131
in collisionless plasma, 4B:
126-130
dispersion relation, 4B:
125-126
static, 4B: 117-131
modes in plates, IA: 112-129
no collisions, 2A: 37-38
parallel, 4A: 136-138
perpendicular, 4A: 135-136
plane acoustic wave, 4A: 3-7
in wurtzite and sphalerite
crystals, 4A: 5-7
plane wave, in crystals, IA:
325-326
in polycrystalline media, 4B:
271
transient, 2A: 38
ultrasonic wave, 4A: 325-350
Propagation constant, 4B: 113; 7:
277; 19: 82, 108
for ion waves, 4B: 134
Propagation equations, IA: 256
for velocity, IA: 303-304
Propagation of heat, nonradiative,
18:405
Propagation path sensors, 23:288
Propagation vector, 6:113-114
Propagatory wave model, of
continuous wave ultrasonics, 8:
105-120
1,2-Propanediol, 2A: 318
n-Propanol, 2A: 315, 318
Proton transfer, 2A: 402-424
features, 2A: 402-408
hydrolysis, 2A: 41 6-424
ionization, 2A: 408-416
Proximity sensors, 23: 299, 321,324
Proximity switches, ultrasonic, 23:
299, 302
Subject Index
PSAW, s e e Piezoelectrically active
pseudo-SAW waves
Pseudoatoms, 4B: 61-62
Pseudo-color display, medical
ultrasound, 23:140-141
Pseudo-continuous-wave (CW)
method, ultrasonic wave speeds,
17: 63, 106
Pseudo Jahn-Teller effects, 12:6-9
in dysprosium vanadate, 12:49-50
Pseudoplasticity, 20:417
Pseudopotential models, 4B: 65, 71
Pseudosurface waves, 13:50
Pseudotransitions, 2B: 173-174
PSK, s e e Phase-shift-keyed digital
modulation
PTOBD, s e e Photothermal optical
beam deflection
PTS, s e e Photothermal signal
"Publish or perish", technology
transfer and, 23:12; 2 4 : 1 2
PULSE, s e e Picosecond ultrasonic
laser sonar
Pulse compression, IA: 424-428
codes used in, 11: 215-223
radar application, IA: 426-428
Pulse compression filters, for elastic
surface waves, 11: 236-241
Pulse compression radar, 11: 213
Pulsed acoustic interferometer, 7:
127
Pulsed beam pattern, medical
ultrasonic imaging, 23:67
Pulsed excitation, 18: 201-203,349,
352, 353, 367
Pulsed Gaussian laser beam, 18:206
Pulsed laser radiation, 18:105
Pulsed lasers, ultrasonic generation
of acoustic waves by, 18:
21-118
in photoacoustic spectroscopy, 18:
115
Subject Index
Pulsed optoacoustic spectroscopy,
18:100
Pulsed oscillator, 6:175, 187; 19:85
Pulsed photoacoustic imaging, 18:
115
Pulsed rf techniques, 19:82
Pulsed system, IB: 46-51
equipment, 1B: 51-52
testing in medicine, IB: 52-53
Pulsed ultrasonic heating, 14:451
Pulse-echo-overlap (PEO) method,
19: 83, 96, 104-105; 24:
12-13, 349-350
absolute accuracy in, 12:319-322
applications of, 12:296-298
block diagrams of, 12:281-287
with buffer rods, 19:97-100
capabilities of, 12:289
McSkimin criterion in, 12:
289-295
measurement, 19:84
precision in, 12:295-296
through-transmission measurement
in, 12:285-287
in ultrasonic velocity
measurement, 12:279-298
for ultrasonic wave speeds, 17:105
schematic for, 17:107
Pulse-echo system, 3A: 327-328,
331; 4A: 77-80, 161-162; 4B:
288-289, 331,344-345; 5: 66;
7: 307; 19:105
attenuation, 12:323-328
measurements, 7:300
nondestructive testing, 15:75-77
medical applications of, 15:80
in transducer measurement, 14:
255-257, 277-280
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11: 165
Pulse-echo ultrasound
image formation, 23: 62-63,
64-69
147
image resolution, 23:69-71
medical imaging, 23:49
multielement array, 23:116, 117,
122
signal strength, 23:114
Pulse expander-compressors, 24:
172-173
Pulse generation experiments, time
of flight measurements and, 12:
92-94
Pulse magnets, 5 : 2
Pulse measurement system, 12:
90-91
Pulse problem
arrival times and, 12:239-243
normal-mode solution and, 12:
232-243
thin-shell theories in, 12:232-235
Pulse reflection studies, of phonon
echoes, 16:218
Pulses, 21: 237, 258
broadband, 21: 237, 276, 280--284
circumferential, 12: 225-232; 21:
237
in cylindrical shell, 12:228
diffracted, 21: 241
Fourier transform for, 12:249-254
Laplace transform for, 12:
235-238
Laplace-Watson transform for, 12:
264-270
long, 21: 256-260, 284-286,
294-297, 300, 310
propagation, 4A: 100-105; 4B:
244
elastic, 4B: 246-247
magnetoelastic, 4B: 246-247
transit time, 4B: 245
scattered, 21: 259, 264, 278, 287,
290-291
short, 21: 238-239, 254-263, 276,
281-286, 296, 300-311
148
Pulse superposition, IA: 313-314,
320; 4B: 331,348-349
Pulse superposition method, 19: 84;
24:349
absolute accuracy of, 12:319-322
applications of, 12:302-303
automatic monitoring of, 12:
301-302
block diagram of, 12:299
McSkimin criterion in, 12:300
in ultrasonic velocity
measurement, 12:298-303
wave velocity measurements, 17:
21, 63
Pulse techniques, 2B: 185-186; 3B:
90, 103; 4A: 161-162, 249; 19:
82
basic method, IA: 286-287
diffraction effects, IA: 287-288
for hard solids, IA: 311-317
high frequency, IA: 286-291,
312-313, 320
low frequency, IA: 319
for low viscosity liquids, IA:
286-291
Pellam and Gait, IA: 286-287,
291
Pyrex blocks, 2B: 187
reflection, 2B: 185-186, 188-190
transmission, 2B: 185-186,
188-189
velocity, attenuation, 2B: 190
Pulse theory, in surface-wave
generation, 10:26-29
Pulse transmission, 4B: 330-331,
341-346, 373
delay line method, 4B: 342
liquid polymer, 2B: 197
rotating plate, 2B: 190-191
Pump, controllable, 9:142-144
Pupil function, of acoustic lens, 14:
40
Subject Index
Pure product modulators, 1B:
199-200
Pure-tone sound fields,
characterization of, 17:
236-237
PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), 24:
107, 116
PVDF film transducers, 24: 107,
117, 129
air transducers, 24:116-117
broadband sources, 24:112-116
hydrophones, 24:107-112
PVT measurements, 2B: 214-215
Pyrex
dielectric loss, 2B: 117
internal friction, 2B: 151
resistivity, 2B: 115-116
temperature effect, 2B: 154
wave propagation in, 17:3
Pyroelectric detection, photothermal,
18:440
Pyroelectric effect, ultrasound
sensors and, 23:321
Pyroelectricity, 15:17
PZT, s e e Lead zirconate titanate
Q
Q (quality factor), IA: 56-58; 4A:
82-83; 21: 271; 22:167
ceramic, IA: 371
constant Q, models, 3B: 296-304
crystals, IA: 370
in earth, 3B: 287-322
free oscillation modes, 3B: 310
interior, 3B: 313, 318-322
materials, 3B: 292, 294
soils, 3B: 306
high-Q systems, resonance
techniques, IA: 276
lithium doping effect, 3B:
244-245
Subject Index
mechanical Q, IA: 274-275
equations, 1A: 303-304
metals, IA: 364; 3B: 290
nonmetals, 3B: 292-293, 307
Q - 1 , 3 B : 179
frequency dependence, 3B:
180-191
temperature dependence, 3B:
179-180
quartz crystals, 1A: 342
quartz resonators, 1A: 365-366
QCMP (quasi-cylindrical mode
picture), 22: 144, 153, 158,
178, 182
Q-matrix, 22:68
Q-meter, 4A: 151
Q-meter spectrometer, 8:141-142
Quadratic-residue arrays, 18:4-8
Quadratic-residue phase arrays, 18:
6-8
Quadratic-residue phase gratings,
18:8-10
Quadrature-dual-interferometer
system, 14: 330
Quadrature phase detection (QPD),
Doppler ultrasound, 23:158
Quantitative phonon detection
model, 12:98-100
detector sensitivity analysis in, 12:
101-104
Quantitative waveform detection, 18:
89
Quantization errors, multielement
arrays, 23:130-134
Quantum oscillations, 5:23-56
amplitude of, 5: 30-32, 43, 47-51
effect of electron collisions on, 5:
35-41
line shape of, 5: 30-32, 42, 47-51
period of, 5: 29, 41, 42, 47
physical origin of, 5:23-30
sound velocity of, 5:54-56
149
spin splitting of, 5: 33-35, 42, 53
Quartz, 1B: 342, 347; 3B: 128-129;
4A: 318-321; 7: 54; 24: 228;
see also Synthetic quartz
~, 4B: 332; 13:59
absorption, 3B: 183-184
AC cut, 3B: 273-274
alpha-, 5: 60, 81, 83
AT-cut, see AT-cut crystals
attenuation, 3B: 220-221,
271-274
longitudinal wave, 3B: 250-252
shear wave, 3B: 252-253
band widening, 1A: 347-348
beta, 5: 81, 83
Brazilian, 3B: 241-242, 244; 5:
86, 88
BT cuts, 3B: 237
circuit limitations, 1A: 342-343
for communications, 1A: 364-371
cuts
for low temperature coefficient,
IA: 374-376
modes of motion, 1A: 371-373
X, IA: 229-230
Y, 1A: 229-230, 439
defects in, 5:130
dielectric constant, 3B: 240-246
doubly rotated cuts of, 13:
134-153
elastic constants, 20: 396, 398
elasto-electric constants, 1A: 184
first order temperature coefficient
of anti-resonance frequency
in, 13:130
fused, TOE constants for, 17:3
high power transducers, 1A: 250
impedances, IA: 476-477
fixed, 1A: 342, 346
internal friction, 3B: 141
peaks, 3B: 247
loss, 3B: 177, 256
150
Quartz (continued)
mean sound velocity, 3B: 64
opaline, 5: 86, 88
properties, 24: 228-229, 256
radiation effects, see Irradiated
quartz
synthetic, 3B: 273-274
from NaOH, 3B: 241-242
transducers, IB: 333-334
vacuum-electrolyzed, 5:93
Y-cut, IB: 322-323
zero temperature coefficient, 3B:
193
Quartz crystal film thickness
monitor, 8:170-172
Quartz crystal resonators
amplitude frequency effect in, 11:
272-278
electric conductivity influence in,
11:279-281
equivalent electrical circuits for,
11: 278-283
linear equivalent electric circuit
for, 11: 278-279
nonlinear effects in, 11: 266-278
nonlinear equivalent circuit for, 11:
281-283
vibrating, 11: 266-267
Quartz crystals, 24:210, 212, 229,
230
acoustic vibrational modes in, 16:
37-171
theory of, 16:42-51
applications, 24:210, 211
AT- and BT-cuts in, 11: 247,
264-265
characteristic coefficients for, 11:
252-266
conductibility in, 11: 265-266
damping and conductivity
coefficients for, 11:
265-266
Subject Index
dielectric coefficients for, 11:
261-265
diffusion phenomena in, 11:
283-284
dimensions and orientations of, 16:
39
displacement of by man-made
crystals, 15:61
echo formation in, 16: 234, 265,
289, 297, 324, 328, 335
elastic coefficients for, 11:
252-255
equation of equilibrium in, 11:
248-249
frequency applied field relation for,
11: 284-287
fundamental equations of, 11:
247-252
"hysteresis" effect in, 11: 259-261
influence of applied dc electric
field in, 11:283-287
long-term drift in, 11: 246
nonlinear phenomena in, 11:
246-247
piezoelectric coefficients and, 11:
255-261,286
properties, 24:228-231
Q of, 9: 207, 210, 213-214
second-order coefficients for, 11:
262
signal-to-noise ratio in, 11:246
single crystal, 3B: 165
longitudinal, IA: 365, 370-371
principal cuts, IA: 365,
367-369
for resonators, IA: 364-371
as sound propagator, 15:31
stabilities for, 11: 246
strains in, 11: 247-249
stress-strain relation in, 11: 250
ultrasound attenuation in, 16:35
in vacuum-tube oscillators, 15:35
Subject Index
vibrational modes of, 16: 37-171
amplitude measurements, 16:
118-121, 139
analysis of, 16:49-51
beveling for suppression of, 16"
52-56, 65
charge cancellation for
suppression of, 16:
66-67
CI meter methods, 16: 147-153
contouring for suppression of,
16: 56-58, 65-66
Coupling between, 16:42
Dye's interferometric method,
16:71-73
electrical probe methods, 16:
88-94
electrical properties of crystals
in, 16:145-156
energy trapping effects on, 16:
58-64, 66
experimental methods for, 16:
67-163
frequency measurements, 16:
145-156
generation of, 16:64-65
glow discharge method for, 16:
67-68
internal interference method, 16:
79-83
laser studies of, 16:114-121
LC coupling method for
frequency determination
of, 16:157-163
multibeam interferometry of,
16:77-83
neutron diffraction topography
of, 16:110-114
null bridge methods, 16:
153-155
optical interference technique
for, 16:68-71
151
photoelastic examination of, 16:
83-85
powder methods, 16: 73-77, 85
Sauerbery's optical method, 16:
86-88
scanning electron microscopy
of, 16" 121-144
shear-type, 16" 38, 40
theory of, 16" 42-51
triangular shaped, 16" 66
types of (diagram), 16" 39
unwanted, suppression of, 16"
51-67
weak, Onoe method of
detection, 16" 156-157
X-ray topography of, 16" 42, 48,
67, 88
X-, Y-, and Z-cuts in, 11" 263-264
Quartz crystal transducers, 24" 268
Quartz crystal units, 24" 228-236
evolution of, 11:245-246
Quartz oscillators, frequency
standards, 24- 263, 264
Quartz plates, 19" 107, 110
AT-cut, 9: 167, 178-179, 181,184,
193-194, 199, 202-207, 211
cracking in, 9" 211
evaporated metallic electrodes on,
9" 169
MCFs and, 9" 201-207
supporting of, 9" 211
Quartz resonators
ideal one-dimensional, 8:108-110
linear properties of, 13" 135-146
nonlinear effects in, 13" 146-153
Quartz sandwich transducer, 15:
31-32, 51, 54-55, 78
Quartz strip, single electrodes on, 9:
178-187
Quartz transducers, IB: 333-335;
4B: 13-14
acoustic field of, 14:379
152
Quartz transducers ( c o n t i n u e d )
broadband, IA: 317-318
harmonic operation, 1A: 318-319
quartz-focusing, 15:69
quartz-steel-quartz type, 15:31, 51
Quartz wafers
preparation of for MCFs, 9:
201-207
for silicon-integrated circuits, 9:
207-213
Quartz watches, 11: 246
Quartz wind, 2B: 267-268,
299-303; 15:37
Eckart's solution, 2B: 273
equation of state, 2B: 301
quantitative measurements, 2B:
314-317
in gases, 2B: 315
in liquid, 2B: 314-316
streaming velocity, 2B: 301-303
streamlines, 2B: 300
theory, 2B: 299-303
Quasi-cylindrical mode, 22:144
Quasilatency time, 5:168
Quasimonochromatic approximation,
5:175
Quasimonochromatic signals, 5:
205, 206
Quasiparticle excitation, 7: 20, 32
probability of, 12:114-115
Quasiparticle recombination, phonon
generation by, 12:85-86
Quasiparticle relaxation
isotropic phonon emission and, 12:
133
phonon generation by, 12:86-87
Quasiparticles
deexcitation of, 12:86-87
recombination transition of, 12:
114
Quasiparticle transitions,
recombination in, 12:130
Subject lnaex
Quasiphonon interaction, general
relation for, 12:113-116
Quasi-Rayleigh wave, 21:258
Quasistatic approximation, 18:210
Quasi-steady state, 21: 290, 294-296
Quotient variational principle, 22:
254, 304
R
RAC, see Reflective array
compressor
RAC filter, see Reflective array
compressor filter
Radar
Barker correlator or coder in, 11:
224
delay lines, IA: 420, 424-428
polygon, IA: 495-496
development of, 8:204
MTI, IA: 485, 495-496
pulse compression, 11: 213
synthetic-aperture, 10:332-338
zone plate in, 10:301
Radar holograms, 10:332-337
Radially oscillating cylinder, 22:341
Radially polarized shear waves,
reception of, 14:228
Radiated power, 22: 347, 348
Radiated thermoelastic pressure
pulse, 18:45
Radiation, 3A: 293-359; 3B:
104-105; see also Irradiation
broad, phase arrays (gratings) with,
18:1-20
crystal oscillators and, 24:
257-259
direct, 3A: 304-305
dislocation motion, 3A: 305-308
on elastic module, 3A: 303-308
experiments, 3A: 308-314
Subject Index
measuring apparatus, 3A:
308-312
fast neutron, 3A: 351-352
internal friction, 3A: 303-308
production of, 3A: 294-296
pulsed laser, 18:105
types, sources, 3A: 299-302
Radiation damage, stored energy
release and volume changes
following, 8:254-255
Radiation impedance, defined, 14:
290-291
Radiation-induced color center, 5:72
Radiation pressure, 18:23
Radiation resistance, for strip
meanderline, 14: 201
Radiative damping, 22: 103, 105
Radiative deactivation, 18: 282-286,
290
Radii of curvature, 22:233
effect on phase velocity, 22:180
Radio communication
frequency control devices, 24:
212-213
autonomy period, 24:216
digital communication, 24:
216
jamming, 24:213-215
signal acquisition speed, 24:215
SAW sensors and, 23:455-456
Radiography, medical applications,
23:47
Radiometry
photothermal, 18: 447, 451
photothermal infrared, 18:
442-461,465
"Radio silence," 24:216
Radius, critical, IB: 116-120
Rail specimen, acoustoelastic
measurements on, 17:112
Rainbow, 21: 63-66, 74, 189
Rainbow-enhanced glory, 21: 189
153
Raman effect, 18" 338
Raman-Nath diffraction, 7" 274
hf pressure sensitivity of optical
fibers, 16" 413
Raman-Nath modulators, 7"
314-316, 361
Raman-Nath parameter, 14: 333
Raman-Nath regime, 7" 313
Raman-Nath region, 7" 282-283
Raman-Nath theory, 2B" 340-343
diffraction, 2B: 360-361
Raman relaxation process, 4A:
122-123, 131, 174
Raman scattering, 6 : 3
first-order, 6:14
spin-flip, 6:55
in spin-phonon interactions, 8:
11-12
stimulated, 6: 59, 60
thermal, 6:60
RAM system (RITEC), 24:
352-354, 355
Randomly rippled surfaces, 21:
145
Random signal correction technique,
14:342-343
Random wave fields
spatial frequency spectrum of, 17:
265-286
statistical properties of, 17:
233-310
analytic signal and its spatial
derivative, 17:246-248
angular power spectrum in, 17:
267-274, 277- 283
averaging, 17: 244-246,
252-254
basic, 17:237-241
directional distribution of plane
waves in, 17:305-306
energy flux density, 17:
248-251
154
Random wave fields
(continued)
field variable statistics, 17:
303-305
probability densities, 17:
246-254
pure-tone sound fields, 17:
236-237
radiance connection with, 17:
283-286
spatial correlation, 17:
241-244
spatial derivative of potential
energy density and level
crossings, 17:251-253
spatial diffusivity measurements
in, 17:274-277
spatial frequency spectrum and,
17:265-286
three-dimensional energy flux
densities, 17:263-265
two-and three-dimensional
gradients, 17:254-265
two-dimensional energy density
gradients and, 17:
262-263
two-dimensional energy flux
density, 17:259-262
two-dimensional energy flux
vector, 17:254-259
wave scattering at rough
surfaces, 17: 287-303,
306-307
Range-gated methods, Doppler
ultrasound, 23: 157, 415
Rare earth, 3B: 174
Rare earth chlorides, 2A: 363-364
Rare earth crystals, cooperative
Jahn-Teller effect and, 12:
25-67
Rare earth pnictides, elastic
properties of, 12:58-65
Subject Index
Rare earth vanadates, cooperative
Jahn-Teller transitions and, 12:
26-58
Raster scanning, 18:115, 410, 413,
440
Rate equations, 2A: 135; 18:291
Ray equations, 4B: 238-239
Ray integral, 13: 185, 240-245
Rayleigh
sound propagation, 16: 8-9, 13, 18
vibrations in isotropic plates, 16:
43-44
Rayleigh amplitude, calculation of,
18:76
Rayleigh angle, 10: 9, 107-109,
113-117
Rayleigh circumferential wave, 15:
225-226
Rayleigh components, 6:9-10
Rayleigh criterion, 7:297
Rayleigh critical angle, 22:59
Rayleigh disk, 15:21
Rayleigh equation, 22:50
Rayleigh hypothesis, 22:72
Rayleigh integral, modified, 13:86
Rayleigh-Lamb frequency equation,
IA: 122-123, 135, 142-143
Rayleigh linewidths, 6:18
Rayleigh mode resonances, 22:157
Rayleigh modes, 9: 85, 109; 18: 56,
74, 103
Airy phase of, 13:263
at zero layer thickness, 9:61
composite plate modes and, 9:86
for cubic crystals, 9:110-111
dispersion curves for, 9:116,
122-124; 15:235
displacements from, 9: 59-66, 121
in elastic wave propagation, 9:
47-59
isotropic, 9:101
Love modes and, 9:117-118
Subject Index
phase velocity for, 9:120
stiffened, 9:104-107
v[ A ]t > vt, 9:52-56
v[ A] < v, 9:56-59
vs. plate modes, 9:76-88
vt .~ vt, 9:70-74
Rayleigh peak, 6:10, 11
Rayleigh phonons, 7:253
Rayleigh pole, 10: 13, 20, 54; 12:
272
Rayleigh principle, 22: 254, 259
Rayleigh pulses, 18: 74, 103
Rayleigh rays, transparent objects
and, 10:35
Rayleigh resonances, 15: 207; 22:
179
Rayleigh-Ritz method, 22:315, 322,
337, 345
Rayleigh scattering, 3B: 292, 295;
4B: 274-275, 298-300; 6: 10,
59
by free corner, 19:335-336
Rayleigh series, 12: 218-219, 255;
22:4
for scattering amplitude, 12:254
Rayleigh's law, 3A: 229
magnetomechanical analog, 3A:
227
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formula, for
diffraction calculation, 14:
35-37
Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integrals, 21:
7 excitation
Rayleigh's principle, 3B: 317
Rayleigh surface wave, 13:257-261;
22:178
Rayleigh velocity, 9:109
plate modes and, 9:77-78
Rayleigh modes and, 9:52-58
surface-wave velocity and, 9:51
Rayleigh wave angle, 12:245
Rayleigh wave devices, 13:49
155
Rayleigh wave dipole, 22:31
Rayleigh wave filters, mode
excitation in, 13:50
Rayleigh wave modes, 14: 241; 22:
24
Rayleigh waves, IA: 86, 136; 3B:
314-315; 6: 116, 123; 10: l, 4,
54; 12: 272; 15: 19, 129; 18:
95, 106, 155; 19: 208-209; 21:
205, 215, 216, 218, 238, 249,
263, 273,283, 289, 300; 24:
142, 145, 303-304; s e e a l s o
Electromagnetic transducers
absorption of, 7:256
amplitude of, 7: 247; 10: 14; 14:
220
attenuation constant and, 1 0 : 4 3
bulk acoustic waves and, 14:219
crossed-field model and, 15:140
crystal tensors and, 15:133
curved transparent objects and, 10:
37
on cylindrical surface, 14:242
dipolar, 18:74
dispersion curves for, 15:213-214
dispersionless character of, 14:
207
"dispersive" EMT for, 14:208
displacement amplitudes, 14:212
display of, 7:248
elastic energy propagation and, 9:
35
alternate-phase electrode array,
7:232
piezoelectric, 7:231
single-phase electrode array, 7:
231
"wedge method," 7:226-228
generalized, 10: 6-7, 16
generation of, 10: 7, 115; 18: 57,
74-77, 86, 103, 129
156
Rayleigh waves (continued)
by rectangular meanderline of
Lorentz forces, 14:210
helical, 14:267
high-frequency, 7:263
incident on surface of half-space,
14:190
meanderline EMT's and, 14:210,
250
normal mode of, 13:194
penetration depth, 7:253
phase of, 7:247
in Poisson's ratio determination,
14:267-268
propagation direction in, 9:36
Rayleigh angle and, 10:107-109,
115
reflection from aluminum
downstep, 14:246
rotation rate sensing with, 14:
262-263
scattering and, 1 5 : 2 0 6
Schoch formulation for, 10:
106-107
speed of, in unstressed medium,
17:87
in steel tubes, 14: 241
straight-crested harmonic, 14:232
stress measurements using, 17:
118
surface superconductivity, 7:257
transduction of, 14:225
of tungsten, 6 : 1 3 7
of unlayered geometry, 9:37
in water, 1 0 : 1 1 0
Rayleigh wave transversal filters, 13:
49
Rayleigh wing, 6: 12, 50, 59
Ray map, 21: 29, 61, 159
Ray method, 5:201-202
Rays, 21:10
Ray synthesis, 21: 207, 210-212
Subject Index
Raytheon Co., 15:69
Ray theory, generalized, see
Generalized ray theory
Ray tracing, in acoustic lens, 14:
20-21
Ray tubes, 21: 22, 27
RbXO, see Rubidium-crystal
oscillator
RCA pellicle holography, transducer
surface motion evaluation, 24:
73
Reaction equations, 2A: 55-57
Reaction kinetics, 2A: 77-80, 83
back reaction, 2A: 78-79
elementary reaction, 2A: 78
net reaction rate, 2A: 79-80
Reactor vessels, acoustic emission
studies of, 11: 330-333, 337
Read zooms, medical ultrasound, 23:
138
Rear surface detection, 18:447-461
Receiver, analog ultrasound scanner,
23:91-94
Receiver functions, 13:185,
201-202
Reciprocity, power flow and, 14:
38-39
Reciprocity calibration technique,
for transducers, 14:370
Recoil corrections, 22:69
Recoil effect, 22:179
Recombination phonons
frequency band for, 12: 137-138
as function of generator voltage,
12:118
phonon spectroscopy with, 12:
137-139
superconducting tunneling
junctions and, 12:116-126
in thermal equilibrium limit, 12:
118-123
tunneling current and, 12:117
Subject Index
Recombination spectrum, at high
generator currents, 12:123-126
Rectangular cavity, 5:222
Red blood cells, Doppler imaging,
23:147-148
Reduced moduli, 6:214
Reduced temperature, insertion
losses and, 10:185
Reel medium, 5:164
Reentrant superconductor, 2 0 : 1 9 2
Reflectance
high frequency, 1A: 296-297,
303
ultrasonic shear, 6:169
Reflected amplitude, 21: 2 7
Reflected pulse, 21: 246, 257, 261,
286, 295, 299
Reflected wavefield, 21: 24, 89-95,
134, 135
Reflected wavefronts, 21:26
Reflection, 19:87
of bulk wave in solid by plane
boundary, 19:300-308
free end, 1A: 145-146
longitudinal, 1A: 84-86
nondestructive testing for flaws,
23:205
and refraction of plane waves
at interface between two elastic
solids, IA: 79-86
at interface between two fluids,
IA: 68-71
shear, 1A: 79-84
simple, 1A: 146
of time harmonic ultrasonic wave,
19:300-303
total, IA: 70-71
of ultrasonic pulse, 19:303-308
of waves from flat surfaces, IA:
492-494
Reflection acoustic microscopy, 14:
80-88
157
Reflection bridge spectrometer, 8:
139
Reflection coefficient, 13:185,
202-204; 19: 99, 107, 115, 135,
144; 21: 297-299; 22:102
Reflection gratings, 24:179-182
Reflection loss per bounce, 14:
508-509
Reflection-mode (R-mode) flowcell
concept, 23: 357, 358
Reflection phase grating, 18: 12, 13
Reflection spectrometry, 8: 137-140;
18:380
Reflection transmission factor, 21:
171
Reflection zone plates, in
holography, 10:321-327
Reflective array compressor (RAC),
15:100
unapodized dispersive transducers
in, 15:184-187
Reflective array compressor (RAC)
,filter, 24: 179-180, 181
Reflective dot array, 24:180
Reflectometer, S-mode, 14:507
Reflectors, in ultrasonic flowmetry,
14:427-428
Reflectoscope (Sperry Products Co.),
23: 216-217; 24:347
Reflectoscope pulse-echo device, 15:
76
Refracted rays, in generalized ray
theory, 13:213-216
Refraction, medical ultrasound, 23:
61
Refraction coefficient, 13:185
Refractive index, 2B: 127, 131,
217-218, 340-342, 353-354;
4B: 357-362; 5:106
pressure change, 2B: 342
profile of optical ,fibers, 16:388
velocities in, 4B: 360
158
Regeneration distortion, 15:127
Regge poles, 15: 193,212, 219, 246,
258; 22: 4, 38, 169
Region-of-interest (ROI)
measurements, medical
ultrasound, 23:144
Region of sensitivity, medical
ultrasound, 23:153
Re/Im method, 21: 312
Relative measurement, 19:108-109
Relaxation, 3A: 45-50; 5: 64; 6: 10,
32; 20:249
alkali, 2B: 11 4-118
in alloys, 3A: 65-69
anelasticity and, 13:4
attenuation anisotropy and, 14:
145
bulk stress, 2B: 208-213
dislocation, 13:19-22
in dissociation equilibrium, 2A:
193-199
in electrolytes, 2A: 376-452
electronic, 13:25-27
of Erl_xHoxRhaB4, 20:220-223
in gases, 2A: 47-131, 133-202
internal transitions, 2A: 50
synopsis, 2A: 51-52
theory, 2A: 50-52
grain-boundary, 13:22-23
ionic atmosphere, 2A: 378-381
time, 2A: 380
in ionic crystals, 3A: 69-74
magnetic, 13:24-25
Markovian systems, 4B: 181-210
multiple processes, 2A: 80; 3A:
54-58; 4B: 194-195
coupling, 2A: 102-131
eigenvalue problem, 2A:
110-111
examples, 2A: 102-131
oxygen, 2B: 118-119
phonon, 13:23-24
Subject Index
in photoacoustics, 18: 303, 308,
310
point defect, 3A: 50-58; 13:
14-18
polymer solutions, 2B: 1-90
and retardation spectra, 2B:
145-146
simultaneous multiple
acoustic, 2A: 95-102
dynamic equation of state, 2A:
86-87 "
equations, 2A: 84-85, 87-93
examples, 2A: 102-130
singular matrices, 2A: 93-95
sodium ion, 2B: 11 4-115, 118
in sound propagation, 16:1-36
sound propagation and, 14:
144-146
strain after-effect, 3A: 161-162
structural and shear in liquids, 2A:
281-349
absorption, 2A: 315-319
velocity dispersion, 2A:
315-319
structure, 5:96
subsidiary peak, 3A: 109-111
temperature rise, 3A: 159-162
theory, 3B: 247-248
thermodynamic theory, 2A:
286-287
and viscosity, 2B: 269-270
in vitreous silica, 12:168
Relaxation absorption, in glasses,
12:189
Relaxation equation, 3A: 166-169
Relaxation excitation, 2A: 135-181
absorption, 2A: 137-142
Cole plot, 2A: 144-145
compression, 2A: 137
de-excitation, 2A: 142-144
dispersion, 2A: 137-142
equation s, 2A: 139-140
Subject Index
pressure, 2A: 135-137
temperature, 2A: 135-137
theory, 2A: 137-142
volume, 2A: 135-137
Relaxation frequencies, 2A:
122-123
molar, specific heat, 2A- 127-128
primary, 2A: 430-438
secondary, 2A: 431
Relaxation parameters, atmospheric
sound absorption, prediction,
17:174-189
Relaxation phonons
in Bremsstrahlung spectroscopy,
12:139-142
escape conditions for, 12:
131-137
Relaxation spectra, 2B: 91-163
anelasticity and, 13:7-8
dilatational, 2B: 188
internal variables and
thermodynamic basis for, 13:
12-13
and retardation, 2B: 97-98
shear, 2B: 188
Relaxation stiffness coefficient, 3A:
169
Relaxation strength, 3A: 176; 5:64
anelasticity and, 13:6
Relaxation times, 3B: 268-269; 5:
252, 258-259, 282; 18:
279-282, 325, 326, 342
distribution, 2A: 291-292; 2B:
24-28
equivalent circuit, 2B: 27
of Erl_xHoxRh4B4, 20: 219,
223-227
exchange, chemical reaction, 2A:
182-184
harmonic oscillator, 2A: 184-185
intervalley, 4A: 332-336
doped Ge, 4A: 333-336
159
theory, 4A: 336-338
isothermal, 2A: 80-83
in liquids, 2A: 332-334
molecular theory, 2A: 182-192
single-step reactions, 2A: 390-391
of sound propagation, 16:
transverse, in two-level systems,
12:194-198
ultrasonic and dielectric, 2A:
341-347
Relaxation-type attenuation, of
Erl_xHoxRhaB4, 21): 218-227
broad maximum, 21): 196, 197
of HoRhaB4, at different
frequencies, 21): 219
relaxation attenuation equation,
21): 219, 222
Relaxed compliance, in anelasticity,
13:4
Relaxed modulus, anelasticity and,
13:4
Relaxing fluids, 6 : 3 4
Relaxing media, 2B: 248-250
Relays, vibrating reed, 1A: 398,
400-403
Relevant critical wavenumbers, 22:
290
Remote classification, 21:235
Remote thermal wave imaging, 18:
404-408, 427, 441
Repinning, 3B: 113-114
Reproducibility, oscillators, 24:241
Reradiation, 21: 262, 280; 22:160
Research
acoustic emission measurements,
24:358-361
attenuation measurements, 24:
348, 351-352
nonlinear measurements, 24:
355-356
technology transfer and, 23: 1-42;
24:1-42
160
Research (continued)
thin film measurements, 24:
357-358
velocity measurements, 24:
348-351
Residual attenuation, 20:7
Residual stresses
acoustoelastic theory for, 17:
100-101
ultrasonic measurement of, 17:
89-93, 121-140
Residue arithmetic, 18:2
Resistance
dislocation, 3B: 219
thermal, 3B: 215-218
Resolution, 6:21
measuring, 24: 313, 316-321
Resonance, 21: 4, 202, 208, 253,
262-271,282, 295, 310
condition, 22:184
cylinders and prisms, 4B: 331-339
geometric, 4B: 3-4
isolation and identification method,
RUM, 22:60
low frequency, IA: 319, 325
Markovian systems, 4B: 181-210
order, 22:60
peaks, 21: 265
shapes, 21: 212
small spheres, 4B: 349-351
spectral density and, 4B:
202-204
in S system, 4B: 204-206
stochastic, 4B: 202-206
spectrum, 21: 282-286, 296-298;
22:60
in spheres, 3B: 180-181
of submerged plates, 15:232-240
velocity measurements, 4B: 330
Resonance acoustic cyclotron, 4B:
9-10
in antimony, 4B: 36-38
Subject Index
Doppler shifted, 4B: 30
in gallium, 4B: 27-28
Resonance cavity cell, 14:152
Resonance formulation, for cylinders
and spheres, 15:197-202
Resonance frequency, 19: 86, 87;
21: 264, 272, 275, 283-286,
296, 300; 22:330
vs. antiresonances, 13:131
Resonance measurements
elastic moduli, IA: 275-276
hard solids, IA: 303-311
high frequency, IA: 309-310
Resonance scattering, 15:
191-292
medical ultrasound, 23:59
quantum mechanical theory of, 15:
192-193
rubber-coated steel shell and, 15:
221
theory, 21: 208, 210; 22:2
Resonance systems, IB: 40-46
equipment, 1B: 42-43
measuring thickness, IB: 42
scales, 1B: 43-44
Resonant absorption, in glasses, 12:
187-189
Resonant excitation, 21: 236, 286
reinforcement, 21:271
terms, 21:272-273
Resonant frequency, and doublet
peak separation, 8:187
Resonant magnetic fields, frequency
and, 10:182
Resonant mode, 5:148
Resonant oscillations
in antimony, 4B: 36-38
in lead, 4B: 33-35
in tin, 4B: 38-40
Resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy
(RUS), 23: 266, 268, 269
Resonant ultrasound technique
Subject Index
advantages, over pulse-echo
technique, 20:385-386
computation algorithm, 20:
395-396
development, 20:382-396
measurement procedure
frequency modulation
technique, 20:391-392
phase sensitive technique, 20:
385, 402-403
sample preparation, 20: 386,
390-391
theoretical model, 20:394
transducer, requirements for, 20:
386, 388
Resonator probes
microwave, 8:126-129
rf and uhf, 8:120-126
Resonators, IB: 353-363; s e e a l s o
Piezoelectric resonators
admittance plot, 19:271
beta-phase, 5:81
design, IB: 355-363
driving, 1B: 361-362
terminated Gaussian, IB:
258-361
disk, 3B: 140-143
fluid-immersed, 8:173-176
isolated, 9:169
longitudinal, 1B: 356-362
materials, 1B: 353-354
mechanical, IA: 335-416
ceramic, 1A: 377-380
for communications, IA:
364-371
nonparallel, 8:185
one-dimensional, 8:170-176
Q of, 9: 207-210, 214
Quartz, s e e Quartz crystal
resonators
"sample cavity," 8:172-173
shape, 1B: 355-356
161
single, s e e Single piezoelectric
resonator
third sound, 11: 41-49
three-dimensional, 8:116-120
transadmittance, 19:270
Resonator technique, 5:66
Retardation spectra, 2B: 145-146
Retrace, oscillators, 24: 250, 252
Reverberant acoustic wave, 18:353
Reverberation, control of gain, 15:
84
Reverse engineering, technology
transfer and, 23: 5; 24:5
Reverse scattering problem, 15:
281-285
Reversible processes, 2A: 57-58
Reynolds number
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11:71-72
in time-harmonic piston problem,
11:137
Reynolds number nomograph, 14:
490
Rf bridge spectrometer, 8:142
Rf burst-free decay technique, 5:68
Rf bursts, 19: 83, 84
Rf generator, 19:85
Rf reflection probe, 8:120-121
Rf transmission probe, 8:121
Rf transmission spectrometer, 8:
132-137
RG thermal-piston model, s e e
Rosencwaig-Gersho thermal-
piston model
Rhenium, 4B: 35; 7: 198, 216
Rib caustic, 21: 83
Riemann sheet, 12: 257-264; 21:
240, 245
Riemann surface, 12:218, 220
Right hand rule, 22:279
Rigid background concept, 22:28
Rigid body, 22:306
162
Rigid body scattering, 21: 262, 269,
271,276, 279; 22: 16, 327
Rigid target, 21:266
Ringing, 22:175
Ringing resonance, 21: 237,
254-261,275, 281-296, 303,
310
Ringing tail, 21: 290-297
Ring-like fringes, 21:205
Ring transducer, 14:225-226
Ripplons, 6:53
RITEC, Inc.
RITEC Advanced Measurement
system (RAM), 24:352-354,
355
SNAP unit, 24: 355, 356
R-matrix, 21: 273; 22:15
Rochelle salt, IA: 172-178
crystal array, 15: 35, 51, 61
echo formation in, 16: 234, 235
L-cut, IA: 196
Rock bursts, prediction of, 11:293
Rocks
chemical analyses, 4B: 451-464
creep, 3B: 300-302
creep and microseismic activity in,
11:308
curves for amplitude-frequency
relationships in, 11:307
cylinders of, 4B: 389
igneous, 4B: 379-380
metamorphic, 4B: 379-380
sedimentary, 4B: 379-380
trap, 4B: 380
internal friction for, 8:349-355
minerals and, 4B: 374-375
modal analyses, 4B: 445-450
noises, 11: 291,306-310; see also
Acoustic emission
in slope stability studies, 11:
322-323
Q, 3B: 294-295
Subject Index
sound velocities, 4B: 395-420
Rod transducer, 3B: 148-152
Rolled products, thickness
anisotropy measurements in,
14:257
Rolls-Royce, Ltd., 11:331
Roots, of simultaneous equations,
22: 3, 262
Rosencwaig-Gersho thermal-piston
model, 18: 173, 212, 213, 349,
420, 421
Rosenstock-Newell model, 3A: 422
Rotating field experiments, mobile
dislocations in metals, 16:207
Rotation, IA: 23
Rotational invariance, 22:165
Rotational relaxation, 2A: 145-147,
174-181
absorption by sound in the
atmosphere, 17:153-157
molecular theory, 2A: 191-192
Rotation group, 22:80
Rotation tensor, IA: 23
Roton excitation, 6:299
velocity, 6:250
Roton spectrum, 6: 247, 249
Rough surfaces, random wave
scattering on, 17: 287-303,
306-307
Round-trip travel time, 19:87
Rouse theory, 2B: 176; 6:214, 219
Rowen, John, 24:146
Royal Cancer Hospital, 15:80
RST, 21: 236, 258, 262, 265,
271-276, 286
Rubber, 2A: 284, 310
molecular theory, 2B: 175
natural, 2B: 166
piezorubber, 24: 97, 100
rubber sulfur, 2B: 196-197,
201-202, 205-208
silicone, 2B: 156-157
Subject Index
styrene-butadiene rubber, 2B:
197-198
synthetic, 2B: 187
vulcanized, 2B: 201-202, 205-208
Rubber-like materials, 1A: 297-303
Rubber sulfur, 2B: 196-197,
201-202, 205-208
Rubidium, 4B: 63
frequency standards, 24: 263, 264
Rubidium-crystal oscillator (RbXO),
24: 263, 264
Rubidium iodide, 4A: 153, 161, 172,
174
Ruby
Cr+ + + spin system, 4A: 79
pink, 4A: 105-107
Rudnick's theory, 2B: 245
Rudolph Technologies, Inc., PULSE
system, 24:357-358
Rutile, 6: 143-145; 7:313
Saab Tank Gaging, ultrasonic
sensors, 23:294
Saddle point, 3A: 448-451; 22:39
contour, 22:55
kink formation, 3A: 466
Saddle point method, 10: 10-12; 21:
252
Sagittal plane, 6:113
Sagittal plane displacements
in elastic wave propagation, 9:
46-47
St. Clair generator, 15:70
St. Clair transducer, 15:63-64
Salol, 19: 87, 100, 117, 155
Salts, molten, 2A: 298, 401-402
entropy, 2A: 300-301
hydration, 2A: 370-372
163
ultrasonic velocity, 2A:
355-358
Saltzman's procedure, 18: 370,
371
SAM, s e e Scanning acoustic
microscope; Scanning acoustic
microscopy
Sampled-cw spectrometer, 8:
155-163
output vs. time in, 8:160-161
Sampled-cw techniques
frequency domain response in, 8:
162
principles of operation in, 8:
156-159
vs. pulse, 8:156-159
Sampling errors, medical ultrasound,
23:131-132
Sandstone, 3B: 294-296, 305-307
Sapphire, 6: 148; 7: 305, 328
Sapphire-water lens
coherent transfer function variation
in, 14:47
path error for, 14:24
Satellite communication systems,
signal acquisition speed, 24:
215
Saturated films, third sound in, 11:
32-33
Saturation, 4A: 163
NMR lines, 4A: 146-152
cw techniques, 4A:
148-150
pulse techniques, 4A: 146-148
Sauerbery's optical method, quartz
crystal vibration, 16:86-88
Savart wheel, in pitch determination,
15:5
SAW, s e e Surface acoustic waves
SAW ID, tags, 23: 450-454; 24:136
SAW sensor, s e e Surface acoustic
wave sensors
164
SBAW, see Shallow bulk acoustic
wave
Scalar, in tensor analysis, 22:245
Scalar diffraction theory, Rayleigh-
Sommerfeld formulation of, 14:
27
Scale factor, 22:256
Scan arm, ultrasound, 23:83-84
Scanned acoustic imaging, see C-
scan imaging
Scanning acoustic microscope
(SAM), 14:10
acoustic plane wave and acoustic
field of, 14:49
antireflection coatings for, 14:
56-59
bond integrity studies, 14:86
cell culture observation with, 14:
74
compatibility with living cell, 14:
72-74
confocal geometry of, 14: 12, 26
confocal scanning system in, 14:
26, 30-31
diffraction limitations in, 14:
26-34
interference contrast images in, 14:
64-66
lens
aberration in, 14:20-26
aperture acoustic power, 14:50
effective transfer function in, 14:
57
geometry, 14:1 0-11
linear and second harmonic
acoustic images with, 14:79
living cell observation with, 14:74
nonlinear imaging, 14:78-80
prototype, 14:13
readout transducer for, 14:30
reflection mode geometry for, 14:
81
Subject Index
resolution of, 14:11, 26-39, 62,
85
sapphire in, 14:17-18
spherical aberration in, 14: 20-25,
51
steel fracture studies, 14:87-88
thin lens model of, 14:26-34
Scanning acoustic microscopy
(SAM), 18: 429; 24: 275, 276,
282, 284
history, 24:281,284
Scanning electron acoustic
microscopy (SEAM), 24:
282-283, 286
ballistic phonon propagation, 18:
161
crack and delamination detection,
18:160-161
defect detection, 18:161
grain-structure imaging, 18:
144-148
microelectronics and, 18:137-144
plastic deformations, imaging, 18:
149-151
solids, imaging of, 18: 125,
133-164
vibrational mode imaging, 18:
151-160
Scanning electron microscope
(SEM)
applications, 16" 135-139
electron-acoustic imaging, 18:
132-164
energy trapping and, 16:128-135
low-magnification studies, 16"
127-128
transducer surface motion
evaluation, 24:71-72
vibrating quartz crystals, 16-
121-144
Scanning interferometer, 14" 329-
330
Subject Index
Scanning laser acoustic microscopy
(SLAM), 24: 283, 285, 287
Scanning methods, 18:410-412
Scanning microphone, 10:313-315
Scattered field, 6: 5; 22: 272, 281,
295
Scattered irradiance, 21: 194
Scattered power, 22:320
Scattered wave interactions, 2B:
259-260
Scattering, 2B: 260-263; 3B: 204,
308; 4A: 312; s e e a l s o
Diffraction
acoustic-wave, s e e Acoustic-wave
scattering
Brillouin scattering, s e e Brillouin
scattering
by hard strip, 11: 94-98
by imperfections, 3B: 207-208,
220
by soft-trip, 11: 103-106
classical theory, 15:194-197
collective excitation, 6:7
collective plasmon, 6:54
depolarized, 6: 10, 12
distinguished limit in, 11:96
in Doppler blood flowmetry, 14:
437-443
electromagnetic, s e e
Electromagnetic scattering
first-order, light, 6: 4, 8
from shells, 12:254-257
from solid spherical inclusions, 15:
273-281
grain, 4B: 271
microstructure, 4B: 304-317
nonequiaxed, 4B: 287
higher order approximations in,
11:99-103
impurity, in superconductors, 7:
12, 14
intermediate, 4B: 275
165
intervalley, 4A: 300, 336-338
inverse, 15:281-285
isotropic, 6:12
of longitudinal wave
by cylindrical cavity, 19:
328-329
by free comer, 19:333-334
by plane crack, 19: 319-320,
326-327
by two holes, 19:332
in matched asymptotic expansion,
11:93-110
microstructure of glasses, 12:157
minimum singularity principle in,
11" 96, 103
nonisotropic, 18:183
parasitic, 6:21
phase arrays (gratings) with, 18:
1-20
of photoacoustically generated
waves, 18:426
polarized, 6: 9, 11
polycrystalline media, 4B:
269-328
preferred orientation, 4B: 300-304
process, efficiency of, 6:5
Rayleigh scattering, s e e Rayleigh
scattering
as reflection or diffraction process,
15:192
second-order, 6:8
semiconductor, 6:54
in solid of bulk wave
by cylindrical cavity, 19:
327-332
by free comer, 19:332-334
by plane crack, 19:308-327
in solid of Lamb wave, by plane
edge, 19:338-341
in solid of Rayleigh wave, by free
comer, 19:334-336
sound, 15:223-227
166
Scattering (continued)
spin wave, 6:55
theory, 4B: 291-300
thermal magnon, 6:55
thermal wave, calculations of, 18:
161,257
three-dimensional, 11:109-110
of transverse wave
by cylindrical cavity, 19:
330-331
by plane crack, 19:321
ultrasonic waves, 23:69
Scattering angle, 21: 29, 31
Scattering coefficients, 4B: 277
Scattering resonances, surface-wave
interpretation of, 15:223-227
Schaefer-Bergmann method, 2B:
356-357, 359
Schlicting approximation, 2B:
297-299, 318
Schlieren experiments
on submerged elastic structures,
12:246-249
Schlieren image, 2B: 342,
349-350
Schlieren photographs, 1 0 : 6 2 - 6 7
for aluminum cylinder, 10: 83-86,
88-96, 103, 109
Franz creeping waves in, 10:
71-73
hydrophone measurements and,
10: 90-96, 110
invention of, 15:12-13
of plates in water, 10:117-119
pulse incidence and, 10:83-84
of pulses in water, 10:116-117
of radiation from cylindrical shells,
10:96-100
Schlieren preprocessing, 7:359
Schlieren technique, 10: 63-67; 14:
334-335, 386; 21: 257,
304-305; 24: 67, 69, 75
Subject Index
Schlieren visualization, of transducer
sound field, 14:338
Schmidt headwave, 10: 9, 14
Schoch displacement effect, 22:60
Scholte wave, 21:258
School of Physics and Chemistry
(Paris), 1 5 : 2 9 - 3 0
Schottky formula, 2A: 112
Schottky-type heat capacity (specific
heat) two-level magnetic
system, 20:221
Schrfdinger's equation, 4B: 197
Schroeder's large-room frequency,
17:239
Schumpeter, Joseph A., 23: 2; 24:2
Schur's lemma, 22:81
Scophony projection television, 7:
296, 321; 1 5 : 4 9
Screw dislocation
density and, 9:26
model, 8:244-246
property changes and, 8 : 2 4 6 - 2 4 8
Screw dislocation energy, 8:245
S.D. Warren Paper Co., 15:70
SEAM, see Scanning electron
acoustic microscopy
"Searchlight" sonar, 15:85
Search units, 23:199
Sea surface, 21: 145
Seawater, 19:91
sound absorption by, 16:33
Secondary interference technique, in
ultrasound detection, 14:334
Second-order effects, interdigital
transducers and, 15:122-132
Second-order elastic (SOE) constants
Cauchy relations for, 17: 27, 28
of diamond-like solids, 17:51
measurement of, 17:4
Second-order phase transition, 19:
105
superconducting state, 20:1,253
Subject Index
Ehrenfest equation, 20:253
Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect,
20:1
theory of, 6:311
Second sound, 5:235
Seebeck coefficient, in A- 15
structure semiconductors, 10:
203
Seeger and Schiller theory, 3A: 94
SEI, STACKWATCH | flow monitor
system, 23: 432
Seidel theory of aberrations,
14:24
Seismic exploration
acoustic holography in, 10:
379-380
prospecting, 3B: 304
Seismic waves
attenuation, 3B: 304-311
surface, 3B: 308
Seismoacoustics, ! 1: 293
Seismology, explosion, 3B: 304
Seitz mechanism, 3B: 122-123
Seki parameter (distance), 19: 130,
143
Selectable transmit zone focus,
medical ultrasound, 23:120
Selectors, electromechanical, IA:
398, 400-412
Selenium, 2A: 284, 310; 2B: 158
Self-adjoint, 22:201
Self-reciprocity method
in transducer measurements, 14:
369
for ultrasonic transducers, 14:371
Self-trapping, 6:59
SEM, see Scanning electron
microscope
Semiconductor diodes, IB: 289-301
amplifier mode, IB: 257-265,
267-268, 270
device applications, IB: 289-301
167
effect of hydrostatic pressure, IB:
251-254, 268-269, 279-280
Esaki diodes, see Esaki diodes
gallium antimonide, IB: 254-255
germanium, 1B: 244-245
noise, IB: 212-213, 284-288
ordinary, IB: 238-245
silicon, 1B: 239-240, 241-242
for stress and strain measurements,
IB: 238-251
Semiconductors, IB: 174; 3B:
69-70; see also A-15
superconductors
bulk and shear moduli, 3B: 67
conductivity, IB: 175, 178-179,
181
constants and tunneling equations,
I B : 206-207
degenerate, IB: 177
doped, 4A: 325-350
doping methods, IB: 177-178,
184
germanium, 4A: 300
Group Ill-V, 4A: 130-131
high doping levels, 1B: 192
lattice potential, 3B: 73
macroscopic, 4A: 8-19
magnetostrictive effect, 1B:
193-196
materials, IB: 253; 5:135
microscopic, 4A: 19-26
n-type, 4A: 300-301
n-type resistivity, IB: 193
piezoelectric, IB: 335-338; 4A:
1-45; 24:151
theory, 4A: 7-26
p-type, 4A: 300-301
shear waves in, 10:174-178
temperature sensitivity and noise,
IB: 233
ultrasonic wave propagation, 4A:
325-350
168
Semiconductor scattering, 6:54
Semiinfinite medium, liquid-solid
interface between, 10:104-117
Semimetals, 4B: 6
compressional waves in, 10:
181-183
deformation generation in, 1 0 : 1 6 6
electromagnetic generation in, 10:
162-166
plate resonances in, 10:178-181
shear waves in, 10:174-178
Sensall Model 4900-SL sludge level
control system, 12:359
Sensitive flames, 15:9-13
Sensitivity of acoustic detection
effects of
optical absorption, 19:259-260
surface roughness, 19:260-263
Fabry-Perot interferometer, 19:
255-258
heterodyne interferometry, 19:
254-255
optical beam deflection, 19:
251-252
path stabilized interferometry, 19:
252-254
Sensors, 23: 286; see also
Ultrasound sensors
hydrostatic pressure, IB: 290-292
liquid level, IB: 45
Meandering Winding
MagnetometerTM,case study,
23:15-20; 24:15-20
SAW sensors, 24: 143, 186,
188-189
system architecture, 23:286-289
theory, 23:276-286
Separability, 22:159
Sequence generator, programmable,
11:231-235
Series expansion, harmonic, 3B:
14-16, 26-28
Subject Index
Series-tuned transducers, 15:
167-169
Series tuning, vs. shunt tuning, 15:
177
Serpentinite, 4B: 380
Servosystem
bimorph-controlled, 9:148
for multimorph actuators, 9:
160-163
for tape skew reduction, 9:151
Servo-torque balance, 9:137
Severe environments, 19" 96
Sezawa mode, 9:63
SGM, see Solid-gas microphone
Shale, Pierre, 3B: 305-307
Shallow bulk acoustic wave
(SBAW), 24:145
Shape parameters, 21: 108, 114
Sharp edges, 22:334
Shear elastic constant, 8:244
Shear flow, 2A: 296-298
Shear impedometer, 6:172
calibration of, 6:181
Shearing of coordinates, 21: 101,
110, 114
Shear modulus, IA: 88-89; 22:215
complex, 6:208
of pentachlorobiphenyl, 6:198
relaxation, 6:12
Shear relaxation, 2A: 302-305; 6:
12, 238
Shear temperature and velocity, 4B:
443-444
Shear vibrations, of quartz crystals,
16: 38, 40
Shear wave generation, 10:171-172
by small coils, 10:145-146
frequency dependence in, 10:175
in semimetals, 10:174-178
temperature and frequency in, 10:
140
Shear wave modes, 18:77
Subject Index
Shear wave polarization, 18:68
Shear wave reflection cell, 14:
152-153
Shear wave reflection coefficient, 14:
164-165
Shear wave reflection measurements,
in cholesterics, 14:163-165
Shear waves
cylinder and, 10:84
in holograms, 10:327-330
incident, 15:247-251
instability in, 10:225
in metals, 10:170-172
in nematics, 14:156-157
nuclear spins and, 10:169
in semimetals and semiconductors,
10:174-178
sound velocity of, 10:249
underdamped, 6:13
Shear wave spiral EMT's, inspection
with, 14:248-249
Shear wave transducer, 19:92
Shear wave velocity, 6:116; 19:105
and thermal coefficient of
expansion, 14:482-483
Shells, 22:76
bending theory of, 12:234
coated, 15:208-218
resonance theory for, 15:208
spherical, 15:218-223
steady-state and transient
scattering from, 12:254-257
SH modes, IA: 112, 119-122
AS and SS, 1A: 119-122
of isotropic plates, 13:63
in a plate, IA: 112, 437-439
Shock, crystal oscillators, 24: 256,
257
Shock front, 2B: 238
Shockley-Curran-Koneval design
formula, suppression of
vibrational modes, 16:62
169
Shockley delay unit, 15:77-78
Shock pulse, analog ultrasound
scanner, 23:91
Shock reflection, from wall, 11:
132-135
Shock waves
focusing, 21: 132
generation of, 18:27
in Hartmann generator, 15:40
Shock-wave-shell interaction
problem, 12: 236-238, 260
Short wavelength limit, slowly
varying guide in, 11" 121-125
Shrink-fit disk, acoustoelasticity
measurements using, 17:128
"Shunt" capacitance, 24:225
Shunt-tuned transducers, 15:
166-167
SICs, see Silicon integrated circuits
Sidewall effects, 19:101
Sidewall interference, 19: 90, 91
Sidewall reflections, 19:124-126
Siemens, ultrasonic distance sensors,
23: 299, 302
Siemens Schucker equipment, 15:
70
Signal analysis, 18:412
Signal conversion, IB: 173
Signal detection, Doppler ultrasound,
23:158-160
Signal devices, IB: 174, 289
Signal distortion, 18:452
Signal excitation, thermoelastic
photoacoustic, 18:349
Signaling, 1B: 53-54
Signal processing
frequency control devices, 24:215
medical ultrasound
analog static scanners, 23: 94,
127-128
color flow imaging, 23:168-
170, 175
170
Signal processing (continued)
continuous-wave (CW) Doppler
system, 23:154-155
digital scanners, 23:127-128
Doppler ultrasound, 23:161
nonlinear, 23:137-138
SAW devices, 24: 174-175, 188
acoustoelectronic signal
processing, 24:183-186
multistrip coupler (MSC), 24:
177-179
reflection gratings, 24:179-182
uniform dielectric film layers,
24:182-183
waveguides, 24:175-177
Signal surface, 18:413
Signal-to-noise ratio, 19:249-250
medical ultrasound imaging, 23:
79, 80
Silica, 2B: 113, 134; 3B: 63
fused, IA: 288-289, 488-491; 4B:
389-391; 7:307
multiple reflection delay lines,
IA: 486-491
TOE constants of, 17:46-50
velocity, 4B: 391
relaxation, 2B: 136
SOE constants of, 17:4
structure, breakdown of, 5:93
temperature coefficient, 2B:
155-156
whiskers and ribbons, IB:
295-296
zener diodes, IB: 245-246
Silica block, photoelastic
visualization of broadband
ultrasonic pulse in, 14:391-393
Silica firebrick, acoustic emissions
from, 15:339
Silicate glasses, 2B: 119-120
Silicates, 3B: 72; 4B: 381-382
binary, 2B: 114-119
Subject Index
Silicon, IB: 174-175, 257-260, 262,
335; 3A: 54; 3B: 237, 269-271;
4A: 318, 325, 349
attenuation, 3B: 248-250, 271
elastic constants of, 8:193
energy surfaces, 4A: 327-328
epitaxial growth, IB: 347
excited states, 4A: 348
Griineisen parameter and thermal
expansion of, 17:54-56
indium-doped, echo formation in,
16:231-232, 234
internal friction, 3B: 238-240
interstitial oxygen, 3A: 27
lightly doped, IB: 188-189
for measuring flux, IB: 198
n-type, IB: 186-192; 4A:
326-338
parameters, IB: 174
Peierls stress, 3A: 422-423
pressure measurements, 1B:
255-256, 279
properties, IB: 253-254
p-type, IB: 186-192; 4A: 338,
338-346
energy surfaces, 4A: 346
SOE constants of, 17:4
temperature effects, IB: 281-282
thermoelastic loss, 3B: 256
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 32-37
temperature variation, 17:50-56
tunnel diodes, IB: 247-248
Esaki, IB: 206-210
experimental results, 1B:
264-280
ultrasound attenuation in, 16:35
velocity, 4A: 345
Silicone, 2B: 156-157
Silicone rubber, 2B: 156-157
Silicon integrated circuits (SICs), 9:
207; 14:82
Silicon-iron, 3A: 234
Subject Index
Silver, 3A: 78; 3B: 16, 38; 4A: 373;
7:182
annealing, 3A: 101
frequency dependence, 3A:
108-109
polycrystalline, 3A: 98
single crystal, 3B: 44-45
TOE constants for, 17:3
Silver films, 5:112
Silver-zinc alloys, 3A: 30; 3B:
37-38
Simple matching circuits, circuit
factors for, 15: 164-165
Simpson's rule, 3B: 46
Sine-wave modulated beam, 18:410
Sing-around method, 1A: 289-290,
323; 4A: 280-281,283
applications of, 12:307
block diagram of, 12:304-305
for stress-induced velocity
measurements, 17: 62, 105,
112
in ultrasonic flow measurement,
14:415
in ultrasonic velocity
measurement, 12:303-308
"Singing arc," 15:22
"Singing drum" air transducer, 24:
116, 117
Single apertures, ultrasonic
diffraction from, 11: 151-208
Single-conversion efficiency, of
EMT, 14:204
Single crystals, 3B: 128; 4B:
362-366; 7:100
elastic moduli, IA: 324-329
magnitude of effects, 1A: 175-182
Single-fiber interferometer, acoustic
transduction by, 16:415-420
Single-ion magnetostriction, model,
7:118
Single-particle excitations, 6:44
171
Single-particle tunneling, defined,
12:82-84
Single-phase unidirectional
transducer (SPUDT), 24: 164,
187
Single piezoelectric resonator
equivalent circuit for, 9:193-196
equivalent electrical parameters
for, 9:191-195
Single relaxation, 2A: 61-83
determination, 2A: 67-69
dispersion and absorption, 2A:
70-72
equation, 2A: 61-62
external variables, 2A: 62-63
strength calculation, 2A: 72-83
Single surface acoustic lens, s e e also
Acoustic lenses; Scanning
acoustic microscope
impulse response of, 14:35-38
performance of in acoustical and
optical systems, 14:22
Singular behavior, 22:333
Singularity, 22:276
Singularity expansion method
(SEM), 21: 238, 264-286,
296
Singularity index, 21: 106, 131, 144
Skew rays, 21:77
Skin depth, 8: 67; 10: 165; 2 0 : 4
SLAM, s e e Scanning laser acoustic
microscopy
Slawsky-Schwartz-Herzfeld formula,
2A: 188-190
Slice thickness focusing, 23:
129-130, 180-181
Slip line measurements, for mobile
dislocation studies, 16:180
Slope stability, acoustic emission
studies of, 11:322-324
SLT, s e e Solid-liquid-transducer
"Smart systems," 24:103
172
S-matrix, 15: 248-249; 21: 245,266,
272-276; 2 2 : 9
Smectic A material
in liquid crystal hydrodynamics,
14:113-120
longitudinal wave propagation in,
14:165-167
transverse waves in, 14:167-168
Smectic B material
hydrodynamic variables in, 14:
135-137
in liquid crystal hydrodynamics,
14:113-120
longitudinal waves in, 14:168-169
transverse waves in, 14:169-170
viscosity tensor for, 14:136
Smectic C material
as aggregate of domains, 14:
171
hydrodynamic equations for, 14:
142
vs. smectic A material, 14:
140-141
sound experiments in, 14:
170-173
Smectics
defined, 14:94-95
elastic properties of, 14:120-124
S-mode reflectometer, 14:507
Smoke coagulation, ultrasound in,
15:70
Smoluchowski's equation, 3A:
467-468
Smooth convex surfaces, surface
waves from, 10:29-37
Smooth transformations, 21: 97,
101, 141
Snell's law, 1A: 70, 79; 14: 38, 52,
190; 15: 234; 23: 61; 24: 293,
295
flowmeter applications and, 14:
474
Subject Index
in generalized ray theory, 13:
214-215
refraction limitations imposed by,
14:495
Snoek effect, 3A: 42-53, 46, 58-59
Snoek instability, 3A: 162-164
Snoek maximum, 3A: 239-240
Snoek peak, 3A: 141, 191
Snoek relaxation, 3A: 22-27, 35-36,
223
Sodium, 4B: 63-64, 69
Sodium acetate, 2A: 398-399,
421-422
Sodium chlorate, 4A: 167
Sodium chloride, 2A: 381; 3A:
72-73; 3B: 103-104, 120-123;
4A: 146, 151-152, 167, 172;
4B: 369
attenuation, 4A: 251-252
Debye 19, 3B: 16
deformation, 3A: 211-214, 220
dislocations, 3B: 280-281
effect on sound propagation in
seawater, 16:33
F band, 3B: 110
F center, 3B: 122
irradiation, 3B: 106
saturation in, 4A: 140-141
TOE constants for, 17: 3, 37-40
U band, 3B: 116
wave velocity, 4A: 251
white light effects, 3B: 113
X-irradiation, 4A: 250
Sodium hyposulfate, 2A: 373-374
Sodium iodide, 4A: 161, 167, 169,
172, 174
Sodium ion, 3B: 247-248
Sodium nitrate, 2A: 424
Sodium phosphate, 2B: 123-124
disilicate glass, 2B: 123
internal friction, 2B: 124
Sodium-potassium, 4B: 75
Subject Index
propagation, 4B: 85
relaxation, 4B: 81-83
resistivity, 4B: 71-72
Sodium sulfate, 2A: 365-368
Soft optical mode, 6: 66, 75-76, 79
specific heat contribution, 6: 82,
95
Soft scatterer, 21: 262, 269-272
Soft-spring potential, 3A: 173
Soft strip, scattering by, 11:103-106
Soft target, 21:266
Soft tissue, acoustic properties, 23:
49, 57, 58-61
Soils, acoustic emission in, 11:
312-317
Sokolov tube, 15: 54; 24:280
Soldering, 1B: 14-18
Soleil-Babinet compensator, 16:
423-424
Solid cylinder, see also Aluminum
cylinders
creeping-wave treatment for, 10:
73-82
radiation from, 10:68-96
resonance formulation for, 15:
197-202
Solid-gas microphone technique, 18:
116
Solid helium, 6:341-365
neutron scattering of, 6:344
sound attenuation in, 6:363
sound velocity in, 6:344
thermal conductivity of, 6:344
vibrational frequencies of, 6:353
Solid inclusions, scattering of
longitudinal waves from, 15:
273-281
Solid-liquid-transducer technique,
18:116
Solids, 6:244-245
anelastic, 3A: 3-6
anharmonic effects in, 8:188-191
173
Debye, 4A: 288
Debye temperature, 3B: 11-42
determining elastic constants, IA:
147-152, 290-330
attenuation, IA: 152
internal friction, 1A: 151-152
longitudinal modes in cylinders,
1A: 148
velocities, IA: 148-151
elastic properties of, 3B: 77-83; 8:
191-194
experiments, 3A: 7-8
finite amplitude problems, 2B:
257-260
aluminum, 2B: 258
MgO, 2B: 260
hard
measuring techniques, IA:
303-324
acoustic losses, IA: 303-304
inhomogeneous ultrasonic
responses in, 8:176-187
isotropic, 2B: 260
elastic coefficients, IA: 72-74
light scattering in, 6:13-17
magnetoelastic properties of, 8:
191-194
microscopic, 4B: 357-362
nonlinear thermoelasticity, IA:
30-42
perfectly elastic, 1A: 93-94
photoelastic constants, 2B:
352-367
light diffraction, 2B: 356-361
theory, 2B: 352-356
piezoelectric, common modes of
propagation, IA: 219-233
propagation, 1A: 147-152,
364-371
properties, 1A: 364-371
sound propagation in, 16:
34-35
174
Solids (continued)
sound wave transmission in, IA:
486-494
attenuation, IA: 486-491
beam spreading, IA: 491-492
surface phenomena, IB: 144-150
temperature effects, IA: 364-371
transparent
photoelastic measurements, 2B:
362-366
pressure amplitude, 2B:
366-367
ultrasonic measurements with, 8:
321
under hydrostatic pressure, IA:
43-48
velocity change, 4A: 277-297
viscoelastic, 3B: 298-299
Solid-state acoustics, two-pulse
phonon echoes in, 16:217-294
Solid-state compass, 14:268
Solid-state control elements,
piezoelectric principles in, 9:
129-164
Soller slits, in source image
distortion technique, 16:107,
108
Solvay International Physics
Institute, 15:34
Solvent relaxation, 6:237
Solvent size effect, in electron drag
stresses, 9:26-27
Sommerfeld contour distortion, 13:
195
Sommerfeld radiation condition, 22:
269
Sommerfeld-Watson transform, 10:
22, 24, 29, 56, 78; 12: 218,
254-270, 270; 15: 221; 22: 3,
35, 42, 54, 169
Sonar, 10: 298; 18:100
improvements in, 15:85-86
Subject Index
side-looking, 10:355-357
synthetic-aperture (hologram), 10:
353-355
Sonar sensors, see Ultrasound
sensors
Song of Insects (Pierce), 1 5 : 5 3
Sonic anemometers, 14:411; 23:
361,362-363
Sonic cells
fixed-path, 14:150
high-frequency, 14: 151
resonance cavity, 14:152
shear wave reflection, 14:152-153
in sound velocity measurements,
14:149-153
variable-path, 14:151
for zero sound experiments, 6:332
Sonic Instruments, Mk IV, 23:
219-220
Sonic resonance, nondestructive
testing, 23:201,256-271
Sonics (Hueter and Bolt), 15:89
Soniscan acoustic microscope, 14:
9-10, 77-78
images obtained with, 14:76
plastic use in, 14:17
Sonoluminescence, IB: 132; 4B:
88-90; 15:66
Sonotec, liquid level sensors, 23:
334, 335
SOS (silicon on sapphire) diodes
characteristics of, 11: 234
limitations of, 11: 232
Sound, see also Acoustic emission;
Acoustics; Ultrasound
aircraft propagation of, air-to-
ground studies on, 17:
208-219
attenuation of, 15: 13-15, 25
elastic moduli at zero field, 8:
83-85
fluid flow analogy and, 15:14
Subject Index
fluid viscosity in propagation of,
15:14
heat conduction and, 15:15
Landau quantum oscillations and,
8:59-94
in narrow tubes, 15:14-15
wavelength measurement, 7:
298-299
Sound absorption
atmospheric absorption of, 17:
145-232
by seawater, 16:33
giant quantum oscillations in, 10:
177
in glasses, 12:162-170
Sound absorption coefficient, 6: 10;
7:18
Sound amplitude calculation, 18:
310
Sound beam, diffraction of light by,
14:332-333
Sound field
in cavitation, 1B: 71
characterization, optical probing
in, 14:387
decay, 1B: 124
Sound power, 5:222
Sound propagation
anisotropy, transmission waves in,
14:167-168
attenuation coefficient in, 14:99
for cholesterics, 14:142-144
equation of motion in, 14:98
experiments
in cholesterics, 14:160-165
in nematics, 14: 153-160
experiments in, 14:146-173
finite displacement and, 15:16
in fluids, relaxation processes in,
16:1-36
fluid viscosity and, 15:14
in liquid crystals, 14:126-144
175
as molecular process, 16:6-10
relaxation phenomena in, 14:
144-146, 157-160
for smectic C material, 14: 140-
142
in solids, 16:34-35
Sound pulse, multiple reflections of,
14:307
Sound radiometer, 15:24
Sound reverberation, in rooms, 16:
29
Sound scattering
surface waves generated by, 10:
21-29
tank experiment in, 15: 223-227;
see also Scattering
Sound Technology, composite
products, 24: 97, 99
Sound velocity, 8: 70, 75-79; 9:
224; 14: 411; 15: 13-15; 20:
238-243,252-254, 264-271,
274, 278, 279, 283, 285, 288,
414, 415, 419
alkali halides, 3B: 98
and anions, 3B: 60-61
block diagram for, 8:77
complex, 7:61
and density, 3B: 55-64
VRH approximation, 3B: 55-56
elastic moduli at zero field in, 8:
83-85
finite displacement and, 15:
13-16
Landau-Rumer theory of, 8:
289-290
low-frequency, 7:63
measurement of, 3B: 1-42
resonance cavity method, 14:
148-149
nondestructive testing, 23: 422,
423
oscillations
176
Sound velocity (continued)
due to cigars in, 8:89-90
due to coronet necks in, 8:
87-88
phase comparison method in, 14:
147-148
at phase transformation, 10:
245-249
phonon-phonon collisions and, 8:
329-330
in plastics, 14:482
seismic, 3B: 56
sonic cells and, 14:149-153
temperature dependence of, 6:
284
in glasses, 12: 165-166,
169-170, 175-177,
191-193
time-of-flight method in
measurement o f, 14: 146-147
in tungsten, 3B: 53
Sound waves
anisotropy effect on, 8: 324-326,
334-336
attenuation and velocity factors in,
8:319-339
Boltzmann equation and, 8:
291-297
comparison of approaches in, 8:
297-301
dispersion and anisotropy in, 8:
323, 334-336
elastic processes and, 8:31 6-317
electron-beam generated, 18:142
equation of motion and, 8:293
Grfineisen tensor and, 8:294
Herring processes in, 8:327-328
interaction of with thermal
phenomena in dielectric
crystals, 8:279-339
Landau-Rumer theory and, 8:
283-291
Subject Index
in light intensity control, 15:
48-49
longitudinal, 14:168-169
normal processes in, 8: 302,
312-316
propagation, 23: 49, 82
propagation in gas, 18: 305, 336
scattering, 5:92
speed and propagation of, 15:
13-16
thermally excited, 6 : 5
thermal phonons in, 8:281
ultrasound, 23:49-50
Urnklapp processes in, 8: 302,
314-316
visualizing of, 15:48
Sound wave transmission
in gases, 2A: 1-45
experiment methods, 2A: 28-34
free-molecule propagation, 2A:
37-40
mixtures, 2A: 35-37
theory, 2A: 7-28
in solids, IA: 486-494
Source function, 13:185
in generalized ray theory, 13:
232-234, 237-239
Source image distortion (SID)
technique, crystal vibration
studies by, 16:107-110
Source-withdrawal weighting, 15:
120-122
Space domain response,
piezoelectric plate transducer,
24: 60-62, 65-73, 74
S-parameter methods, 16: 155; 19:
275
Spark discharges, 15: 21-22, 24
Spark gap pulsers, in transducer
electronics, 14:243
Spatial coherence, in holography, 10:
319-320
Subject Index
Spatial frequency, 7: 334; 18: 2-4,
7,13
Spatial frequency transfer equation,
of incoherent system, 14:
33
Spatial frequency vector, equation
of, 18:3
Spatial resolution, medical
ultrasound imaging, 23: 69-70,
71-75
Spdoi, 2A: 295
"Speaking arc," 15:22
Specific acoustic impedance
piezoelectric composites, 24:
86-88
piezoelectric materials, 24:82
Specific heat, 4A: 190-191; 4B:
190; 6 : 9
Bom-Von Kfirmfin, 3B- 4-5
Debye theory, 3B: 1-5
Dulong-Petit law, 3B: 2
of fluids, 1A: 45
frequency dependence of, 6:10
lattice contribution, 3B: 1-2
of liquid, 2A: 382
of powder, 4B: 351-354
soft mode, 6: 82, 95
of solids, IA: 37-38
structural, in water, 2A: 309-
310
19o, 3B: 32-37, 37-39
velocity, 3B: 3-5
Specific volume, 4B: 365-366
Specimens, 19:112
Speckle cell pattern
in holograms, 10:327-333
medical ultrasound imaging, 23:
79, 80
Speckle signal-to-noise ratio, 23: 79,
80
Spectral hole burning, memory echo
formation and, 1 6 : 3 5 2 - 3 5 3
177
Spectrometer, 6: 20-27; s e e a l s o
Spin-phonon spectrometer
acoustic M6ssbauer effect and, 8:
167-170
continuous wave, s e e Continuous
wave transmission
spectrometer
for echo studies on piezoelectric
powders, 16:283
marginal oscillator ultrasonic, 8:
142-152
NMR
crossed coil, 4A: 145
cw, 4A: 144, 157-159
sampled-cw, 8:159-163
saturation measurement, 4A:
149
spin-phonon, s e e Spin-phonon
spectrometer
Spectronomy
atomic absorption, 18" 371
calorimetric, 18:371
Spectroscopy, 18" 396
linear, 18: 212, 215-222
of mobile dislocations in metals,
16:208
optoacoustic, 18: 23, 98, 100,
437
phonon, s e e Phonon
spectroscopy
photoacoustic, pulsed, 18: 100,
347, 348, 404
thermal lens, 18:393-399
of thin liquid films, 18:100
Spectrum, 19:82
Spectrum analysis
EMT's and, 14:266
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
180-186
Spectrum analyzers
high-frequency, 7:362-363
low-frequency, 7:360-361
178
Specular reflection, 21: 26, 31-38,
199, 236, 264, 272, 277-295,
301-312
microwave excitations and, 10:
159-160
Specular reflectors, medical
ultrasound, 23:59-60
Specular wave contribution, 22:34
Sperry Products Co.
Reflectoscope, 23:21 6-217; 24:
347
Ultrasonic Attenuation
Comparator, 23:218-219
Sphere-in-hole model, 8:252
property changes in, 8:254
volume per defect for, 8:255
Spheres, 22: 6, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28,
35, 44, 46
ferromagnetic, 3B: 161
ideal, YIG, 3B: 171
isotropic, 3B: 165-169
magnetoelastic modes, 4B:
249-250
measurements, 3B: 169-171
resonance formulation for, 15:
197-202
yttrium garnet, 4B: 249-325
Spherical aberration, 21:70
primary, 14:24
in scanning acoustic microscope,
14:20-25
wave-front analysis of, 14:23-24
Spherical Fabry-Perot interferometer,
6:24
Spherical fluid-filled cavities, 15:
240-267
compressional waves and, 15:
241-247
dispersion curves of surface waves
for, 15:256
giant monopole resonance and, 15:
262-267
Subject Index
incident shear waves and, 15:
247-251
modular surfaces for, 15:260-261
plots for, 15:251-254
Spherical reflectors, 21: 31, 182
Spherical shells, 21: 199, 206
in terms of surface waves, 15:
218-223
Spheroidal mode, 22:158
Spheroidal wave functions, 22:340
Spheroids, 21: 196; 22:137
Spikes, 3A: 299
Spin echoes, definition of, 16:295
Spinels, 3B: 128
cooperative Jahn-Teller behavior
of, 12: 68, 71-73
Spin fluctuation, 20: 192, 194, 202,
205
suppressed, 20:205
Spin heat capacity, 7:110-111
Spin heating
apparatus for, 8:36
phonon generation by, 8:36
Spin-lattice coupling, 4A: 60-62
exchange effects, 4A: 62-66
experiments, 4A: 66-69
iron group ions, 4A: 88-97
rare earths, 4A: 97
Spin-lattice coupling coefficients,
4A: 69
Spin-lattice coupling constant, 4A:
77
Spin-lattice interaction, 4A: 174-175
Spin-lattice relaxation, 4A: 121-123,
121-128
for divalent thulium, 8:22-27
time, 4A: 122
Spin-orbit coupling, 6:54
Spin-phonon, temperatures, 8:3-5
Spin-phonon absorption
experiments, 4A: 143-162
measurements, 4A: 160
Subject Index
Spin-phonon interaction, 3B:
225-227; 4A: 47-112; 7:118;
8: 3-12; 20:201-204
attenuation anomaly, 20:203
energy dissipation of sound,
random force, 20:202
equation, 20:203
frequency bandwidth of
spectrometer in, 8 : 8 - 9
Hamiltonian, 4A: 51-60; 8 : 5 - 6
nuclear, 4A: 114, 162-178
one-phonon spin-lattice relaxation
rate in, 8 : 9
resonant phonon scattering rate in,
8:10-11
spin-lattice coupling processes in,
8:11-12
transition rates in, 8 : 6 - 8
Spin-phonon relaxation, 4A:
162-163
Spin-phonon relaxation time, 4A:
130
Spin-phonon spectrometer, 8:1-56
detection of monochromatic
acoustic waves with, 8:27-33
diffusion equation derivation and,
8:55-56
frequency bandwith of, 8 : 8 - 9
heater as broad-band phonon
source in, 8:44-49
"paint" transducer for, 8:30-31
and phonon interference in thin
liquid helium films, 8:
49-55
X-cut rod transducer in, 8:32
Spin population, optical detection of,
8:12-18
Spin relaxation, 8:33
Spin resonance absorption line,
broadening of, 8:35
Spins
Bloch equations for, 12:183-186
179
two-level system equivalence with,
in glasses, 12:181-193
Spin-spin interaction, 4A: 140-143
Spin system, resonant phonon
radiation in, 8:33
Spin temperature, 4A: 139-143
Spin waves, 3B: 163-165
conversion to, 4B: 230-231
dispersion relation, 4B: 232
function, 4B: 228
generation, detection, 4B:
228-229
transit time, 4B: 233-234
uncoupled, 4B: 227
WKB solution, 4B: 237
Spiral transducer, 14:225
Split cell designs, in ultrasonic
flowmeters, 14:425-426
Splitting lemma, 21: 101, 105
Spoolpiece, 23:280
Spot welds
nondestructive testing, 23:231,
234-236
size, ultrasonic' control of, 12:
343-348
Spread-spectrum sequences, 18:10
Spread-spectrum systems, 18: 3, 11,
18; 24:213
SPUDT, see Single-phase
unidirectional transducer
Spurious modes, 24:235
Spurious roots, 22:285
Spurs, 24:235
Sputter machining, 9:266
Square generator/correlator, for
elastic surface waves, 11:
234-235
Square root dependence, attenuation,
clean type II, 20: 19, 20
Square-wave chopping, 18: 10, 11
Square-wave modulated beam, 18:
410
180
Squirters, ultrasonic transducer, 23:
240-243, 244, 245, 246
SSBW, see Surface-skimming bulk
wave
S System
S+l, 4B: 199-201
Q matrix, 4B: 200
stochastic resonance, 4B: 204-206
Stacking fault energy, 9:1
Staggered magnetic susceptibility,
20: 203, 208
Stainless steel, as target material, 22:
108
Staircase effect, 21: 293-296
Standard anelastic solid, 13:3
Standards, technology transfer and,
23: 5; 2 4 : 5
Standing wave resonance methods,
2B: 196-197
Standing waves, 4B: 249-250
in channels, 2B: 290-295
grazing wall, 2B: 276-278
magnetic field separation, 4B:
252
in single crystals, 5:113
Static echoes, definition of, 1 6 : 2 9 7
Static equations, IA: 182-193
Static frequency-temperature
function, for thickness, mode
plate vibrators, 13:129-133
Static imaging transducers,
ultrasound, 23:86-90
Static imperfections, 6:21
Static inhomogeneities, 6:16
Static shear, 6 : 8
Stationarity, 22:197
Stationary phase, 22:85
Stationary phase approximation, 21:
13, 14, 161
Statistical process control,
nondestructive testing, 23:
202-203
Subject Index
Staveley Industries, nondestructive
testing instrument, 23:268
Steady state theory
in surface wave generation, 10:
21-26
for surface waves on simple curved
transparent objects, 10:37-54
Stealth aircraft, 24:218
Steam siren, 15:64
Steel
0.04-0.69% C, 3A: 252
0.09% C, 3A: 269
0.13% C, 3A: 267
0.18% C, 3A: 269
0.20% + C, 3A: 235-237, 262
0.22% C, 3A: 274-275,283
0.37% C, 3A: 236
0.42% C, 3A: 264-265
1.05% C, 3A: 264-265,267
acoustic emission source for, 15:
329
acoustoelastic measurements on,
17: 109, 112, 115, 125
patch-welded disks, 17:
128-130
aluminum-deoxidized low carbon
steel, 3A: 258-260
austenitic, 4B: 291
Brinnell hardness number (BNH),
23:205
carbon, 4B: 304, 311-316
heat treatment test, 4B: 316-317
SAE 4150, 4B: 313
ductile fracture of, 15:321-323
magnetomechanical AE effect in,
15:343
SAW temperature dependence in,
14:217
stress-induced velocity studies on,
17:62
as target material, 22: 28, 33, 124,
147
Subject Index
tools, 4B: 324, 325
Steel bars
inspection of with shear wave
spiral EMT's, 14:248-249
magnetic and acoustic properties
of, 14:212-213
Steel blocks, 19:105
Steel hardness, ultrasonic methods
in, 12:336-337
Steel plate Rayleigh and Lamb-mode
dispersion curves for, 15:235
Steel-quartz-steel sandwich
transducer, 15:31, 51
Steel surface scale, magnetostriction
process for, 14:217
Steel tubes, Rayleigh waves in, 14:
241
Steepest descent method, 21: 13, 51,
66, 73, 212
Steered beam pattern, multielement
array, 23: 117-119, 131
Stefan-Boltzman law, 18:442
Stellarator, 4B: 160-161
Step function object, one-
dimensional images of, 14:
34
Stereoscopic thermal wave depth
analysis, 18: 459-461
Stereoscopic thermal wave
transmission, 18:460
Stick weld, ultrasonic methods in,
12:343
Stiffened Christoffel equation
derivation of, 13:51-55
reduction of from matrix form to
explicit algebraic form, 13:
55-57
Stiffness, dynamic coefficient of, 6:
195-197, 202
Stimulated three-pulse echoes, 16:
295
Stishovite, 3B: 74
181
Stokes, work on sound propagation,
16: 4, 5, 8, 19, 34
Stokes components, 6:16
Stokes-Kirchhoff equation, 2A: 175
Stokes set, 21: 72, 73
Stokes surface, 21: 83, 100
Stokes symmetry relationships, 21:
200
Stokes' theorem, 22: 279, 307
Stoneley, Robert, 24:143
Stoneley velocity, 9:74
Stoneley waves, 9: 72-76; 10: l, 7,
19, 54; 21: 250, 258, 300, 309;
22:29
on flat elastic half-space, 10:43
Franz creeping waves and, 10:26
propagation and intensity for, 10:8
Rayleigh pole and, 10:13
transparent objects and, 10:34
Stopband problem, double electrodes
and, 15:125-126
Straight-crested solutions, 6:113
Strain, 3B: 258-260
abbreviated notation for, 1A: 39
amplitude, 3A: 95-97
change of angle between fiber
elements, 1A: 26
components, 1A: 19-20, 72-73
Cauchy's deformation tensor,
1A: 20
Green's deformation tensor, IA:
20
in a material description, 1A: 19
in a spatial description, 1A: 19
displacement, 5:127
displacement field, IA: 18-19
effect on resistivity, 1B: 215-217
energy, 22:242
from strain, 2B: 92-94
infinitesimal, 2B: 171
initial, homogeneous, 1A: 97
measurement, 1B: 237-320
182
Strain (continued)
complete, 1B: 224-226
in prestressed bodies, 17:66-69
relaxation, 2B: 94-95
in resonant bodies, IB: 353-355
rotation and stretch of fiber
elements, IA: 21-24
shear, 2B: 168-169
sinusoidal variation, 5:64
tensor, 22:215, 240
transverse or shear, IB: 227-231
Strain amplitude, 5: 127; 7:302
low, 4A: 249-264
Strain amplitude-dependent effects,
4A: 264-274
experiments, 4A: 264-270
thermal fluctuations, 4A: 270-274
Strain-energy density, of edge
dislocation, 8:249
Strain gage, IB: 211,223-233,
292-296
p-type silicon, IB: 191-192
simple longitudinal effect, IB:
223-224
transverse and shear effects, IB:
224-233
Strain gradient, 5: 142, 148
Strain tensor, 6:11
second-rank, 14:97
unsymmetrized, 7:155
Streaming, acoustic, see Acoustic
streaming
Stress, 2A: 10-12; 4A: 302
across an arbitrarily oriented
surface, l h : 14-15
amplitude, 4A: 245-246
couple, IA: 12
deformation relation, IA: 33
expanded about initial state, IA:
96-97
expression for, 2B: 170-171
and fatigue, 3A: 268-284
Subject Index
from strain, 2B: 92-94
ionic diffusion, 2B: 111-112
ionic migration, 2B: 113-124
law, shear, 3A: 398-403
levels
high, 3A: 280-281
intermediate, 3A: 279-280
low, 3A: 274-279
measurements, IB: 173-174, 177
mechanical, from bubble motion,
IB: 144-146, 150
in prestressed bodies, 17:66-69
resistivity and, IB: 215-217
shear and normal, IA: 83
sinusoidal variation, 5:64
static, 4A: 294-296
static hydrostatic, 2B: 190
and strain, 3A: 212
symmetry of, in nonpolar case,
IA: 17-18
thermal, 3A: 459-461
under-, 3A: 270
uniaxial, IA: 98; 4A: 86-88
Stress behavior, in A- 15
superconductors, 13:34-35
Stress changes
impurity concentrations and, 9:
7-10
magnetic field dependence and, 9:
13-14
in superconducting state, 9:7-10
temperature and, 9:11-13
Stress fields, two-dimensional,
acoustoelastic measurement of,
17:115-117
Stress-induced motion, of alkali ions,
5:102
Stress-induced ordering, 3A: 2,
11-21
of elastic dipoles, 3A: 3
thermodynamic theory, 3A: 11-21
under shear stress, 3A: 2
Subject Index
Stressing, time-dependent, 2B: 4-28
Boltzmann superposition, 2B: 19
Maxwell, Voigt models, 2B: 20-24
quantities, observable, 2B: 4-18
absorbed energy, 2B: 10-11
acoustical definition, 2B: 6-9
composite vibrations, 2B:
11-15
deformational mechanics, 2B:
5-6
relaxation times, 2B: 24-28
Stress relaxation, 2B: 94-95,
132-136
analysis, 2B: 94-95
anelasticity in, 13:4
approximations, 2B: 95
complete, 2B: 145
measurements, in superconductors,
9:6
partial, 2B: 151-154
torsion, 2B: 135-136
Stress relaxation method
magnetic field dependence and, 9:
13-14
superconducting state studies and,
9:7-10
Stress-strain relations, 22:215
generalized, 8:291-294
Stress tensor, 22: 70, 214
Stress waves
analogy with EM, 5:166
longitudinal, 14: 314
transverse, 5:167
ultrasonic, 5:171
Stretch, IA: 22-23, 28-30
Stretching modulus, 22:221
String models, 3A: 180-182
approximation, 3A: 398, 413-415,
426
dislocation movement, 3A:
475-477
vibrating, 3A: 314-332, 356
183
theory, 3A: 349-350
validity, 3A: 325-332
Strip electromagnetic transducer, 14:
229-230
Strip lines
for delay synthesis, IA:
461-462
dispersive
longitudinal mode, IA:
455-467
materials, IA: 459-460
shear mode, 1A: 444-445
linear, IA: 453,464-466
nondispersive, shear mode, IA:
440-444
tapered thickness, IA: 461-467
uniform thickness, IA: 461-462
Stroboscopic illumination
techniques, 15:21
Dye's interferometric method with,
16:72-73
Stroboscopic scattering, 23:418
Strontium titanate, 6: 66
echo formation in, 16:251
SOE constants of, 17:4
TOE constants of, 17:44-46
Structural integrity, acoustic
emission studies of, 11:
330-333, 337
Structural intensity, 22:254
Structural phase transition
in high Tc superconductors, 20:
381,403"406
in La2CuO4, 2 0 : 4 0 0
in LaSrCuO4, 20:402-406
Structural stability, of caustics, 21:
101, 195
Structural transformation, Tc change
due to, 10:253-255
Structural viscosity, 2A: 293-315
bulk
models, 2A: 313
184
Structural viscosity (continued)
pressure dependence, 2A:
314-315
entropy changes, 2A: 300-301
hole theory, 2A: 310-315
of liquids, 2A: 294
of molten metals, 2A: 294
processes
nonstructural, 2A: 298-301
structural, 2A: 298-301
shear
Eyring's expression, 2A: 307
rate process, 2A: 302-303
theories, 2A: 302-305
temperature dependence, 2A:
303-305
temperature, pressure dependence,
2A: 296-298
two-state theories, 2A: 305-310
ultrasonic data, 2A: 293-296
STW, see Surface transverse wave
Styrene-butadiene copolymer, 2B:
189
Styrene-butadiene rubber, 2B:
197-198
Subharmonics, IB: 89
Submarine detection, 15:26-33
Chilowsky's work in, 15:29-30
piezoelectric effect in, 15:29-31
transducers in, 15:31-33
Submarine Signal Co., 15: 27, 35, 51
Submerged elastic structures
acoustical response of, 12:
217-272
circumferential pulses in, 12:
225-232
circumferential waves and, 12:
220-225
experiments and numerical mode
calculations for, 1 2 : 2 4 4 - 2 5 4
geophysical problems and, 12:
270-272
Subject Index
Watson-Sommerfeld transform
and, 12:254-270
Subsonic waves, 21: 48, 210, 234
Substrate, 4A: 207-209
equation of motion for, 11:15-16
Rayleigh velocity, 9:51-53
roughness of in third sound
experiments, 11: 38-40
thickness, increase in, 9:79-82
Subsurface cracks, detachments and
laminations, imaging of, 18:
126
Subsurface damage, 19:110
Subsurface depth-profiling, in
metals, 18: 430, 431
Subsurface imaging, 18:169, 421
defects, 18:114, 115, 144, 161,
163, 420
of metallization features, 18:137
thermal imaging, 18:264-269
of volumes, 24: 308, 310-313,
314, 315
Subsurface probing, 18:422
Subsurface structure
detection of, 18: 179, 453
three-dimensional analysis of, 18:
405
Subsurface thermal resistance, 18:
182
Subsurface thermal structures, 18:
181,446
Subsurface void arrays, lithography,
24: 318, 319
Subsurface voids, detection of, 18:
258
Subtracted form function, 22:94
Suenaga-Galligan theory, 9:25
Sulfur, 2B: 158
Sulfur dioxide
excess absorption, 2A: 411-415
molar heat capacity, 2A: 156
sound propagation through, 16:28
Subject Index
Sulfur hexafluoride, 7:80
Sulfuric acid, 2A: 374
aqueous, 2A: 410-411
compressibility, 2A: 369-370
velocity, 2A: 367-368
Sunz, point sensors, 23:328-329
Superconducting fluctuations, 20:
290
Superconducting magnets, 5 : 2
Superconducting metal layers,
phonon mean free path and
sound velocity in, 12:145-146
Superconducting-normal surface
boundary, 7 : 8
negative energy, 7: 2, 9
positive energy, 7 : 2
Superconducting screening, 20: 4, 7
Superconducting state
electron damping in, 9:1-31
magnetic field and, 9 : 5 - 7
mechanical properties of, 9 : 1 6
stress and elongation changes in,
9:5-7
theory of, 9:14-26
vibrating string model of, 9:
23-25
Superconducting transition
temperature, 7 : 7
Superconducting tunneling junctions
applications of, 12:137-151
basic experiments in, 12:87-98
Cooper pairs in, 12:82-85
electronic measuring system and
temperature control in, 12:
89-92
16w magnetic fields and, 12"
150-151
as phonon generators and
detectors, 12:137-150
preparation of, 12:88
quantitative phonon detection
model in, 12:98-113
185
relaxation spectrum and, 12:
127-131
signal dependence on temperature
in, 12:97--98
Superconductivity, 4A: 291-294
with antiferromagnetism, 20: 192,
193
attenuation, 4A: 307-310
dislocations, 4A: 310-311
high-Tc at superconducting
transition, 10:242-248
high-temperature A- 15 structure
and, 10:193-292
magnetic order, coexistence with,
20:192, 208, 216, 218
phonon softening in, 10:
265-269
structural transformation and, 10:
219, 253-255
surface, 7:257
theoretical models of, 10:278-290
Superconductors, 5:10-23
A- 15, see A- 15 superconductors
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory
of, 16:177
creep measurements in, 9 : 6 - 7
definition of, 16:174
diamagnetic properties of, 7:
6-7
dislocation drag studies on, 16:
189-195, 210-212
electron drag in, 9:1-31; 16:
176-180, 189-195
flow stress measurements in, 9:
5-6
impurity concentrations and types
of, 9 : 7 - 1 0
impurity scattering in, 7:12
memory echoes in powders of, 16"
359-360
metallurgical and chemical studies
of, 13:29-30
186
Superconductors (continued)
mobile dislocation density in, 16:
180-189
phonon fluorescence in, 12:126
stress changes in, 9 : 7 - 1 0
stress relaxation measurements in,
9:6
strong coupling, 7:200
type I, 7: 2; 9:13-14
type II, 4A: 292-293; 7: 2; 9:
13-14
magnetization of, 7: 12, 15
niobium in, 7:14
properties of, 7:13
transition from type I, 7:13
ultrasonic attenuation in, 16:35
measurement, 9 : 4 - 5
Supercooling
glass-forming material, 2B:
124-126
liquid, 2B: 150
Superfluid density, average, 11:
57-59
Superfluid helium film, see also
Helium films
linearized equations of motion for,
11:7-9
third sound in, 11: 1-64
Superfluidity, 6: 244, 245
onset of in third sound, 11: 62-63
two-fluid model, 6:250
Superfluid transition, 4He, 6:249
Superfluid velocity, 6:249
Superheterodyne method, 5:229
Superheterodyne spectroscopy, 6:27
Supernumerary bows, 21: 64
Superposition, 2B: 260-261
Supersonic jet, impingement of on
cavity, 15:39
"Supersonic refiectoscope," 23:216
Supersonic shock speed, 14:469
Superspheroidal geometries, 22:62
Subject Index
Supply-push force, technology
transfer, 23:2-3; 24:2-3
Suprasil W glass, pseudospin echos
in, 16:263
Surface
shape of, IB: 183-186
wave picture, SWP, 22: 2, 158,
179, 182
Surface acoustic wave delay line, 15:
102-104; see also Delay lines
diffraction factors in design of, 13:
98-105
optimal design of, 13:99-102
plate mode suppression in, 13:
76-77
tapped, 15:106
Surface acoustic wave devices, 18:
76, 156; 19: 218; 24:136-138
acousto-optics, 24:186
applications, 24: 136, 203-204
art of SAW work, 24:206-207
conferences, 24:139, 146,
197-203
the future, 24:187-189
history, 24:142-148
literature review, 24:194-197
measuring success of, 24:138-141
patent activity, 24:139
piezoelectric substrates and, 13:
64-77
plate modes in, 13:49-77
propagation, 13:51-64
publications, 24: 139, 194-197
signal processing, 24:174-175,
188
acoustoelectronic signal
processing, 24:183-186
multistrip coupler (MSC), 24:
177-179
reflection gratings, 24:179-182
uniform dielectric film layers,
24:182-183
Subject Index
waveguides, 24:175-177
surface elastic waves and, 24:
141-145
transducer design for, 15:99-187
wave generation by, 17:118-119
worldwide activities, 24: 140,
204-205
Surface acoustic wave diffraction,
see also Diffraction
anisotropic, 13:79-111
prediction in, 13:85-86
theory of, 13:82-93
Surface acoustic wave filters, 24:
163-167
bandpass filters, 24:160-167
"brick-wall," 15:178-179
bulk or plate waves and, 15:
129-130
chirp filter, 24:172-173
computer simulation of, 15:
146-153
diffraction or beam steering and,
15:123-124
dispersive, 15:180-183
electrode-configured matched filter
devices, 24:170-171
correlators, 24:171-172
programmable transversal filter,
24:173-174
pulse-expander-compressors,
24:172-173
electrode resistivity and acoustic
propagation loss in, 15:
131-132
electromagnetic feedthrough and
ground loops in, 15:130-131
filter insertion loss and, 15:
161-163
specific transducer geometrics for,
15:177-187
three-port transducer networks for,
15:148-149
187
transducer design and, 15:
109-110
types of, 15:179-180
Surface acoustic waves, 14:190
bidirectional property of, 14:247
electromagnetic transducer
inductances and, 14:197
EMT design data, 14:203
generation of, 14: 181-182; 18:
74-77, 86, 87, 93
photoacoustic imaging of, 18:
156
meanderline and, 14:191-192
measurement of, 14:329
photoacoustic imaging of, 18:156
in piezoelectric signal processing,
13:79
printed circuit EMT meanderline
for, 14:209
propagation, metal electrodes in,
15:125
and radiation resistance in relation
to EMT, 14:199
reflection of back to EMT, 14:201
regeneration distortion in, 15:127
transient excitation currents and,
14:228-229
Surface acoustic wave sensors, 23:
280-281,436, 444, 447-456,
457; 24: 143, 186, 188-189
Surface acoustic wave signal
processing devices, 15:100
Surface acoustic wave transducers
interdigital transducer, 24:137,
148-149
fabrication, 24: 137, 153-156
materials, 24: 149-153
interdigital transducer controlled
devices, 24:156
bandpass filter, 24: 160-167
multiple-port delay line, 24:
159-160
188
Surface acoustic wave transducers
(continued)
SAW oscillators, 24:169-170,
218
SAW resonators, 24:167-169,
232-233, 244
two-port delay line, 24:
156-159
as transversal filters, 15:161
Surface acoustic wave transduction,
14:190-219
temperature dependence of, 14:
217
Surface-crack detection, 18: 103,
160, 161
Surface displacement, 5:138
Surface-displacement ellipse, 6:
127-129, 135
Surface elastic waves, 24:141-145
Surface energy, carrier motion, IB:
182-183
Surface flaws, 6:111
Surface grating optical diffraction,
19:216-218
Surface layers, initial stresses in, 17:
88-89
Surface materials, absorption
coefficient of, 16:29
Surface piezoresistivity effect, IB:
186-192
Surface polarization patterns for
rectangular quartz crystals, 16:
57
Surface ray representation, 21: 199,
205, 219
Surface rays
diffracted, 1 0 : 3 4
geometrical rays and, 10:34-36
Surface receiver functions, 13:202
Surface signal, optoacoustic, 18:420
Surface-skimming bulk wave
(SSBW), 18: 74; 24:145
Subject Index
Surface structure imaging, 18:137,
169
Surface temperature modulation, 18:
465
Surface traction, 22- 65
Surface transverse wave (STW), 24:
145
Surface wave devices, importance of,
9:36-37
Surface wave interdigital transducer,
13: 80; see also Interdigital
transducers
Surface waves, 21: 209, 236-238,
245-257, 271-277, 295-296
anisotropic, 6:111-141
assumed solutions for, 9" 39-41
attenuation of, 8:336-337
caustic-correction factors in, 10:
32
curved plates in water, 10:
123-125
cylinder-to-lateral transition in, 10:
53
cylindrical shells, 10:96-104
Debye series in, 10: 50, 52
defined, 10:1
diffraction coefficients in, 10:31
elastic, 7: 304; 11:213-215
propagation of, 6:110-111
equations of, 17:84-89
excitation, 10:56-57
by plane incident wave, 10:
45-54
ultrasonic, transducers for, 6:
111
on flat surfaces, 10:2-21
generation of, 1 0 : 7
group velocities in, 10:120
"launching efficiency" of, 10:
9-10, 14
on liquid-solid interfaces, 10:
5-14, 104-117
Subject Index
nonevanescent, 10:36
opaque objects, 10:30-33
phase coded, 11: 215-223
piezoelectric effects in, 6:149, 152
plane interfaces, 10:104-125
plates in water, 10:118-124
power flux in, 6:155-157
in a prestressed half-space, 17:
84-89
problem coordinate system, 6:
113-114
pseudo-, 6:129
pseudo wave in, 10:106
pulse theory in, 10:26-29
Rayleigh series in, 10: 46, 52
Rayleigh waves as, 6:109-117;
10:1,4
saddle-point method in, 10:10-12
secular equation for, 6:114
on simple CUlWedtransparent
objects, 10:37-56
smooth convex surfaces, 10:
29-37
solid cylinders, 10:62-96
spherical shells and, 15:218-220
steady-state theory in, 10:21-26,
37-54
thermal, 6:53
three-dimensional stress field and,
17:118-121
transient problem in, 10:54-56
transparent objects, 10:33-37
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
206-208
ultrasonic signal processing and, 9:
36
velocity for cubic crystals, 6:
141-146
Surface wave transducers
interlaced comb, 9:254-258
technology of, 9:268-271
Surface wave velocity, 9:51; 10:1
189
for bismuth germanium oxide, 13:
84
Surveillance, low-noise oscillators,
24: 218, 219
Susceptibility, magnetic, 13:30-31
Swallow tail catastrophe, 21: 98,
104, 128
Swept gain, analog ultrasound
scanner, 23:92-93
Sykes' formula, 16: 40-41, 43, 67
SYMMETRIC modes, 9:96-97
Symmetry
approximate methods, 3B: 28-31
cubic, 3B: 6-16
hexagonal, 3B: 16-25; 4B:
323-325
tetragonal and lower, 3B: 25-28
Symmetry axes, 19:101-102
Symmetry characters, excitations, 6:
14
Synchronization, communications
systems, 24: 213, 215, 216
Synchronous detector, 5:223
Synthesis, 4B: 253-259
Synthesizer, Rhode and Swarz, 3B:
170-171
Synthetic-aperture radar, 10:
332-338
forward-scatter type, 10:341-342
pulse in, 10:355
Synthetic-aperture systems
in acoustic applications, 10:
353-358
in acoustic holograms, 10:
332-340
side-looking, 10: 334, 347
stationary, 10:340-348
Synthetic quartz
alumininum in, 5: 62, 63
hydrogen rich, 5:63
hydrothermal process, 5:62
lithium in, 5: 62, 73
190
Synthetic quartz (continued)
models of, 5: 63, 64
OH content, 5: 85, 86
sodium in, 5:62
visible striations in, 5:100
Z growth of, 5: 62, 73
Synthetic rubber, 2B: 187
T&R two-mode ultrasound
technology, 23: 418, 419
T(1)BaCaCuO, 20:274-280
attenuation curves, 20:277
peaks at Tc, 20:297
crystal structure, 20:293
elastic constants, 20:296
superconducting fluctuations, 20:
290
velocity curves, 20:278
Tag-correlation method, ultrasound,
23: 347, 348-349, 418, 420
Takano Co., Ltd., collaborative
program with Iowa State
University engineering
department, 23: 24, 25, 28-29;
24: 24, 25, 28-29
Tandem interferometer, 6:37
Tangential flow velocity, 22:335
Tangent plane, 22:232
Tanks, ultrasonic sensors, 23: 294,
331, 334
Tantalum, 3A: 266; 3B: 31; 4B: 364;
7: 213; 20:9
activation energy, 3A: 146
aging, 3A: 191
amplitude dependence, 3A:
151-154
attenuation, 20:9
damping spectra, 3A: 132-133,
154-155
Subject I n d e x
energy gap, 20:9
high purity, 3A: 157-158
temperature dependence, 3A: 154
Tantalum alloys, 3A: 25-26
Tantalum crystals, dislocation drag
studies on, 16:210
Tape flutter control, 9: 144-148,
151
Tapped delay lines, 15:183-184; see
also Delay lines
Target determination, 21: 265, 275,
286, 304-309
Target strength, 22: 87, 325,
327
Taylor's series, 3A: 372, 413
Tchebycheff approximation, IA:
463-464
TCXO, see Temperature-
compensated crystal oscillator
TDA, see Time domain analysis
Teaming, collaborative program
between university and industry,
23: 24-33; 24:24-33
Technology transfer, 23: 1-2, 7-8;
24: 1-2, 7-8
academic environment and, 23:
8-12, 14, 22-23; 24: 8-12,
14, 22-23
case studies
AT&T, 23: 13; 24:13
Gas Research Institute, 23: 24,
25, 26-28; 24: 24, 25,
26-28
Iowa State University, 23:
24-33; 2 4 : 2 4 - 3 3
JENTEK Sensors, Inc., 23:
15-20; 24:15-20
Panametrics, Inc., 23:12-13;
24:12-13
Physical Sciences Directorate
(U.S. Army), 23: 33-42;
24:33-42
Subject Index
Takano Company project, 23:
24, 25, 28-29; 24: 24, 25,
28-29
collaborative R&D agreements,
23: 37-38; 24:37-38
commercialization and, 23:15-20,
40-41; 24: 15-20, 40-41
corporate environment and, 23:
12-14; 24:12-14
covert mechanisms of, 23: 4-5;
24:4-5
defined, 23: 35-36; 24:35-36
education institutions, 23: 37-38;
24:37-38
engineering education and, 23:
24-33; 24:24-33
government agencies and, 23: 9,
10, 33-42; 24: 9, 10, 33-42
innovation and, 23: 2, 17; 24: 2,
17
investment in, 23: 10-12, 17-18;
24: 10-12, 17-18
marketing, 23: 39-40; 24:39-40
market structure, 23: 2-3, 6-7; 24:
2-3, 6-7
mechanisms and catalysts, 23:
4-5; 24:4-5
nondestructive testing (NDT), 23:
16, 19, 20-23; 24: 16, 19,
20-23
patents and, 23: 4-5, 38-39; 24:
4-5, 38-39
product launch, 23: 18-19; 24:
18-19
profits in, 23:19; 24:19
promoting, 23: 3-4, 36; 24: 3-4,
36
resistance to, 23: 5-6; 24:5-6
source of ideas, 23: 8-10; 24:
8-10
supply-push and demand-pull, 23:
2-3; 24:2-3
191
system integration, 23: 6; 24:6
universities, 23: 8-12, 14, 22-23;
24: 8-12, 14, 22-23
Telecommunications Research
Establishment, 15:77
Telephone receivers, impedance
characteristics of, 15:23
Television display, 7: 296, 321
TEM, see Transmission electron
microscope
TE mode, see Transverse electric
modes
Temperature
in cavities, 1B: 102
dislocation and, 9:28-30
effect on tunnel diodes, IB:
280-284
stress changes and, 9:11-13
ultrasonic attenuation and, 9:5
Temperature-compensated crystal
oscillator (TCXO), 24: 227,
236, 237, 242, 244, 246, 248,
250, 252, 261,262, 266
frequency standards, 24: 263,
264
Global Positioning System, 24:
217
Temperature dependence
in Batterman-Barrett
transformation, 10:225-226
of elastic moduli in A- 15 structure
superconductors, 10:
222-239
form of, 7:4
of signals in phonon generation,
12:97-98
of sound velocity in glasses, 12:
162-166, 169-170, 175-177,
191-193
Temperature-dependent attenuation
at constant magnetic fields
of Er0.aHoo.6Rh4B4, 21): 199
192
Temperature-dependent attenuation
(continued)
of Ero.705Hoo.295Rh4B4,20:204
of ErRhaB4, 20:203
at zero magnetic field,
Erl_xHoxRh4B4, 20: 195,
196, 198
common behavior, 20:196
Temperature measurement,
ultrasound sensors, 23:
426-430
Tensors
acoustical, IA: 93-95, 97
deformation, IA: 20
fourth-order, IA: 182; IB: 186
isotropic, Cartesian, IA: 51
isotropic deformation, 7:184
rotation, IA: 23
second-order symmetric, IA:
182
strain, IA: 20, 24-25
stress, IA: 14-15, 17-18
for uniaxial tension, IA: 99
third-order, IA: 182
Terbium iron garnet (TblG), 3B:
187-191
Terbium vanadate, elastic properties
of, 12:54-58
Ternary alloys
fcc, 3A: 61-63
hcp, 3A: 63-65
V, 3A: 25-26
Tetrad Corp., piezoelectric
composites, 24: 99, 106
Tetragonal crystals, 6:144-146
difference between cubic and, 6:
144
Tetragonal distortion, in A- 15
structure superconductors, 10:
251-256
Tetragonal rare earth systems, elastic
properties of, 12:29-58
Subject Index
Tetragonal strains, in A-15 structure
superconductors, 1 0 : 2 7 0 - 2 7 2
Texas, University of, 15:46
Texas Christian University, 15:46
TGC, see Time gain compensation
TGS compound, echo formation in,
16: 234, 245
Thallium, 4B: 41; 7:193, 207
Theorem of reciprocity, 23: 350,
355, 356
Theory of Sound (Rayleigh), 15:18
Thermal anisotropy, 18:467
Thermal boundary resistance, 6:339
Thermal bulk phonons, 7:253
Thermal conductivity, 5: 92, 245,
264, 283; 18:61
kinetic theory expression for, 8:
310-311
Thermal contact resistance, 18:179,
180, 224
Thermal diffusion, 18: 67, 389
Thermal disordering, 5:65
Thermal expansion, mechanisms,
18: 22, 24, 25, 168, 212
Thermal expansion coefficient, 20:
253
Thermal fluctuations, 6 : 5
Thermal hysteresis, oscillators, 24:
250, 252
Thermal image, 18: 405, 443
Thermal imaging, 18: 404, 443
of cracks, 18:270-272
of subsurface structure, 18:
264-269
Thermal infrared emission, 18:405
Thermal Kaiser effect, 15:338
Thermal lens effect, 18: 352, 356,
394, 395
Thermal lens spectroscopy
for analytical applications, 18:
393-399
use in calorimetry, 18: 395, 396
Subject Index
Thermally induced deformations, 18:
399
Thermally modulated optical
properties, 18:407
Thermal phonons, 4A: 122; 5: 97; 7:
253
Barett's model, 20:221
lifetime, 6:306
Thermal piston model, 18:212-215;
see also Rosencwaig-Gersho
thermal-piston model
Thermal relaxation, 4B: 187,
191-192
maximum loss per wavelength,
IA: 63
in nonviscous heat-conducting
fluid, 1A: 58-63
in a solid, 1A: 76-77
Thermal relaxation time, 5:282
Thermal response time, 5:244
Thermal sound sources, 14:323-325
Thermal stress, correlated, 18:407
Thermal structures, imaging of, 18:
427
optoacoustic microscopy of, 18:
418, 425-429
subsurface, 18:181,446
Thermal ultrasound detectors, 14:
326-328
Thermal wave analysis, 18:407
Thermal wave images, 18: 416, 424,
428
Thermal wave imaging, 18: 190,
404, 405, 408, 416, 424-433,
426, 428, 438-442, 443, 474
of integrated circuits, 18: 435,
436
in nondestructive testing, 18: 104,
475
remote, 18: 404-408, 427, 441
Thermal wave interference curves,
18:448
193
Thermal wave microscopy, 18" 115,
425, 431,434-438
optoacoustic, 18" 428
Thermal waves, 6" 53
basic properties of, 18- 405-407
concept of, 18" 171-174
detection of, 18" 407, 412,
438-441,456
experimental arrangement for, 18"
407
frequency, 18: 455
imaging of, 18:449-456
for measuring hard solids, IA:
319
optically generated, imaging with,
18:403-475
production of, 18: 408, 418
propagation of, 18: 131,447, 451,
462, 467
reflection, 18:179
resolution, 18: 409, 473
scattering, 18:161
calculations of, 18:257
three-dimensional, 18: 129, 177
transmission, 18:448-460
noncontacting inspection with,
18:357
Thermal wave scanning, 18:414
Thermionic triode, 15:23
Thermoacoustic coupling, 18: 226,
242
Thermoacoustic theory, of
photoacoustic signal generation,
18:213
Thermodynamic equilibrium, 1A:
43-44
Thermodynamic equilibrium, local,
1A: 32
Thermodynamic relations, in
conventional hydrodynamics,
14:103-104
194
Thermodynamics
energy equation, IA: 47
entropy changes, IA: 43-44
of fluids and solids under
hydrostatic pressure, IA:
43-48
functions and coefficients, IA: 35,
44-46
of imperfect crystals, 8:239-244
irreversible processes, 2A: 51-55,
134
isentropic coefficients, IA: 47
rates of change of functions, IA:
46-47
relations between scalar and tensor
coefficients, IA: 47-48
thermodynamic pressure, IA: 43
Thermodynamic tensions, IA:
30-32, 40, 53-54, 72, 96-97
expanded about the initial state,
IA: 96-97
Thermoelastically generated acoustic
signals, 18:130
Thermoelastic coupling, 18:
186-189
Thermoelastic directivity patterns,
18:73
Thermoelastic effect
in acoustoelasticity, 17:93-96
in liquids, 18:98
Thermoelastic expansion
mechanisms, 18: 23-30, 57, 59,
157, 161
near-surface, 18:152
Thermoelastic imaging, 18:161
Thermoelasticity, nonlinear, in
solids, 1A: 30-42
functions and coefficients, IA:
33-41
abbreviated notation, IA: 39-41
elastic stiffness and compliance
coefficients, IA: 36-37
Subject Index
isentropic coefficients, IA:
38-39
Maxwell relations, IA: 33-35,
37-38
rate of change of
thermodynamic functions,
IA: 38
specific heats, IA: 37-38
thermodynamic potentials, IA:
33-36
Thermoelastic materials, 18:190
Thermoelastic photoacoustic signal
excitation,, 18:349
Thermoelastic pressure pulse,
radiated, 18:45
Thermoelastic relaxation, 13:23
Thermoelastic source geometries,
18:30
Thermoelastic vibrations, 18: 348,
349, 353, 354
Thermoelastic waveforms, 18:64
Thermoelastic waves
detection of, 18:349
generation of, 18: 201,449, 450
Thermography, 18: 442, 443
Thermostatics, 2A: 51-53
Thick bonds, 19:89
Thickness gages, ultrasonic, 23:
224-229, 247
Thickness measurement, with
EMT's, 14:260-267
Thickness mode plate vibrators
doubly rotated, 13:115-179
first order temperature coefficients
for, 13:129-132
higher order temperature
coefficients for, 13:132-133
static frequency/temperature
behavior in, 13:129-133
Thickness modes
equivalent networks for, 13:
174-177
Subject Index
interface network and, 13:
177-178
of plates, 13:120-121
Thickness resonance, 21: 201-204
Thickness-shear mode, 5:137,
140
dispersion curves for, 9:178-180
dispersions and displacements in,
9:175
frequency vs. length-to-thickness
ratio in, 9:177
geometry for analysis of, 9:180
trapping in, 9:182
Thickness-shear motion, 5:149
Thickness-shear resonators, 5:
150
Thickness-shear vibrations, 5: 139,
188
coupled, 9:187-191
equivalent electrical networks for,
9:191-201
of quartz crystals, 16: 38, 40
symmetric and antisymmetric
displacements at, 9:189
Thick plate, diffraction by, 11:
106-109
Thin films, 3B: 147
Aslamazov-Larkin theory of, 11:
62
measurements, 24:357-358
microsonics of, 10:183-185
third sound in, 11:27-30
Thin-layer chromatography, 18:
380-382, 396-398
Thin layers, elastic wave propagation
in, 9:35-125
Thin lens
for confocal scanning microscope,
14:31
pupil function for, 14:33
Thin lithium niobate plate,
dispersion characteristics of,
195
13: 62; see also Lithium
niobate
Thin-plate resonances, ultrasonics
and, 10:166-169
Thin-shell equations, 22:251
Thin-shell theories, in pulse problem
solution, 12:232-235
Third-order elastic (TOE) constants,
8:237-275
diamond-like solids, 17:51
at low temperatures, 17:3
from Hooke's law deviations,
17:3
from shock-wave measurements,
17:3
from ultrasonic beam mixing,
17:3
from ultrasonic harmonic
generation constants, 17:
1-60
for ionic solids, 17:37-40
for metals, 17:29-32
methods for determining, 17:
3-4
nonlinear behavior and, 17:2
for perovskites, 17:40-50
for semiconductors, 17:32-37
Third sound
attenuation of, 11: 62-63
averaged hydrodynamic equations
in, 11:9-15
average film temperature in, 11:11
average superfluid density in, 11:
57-62
chemical potential in, 11: 13
combined equations of, 11:22-23
detailed theory of, 11: 4-7
elementary theory of, 11: 3-4
energy in, 11: 52-55
experiments in, 11: 32-38
general results in, 11:23-27
hydrodynamics of, 11: 5-7
196
Third sound (continued)
microscopic theories of, 11:57-63
in mixed helium III and IV films,
11:49-55
normal fluid motion and
attenuation in, 11: 55-57
resonators for, 11: 41-49
in saturated films, 11: 32-33
substrate roughness in, 11: 38-40
in superfluid helium films, 11:
1-64
superfluidity onset in, 11:62-63
temperature dependence in, 11:
34
temperature variations and
evaporation in, 11: 6
theory of in flat films, 11:3-23
in thick films, 11: 30-32
in thin films, 11: 27-30
in unsaturated films, 11: 33
velocity of, 11:36
wavefronts in, 11: 5
Thomas-Fermi screening length, 4A:
42-43
Thomas Swan & Co., binary gas
analyzers, 23: 437, 438
Thompson Microsonics,
piezoelectric composites, 24:
99, 102, 104
Thom's theorem, 21: 3, 98
Thorium, 3A: 70-72
Thorium oxide, 4B: 335-336
Three-dimensional heat flow, 18:
177, 178
Three-dimensional stress field,
surface waves and, 17:118-121
Three-dimensional thermal waves,
18: 129, 177
Three-dimensional thermoacoustic
treatment, 18:168
Three-dimensional thermoelastic
problem, 18:208
Subject Index
Three-dimensional ultrasonic
imaging, 23:181-182
Three-particle process, 6:266
Three-port circuit
for crossed-field model, 15:
138-139
general capabilities of, 15:
132-137
for generalized circuit model
transducer, 15: 145-146
Three-well potential, 3A: 176-177
Thresholds
cavitation on
event, IB: 118
of a liquid, IB: 117
vaporous, IB: 119-123
measurements, IB: 123-127
relation of nucleus, IB: 119
Through-transmission, 19: 83, 105
nondestructive testing for flaws,
23:205-206
Through-wave modes, 21: 171
Thulium
divalent, 8:18-19
circular dichroism for, 8:22
electronic structure of, 8:19-21
impurity concentration in, 8:34
spin-lattice relaxation for, 8:
22-27
Zeeman frequency and, 8:24
hyperfine splitting, 8:35
Thulium vanadate
cooperative Jahn-Teller phase
transition in, 12:42
elastic properties of, 12:35-48
thermal, magnetic, optical, and
X-ray studies of, 12:29-35
Tiersten-Mindlin theory, zero-order
electric displacement in, 9:181
Tiersten's equation, cylindrical and
spherical contoured crystals,
16:57
Subject Index
Tiet effect, 4B: 13, 19-21
Tilted diameter, analytic
compensation for, 14:488
Time delay, 19:83
Time domain analysis (TDA), color
ftow imaging systems, 23: 167,
170-172
Time-domain photoacoustics, 18:
247, 248
Time domain response, piezoelectric
plate transducer, 24: 48-59,
62-63, 74
Time of flight measurements, in
phonon generating experiments,
12:92-94
Time-frequency analysis, 21: 300,
302, 312
Time gain compensation (TGC), 23:
82
Time-gated network analyzer, 24:
113
Time-harmonic piston problem, 11:
135-143
Fay solution in, 11: 141
Fubini solution in, 11:138
initial shock region in, 11: 140
old age solution in, 11: 142
Time intervalometer
acoustoelasticity measurements,
17:109
Time inversion, 4B: 197-198
Time reversal invariance, 22:79
Time shift, 22:252
Time standards, 19:83
Timoshenko's equation, 22: 121,
148, 171
Tin, 3B: 280-281; 7:195
absorption, 4B: 80
attenuation, 4A: 307-308
breakaway, 4A: 325
molten, 4B: 53
resistivity, 4B: 71
197
single-crystal, 4B: 3
velocity, 4B: 55-56
Tin-silver, 4B: 83
Tissue area measurements, medical
ultrasound, 23:142
Tissue volume measurements,
medical ultrasound, 23:
142
Titania, 4A: 207
Titania ceramics, piezoelectric
properties of, 15:61
Titanic, S.S., 15:26-27
Titanium, 3A: 63-65
13-titanium, 4B: 307, 317
grain structure, 4B: 310
heat treatment, 4B: 308
trivalent, 4A: 90
Titanium-oxygen repulsive forces, 6:
67
TLC, s e e Thin-layer chromatography
TLE, s e e Thermal lens effect
TLS, s e e Thermal lens spectroscopy
T-matrix formulation, 22: 8, 49, 61,
147, 171, 180, 353
TM mode, s e e Transverse magnetic
mode
Tomography, 21: 236, 303, 312; 23:
429-430
ultrasonic, 18: 100, 107
Tone bursts, 21:176, 178, 182,
214-218
"Tool" equation, 2B: 130
Toroidal wavefronts, 21: 150, 156,
206, 208
Torque equation, derivation of, 16:
376
Torsional crystal apparatus, 6:168
Torsional eigenvibrations, 22:167
Torsional modes, in cylinder, IA:
112, 134
Total scattering cross section, 21: 32,
214
198
Tourmaline, vibration studies on, 16:
73
Trace matching
lobes, 22:118
velocity matching, 22:99
Traffic control, ultrasonic sensors
for, 23: 307-308, 450-454
Transducer field modifications, 14:
306-310
Transducer loss
dissipative loss and, 9:247-253
electrodes and bonding layers in,
9:242-247
in piezoelectric medium, 9:228
real backing impedance and, 9:
251
resistance terminations and, 9:
239-241
spurious series resistance,
inductance, and capacitance
in, 9:253-254
in ultrasonic diffraction, 11:
186-187, 191
Transducers, 4A: 83-84; 19:112,
126-127; 23: 197-199; 24:
129; see also Electromagnetic
transducers; Interdigital
transducers; Magnetostrictive
transducers; Piezoelectric
transducers; Quartz transducers;
Ultrasonic transducers
absolute intensity measurements
for, 14:366
acoustic, 13:119
acoustic beam energy and, 13:93
acoustic output of, 14:366-367
air, IB: 5
air-coupled ultrasound, 23: 305,
310-317
alternate-phase, 7:239
amplitude measurements for, 14:
365-366
Subject Index
angle beam directivity pattern
measurement for, 14:384
annular, 14:226-228
apodized, 13:102-105
arrays, 18:1-20
for artificial heart, 14:470
in Barker correlator, 11:226
beam focusing with, 13:108
beam pattern of, 14:382
as "black box," 9:222
bonding, 9: 264-265; 19:
115-119
broadband or high frequency, 14:
304-305, 377
calibration of, 2B: 316-317; 14:
355-356, 359, 372-373
capacitance, 15:317-318
choosing, 24:301
clamp-on, 14:471-476
completely specified, 14:352
composite transducers, 13: 179;
24: 44, 76-78
applications, 24: 98, 100-107
array transducers, 24:78-81
commercialization, 24: 95-98,
99
composite construction and, 24:
94-95
composite parameters and, 24:
84-91
lateral vibration modes, 24:
91-94
piezoelectric material
characteristics, 24:81-84
contact shear, 14:375
coupled behavior of, 14:281
crystal, IB: 4
and driving generator, 1B: 6-9
depletion layer, IB: 204-205,
321-325, 335, 338-342; 14:
306
evaluation, 1B: 351
Subject Index
experiments, IB: 342
design, IA: 246-249
as detector, 14:353
diamond lithium niobate
composite, 20: 402, 403
diffraction compensation for, 13:
102-105
diffusion layer, IB: 322, 325, 335,
343-347
at p-n junction, IB: 324-325
evaluation, IB: 351
unloaded, IB: 326
direct-connection or "untuned,"
15:165-166
directional characteristics of, 14:
375-376
directivity patterns of, 14: 382,
384
disk, 3B: 143-148; 14:225
dynamic focusing of, 14:308
echo from in ultrasonic diffraction,
11:202
electrical impedance of, 14:
373-374
electrical input admittance of, 14:
364
electromagnetic, 2B: 16-17; 15:
63-64
electromagnetic acoustic
transducers (EMATs), 24: 45,
118-129
electromagnetic vs. piezoelectric,
10:145
electromechanical, 2B: 16-17
electronics, 14:241-245
dynamic range in, 14:244
matching in, 14:243
SAW in, 14:242
as element in ultrasonic system,
14:282-295
end-radiating transducers, 24:102,
104
199
epitaxial layer, IB: 322, 325-326,
347
equivalent circuit of, 9:224-229
fabrication, 24:153-156
ferroelectric, torsional mode, IA:
429-431
field modifications for, 14:
306-310
field pattern of, 14:381
filament, 14:219-222
filament strip, 14:222-225
focused beam, 14:388
focusing, 24:289
functions, 24: 44, 129
fundamental, 1B: 326-335
generated ultrasonic waves of, 14:
390
generator and receiver circuits for,
14:281
geometry
array-factor response and, 15:
115-120
transducer response and, 15:
110-122
for typical filter applications,
15:177-187
"good," 14:292-294
grating, 7: 237
hybrid transducers, 23: 279-280,
291,361,364, 382-383
ideal, 14: 286, 292-295
impedance of, 14:362-363
for inspection, ultrasonic, IB:
35-36
installation guidelines, 23:327
interdigital transducers, 7: 233; 24:
137, 148-149
fabrication, 24:153-156
materials, 24: 149-153
interdigitated interdigital
transducer (IIDT), 24: 164,
170, 187
200
Transducers (continued)
KNaNbO3 ceramic, 1A: 479-481
linear-FM dispersive, 15:118-119
materials
in acoustic microscope, 14:19
for high power operation, IA:
250-256
piezoelectric and piezomagnetic,
IA: 169-268
Q, IA: 251-253
ultrasonic generators and, 15:
61-64
meanderline, 14: 191-219
for medical ultrasound, 23: 50-53,
106; 24:103
acoustic coupling, 23:69
acoustic velocity limitation, 23:
63-64
analog static scanner, 23:86-90
annular array, 23:112
array transducers, 24:78-81
coherent pulsed wave (PW)
Doppler system, 23:
155-157
continuous wave (CW) Doppler
device, 23: 153
convex array, 23:111
digital gray-scale imaging, 23:
103-106
endocavity transducers, 23:
112-114
focal gain, 23:66
intraoperative transducers, 23:
114, 115
linear stepped array, 23: 108-
111
multielement array, 23:
103-106, 114
phased array, 23: 106-108, 118,
131
piezoelectric crystal, 23: 50-51,
53
Subject Index
pulse-echo beam pattem, 23:
64-69
pulse-echo measurement, 23:
49, 62-63
soft tissue propagation, 23:
57-61
sterilization, 23:53
transmit beam pattern, 23:
53-57
vector array, 23:111-112
metal film, 4A: 84
miniature, 14: 376
modeling
interdigital transducer, 24:
149
piezoelectric composite
performance, 24:85-86
piezoelectric plate transducer
performance, 24: 48-59,
73
modes, IB: 321-352
piezoelectric thickness, IB:
322-323
monolithic piezoelectric plate
transducers, 24: 44, 45-48,
62, 73-76
construction, 24:46
frequency domain response, 24:
48-59, 62, 63, 65, 74
pressure profile, 24:60-62
Sittig computer program, 24:
48-59, 73
space domain response, 24:
60-62, 65-73, 74
theory, 24:48-62
time domain response, 24:
48-59, 62-63, 74
moving-coil, 15:27
multiple-element, 14:301
multiple piezoelectric layers and
comb surface wave
transducers in, 9:254-258
Subject Index
in nondestructive testing, 14:281;
23: 230-236; 24: 46-48, 73,
76, 78-81
angle beams, 23:231,232
construction, 23:230-231
spot weld, 23:231,234-236
thickness gages, 23: 224, 225
nondispersive filter, 15:117-118
orthogonal, 14:441
overtone, IB: 333-335
partial characterization of, 14:
354
piston radiator and, 14:289
plate, 19:111
power efficiency of, 14:353
power measurements,
interferometric techniques in,
14:368
pressure profiles for in ultrasonic
diffraction, 11: 200-201
PVDF film transducers, 20: 388,
389; 24: 107, 117, 129
air transducers, 24:116-117
broadband sources, 24:112-116
hydrophones, 24:107-112
quartz crystal transducers, 24:268
radiation fields, 14:288-292
reciprocity, 14:286-288
calibration of, 14:370
measurements, 14:368
resistive layer, IB: 321-323
problems, IB: 348-351
response of, 14:293
geometry and, 15:110-122
reversible ultrasound, 14:295-320
tinging, problems with, 20: 384,
386
risetime, 6:290
rod, 3B: 148-152, 171
"Sell," 2A: 33
semiconductor, 1B: 173-214,
215-234
201
for measurements, 1B:
215-234, 237-320
shunt- and series-tuned, 15:
166-177
single-phase, 7:238
single-phase unidirectional
transducer (SPUDT), 24:164,
187
with single piezoelectric layer, 9:
233-254
sonar, 1A: 250
sound fields, 14:309
mapping of, 14:375-394
S-parameter measurements with,
14:363
spiral, 14:255
surface wave, 9:254-258
theory, 24:47-62
thickness shear mode, 1A:
439-440
thin-film, 4A: 195-222; 7: 5, 240;
9:266-268
thin-plate, 9:263-266
traction forces resulting from, 14:
291
transfer functions, 14:353-354,
359
in interdigital transducers, 15:
134-136
transistor, 1B: 301-318
types, 24:44-45
ultrasonic waves generated by, 14:
390
uniform, 13:104
"untuned," 15: 165-166
upward-looking transducers, 23:
295, 337
variable focus of, 14:308
vibration of with Gaussian velocity
distribution, 14:309-310
wetted transducers, 23: 279, 346
Transduction matrix, 14: 285, 353
202
Transduction mechanisms, 15:
16-18
Transduction process,
characterization of, 14:
351-375
Transfer functions
for acoustic lens, 14:45
for interdigital transducers, 15:
135-136
Transfer impedance, of EMT pair for
flexural Lamb waves, 14:205
Transformation range, 2B: 124-154
Transformation rule, for covariant
vector, 22:238
Transformations
diffusion controlled, 4B: 284,
305-311
diffusionless, 4B: 304-305
martensitic, 4B: 284-287
Transient
initial, 21: 237, 257, 286,
290-296, 303
pulse, 21: 266, 275-277, 289, 303
scattering, 21: 5, 125-136
tail, 21: 237, 286, 290, 293-296,
303
Transient excitation currents, EMT's
and, 14:228-229
Transient pulsers, in transducer
electronics, 14:243
Transient secondary system,
schematic of, 15:320
Transient waves, "nuclei of strain"
generation of, 15:354
Transistors
microphone, IB: 300-301
for stress transducers, IB:
301-318
biasing, IB: 304-306
extreme miniaturization, IB:
317-318
Ge npnp, 1B: 303-304
Subject Index
20C Si, IB: 307-309
three junction, IB: 317
as transmission gates, 11:231-232
Transition
magnetically induced, 7 : 4
pseudo-, 2B: 173-174
Transition-matrix method, 22:2
Transition metal ion compounds,
cooperative Jahn-Teller
behavior in, 12:67-73
Transition metals, Fermi surface of,
7:181
Transition point static phenomena, 7:
60
Transition radius, 21: 50
Transition rate, of electron, 20:220
Transition temperature
second-order, 6:170
superconducting, 7 : 7
Translation technique, with Lamb
wave EMT's, 14:254-255
Transmission acoustic microscopy,
14:59-80
blood smears in, 14:63
cell smears in, 14:60-63
linear and second harmonic
acoustic images in, 14:79-80
normal tissue sections in, 14:
64-68
vs. scanning acoustic microscopy,
14:62
Transmission coefficients, 19:115
in generalized ray theory, 13:
202-204
Transmission electron microscope,
mode beam, 18: 44, 113
Transmission electron microscopy,
5:111
for mobile dislocation studies, 16:
180
Transmission imaging, lens
geometry in, i 4 : 1 0 - 1 1
Subject Index
Transmission line, 19: 86, 87
Transmission line equations, for
piezoelectric crystal waves, 13:
173-174
Transmission peaks, in MCFs, 9:
215-217
Transmission spectrometers, 8:
132-137; see also Continuous-
wave transmission spectrometer
absorption and dispersion
measurement with, 8:
134-135
bridge type, 8 : 1 3 7
Transmission thermal wave
microscopy, 18:161
Transmitted-wave amplitudes, 21:
149, 153
Transmitted-wave pulse, 21: 236,
262, 283, 294
Transmitted-wave representation, 21:
171, 198, 205
Transmitter
analog ultrasound scanner, 23:
90-91
digital ultrasound, 23:123-124
Transonic Systems, ultrasonic
flowmeters, 23:385
Transparent objects, surface waves
from, 10:33-37
Transparent solvents, spectra of, 18:
368
Transport, 3B: 214-219
average mass, 2B: 279-282
velocity, 2B: 280-281
normal processes, 3B: 215-218
Transport equation, 4B: 182-183
Transversal filter, 15: 104-106; 24:
173-174; see also Surface
acoustic wave filters
versatility of, 15:106-109
Transverse cusp, 21: 78, 85, 86, 89,
91, 95, 102, 118, 197
203
Transverse deflection signals, 18:
468
Transverse, electric modes, 15:287
Transverse fields, Maxwell's
equations for, 10:152
Transverse magnetic modes, 15:287
Transverse optical deflection (mirage
effect), 1 8 : 4 6 2 - 4 6 9
Transverse optical mode, 6:66
Transverse relaxation time, in two-
level systems, 12:194-198
Transverse resonances, 18:320
Transverse waves
medical ultrasound, 23:49
in smectic B material, 14:169-170
Traveling waves, 4B: 244-249
grazing wall, 2B: 274-276
measurements using, IA:
272-275; 2B: 186-187
in transducers, 12:279
unbounded medium, 2B: 272-274
Travel time, 19: 87, 101
Travel-time data, inversion, 21:136
Travel-time singularities, 21:
125-127
Treanor distribution, 18:295
Treatise on Electricity and
Magnetism (Maxwell), 15:18
Trial functions, 22: 199, 258, 332
Rayleigh-Ritz, 22:345
Triangular quartz crystals, mode
suppression in, 16:66
Triethylamine, 6 : 3 7
Triglycine sulfate, 6: 39; 7: 54, 96
ultrasonic attenuation in, 7 : 1 0 4
velocity dispersion in, 7:104
Trigonal crystals, 6:147-148
Trim effect, 24:262
Triple-transit signal or echo, 15:
128-129
Triple-transit suppression, defined,
15:128
204
T/R switches, 23:124
Truncation, stable level, 22:68
Tubes
equation of motion, IA: 359
measurement of sound, IA: 357,
359-364
Tube waves, generation and
reception of, 14:240
Tunable double cavities, generation
and detection of harmonics, 16:
244
Tunable spiral cavities
diagram of, 16:241
echo experiments using, 16:
235-245
frequency spectrum of, 16:243
Tungsten, 4B: 41-43; 7:195
activation energy, 3A: 146
damping spectra, 3A: 153-154
Debye | 3B: 31
isotropic moduli, 3B: 52-53
Rayleigh waves of, 6 : 1 3 7
Tungsten carbide, as target material,
22: 20, 103, 155, 161, 170,
181
Tuning, 19:86
Tuning-fork crystals, 24:235
Tuning-fork tonemeter, 15:8
Tunnel diodes, IB: 264-280, 296-
300
Tunneling
in A- 15 structure superconductors,
10:266-268
model, two-level systems, 12:
205-210
quantum-mechanical, IB:
246-251
probability, IB: 206, 252
single-particle, 12:82-84
Tunneling currents
in phonon pulse experiments, 12:
123-124
Subject Index
recombination phonons and, 12:
117
Tunneling junctions,
superconducting, see
Superconducting tunneling
junctions
Turbulent flow, universal velocity
distribution law for, 14:488
Tuxedo Park Laboratory, 1 5 : 4 4
Twinkling exponent, 21:143
Twinning, 3B: 280; 20:414
Twisted nematic model, 14: 100,
143, 160
Two-dimensional arrays, 24: 78-79,
98
Two-dimensional Ising problem, 7:
55
Two-level systems, 20: 248, 251
direct interaction and lifetime of,
12:194-201
equivalence of spins with, 12:
181-193
longitudinal relaxation time and,
12:198-201
microscopic origin of, 12:
203-210
sound wave propagation in glasses,
12:178-181
transverse relaxation time in, 12:
194-198
tunneling model of, 12:205-210
Two-parameter potential, 6:305
Two-phase/one-bridge crystal motor,
9:135-136
Two-phase/two-bridge crystal motor,
9:137-138
Two-port calibration, 19:279
Two-port delay line, 24:156-159
Two-port flowgraph, 19:280
Two-port measurement, 19:283
Two-port network, for two-
transducer filter, 15:146-148
Subject Index
Two-pulse phonon echoes, in solid-
state acoustics, 16:217-294
Two-spin correlation function, 7:
112
Tyndall effect, 15:9
Type I and II superconductors, 20:
212-215
Ero.7o5Hoo.295RhaB4, 20:215
magnetic field dependence in, 9:
13-14
magnetization curve, 20:214
U in nondestructive testing, 12:
U band, 3B: 116, 119-120
UE Systems, ultrasound leak
detection equipment, 23:372
Uhf transmission probe, 8:121-126
Uhf transmission spectrometer, 8:
132-137
Ultrasonic absorption, 7: 28, 61
temperature and, in glasses, 12:
210-211
Ultrasonic agglomeration, 15:70
Ultrasonic amplitude, dependence
on, 14:216-217
Ultrasonic area-averaging flow
velocimeter, 14:510-513
Ultrasonic arrays, air-coupled
dimensional gaging equipment,
23: 446-447
Ultrasonic attenuation, 3B: 235-286;
4A: 26-32; 7: 64; 12: 323-325;
19:108-109
in A- 15 structure superconductors,
10:216-222
applications, 19:150-154
attenuation coefficient, 23:58-59
buffer rods in, 12:328-334
defined, 12:278
205
history, 23:216, 217-218
industrial applications of, 12:
335-371
Landau quantum oscillations and,
8:91
in Landau-Rumer theory, 8:
287-291
limitations on, 7:20
longitudinal, in ferromagnets, 7:
113
material properties measuring, 23:
209
measurements and calculations, 9:
4-5, 30-31
335-348
in refractory metal wires, 12:355
sludge and slurry density
measurement with, 12:
358-361
temperature dependence in, 10:
222
in triglycine sulfate, 7 104
Ultrasonic backscattering, material
properties measuring, 23:
209-210
Ultrasonic burglar alarms, 15:78
Ultrasonic camera, for acoustic
holograms, 10:351
Ultrasonic cavitation, 15: 20, 38-39,
58
Ultrasonic cleaning, IB: 3-12, 144,
150; 15: 67-68; 24:108
evaluation, 1B: 11-12
frequencies and applications, 1B:
3, 11-12
power levels, 1B: 4-5
Ultrasonic comparator, 6:282
Ultrasonic concentration sensors, 23:
423, 437-443
Ultrasonic degassing, 15:71
Ultrasonic degreaser, 15:68
206
Ultrasonic delay lines, 6:111
Ultrasonic dental drills, 15:83
Ultrasonic diffraction, 19: 84, 91,
109
amplitude and loss in, 11:
165-171
for anisotropic solids, 11:155-158
attenuation corrections in, 11: 173,
177
broadband pulses in, 11: 191-205
buffer rods in, 11: 175-186
computations in, 11: 160-165
diffraction corrections in, 11:
173-186
diffraction loss and phase in, 11:
189, 195-205
dispersion introduced by, 11:
174-175
echo amplitude in, 11: 17 l, 176
experiments in, 11:165-172
finite-width specimens in, 11:
205-206
formulation for pressure and phase
in, 11:153-157
formulation for spatial phase dot
product in, 11: 157-158
Fraunhoffer region in, 11: 152
Fresnel region in, 11: 152
input amplitude profile in, 11:
186-191
loss peaks in, 11: 171
NDT transducers in, 11:182-183
phase profiles in, 11: 199
phase and time delay experiments
in, 11:177-178
physical limits in, 11: 159-160
pressure profiles in, 11: 197, 200
pulse-echo experiments in, 11: 165
radiation field in, 11: 192-195
for single apertures, 11: 151-208
spectrum analysis in, 11: 180-186
theory of, 11:153-160
Subject Index
transducer loss in, 11: 186-187,
191
two areas of, 11: 152
velocity corrections in, 11: 174
Ultrasonic dispersion, in A- 15
structure superconductors, 10:
229
Ultrasonic echo-ranging system, 15:
34, 86
Ultrasonic emulsification, 15:70
Ultrasonic fields, photoelastic
techniques for, 14:335-336
Ultrasonic flaw detection
instruments, 12:346
Ultrasonic flow
categories of, 14:408
contrapropagating transmission in,
14:414-436
and flow profiles for laminar and
turbulent flow, 14:486
future developments in, 14:
513-516
and turbulent flow power law
principle, 14:488-489
Ultrasonic flowmeters, 14:407-516;
23:281-282, 342, 344; see also
Ultrasonic flowmetry;
Ultrasonic mass flowmeters
aberration method, 23:347
accuracy of, 14:417
advantages, 23: 351-352
air mass meters, 23: 359-361,
362-363
applications of, 14:485
area-averaging flow velocimeter
and, 1 4 : 4 8 7 - 5 0 3 , 5 1 0
automotive intake air flow sensor,
23:359-361,362-363
beam drift in, 14: 466-449; 23:
347
calibration data for, 14:476
clamp-on, 14: 430, 492
Subject Index
for gases, 23:425-426
for liquids, 23: 361,363-373,
374-375
comparisons of, 14:484
concentration measurement in
gases, 23: 437
correlation type, 14:449-453
disadvantages, 23: 353-358
Doppler flow sensors, 23:41 4-421
Dynamic Test Apparatus for, 14:
493
flare meters, 23: 423, 438-439
flow cell designs in, 14:431-436
Foster flow tubes and, 14:479
Fowlis apparatus in, 14:439
gases, 23: 345-346, 425-426
in gas pipeline measurements, 14:
511-513
high accuracy measurement, 23:
401,403-410
history of, 14:410-412
hybrid, 14:51 0-513; 23: 280
independent of flow profile, 23:
385-398
industrial applications, 23:410-
412
intelligent multisensor flowmeter,
23:424-425
liquid level types of, 14:458-462
measurements, 23:347-358
midradius group of, 14:430-431
multipath, 23:391-398
multiple chords for flow profiles
in, 14:496-499
multiple sensor systems, 23:
421-425
off-axis or side lobes in, 14:
433
portable clamp-on flowmeters, 23:
373, 375-387
ray rotation in, 14:446-449
207
rectangular configurations in, 14:
423-425
reflection or Doppler type, 14:
436-446
sensitivity, 23:350-351
small tube cross section, 23:
398-401,402-403
split cell designs in, 14:425-426
tag-correlation method, 23: 347,
348-349
temperature extremes, 23:
412-414
transducer and cell configurations
in, 14:419-423
turbulence in, 14:446-449
types of, 14:412
ultrasonic mass flowmeters and,
14:503-510
unconventional design in, 14:
423
vortex shedding, 14: 453-458
well-type transducer holder in, 14:
421-423
Ultrasonic flowmetry, 14:515; see
also Ultrasonic flowmeters
attenuation in, 14:449
beam spread calculations for, 14:
480-481
bevelled buffer rods in, 14: 428-
429
biomedical applications of, 14:
470
component advances in, 14:514
data, documentation, and
standardization in, 14:513
"flow notch" and "liquid level
switch" in, 14:463
future applications in, 14:513-514
gas leaks in, 14:416
hot wire waveguides in, 14:
467-469
208
Ultrasonic flowmetry ( c o n t i n u e d )
in-breeding and cross-fertilization
in, 14:515-516
Mach number dependence in, 14:
476
measurement objectives in, 14:
469
moving interfaces in, 14:469-471
new theory in, 14:513
noise in, 14:462-467
in nondestructive testing, 14:514
open channel acoustic flowmeter
error summary for, 14: 478
problems in, 14:513-514
pulsed ultrasonic heating and, 14:
451
reflectors in, 14:427-428
resolution in, 14:417
"simultaneous launch" theory in,
14:418
vs. sound propagation along
wetted surface, 14: 435
standard fittings for small diameter
ducts in, 14:426-427
vortex shedding in, 14:453-458
for weirs, flumes, and ducts, 14:
458-462
Ultrasonic flow velocimeter, 14:
414-486; see also Ultrasonic
flowmetry
Ultrasonic garage-door openers, 15:
78
Ultrasonic generators
transducer materials and, 15:
61-64
whistles as, 15:6
Ultrasonic harmonic generation
measurements, third-order
elastic constants from, 17:1-60
Ultrasonic imaging
C-scan imaging, 24: 65-68,
73-75, 276, 277, 278, 280
Subject Index
data acquisition, 24:299
medical applications, see Medical
ultrasonic imaging
sensors, see Ultrasound sensors
thickness gages, 23:224-229
Ultrasonic interferometer, 4B: 348
Ultrasonic interferometry, 4B: 330,
346-349, 373
phase comparison, 4B: 347-348
pulse superposition, 4B: 348-349
Ultrasonic machining, 15:67
Ultrasonic mass flowmeters, 14:
503-510; see also Ultrasonic
flowmeters
Mach number times acoustic
impedance for, 14:507-510
velocity times density category in,
14:504-507
Ultrasonic measurements
anvil device for, 8:208-209
cylinder devices in, 8:211-233
Grfineisen parameter in, 8:218
high-pressure generator in, 8:208
"Hookian" region of, 10:230
isothermal compression
determination in, 8:226-230
with liquids, 8:221-226
in piston and die systems, 8:
211-233
pressure determination in, 8:
230-233
pressure generator for, 8:206-207
of residual stress, 17:61-143
review of, 8:204-211
sample arrangements for, 8:214
with solids, 8:21 4-221
at very high pressures, 8:
203-234
Ultrasonic microscopy, see Acoustic
microscopy
Ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter,
definition of, 17:11-12
Subject Index
Ultrasonic phonon, propagation of,
in glasses, 12: 159
Ultrasonic Physics (Richardson), 15:
88
Ultrasonic plastic welding, 15:69
Ultrasonic processing, 1B" 1-31
agglomeration, IB: 26-30
atomization, IB: 30-31
beverage foaming and gas removal,
IB: 12-13
chemical effects, IB: 13-14
cleaning, 1B: 3-12
drilling, 1B: 21-23
drying, IB: 31
emulsification and dispersion, IB:
23-25
metallurgical effects, IB: 25-26
soldering and brazing, IB:
14-18
welding, IB: 18-21
Ultrasonic pulse-echo testing system,
14:277-280
Ultrasonic pulses
dipolar, 18:27
generation of with electric arcs, 14:
324
laser generation by, 18: 25, 107,
117, 118, 273
spectrum analysis of, 12:331-334
Ultrasonic radiation, harmful effects
of, 15:82
Ultrasonic receiver modifications,
14:345-347
Ultrasonic reflection coefficient,
cancerous lesion, 23:76
Ultrasonic resonator, 8:105-113
assemblies and probes for, 8:
120-129
isolated one-dimensional, 8:
105-110
three-dimensional propagation
effects in, 8:113-120
209
Ultrasonic responses,
inhomogeneous, 8:176-187
Ultrasonics, 4A: 353-377; see also
Continuous wave ultrasonics;
Ultrasound
acoustic emission and, 15:
78-79
acoustic streaming and, 15:66-67
as aid to blind, 15:78
applied stress measurements using,
17:109-121
birth of, 15" 28-33
cavitation and, 15" 20, 38-39, 58,
65-66
in chemical-biological processes,
15" 72-74
coagulation action in, 15:57
"coming-of-age" of, 15:60-89
commercial uses of, 15:89
defined, 15:2
in dentistry, 15:83
drilling and cutting action in, 15:
67
emulsifying-dispersing action of,
15:56-57
equivalent electrical circuit theory
in, 8" 96
in fluids, 15" 65-66
growth of science of, 15:33-39
high-frequency continuous wave,
8" 95-198
high-power, 15: 64-74
Langevin's work in, 15" 28-30
Loomis Laboratory and, 15:41-46
low-temperature results in, 10:
170-185
metallurgical applications of, 15"
71-72
in nondestructive testing, 15:
74-79
"old" techniques in, 15:39-40
optical aspects of, 15:47-49
210
Ultrasonics (continued)
in ore flotation, 15:71
physical acoustics and, 15: 25,
83-87
postwar books on, 15:87-89
postwar developments in, 15:
60-89
power, 15:55-59
processing by computer-aided
tomography (CAT), 17:119
in residual stress measurements,
17:121-140
"sea birth" of, 15:26
semimetals and, 10:162-166
steel-quartz-steel transducer in, 15:
31,51
submarine detection and, 15:
26-33
in surgery, 15:82
technical literature on, 15:59-60
temperature-pressure dependence
of velocity in, 8:192-193
thin-plate resonances and, 10:
166-169
transducer materials and, 14:
179-180
underwater sound and, 15:83-87
for underwater telephony, 15:34
use in acoustoelastic
measurements, 17:104-109
World War II developments in, 15:
60-62
"Ultrasonic sickness," 15:82-83
Ultrasonic signal processing devices,
surface waves and, 9 : 3 6
Ultrasonic soldering, 15: 68, 89
Ultrasonic source modification, 14:
343-345
Ultrasonic sources
calorimetric methods for, 14:
327-328
fracture-based, 14:321
Subject Index
Ultrasonic spectra, 4B: 192,
195-196
Ultrasonic surface waves, 11:
206-208
Ultrasonic system
generators and receivers in, 10:
128-129
modifications, 14:342-343
Ultrasonic system response, 14:
341-349
electrical impedance matching
techniques and, 14:347-349
ultrasonic receiver modifications
and, 14:345-347
ultrasonic source modifications
and, 14:343-345
Ultrasonic therapy, 15:79
Ultrasonic thermometer, 12: 349; 14:
467-469
Ultrasonic Time Intervalometer
System, 12:283-285
Ultrasonic tomography, 15: 81; 18:
100, 107
Ultrasonic transducers, 14: 295-341;
15:31-32; see also
Electromagnetic transducers;
Piezoelectric transducers
acoustic power from, 14:367
characterization of, 14:349-394
electrical and semiconductor
effects on, 14:338-340
as element in ultrasonic system,
14:282-295
equivalent circuit, IB: 327-333,
331-332
externally mounted, 14:411
for materials testing, 14:
277-394
in pulse-echo and acoustic
emission systems, 14:
277-278
Subject Index
recording and analyzing of, 14:
355
reversible, 14:295-320
self-reciprocity method for, 14:
371
simplifying assumptions for, 14:
284-286
transducer reciprocity and, 14:
286-288
transduction matrix and, 14:
284-286
as ultrasonic source and detector,
14:283-284
variability of, 14:294-295
waveform and, 14:344
"window-in-the-wall" design of,
14:422-423
Ultrasonic transduction, see
Ultrasonic flowmeters;
Ultrasonic transducers
Ultrasonic transients, 18:22
Ultrasonic underwater transmitters,
15:23
Ultrasonic velocimeter, see also
Ultrasonic flowmeters;
Ultrasonic flowmetry
plus dielectric constant, 14:
510-511
plus material gas pressure,
temperature, and
composition, 14:511-513
Ultrasonic velocity, 19:81, 105
absolute accuracy in, 12:319-322
in concentration of solutions and
mixtures, 12:361-369
defined, 12:278
material properties measuring, 23:
208-209, 249, 251,
253-256
measurement of, 12:279-319
process control in, 12:
348-371
211
pulse-echo-overlap method in,
12: 279-298, 319-328
pulse superposition method in,
12: 298-303, 319-322
sing-around system for, 12:
303-308
spot weld size and, 12:343-348
phase adjustment methods in, 12:
308-318
pipeline contents measurement
and, 12:369-370
~-point variant and, 12:315-318
Ultrasonic waves, 12:279-319
acoustic energy and, 10:134
change of attenuation and transit
time in, 8:220
coil design in, 10:138-142
detection, IB: 301,334; 8:280
applications, IB: 1-2
electromagnetic generation of, 10:
127-189; 14:313-314
Fermi surface and, 8:59-60
fundamental experiments in, 10:
135-138
generation of, IB: 334; 8: 280; 18:
195, 205
in solids, 14:320-321
high-temperature results in, 10:
135-148
interaction at a stressed point, 17:
120
laser generation of, 18:273
low amplitude, IB: 31-54
applications, IB: 51-54
continuous wave, IB: 36-40
inspection, 1B: 32-36
pulsed systems, 1B: 46-51
resonance systems, IB: 40-46
polarization of, 10:170
propagation through solids, 18:
129
radiated pressure, 1B: 160-161
212
Ultrasonic waves ( c o n t i n u e d )
use in inspection and processing,
1B: 1-55
Ultrasonic welding, 15: 69, 89
Ultrasound, s e e a l s o Ultrasonic
imaging; Ultrasonics
attenuation in solids, 16:34-35
Edelmann whistle and, 15:20
history of, 15: 2-20, 53-55, 79
intense, s e e Intense ultrasound
light diffraction by, 15:47
medical applications, s e e Medical
ultrasonic imaging
in medical diagnosis, 15:
79-80
multipath and multipoint, 23: 283,
284-286
propagation, 23:82
nonlinear, 23:179
pulse-echo ultrasound, s e e Pulse-
echo ultrasound
scientific uses of, 15: 37, 53-55
"sea birth" o f, 15: 28-29
self-field excitation of, 14: 233;
s e e a l s o Electromagnetic
transducers
sensors, s e e Sensors; Ultrasound
sensors
soft tissue, 23: 49, 57, 58-61
submarine detection with, 15:
26-33
tag-correlation method, 23: 347,
348-349, 418, 420
Ultrasound amplitude ratio, 14:246
Ultrasound detection
optical path difference method in,
14:331
photographic and chemical
techniques in, 14:340-341
schlieren technique in, 14:
334-335
surface measurements in, 14:328
Subject Index
Ultrasound detectors, 14:325-341
acoustoelectric effects in, 14:
338-340
electrical and semiconductor
effects in, 14:338-340
mechanical, 14:325-326
optical techniques for, 14:
328-337
thermal, 14:326-328
Ultrasound efficiency, in
magnetostrictive regime, 14:
216
Ultrasound intensities, measurement
of, 14:268
Ultrasound sensors, s e e also
Transducers
acoustic impedance and, 23: 339,
342-344, 422, 425, 444
air-coupled ultrasound, 23: 305,
310-317, 434, 444-447
attenuation-based system, 23:331
back-sensors, 23:307
choosing, 23:281-282
clamp-on sensors, 23: 277, 279,
290, 328, 344, 361,363-373,
374-375,425-426
contactless sensors, 23: 443-456,
457
distance sensors, 23: 288, 302, 321
fuzzy logic with, 23: 288, 301,425
HLAS system, 23:331,332, 333
hybrid transducers, 23: 279-280,
291,361,364, 382-383
industrial applications, 23: 278,
281,289-290
aviation industry, 23: 312, 332
cost, 23:283
distance range, 23:298-299
flare meters, 23: 423, 438-439
flow, s e e Ultrasonic flowmeters
in gases, 23: 298-299, 305,
31 0-327, 345-346, 401,
Subject Index
403, 404, 405, 425-426,
437-438, 440
hot tapping, 23: 279, 280
level limit monitoring, 23: 339
in liquids, 23: 290, 291-296,
298, 327-339, 344, 361,
363-373, 374-375, 425,
439, 441-443
pressure measurement, 23"
430-436
temperature measurement, 23:
426-430
traffic control, 23: 307-308,
450-454
water tap control, 23:308-310
installation guidelines, 23:327
intrusive sensors, 23: 279,
290-291,294-297, 435-436
level sensors in air, 23:310-327
maintenance, 23:327-328
multipath and multipoint sensors,
23: 283, 284-286
nonintrusive sensors, 23: 277, 279,
290, 291-294
passive sensors, 23: 276, 288
point sensors, 23:328
presence sensors, 23: 299-306,
321
propagation path sensors, 23:288
proximity sensors, 23: 299, 321,
324
proximity switches, 23: 299, 302
pyroelectric effect and, 23:321
surface acoustic wave (SAW)
sensors, see Surface acoustic
wave sensors
system architecture, 23:286-289
theory, 23:276-286
types, 23: 277, 279-280, 288
wetted transducers, 23: 279, 346
wireless sensors, 23: 443-456,
457
213
Ultrasound signal, matching and
mixing of, 14:243-244
Ultrasound sources, 14:320-325
mechanical, 14:322
thermal, 14:323-325
Ultrasound transducers, see
Transducers; Ultrasonic
transducers
Umbilic point, 21: 115
Umklapp processes, 3B: 211, 215,
218; 5: 256, 259, 267; 6:
78-79; 8" 302, 314-318
attenuation and, 8:329
in phonon generation, 12" 108
Unbounded media, 2B: 271-274
Uncertainty principle, 3B: 228-229
Underwater EDT, 14: 265, 268
Underwater PET's, EMT applications
in, 14" 264-265
Underwater sound, 15: 26-33, 85
Underwater ultrasound transmitters,
15:23
Unfolding, 21: 97-101, 197
Uniaxial crystal, sound propagation
in, 14- 97-101
Uniform approximations, 21: 66,
167, 168
Uniform asymptotic theories, 21" 18
Uniqueness, of solution, 22: 285,
327, 349
Unitary operator, 22:11
Unitary representation, 22:80
Unit cell changes, in A-15 structure
superconductors, 10:206-209
Universities, technology transfer, 23:
8-12, 14, 22-23; 24" 8-12, 14,
22-23
Unsaturated films, third sound in,
11:33
Unsteered beam pattern,
multielement array, 23:
114-116
214
"Untuned" transducer, 15:165-166
U processes, 3B: 229, 231
Upward-looking transducers,
ultrasound, 23: 295, 337
Uranium dioxide, 7:56
elastic behavior of, 12:65-67
USAF Resolving Power Test Target,
24:316
U.S. Army, Physical Sciences
Directorate (PSD) case study,
23: 33-42; 24:33-42
U.S. Borax and Chemical Corp., 11:
323
U.S. Bureau of Mines, 11:323
UT, see Ultrasonic thermometer
V spherical harmonics, 22:7
Vacancy, 3A: 21, 188-189
formation and decay, 3A: 68
pinning points, 3A: 355-356
relaxations, 3A: 33-35
Valence, 3B: 64-75
Vanadium, 3A: 142; 3B: 31; 4A:
287; 7: 32, 33, 197, 213
trivalent, 4A: 91-92
Van de Graaf accelerator, 3A: 301
van der Waals mixtures, 7:83
van Dyke electrical probe method,
for quartz crystal vibration
studies, 16:92-94
Van Vleck's bottleneck, 3B: 225-
227
Vapor deposition, 4A: 199-203
apparatus, 4A: 202-203
procedure, 4A: 209
Vaporization, 18: 29, 30, 247
in photoacoustic signal production,
18:247
Variable path cell, 14:151
Variable resistor, IB: 202
Subject Index
Variational formalism, in design of
resonant piezoelectric devices,
16:50
Variational indicator, 22: 199, 206
Variational operator, 22:198
Variational statement, 22:197
Varley mechanism, 3B: 123
V atom Knight shift, 10:199-200
V bands, 3B: 111
VCXO, 24:227
Vector array, medical ultrasound, 23:
111-112
Vector basis functions, 22:70
Vector identities, 22: 269, 278
Vector potential, 22:47
Vectors
Helrnholtz equation, 22:47
Vehicular technology, ultrasonic
sensors for, 23: 307-308,
450-454
Velocity, 2A: 355-376; 4B: 55-77;
6: 276, 285, 292; 7: 298-299;
19: 81, 83
amplified by bubbles, 2B:
321-322
bulk-wave, 6:113
change in, 19:81
change measurement
cw resonance, 4A: 279-280
dislocation effects, 4A: 289-291
low-frequency, 4A: 278
magnetic field effects, 4A:
282-285
phase comparison, 4A: 278-279
sing-around, 4A: 280-281
static stress effect, 4A: 294-296
superconductivity, 4A: 291-294
temperature effect, 4A: 286-289
chemical equilibria, 2A: 373-376
compressional, 4B: 385-387
vs. temperature, 4B: 441-442
Subject Index
dependence, 6:233
determination, 4B: 349-372
dilute solutions, 2A: 364
ionic constituents, 2A: 364-365
dispersion, 2A: 315-318; 4A: 251;
7:67
elastic constants and
at high pressure, 4B: 366-370
at high temperature, 4B:
370-372
elastic wave, 4B: 277
electrolytes, 2A: 355-358
estimating, 4B: 373-374
excitation, 6:250
from refractive index, 4B:
360-361
group, 6:113; 19:82
ion-solvent interactions, 2A-
365-373
of liquid metals, 4B: 67-68
Maxwellian distribution, 4B: 133,
143
measurements, 2B: 358-359; 4B:
57-58, 330-349; 24:
348-351
pulse techniques, 1A: 288-290
near melting point, 4B: 55-61
of metal, 4B: 93
non-Maxwellian distribution, 4B:
145
normal, 6:249
particle, IA: 3
average, 2B: 282
second harmonic, 2B: 245
PBF theory of, 6:313
phase, 6:114, 119; 19:82
predictions, 2A: 358-365
pressure and, 4B: 68, 432-440
theoretical, 4B: 69
propagation
in fluids, IA: 60
from linearized theory, IA: 97
215
isentropic (adiabatic), 1A: 98
isothermal, IA: 60, 76
measured as a function of stress,
IA: 98-101
in rocks and minerals, 4B:
329-376, 395-420
shear, 4B: 432-440, 443-444
shear-wave, 6:116, 141-146
shift, 19:109
silicon, 4A: 345
sodium borate glasses, 2B:
122-123
sound, see Sound velocity
streaming, 2B: 282-314
superfluid, 6:249
temperature and, 4B: 65-70,
443-444
terminal creep, 2B: 145
transform, 2B: 282
in triglycine sulfate, 7:104
ultrasonic, 3A: 214-221
wave, stiffness and loss factor, IA:
272-273
Velocity anisotropy
EMT measurement of, 14:256
in smectic C material, 14:171-172
Velocity-dependent dislocation
barrier, 9:15
Velocity dispersions, for elastic
surface waves, 11:236-237
Velocity ratio, in acoustic materials,
14:11
Velocity times density, in ultrasonic
mass flowmeters, 14:504-507
Vermon, piezoelectric composite
transducers, 24: 97, 99
Vernuil process, 5:130
Versatility, 19:83
Vertex, 21: 171, 179
Vertical displacements, evolution of
in elastic wave propagation, 9:
82
216
Vertical forces, in infinite medium,
13:190
Very-low-frequency generators, 15:
27
Vibralloy, IA: 364
Vibrating bar, 2B: 323-324
Vibrating plates
boundary conditions for, 11:
270-271
fundamental equations for, 11:
266-268
in quartz crystal resonators, 11:
266-278
wave propagation equation for, 11:
268-270
Vibrating quartz, diffraction of, 5:
127
Vibrating shell segment, 22:307
Vibrating string model, 4A:
225-274; 5:166
of dislocation segment, 9: 20-26,
30
loss
amplitude-dependent, 4A:
245-246
dynamic, 4A: 239-245
schematic, 4A: 238
Vibrational methods, 18:336
Vibrational mode imaging, 18:151
Vibrational mode patterns, 18:160
Vibrational modes, 18:151
Vibrational relaxation, 2A: 147-173;
6: 37; 18:279-399
absorption by atmospheric sound,
17:157-171
adiabatic principle, 2A: 85-88
air, humid, 2A: 171-173
experiments, 2A: 185-188
gases, diatomic, 2A: 147-151,
157-171
molecular theory, 2A: 185-191
triatomic, 2A: 152-157
Subject Index
Vibrations
composite, 2B: 11-15
forced, 2B: 12-15
free, 2B: 12
magnetoelastic, 4B: 225-227.
in yttrium garnet, 4B: 241
mechanical
derivations, IA: 277-278
transmission line equations, IA:
276-278
of piezoelectric solids, IA:
219-233
electrical boundary conditions,
IA: 220
excitation in crystals and
ceramics, IA: 232-233
length expander bar, 1A:
225-226
lumped constant, IA: 220-224
mechanical boundary
conditions, IA: 219-220
radial and contour, IA: 231
thickness, in thin piezoelectric
plates, IA: 228-230
resonant, 5:135, 139
thermoelastic, 18: 348, 349
thickness-shear, 5:118, 139
Vibration-translation (V-T)
collisions, 18: 292-294,
298-301,336-343
Vibration-vibration (V-V) collisions,
18: 292-305, 336-343
Vibrators
piezomagnetic, 1A: 263-265
equivalent circuit, IA:
263-265
resonant, 1B: 353-363
design, IB: 355-363
strains, IB: 353-355
Virtual caustic, 21: 219
Virtual exit plane, 21: 161
Virtual phonon interaction, 12:8
Subject Index
Virtual work, 22:213, 266
Viscoelastic behavior, 6:238
Viscoelastic constitutive equations,
2B: 168-173
Viscoelastic fluid, 6:13
Viscoelasticity, 2B: 2-4
distribution functions, 2B: 94-98
experiments, 2B: 34-43
Kelvin-Voigt model of, 15:221
linear, 2B: 91-98
materials, 2B: 1-2, 4-28
molecular concepts, 2B: 176
synthetic rubber, 2B: 187
temperature dependence, 2B:
34-43
theory, 2A: 286-287
Viscoelastic medium, 1A: 87-89
Viscoelastic objects, 22:74
Viscometers
Couette, 2B: 144-145
low frequency, 1A: 294
Viscosity
in acoustic absorption, 14:
74-75
calculation, 2B: 151-154
chlorinated biphenyls, of, 6:194
complex, 6: 196, 208
dynamic, 6:215, 222, 227-233
steady-flow, 6:208
creep and stress, 2B: 151-154
rate, 2B: 146-147
distortion, 2B: 239-242
effect on collapse speed, IB:
100-101, 103
and frequency, 2B: 24-28
high-frequency limiting, 6:168
internal, 2B: 34
kink viscosity, 3A: 458-461
liquid metals, 4B: 77-81
local, 2B: 33-34
Maxwell models, 2B: 24-28
infinite in parallel, 2B: 24-25
217
mercury, 4B: 79
phonon, 3B: 275-283; 4A: 317
pressure influence, 2B: 180
relative, 2B: 146-147
shear, 4A: 302-303
steady state
creep, 2B: 145-148
measurement, 2B: 141-144
structural viscosity, see Structural
viscosity
Viscosity tensor, 8:309
for smectic B material, 14:136
Viscous drag, moving dislocation
and, 9 : 2
Viscous flow, 2B: 127-131
equilibrium, 2B: 131
room temperature, 2B: 151-154
Viscous fluid, sound propagation
through, 16:3-6
Vitreous silica, 19: 104; see also
Glasses
fast neutron damage in, 12:209
properties of, 12:158-159
relaxation process in, 12:168
sound absorption in, 12:166
Vitrons, 6:169, 198, 210
Voigt model, 2B: 22-25, 28
deformation, 2B: 23
Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximation,
4B: 263-264
Voigt's elastic coefficients, 3A: 405
Volatilization, 18:349
Voltage transfer ratio, in
piezoelectric transducers, 9:
227, 229
Volume change, 1A: 7
Volume imaging, 24: 308, 310-313,
314, 315
Volume relaxation, 2B: 165-229
amorphous polymers, 2B:
165-229
218
Volume relaxation (continued)
constitutive equations, 2B:
168-173
experiments, 2B: 182-225
pseudotransitions, 2B: 173-174
shear, dilatational behavior, 2B:
165-166, 181-182
Volume strains, in A-15 structure
superconductors, 10:272
Vortex, acoustic measurement of
circulation in, 14:434
Vortex shedding
averaging in, 14:456
shedding frequency in, 14:455
Vortex shedding flowmeter
configurations, 14:457
Vortex shedding ultrasonic
flowmeters, 14:412
Vortex shedding ultrasonic
velocimeters, 14:453-458
Vortex whistle, 14: 454; 15:64
Voxel, defined, 23:129
Vulcanized rubber, 2B: 201-202,
205-207
Vycor, IA: 487
W Watson poles, 21:269
Wall
nonslip condition, 2B: 274-276
standing waves, 2B: 276-278
traveling waves, 2B: 274-276
Wall collisions, 18:282-286
Waller mechanism, 4A: 60-62
Wall mechanisms, 3A: 228
Washington Navy Yard, 15:51
Water, 2A: 156, 297, 315, 376-378;
3B: 288
adiabatic curve, 1B: 108
heat conductivity, IB: 148
local order of, 16:31
measurement of sound, IA:
357-359
Subject Index
pure, 2A: 366-367
relaxation frequency, 2A: 438
sea
absorption, 2A: 376-378, 393
compressibility, 2A: 364-365
sound absorption by, 16:30
structural viscosity, 2A: 305-310
isothermal loss, 2A: 308
surface waves from plates in, 10:
118-124
threshold of, IB: 126-127
two-state model, 2A: 398, 400
volume viscosity, 2A: 297-298
Water-aluminum surface, Rayleigh
waves, and, 10:107-108
Water-plastic boundary, total internal
reflection at, 14:78
Water sapphire velocity ratio, 14:11
Water-silicon interface, of SAM in
reflection mode, 14:85
Waterston, work on theory of sound,
16: 6-7, 27
Water tap control, ultrasound
sensors, 23:308-310
Water vapor, role in atmospheric
sound absorption, 17:146
Watson-Sommerfeld transform, 10:
22, 24, 29, 56, 78; 12: 218,
254-270, 270; 15: 221; 22: 3,
35, 42, 54, 169
Watson transformation, 15:
218-219; 21: 149, 206-208,
216, 218, 236-248, 266, 277
Wave energy, diffraction and
focusing of, 10: 303; see also
Surface waves
Wave equations, 16: 3, 59; see also
Surface waves
boundary conditions and, 9:37-44
fluid, 4B: 102-104
Maxwell's, 4B: 102-104
Subject Index
in piezoelectric media, IA:
193-198
impure propagation modes, 1A:
193-194
mechanical damping, IA:
197-198
for purely propagating waves,
IA: 196-198
plasma dispersion, 4B: 104-107
propagation constant polarization,
4B: 101-102
for straight crested waves, 9:38
Wave fields, random, statistical
properties of, 17:233-310
Waveforms, 2B: 242-243; 19:83
split, 2B: 244
Wavefront, 21: 9, 21-22, 40, 56-68,
103-109, 121-128, 184-191,
206, 218, 240; 22:63
aberration, in acoustic microscopy,
14:25-26
dislocations, 21: 137-140, 216
expansions, 18:211
group velocity, 10:120
Waveguide devices, 6:111
Waveguides, 22:77
acoustic, 11: 110-125
heating of, 14: 467
long wavelength approximation in,
11:111
SAW signal processing, 24:
175-177
slowly varying guide in short
wavelength limit, 11: 121
Webster expansions in, 11: 119
Webster Horn equation in, 11:
111
Wave harmonics, measurements of,
17:120-121
Wavelength, 19: 82, 108
Wave modes, longitudinal, shear and
surface, 18: 77
219
Wave motion in prestressed bodies,
17:64-71
Wave packets, 19: 82; 21:137
Wave propagation, 2B: 184-198;
3A: 199
in cubic crystal, 17: 9-11
finite-amplitude, 2B: 232-250
explicit solution, 2B: 238-239
in fluids and normal solids, IA:
1-109
in half-space, IA: 86
in ideal gas, 2B: 231-232
in layered media, 14:51-56
low-frequency, IA: 76-77
mode conversion and, 15:241
motion in sample, 2B: 184-196
homogeneous dilatational, 2B:
196-198
in ordinary liquids, 14:108-113
for plane waves incident on plane
boundaries, 14:51-55
in stressed solids, 17:3
theory, 18: 63-67, 87, 94, 109
ultrasonic beam, 2B: 271
Waves
circumferential, see
Circumferential waves
dilatationless, 1A: 65-66
dispersion relation, 4B: 115-117
earthquake, primary and
secondary, 1A: 78-79
elastic, 7:307
in earth, 3B: 287-322
elastic traveling, see Elastic
traveling waves
in fluids, 2B: 246-247
grazing boundary, 2B: 313-314
guided elastic, IA: 153-164
irrotational, 1A: 79
lattice, 3B: 201-219
linearly polarized, 3B: 138-139
longitudinal, 7 : 4
220
Waves ( c o n t i n u e d )
Love waves, s e e Love waves
magnetoelastic waves, s e e
Magnetoelastic waves
near-boundary streaming, 2B:
303-314
nonuniform magnetic field, 4B:
238-240
and oscillations, representations of,
1A: 55-57
oscillatory, near cylinder, 2B:
295-299
parallel pumping, 3B: 163-165
phase velocities, 2B: 335-336
plane waves, s e e Plane waves
plasma theory, 4B: 101-131
in plastically deformed media,
ultrasonic measurements, 17:
121-126
quartz wind, 2B: 299-303
Rayleigh surface, IA: 86
Rayleigh waves, s e e Rayleigh
waves
reflection and refraction of, s e e
Reflection
seismic waves, s e e Seismic waves
SH, IA: 118-122
sinusoidal, initially, 2B: 335
small-amplitude
in crystals, IA: 89-108
in fluids, IA: 58-71
in isotropic linear elastic solids,
IA: 72-86
in linear viscoelasticin medium,
IA: 87-89
standing waves, s e e Standing
waves
thermal waves, s e e Thermal waves
transverse field
absent, 4B: 107-125
polarization, 4B: 101-102
b'ubject Index
traveling waves, s e e Traveling
waves
in unbounded medium, 1A: 77-79
isentropic propagation, 1A:
77-79
isotropic, 1A: 77-79
Weak absorbance detection, 18:366
Weak shock waves, in nonlinear
acoustics, 11:126-132
Wearplates, 19:89
Websites, ultrasound sensors, 23:
361
Webster Horn equation, 15:41
in acoustic waveguides, 11: 75,
111-112, 114
Webster variables, in acoustics, 11:
113-115
Wedge materials
low shear wave velocity for, 14:
481
mismatch and attenuation losses
for, 14:471-475
Weger-Labbe-Friedel model
in structural transformation
temperature studies, 13:
31
Weinreich's relation, 4A: 18
Weirs, ultrasonic flowmetry for, 14:
458-462
Welding, IB: 18-21
acoustic emission and, 11:
320-321
Weld-on shear wave probe, 14:474
Weld prep, 23:290
Weld strength, acoustic emission
monitoring of, 15:352
Well system, in dislocations, 8:
360-362
Well-type transducer holder, 14:
421-423
Western Electric Co., 9:170; 15: 33,
35, 350
Subject Index
Westinghouse Aerospace and
Electronic Systems Division,
11:223
Wetted transducers, 23: 279, 346
Whispering gallery modes, 22:25
geometry of, 10: 40, 42, 44, 49, 53
Whispering gallery waves, 15:
206-207, 213; 21: 258-275,
289, 296, 300, 309
Whistler mode, 4B: 120
Whistles
Hartmann, IB: 27
heat radiation effects and, 15:15
high-frequency, 15:15
liquid, 1B: 23-25
stationary siren, IB: 26-27
as ultrasonic generators, 15: 6, 39,
64, 70
White light, defined, 23:172
White's surface-heat-source model,
18:197-199
Wide-aperture processors, coherent,
7:349-350
polarization discrimination, and, 7:
352-354
as signal generators, 7:354-355
Wide cells, 18:230-369
Wide-flanged beams, acoustoelastic
measurements on, 17:131-133
Wiedemann effect, 23: 294, 337, 338
Wiedermann-Franz law, 4B: 78
Wien effect-II, 2A: 396-398
Wiener-Khintchine equation, 4B:
186; 17:242
Wigner distribution function, 17:
285
Wigner's simplified rotation
matrices, 22:80
Wigner-Ville diagram, 21: 300-302,
312
"Window-in-the-wall" design
221
in ultrasonic transducers, 14:
422-423
Wire lines, piezoelectric
dispersive longitudinal, IA:
451-453
nondispersive longitudinal, 1A:
450-451
Wires, 19:136
Wire waveguide, as temperature
sensor, 23: 427, 428
Withdrawal weighting technique, 15:
120-122
WKB approximation, 4B: 236-237
WKB method, in matched
asymptotic expansion, 11: 75
WLF equation, 2B: 109-110,
129-130, 181, 189
data reduction, 2B: 197-198
free volume concept, 2B: 201,203
WLF model, 2B: 139
Wobbulation, 1B: 39-40
Wolcott tables, 3B: 18-24
Wood, acoustic emission in, 11:
316-319
Worked polycrystals, 19:130
World War I
submarine detection in, 15:26-30
ultrasound developments in, 15:
30-32, 37
World War II, submarine detection
in, 15:52
Write zooms
medical ultrasound, 23:138
X
X-cut rod transducer, in spin-phonon
spectrometer, 8:32
Xenon, 4B: 152
XO, s e e Crystal oscillator
X-ray diffraction topography
Berg-Barrett method, 5:114
222
flexural mode and, 5: 148, 149
Lang method, 5:100, 114
magnetic domain, observations, 5:
133
of perfect single crystals, 5:120
of quartz vibrational modes, 16:
42, 48, 67, 88, 94-110
physical considerations, 16:
96-107
source image distortion
technique, 16:107-110
section topographs, 5 : 1 1 4
stereographic, 5 : 1 1 6
X-ray-image reconstruction, of
ultrasonic signals by computer-
aided tomography, 17:119
X-ray radiography, medical
applications, 23:47
X-rays, acoustic holograms and, 10:
358
Y 136-137, 148-152, 160, 165,
YBa2Cu307
crystal structure, 20:292
elastic constants, 20:295
oriented, 20:254-271
activation energy, 20: 262, 263,
289, 297
attenuation, anisotropy, 20:
254-264, 297
critical current density,
anisotropy, 20:255
elastic constants, 20:297
magnetization, anisotropy, 20:
255
sintered, ordinary, 20: 243-254,
276
sinter forged, 20:255-271
superconducting fluctuations, 20:
290
velocity, 20:252-254
Subject Index
velocity, anisotropy, 20:264-271
"Yobell" geometry or specimen, 15:
316-318, 320
Young's modulus, 4A: 310-311; 16:
75
a complex, 2B: 184-185
determination of, IA: 6, 297-298
maximum and minimum values of,
18: 145, 146
of optic fibers, 16: 396, 398
for steel, IA: 249
temperature effect, 2B: 154-155
Yttrium-alumina-germanium-
mercury (YAG-Hg) acoustic
lens, 14:5
Yttrium aluminum garnet, 3B: 165
Yttrium aluminum garnet-water
interface, in antireflection
coatings, 14:57
Yttrium gallium garnet, 3B: 165
Yttrium iron garnet (YIG), 3B:
193-194; 7:307
acoustic attenuation, 3B:
182-185
elastic, magnetoelastic waves, 4B:
248-249
losses, 3B: 129, 171-181
magnetic ions, 3B: 186
magnetoelastic properties
applications, 4B: 250-260
body diagonal coordinate
system, 4B: 260-264
echoes, 16:298
experiments, 4B: 244-250
finite sample size, 4B: 242
isotropy, 4B: 21 4-215
theory, 4B: 212-244
modes, 3B: 167-177
Q, 3B: 169
room temperature constants, 4B:
260
Subject Index
spheres, 3B: 153-158; 4B:
249-250
spin wave instabilities, 3B:
163-165
Z-cut quartz crystals, vibration
studies on, 16: 75-76, 77-78
Zech array, 18:19
Zech gratings, 18:17, 18, 19
Zech logarithm, 18: 2, 17, 18, 19
Zeeman effect, 20:227
Zeeman energy, 4A: 57
Zeeman frequency, Raman process
and, 8 : 2 4
Zeiss Company, 15:71
Zeiss-Nomarski interference contrast
microscope, 14:82
Zeiss Photo-Microscope, 14:11, 81
Zener diodes, 1B: 204-205,
245-246
Zener loss, 1A: 77
Zener relaxation, 3A: 29-33, 65-69;
13:16-18
breadth, 3A: 67-68
in multicomponent alloys, 3A: 68
Zernicke phase plate, 7: 333, 336,
339
Zero applied field, 7:100
Zero-field attenuation, 7:25
Zero-order electric displacement, in
Tiersten-Mindlin theory, 9:181
Zero-point energy, 6:244
Zeros of a function, 21: 266,
276-277, 289
Zero temperature coefficients, 3B:
193-194
Zero-thickness bond, 19:87
Zero-thickness problem, in
diffraction by thick plate, 11:
108
223
Zeroth-order mode, 1A: 418-420,
428, 440, 444, 467
shear and torsional, 1A: 475
thickness shear of an infinite plate,
IA: 420
Zimm theory, 6: 214, 219
Zinc, 3A: 80; 4B: 23, 44-46,
301-302, 323; 6: 147; 7: 193,
207
Debye 19, 3B: 5-6, 25
dislocations, 3B: 280-281
molten
compressibility, 4B: 65, 70
conductivity, 4B: 70, 78
resistivity, 4B: 73-74
velocity, 4B: 55
Zinc acetate, 2A: 419-420, 424,
427-429
Zinc chlorides, 2A: 322, 334-336,
338
Zinc crystals, dislocation drag in, 16:
196-197, 202-205
twinning in, magnetic field effect
on, 16:175
Zinc oxide, 4A: 2; 4B: 359
echo formation in, 16: 234, 265,
335
Zinc sulfide, 4A: 212, 215
epitaxial growth, 4A: 210-211
piezoelectric properties, 4A:
196-198
Zircon, 6:144-146
Zone focusing, medical ultrasound,
23:119-123
Zone plates
converging waves generated by,
10:306
holograms and, 10:301-311
production of, 10:302
reflection, 10:321-237
Zooms, medical ultrasound, 23:
138
 Contents of Volume 1A

CONTRIBUTORS TO PART A v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I-PART B xiii

Wave Propagation in Fluids and Normal Solids

R. N. THURSTON
I. INTRODUCTION 2
II. FUNDAMENTALS OF CONTINUUM MECHANICS 2
III. REPRESENTATION OF OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 55
IV. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN FLUIDS 58
V. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN ISOTROPIC LINEAR ELASTIC SOLIDS 72
VI. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN A LINEAR VISCOELASTIC MEDIUM 87
VII. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN CRYSTALS 89
VIII. SMALL-AMPLITUDE WAVES IN STRAINED ELASTIC CRYSTALS 91
REFERENCES 109

Guided Wave Propagation in Elongated Cylinders and Plates

T. R. MEEKER AND A. H. MEITZLER

I. INTRODUCTION 112
II. MODES OF PROPAGATION IN PLATES 112
III. MODES OF PROPAGATION IN SOLID CYLINDERS 130
IV.. APPLICATIONS OF THEORIES FOR GUIDED WAVES IN PLATES AND
CYLINDERS 141
V. SPECIAL EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH GUIDED ELASTIC
WAVES IN PLATES AND CYLINDERS 153

225
226 Contents of Volume 1A

REFERENCES 164
GENERAL REFERENCES 166

Piezoelectric and Piezomagnetic Materials and Their Function in Transducers

DON A. BERLINCOURT, DANIEL R. CURRAN, AND HANS JAFFE

Io HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 170

II. PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF IMPORTANT CRYSTALS 171
III. EQUATIONS OF THE PIEZOELECTRIC MEDIUM 182
IV. POLYCRYSTALLINE FERROELECTRICS 198
V. COMMON MODES OF VIBRATION FOR PIEZOELECTRIC SOLIDS 219
VI. EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 233
VII. PIEZOMAGNETICMATERIALS 257
REFERENCES 267

Ultrasonic Methods for Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Liquids and Solids
H. J. MCSKIMIN

Io A GENERAL LOOK AT METHODS 272

II. TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS FOR MECHANICALVIBRATIONS 276
III. TECHNIQUES FOR Low-VISCOSITY LIQUIDS 278
IV. VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS 292
V. PLASTICS AND RUBBER-LIKE MATERIALS FOR MECHANICAL
VIBRATIONS 297
VI. MEASURING TECHNIQUES FOR HARD SOLIDS 303
VII. MEASUREMENTOF ELASTIC MODULI OF SINGLE CRYSTALS 324
REFERENCES 330

Use of Piezoelectric Crystals and Mechanical Resonators in Filters and Oscillators

WARREN P. MASON

I. INTRODUCTION 336
II. PROPAGATIONPROPERTIES OF WAVES IN GASES, LIQUIDS, AND
SOLIDS 355
Contents of Volume 1A 227

III. PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTAL ELEMENTS 371

IV FILTER CIRCUITS EMPLOYING CRYSTAL AND CERAMIC RESONATORS 381
V CRYSTAL CONTROLLED OSCILLATORS 393
VI. ELECTROMECHANICAL SELECTORS AND FILTER SYSTEMS 398
REFERENCES 412
APPENDIX 416

Guided Wave Ultrasonic Delay Lines

JOHN E. MAY, JR.

Io INTRODUCTION 418
II. TORSIONAL MODE DELAY LINES 428
III. SHEAR MODE STRIP DELAY LINES 438
IV. LONGITUDINAL MODE WIRE DELAY LINES 446
V. LONGITUDINAL MODE DISPERSIVE STRIP DELAY LINES 455
VI. LONGITUDINAL MODE DISPERSIVE STRIP DELAY LINES WITH
TAPERED THICKNESS 461
VII. TRANSDUCER CONSIDERATIONS 467
REFERENCES 481

Multiple Reflection Ultrasoninc Delay Lines

WARREN P. MASON

Io HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 485

II. TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES IN SOLIDS 486
III. FORMS OF STRAIGHT PATH AND MULTIPLE REFLECTION DELAY
LINES 494
IV FURTHER WORK AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 498
REFERENCES 499

AUTHOR INDEX 501

SUBJECT INDEX 508
 Contents of Volume 1B

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF VOLUME I-PART A xiii

The Use of High- and Low-Amplitude Ultrasonic Waves for Inspection and
Processing
BENSON CARLIN

Io INTRODUCTION: APPLICATIONS IN INSPECTION AND PROCESSING 1

II. ULTRASONIC PROCESSING: HIGH-AMPLITUDE ULTRASONICS 3
III. LoW-AMPLITUDE WAVES 31
REFERENCES 54

Physics of Acoustic Cavitation in Liquids

H. G. FLYNN
Io INTRODUCTION 58
II. THE DYNAMICS OF A SINGLE CAVITY 72
III. NUCLEI AND THRESHOLDS 116
IV. SOME PHYSICAL PHENOMENA ASSOCIATED WITH ACOUSTIC
CAVITATION 131
V. CAVITATION ACTIVITY 153
VI. INTERPRETATIONS OF CAVITATION PHENOMENA 167
REFERENCES 168

228
Contents of Volume 1B 229

10

Semiconductor TransducersmGeneral Considerations

WARREN P. MASON

I. INTRODUCTION 173
II. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS 174
III. DEVICES USING THE HALL EFFECT AND THE MAGNETORESISTANCE
EFFECT 196
IV. p-n JUNCTIONS AND ESAKI DIODES 202
V. NOISE IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES 210
REFERENCES 213

11

Use of Semiconductor Transducers in Measuring Strains, Accelerations,

and Displacements
R. N. THURSTON

I. THE PIEZORESISTANCE EFFECT 215

II. SEMICONDUCTOR STRAIN GAGES 223
III. OTHER APPLICATIONS 233
IV. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, NOISE, AND NONLINEARITY 233
REFERENCES 234

12

Use of p-n Junction Semiconductor Transducers in Pressure and

Strain Measurements
M. E. SIKORSKI

Io INTRODUCTION 238
II. SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES 238
III. EFFECT OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON THE I - V
CHARACTERISTICS OF TUNNEL DIODES, THEORY 251
IV. OPERATION OF ESAKI DIODES 254
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON TUNNEL DIODES 264
VI. TEMPERATURE EFFECTS IN TUNNEL DIODES 280
VII. NOISE IN TUNNEL DIODES 284
VIII. DEVICE APPLICATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES 289
230 Contents of Volume 1B

IX. TRANSISTOR TRANSDUCERS 301

X. DISCUSSION 318
REFERENCES 319

13

The Depletion Layer and Other High-Frequency Transducers

Using Fundamental Modes
D. L. WHITE

I. RESISTIVELAYER TRANSDUCERS 321

II. PROPERTIESOF FUNDAMENTAL TRANSDUCERS 326
III. SOMEASPECTS OF PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SEMI-
CONDUCTORS 335
IV. THE DEPLETION LAYER TRANSDUCER 338
V. THF DIFFUSION LAYER TRANSDUCER 343
VI. EPITAXIALTRANSDUCERS 347
VII. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTIVE LAYER TRANSDUCERS 348
VIII. AN EVALUATION 351
REFERENCES 351

14

The Design of Resonant Vibrators

EDWARD EISNER
Io INTRODUCTION 353
II. STRAINS IN RESONANT BODIES 353
III. DESIGN OF A RESONATOR 355
REFERENCES 363

AUTHOR INDEX 367

SUBJECT INDEX 372
 Contents of Volume 2A

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS AND FUTURE VOLUMES xiii

Transmission of Sound Waves in Gases at Very Low Pressures

MARTIN GREENSPAN

I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. NOMENCLATURE 3
III. THEORY 7
IV.. EXPERIMENTALMETHODS 28
V. RESULTSAND DISCUSSION 34
VI. MIXTURES 35
VII. FREE-MOLECULE PROPAGATION 37
VIII. APPENDIX: TABLES 40
REFERENCES 43

Phenomenological Theory of the Relaxation Phenomena in Gases

H.-J. BAUER

LIST OF SYMBOLS 48
Io INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 50
II. THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS OF IRREVERSIBLE
PROCESSES 52
III. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESSES IN HOMOGENEOUS CLOSED SYSTEMS AND
IN FREE ACOUSTIC FIELDS 55
IV. THE SINGLE RELAXATION PROCESS 61

231
232 Contents of Volume 2A

V SIMULTANEOUS MULTIPLE RELAXATION PROCESSES 83

VI. EXAMPLES OF MULTIPLE RELAXATIONS 102
REFERENCES 131

Relaxation Processes in Gases

H. O. KNESER

Io PROBLEM DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION 133

II. EXCITATION RELAXATION 135
III. MOLECULAR THEORY OF RELAXATION TIMES 182
IV. RELAXATION OF A DISSOCIATION EQUILIBRIUM REFERENCES 193
REFERENCES 199

Thermal Relaxation in Liquids

JOHN LAMB

Io INTRODUCTION 203
II. BASIC THEORY FOR A SINGLE CHEMICAL REACTION 209
III. THE DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS 227
REFERENCES 279

Structural and Shear Relaxation in Liquids

T. A. LITOVITZ AND C. M. DAVIS

I~ INTRODUCTION 282
II. ELASTIC MODULI OF LIQUIDS 285
III. STRUTCTURAL VISCOSITY 293
IV. VELOCITY DISPERSION AND ABSORPTION DUE TO SHEAR AND
STRUCTURAL RELAXATION 315
V. HIGH-FREQUENCY LIMITING MODULI OF LIQUIDS 319
VI. RELAXATIONAL BEHAVIOR OF MODULI 329
VII. THE RELATION OF ULTRASONIC AND DIELECTRIC RELAXATION
TIMES 341
Contents of Volume 2A 233

VIII. COOPERATIVE EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL AND DIELECTRIC

PROCESSES 346
REFERENCES 348

The Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves in Electrolytic Solutions

JOHN STUEHR AND ERNEST YEAGER

LIST OF SYMBOLS 351

Io INTRODUCTION 354
II. ULTRASONIC VELOCITY 355
III. RELAXATION PROCESSES IN ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTIONS 376
IV. OTHER EFFECTS 453
REFERENCES 458

AUTHOR INDEX 463

SUBJECT INDEX 470
 Contents of Volume 2B

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS AND FUTURE VOLUMES xiii

Relaxations in Polymer Solutions, Liquids, and Gels

W. PHILIPPOFF

Io INTRODUCTION
II. GENERAL REACTION OF VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS TO TIME-
DEPENDENT STRESSING 4
III. THEORY FOR COILED MOLECULES 8
IV. ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 34
V. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 44
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 54
REFERENCES 87

Relaxation Spectra and Relaxation Processes in Solid Polymers and Glasses

I. L. HOPKINS AND C. R. KURKJIAN

Io INTRODUCTION 91
II. POLYMERS 101
III. INORGANIC GLASSES 110
IV. INORGANIC POLYMERS 156
REFERENCES 158

234
Contents of Volume 2B 235

Volume Relaxations in Amorphous Polymers

ROBERT S. MARVIN AND JOHN E. McKINNEY

I~ INTRODUCTION 165
II. PHENOMENOLOGICAL RELATIONS 168
III. MOLECULAR THEORIES 175
IV. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS 182
V. CONCLUSIONS 225
REFERENCES 227

10

Nonlinear Acoustics

ROBERT T. BEYER

I~ INTRODUCTION 231
II. PROPAGATIOIN OF A FINITE-AMPLITIUDE PLANE WAVE IN NON-
DISSIPATIVE AND DISSIPATIVE MEDIA 232
III. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF THEORY 250
IV. THE INTERACTION OF FINITE-AMPLITUDE BEAMS 260
V. CONCLUSION 263
REFERENCES 263

11

Acoustic Streaming
WESLEY LE MARS NYBORG

LIST OF SYMBOLS 265

Io INTRODUCTION 266
II. BASIC EQUATIONS 268
III. SOLUTIONS FOR THE STREAMING VELOCITY 282
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 314
REFERENCES 330
236 Contents of Volume 2B

12

Use of Light Diffraction in Measuring the Parameter of Nonlinearity of Liquids and

the Photoelastic Constants of Solids
L. E. HARGROVE AND K. ACHYUTHAN

I. NONLINEARITYOF LIQUIDS 333

II. PHOTOELASTICCONSTANTS OF SOLIDS 352
REFERENCES 367

AUTHOR INDEX 371

SUBJECT INDEX 378
 Contents of Volume 3A

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xv

Anelasticity and Internal Friction Due to Point Defects in Crystals

B. S. BERRY AND A. S. NOWICK

Io INTRODUCTION 1
II. FORMAL DESCRIPTION OF ANELASTIC BEHAVIOR 3
III. THERMODYNAMIC THEORY OF STRESS-INDUCED ORDERING 11
IV. RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO ELEMENTARY POINT DEFECTS 21
V. RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO DEFECT PAIRS 29
VI. RELAXATIONS ASCRIBED TO THE INTERACTION OF POINT DEFECTS
AND DISLOCATIONS 38
REFERENCES 41

Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient of Impurities by Anelastic Methods

CHARLES WERT

Io DIFFUSION AS A RANDOM WALK PROCESS 44

II. RELAXATION PHENOMENA 45
III. EXAMPLES OF RELAXATION DUE TO POINT DEFECTS 50
IV. RELAXATION OF DILUTE BINARY SOLUTIONS 52
V. INTERSTITIAL-SUBSTITUTIONAL INTERACTIONS IN BCC CRYSTALS 58
VI. ANELASTIC EFFECTS CAUSED BY INTERACTIONS IN INTERSTITIAL
ALLOYS IN FCC AND HCP CRYSTALS 60

237
238 Contents of Volume 3A

VII. RELAXATIONIN SUBSTITUTIONAL ALLOYS 65

VIII. RELAXATIONIN IONIC CRYSTALS 69
REFERENCES 74

Bordoni Peak in Face-Centered Cubic Metals

D. H. NIBLETT

I~ INTRODUCTION 78
II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 80
III. THEORY 88
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 95
V. DISCUSSION 114
REFERENCES 119

Dislocation Relaxations in Body-Centered Cubic Transition Metals

R. H. CHAMBERS

I~ INTRODUCTION 123
II. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS
IN BCC TRANSITION METALS 125
III. MODELS OF THE DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS IN BCC TRANSITION
METALS 162
IV. DISCUSSION OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THE MODELS OF
DISLOCATION RELAXATIONS 182
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER INVESTIGATION 193
REFERENCES 195

Ultrasonic Methods in the Study of Plastic Deformation

ROHN TRUELL, CHARLES ELBAUM, AND AYORA HIKATA

Io INTRODUCTION 199
II. EXPERIMENTS ON ALUMINUM SINGLE CRYSTALS 200
Contents of Volume 3A 239

III. INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTS 204

IV. DEFOLIATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE SINGLE CRYSTALS 211
V. ULTRASONIC VELOCITY EFFECTS ASSOCIATED WITH DISLOCATION
BEHAVIOR 214
REFERENCES 221

Internal Friction and Basic Fatigue Mechanisms in Body-Centered Cubic

Metals, Mainly Iron and Carbon Steels
W. J. BRATINA

Io INTRODUCTION 223
II. DAMPING OF A FERROMAGNETIC MATERIAL 224
III. DAMPING ASSOCIATED WITH DISLOCATION MOTION 241
IV. REPEATED STRESSING AND FATIGUE 268
REFERENCES 285

Use of Anelasticity in Investigating Radiation Damage and the Diffusion

of Point Defects
DONALD O. THOMPSON AND VICTOR K. PARE

Io INTRODUCTION 294
II. PRODUCTION OF RADIATION DEFECTS 294
III. EXPECTED DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF RADIATION
DEFECTS ON INTERNAL FRICTION AND ELASTIC MODULI 303
IV. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 308
V. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 308
V. APPLICATIONS OF TECHNIQUE TO DEFECT-DISLOCATION STUDIES 314
REFERENCES 357

Kinks in Dislocation Lines and Their Effects on the Internal Friction in Crystals
ALFRED SEEGER AND PETER SCHILLER

I. INTRODUCTION 361
II. DISLOCATIONAND KINK MODELS AND THEIR MATHEMATICAL
TREATMENT 369
240 Contents of Volume 3A

III. PROPERTIES OF KINKS 427

IV. APPLICATION OF THE THEORY OF KINKS TO INTERNAL FRICTION
IN CRYSTALS 474
REFERENCES 491

AUTHOR INDEX 497

SUBJECT INDEX 505
 Contents of Volume 3B

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES xv

Use of Sound Velocity Measurements in Determining the Debye Temperature

of Solids
GEORGE A. ALERS

Io INTRODUCTION 1
II. REVIEW OF DEBYE THEORY 2
III. METHODS OF DETERMINING 00 FROM THE ELASTIC MODULI 5
IV. COMPARISON WITH SPECIFIC HEAT DATA 32
V. CONCLUSION 40
REFERENCES 40

Determination and Some Uses of Isotropic Elastic Constants of Polycrystalline

Aggregates Using Single-Crystal Data
O. L. ANDERSON

Io INTRODUCTION 43
II. THE COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR COMPUTING ELASTIC CONSTANTS 47
III. THE ISOTROPIC MODULI OF POLYCRYSTALLINE ALUMINA,
MAGNESIA, TITANIA, TUNGSTEN, AND THREE CARBIDES 48
IV. SOME USEFUL APPROXIMATIONS USING THE VRH MODULI 54
V. THE RELATION AMONG SOUND VELOCITY, DENSITY, AND
MOLECULAR WEIGHT 55
VI. THE RELATION BETWEEN DEBYE TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY FOR
OXIDES 62

241
242 Contents of Volume 3B

VII. THE PHYSICAL IMPLICATIONS OF Vl/p --CONSTANT FOR OXIDES 64

REFERENCES 75
APPENDIX I. ELASTIC MODULI FOR SINGLE-CRYSTAL SOLIDS 77
APPENDIX II. ISOTROPIC MODULI COMPUTED FROM ELASTIC
CONSTANTS GIVEN IN APPENDIX I 84
APPENDIX III. REFERENCES FOR MODULI FOR SOLIDS LISTED IN
APPENDIX I 91

The Effect of Light on the Mechanical Properties of Alkali Halide Crystals

ROBERT B. GORDON

I. OBSERVEDPHENOMENA 98
II. DISCUSSION 117
REFERENCES 125

Magnetoelastic Interactions in Ferromagnetic Insulators

R. C. LE CRAw AND R. L. COMSTOCK

I. INTRODUCTION 127
II. LINEAR MAGNETOELASTIC INTERACTIONS 129
III. INSTABILITIES OF MAGNETOELASTIC WAVES 152
IV. LOSS MECHANISMS AND PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 165
APPENDIX. MAGNETOELASTIC ENERGY FOR ARBITRARY
ORIENTATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD 194
REFERENCES 197

Effect of Thermal and Phonon Processes on Ultrasonic Attenuation

P. G. KLEMENS

I. INTRODUCTION 201
II. LATTICE WAVES 202
III. ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC BEAMS IN THE HIGH-FREQUENCY
LIMIT 219
Contents of Volume 3B 243

IV ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC BEAMS IN THE Low-FREQUENCY

LIMIT 227
REFERENCES 232

Effect of Impurities and Phonon Processes on the Ultrasonic Attenuation of

Germanium, Crystal Quartz, and Silicon
WARREN P. MASON

I. INTRODUCTION 237
II. EFFECTS OF IMPURITIES ON THE Low-FREQUENCY INTERNAL
FRICTION 238
III. HIGH-FREQUENCY ATTENUATION IN GERMANIUM, QUARTZ, AND
SILICON 248
IV EVALUATION OF ACOUSTIC ATTENUATION DUE TO PHONON-PHONON
INTERACTIONS FROM THIRD-ORDER ELASTIC MODULI 253
V COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH THEORETICAL
RESULTS 268
VI. EFFECTS OF PHONON PROCESSES ON THE DRAG COEFFICIENTS OF
DISLOCATIONS 274
REFERENCES 284

Attenuation of Elastic Waves in the Earth

L. KNOPOFF

I. INTRODUCTION 287
II. LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS OF ATTENUATION 289
III. MODELS OF LOSS FOR CONSTANT Q 296
IV ATTENTUATION OF SEISMIC WAVES 304
V. ASSUMPTIONS USED IN INTERPRETATION 311
VI. INTERPRETATION 318
REFERENCES 322

AUTHOR INDEX 325

SUBJECT INDEX 331
 Contents of Volume 4A

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES xv

Transmission and Amplification of Acoustic Waves in

Piezoelectric Semiconductors

J. H. MCFEE

I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. THEORY 7
III. EXPERIMENT 26
APPENDIX. CALCULATION OF SCREENED COUPLING CONSTANT 41
REFERENCES 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY 44

Paramagnetic Spin-Phonon Interaction in Crystals

EDMUND B. TUCKER

Io INTRODUCTION 48
II. ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE 48
III. THE SPIN-PHONON HAMILTONIAN 51
IV. THE WALLER MECHANISM 60
V. EXCHANGE EFFECTS IN SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING 62
VI. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 66
VII. SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS FOR THE IRON GROUP IONS 88
VIII. SPIN-LATTICE COUPLING COEFFICIENTS FOR THE RARE EARTHS 97
IX. DOUBLE QUANTUM DETECTION OF PHONONS 97

244
Contents of Volume 4A 245

X~ PULSE PROPAGATION IN DISPERSIVE MEDIA 100

XI. THE PHONON MASER 105
REFERENCES 109

Interaction of Acoustic Waves with Nuclear Spins in Solids

D. I. BOLEF

I. INTRODUCTION 113
II. FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 115
III. THEORY OF ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION BY NUCLEAR SPINS 128
IV. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR OBSERVING ACOUSTIC SPIN-
PHONON ABSORPTION 143
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF NUCLEAR SPIN-PRONON
INVESTIGATIONS 162
APPENDIX. ELECTRIC QUADRIPOLE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES
FOR Ho AT AN ANGLE 0 TO DIRECTION OF ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION 177
REFERENCES 178

Resonance Absorption

LEONARD N. LIEBERMANN

I. INTRODUCTION 183
II. DETERMINIZATIONOF MOLECULAR COUPLING 185
III. EXCHANGEFREQUENCY OR TRANSITION PROBABILITY 187
IV.. LATTICEFREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 189
V. EXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONS OF RESONANCE ABSORPTION 191
REFERENCES 193

Fabrication of Vapor-Deposited Thin Film Piezoelectric Transducers the Study of

Photon Behavior in Dielectric Materials at Microwave Frequencies
J. DE KLERK

I. INTRODUCTION 195
246 Contents of Volume 4A

II. PIEZOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF CdS AND ZnS 196

III. REVIEW OF CdS=DEPOSITION TECHNIQUE 198
IV. NEW APPROACH TO VAPOR DEPOSITION 199
V. VAPOR DEPOSITION APPARATUS 202
VI. FILM THICKNESS MONITOR 203
VII. SUBSTRATE SURFACE PREPARATION 207
Vlll. VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCEDURE 209
IX. STRUCTUREOF FILMS 210
X. PHONONGENERATION 211
XI. ATTENUATIONMEASUREMENTS 215
REFERENCES 222

The Vibrating String Model of Dislocation Damping

A. V. GRANATO AND K. LUCKE

I~ INTRODUCTION 226
II. SURVEY OF TYPES OF EFFECTS OBSERVED AND QUALITATIVE
EVIDENCE FOR DISLOCATION LOSSES 229
III. THE MODEL 238
IV. EFFECTS AT LOW STRAIN AMPLITUDES (COMPARISON WITH
EXPERIMENTS) 249
V. STRAIN AMPLITUDE-DEPENDENT EFFECTS 264
REFERENCES 274

The Measurement of Very Small Sound Velocity Changes and Their Use in the
Study of Solids
G. A. ALERS

I. INTRODUCTION 277
II. EXPERIMENTALMETHODS 278
III. EXPERIMENTALRESULTS 282
IV. CONCLUSION 296
REFERENCES 296
Contents of Volume 4A 247

Acoustic Wave and Dislocation Damping in Normal and Superconducting Metals

and in Doped Semiconductors
WARREN P. MASON

I, INTRODUCTION 299
II. ATTENUATION OF SOUND WAVES IN METALS DUE TO FREE
ELECTRONS 301
III. ATTENUATION IN METALS DUE TO DISLOCATIONS DAMPED BY
ELECTRONS 310
IV ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN DOPED SEMICONDUCTORS 325
REFERENCES 350

Ultrasonics and the Fermi Surfaces of the Monovalent Metals

J. ROGER PEVERLEY

I~ INTRODUCTION 353
II. THE FERMI SURFACE 354
III. ELECTRON ORBITS 357
IV. THE MAGNETOACOUSTIC EFFECT 359
V. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 364
VI. THE FERMI SURFACES OF THE NOBLE METALS 368
REFERENCES 377

AUTHOR INDEX 379

SUBJECT INDEX 385
 Contents of Volume 4B

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xiii

10

Oscillatory Magnetoacoustic Phenomena in Metals

B. W. ROBERTS

Io INTRODUCTION 2
II. OSCILLATORY MAGNETOACOUSTIC PHENOMENA 3
III. EXPERIMENT 13
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATIONS 15
V. OTHER STUDIES 46
VI. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 47
REFERENCES 47

11

Transmission of Sound in Molten Metals

G. M. B. WEBBER AND R. W. B. STEPHENS

Io INTRODUCTION 53
II. ULTRASONIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 55
III. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUID METALS AND ALLOYS 77
IV. EFFECT OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON PROPAGATION IN LIQUID METALS
AND ALLOYS 83
V. LARGE-AMPLITUDE PROPAGATION AND SONOLUMINESCENCE IN
LIQUID MERCURY 88
APPENDIX 90
REFERENCES 94

248
Contents of Volume 4B 249

12

Acoustic and Plasma Waves in Ionized Gases

G. M. SESSLER

Io INTRODUCTION 99
II. FLUID THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES 101
III. KINETIC THEORY OF PLASMA WAVES 131
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 140
REFERENCES 175

13

Relaxation and Resonance of Markovian Systems

ROGER CERF

Io THE MODEL 181

II. INTERACTION WITH A WEAK SINUSOIDAL FIELD 186
III. PARTICULAR PROPERTIES OF DISSYMMETRICAL SYSTEMS 197
SYMBOLS 206
REFERENCES 209

14

Magnetoelastic Properties of Yttrium-Iron Garnet

WALTER STRAUSS

I~ INTRODUCTION 211
II. THEORY 212
III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 244
IV. APPLICATIONS 250
APPENDIX: TRANSFORMATION TO BODY DIAGONAL COORDINATE
SYSTEM 260
SYMBOLS 264
REFERENCES 266
BIBLIOGRAPHY 267
250 Contents of Volume 4B

15

Ultrasonic Attenuation Caused by Scattering in

Polycrystalline Media
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

I. INTRODUCTION 269
II. ATTENUATIONCAUSED BY GRAIN SCATTERING 272
III. RELATEDWORK ON VELOCITY ANISOTROPY 317
IV. SUMMARY 325
REFERENCES 326

16

Sound Velocities in Rocks and Minerals" Experimental Methods, Extrapolations

to Very High Pressures, and Results
ORSON L. ANDERSON AND ROBERT C. LIEBERMANN

I. INTRODUCTION 330
II. TECHNIQUES 330
III. NEW METHODS OF DETERMINING SOUND VELOCITY: DIRECT
AND INDIRECT 349
IV. CRITIQUE OF PRESENT DATA 373
V. DATA ON Vp AND Vs IN ROCKS AND MINERALS" GENERAL
COMMENTS 374
SYMBOLS 376
APPENDIXES 376
APPENDIX I. PROPERTIES OF ROCKS AT STANDARD TEMPERATURES
AND PRESSURES 394
APPENDIX II. COMPRESSIONALVELOCITY VERSUS PRESSURE
(10 BARS TO 10 KBAR) 421
APPENDIX III. SHEAR VELOCITY VERSUS PRESSURE
(10 BARS TO 10 KBAR) 432
APPENDIX IV. COMPRESSIONALVELOCITY VERSUS TEMPERATURE
(25~ TO 600~ 441
APPENDIX V. SHEAR VELOCITY VERSUS TEMPERATURE
(25~ TO 600~ 443
APPENDIX WI. PETROGRAPHIC MODAL ANALYSES OF CERTAIN
ROCKS IN APPENDIXES I TO V 451
APPENDIX VII. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ROCKS IN
APPENDIXES I TO V 453
Contents of Volume 4B 251

REFERENCES 466

AUTHOR INDEX 473

SUBJECT INDEX 483
 Contents of Volume 5

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xi

Acoustic Wave Propagation in High Magnetic Fields

Y. SHAPIRA

I~ INTRODUCTION 1
II. LIQUID METALS 3
III. IMPURE SOLID METALS 6
IV. HIGH-FIELD SUPERCONDUCTORS 10
V. GIANT QUANTUM OSCILLATIONS 23
REFERENCES 56

Impurities and Anelasticity in Crystalline Quartz

DAVID B. FRASER

Io INTRODUCTION 59
II. ANELASTICITY: A REVIEW 64
III. ACOUSTIC LOSS MEASUREMENTS 66
IV. LOSS MECHANISMS 94
V. CONCLUSIONS 107
REFERENCES 108

252
Contents of Volume 5 253

Observation of Resonant Vibrations and Defect Structure in

Single Crystals by X-Ray Diffraction Topography
W. J. SPENCER

I~ INTRODUCTION 111
II. EXPERIMENTAL X-RAY TECHNIQUES 114
III. QUALITATIVE X-RAY THEORY 118
IV. OBSERVATION OF DEFECTS IN SINGLE CRYSTALS 128
V. OBSERVATION OF RESONANT VIBRATIONS IN SINGLE-CRYSTAL
PLATES 135
REFERENCES 160

Wave Packet Propagation and Frequency-Dependent

Internal Friction
M. ELICES AND E GARdA-MOLINER

I~ INTRODUCTION 163
II. THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE WAVES 166
III. THE PROPAGATION OF WAVE PACKETS: MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 170
I~. THE PROPAGATION OF WAVE PACKFTS: ENERGETIC ANALYSIS 202
V. APPLICATION TO THE THEORY OF INTERNAL FRICTION 209
REFERENCES 217

Coherent Elastic Wave Propagation in Quartz

Ultramicrowave Frequencies
JOHN ILUKOR AND E. H. JACOBSEN

I~ INTRODUCTION 221
II. CAVITY AND CRYSTAL GEOMETRY 221
III. APPARATUS FOR GENERATION AND DETECTION 223
IV. RESULTS 224
V. FUTURE RESEARCH 228
REFERENCES 230
254 (Jontents of Volume

Heat Pulse Transmission

R. J. VON GUTFELD

Io INTRODUCTION 233
II. PHONON ENERGY AND PHASE VELOCITIES 236
III. PHONON SCATTERING 252
IV. HEAT PULSES IN METALS 273
V. THERMAL RELAXATION TIMES AND INTERFACIAL BOUNDARY
RESISTANCE 281
REFERENCES 289

AUTHOR INDEX 293

SUBJECT INDEX 299
 Contents of Volume 6

CONTRIBUTORS v
PREFACE vii
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xi

Light Scattering as a Probe of Phonons and Other Excitations

PAUL A. FLEURY

Io INTRODUCTION 2
II. THEORY 4
III. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUES 18
IV. BRILLOUIN EXPERIMENTS AS AN EXTENSION OF ULTRASONICS 30
V. BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN THE STUDY OF PHASE TRANSITIONS 37
VI. PHONON INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER EXCITATIONS 42
VII. SCATTERING FROM OTHER THAN ACOUSTIC PHONONS 49
VIII. STIMULATED SCATTERING OF LIGHT 56
REFERENCES 61

Acoustic Properties of Materials of the Perovskite Structure

HARRISON H. BARRETT

Io INTRODUCTION 65
II. FERROELECTRICITY AND LATTICE DYNAMICS 67
III. THEORY OF ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN SOFT-MODE MATERIALS 75
I~. POTASSIUM TANTALATE 86
V. STRONTIUM TITANATE 100
VI. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORK 105
REFERENCES 106

255
256 Contents of Volume 6

Properties of Elastic Surface Waves

G. W. FARNELL

I. INTRODUCTION 109
II. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM 112
III. ISOTROPIC SUBSTRATES 116
IV. ITERATIVE SEARCH PROCEDURES 118
V. CALCULATED RESULTS 120
VI. PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS 149
VII. ENERGY FLOW 155
VIII. PSEUDOSURFACE WAVES 160
REFERENCES 165

Dynamic Shear Properties of Solvents and Polystyrene

Solutions from 20 to 300 MHz
R. S. MOORE AND H. J. MCSKiMIN

I. INTRODUCTION 167
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 170
III. MATERIALS AND STEADY-FLOW PROPERTIES 191
IV. RESULTS 193
REFERENCES 240

The Propagation of Sound in Condensed Helium

S. G. ECKSTEIN, Y. ECKSTEIN, J. B. KETTERSON, AND J. H. VIGNOS

I. INTRODUCTION 244
II. THEORY OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN SUPERFLUIDS 246
III. 4He 272
IV. PROPAGATION OF SOUND IN 3He-aHe SOLUTIONS 302
V. THE LAMBDA TRANSITION 310
VI. 3He 322
VII. SOLID HELIUM 341
APPENDIX 366
Contents of Volume 6 257

REFERENCES 368

AUTHOR INDEX 373

SUBJECT INDEX 381
 Contents of Volume 7

CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES xi

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Superconductors: Magnetic Field Effects

M. GOTTLIEB, M. GARBUNY, AND C. K. JONES

I~ INTRODUCTION 2
II. ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 4
III. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SUPERCONDUCTORS 6
IV. ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN THE INTERMEDIATE STATE 15
V. ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN THE MIXED STATE 26
REFERENCES 48

Ultrasonic Investigation of Phase Transitions and

Critical Points
CARL W. GARLAND

Io INTRODUCTION 52
II. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THEORY 53
III. LIQUID-VAPOR CRITICAL POINT 63
IV. BINARY-LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION 82
V. FERROELECTRIC AND ANTIFERROELECTRIC TRANSITIONS 92
VI. FERROMAGNETIC AND ANTIFERROMAGNETIC TRANSITIONS 110
VII. ORDER-DISORDER LAMBDA TRANSITIONS 122
VIII. FIRST-ORDER PHASE TRANSITIONS 138
REFERENCES 140

258
Contents of Volume 7 259

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Normal Metals and Superconductors:

Fermi-Surface Effects
J. A. RAYNE AND C. K. JONES

I~ INTRODUCTION 149
II. THEORY OF ATTENUATION IN NORMAL METALS 150
III. THEORY OF ATTENUATION IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 164
IV. MEASURING TECHNIQUES 174
V. RESULTS 181
REFERENCES 215

Excitation, Detection, and Attenuation of High-Frequency

Elastic Surface Waves
K. DRANSFELD AND E. SALZMANN

I~ INTRODUCTION 219
II. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RAYLEIGH WAVES 221
III. EXCITATION AND DETECTION OF RAYLEIGH WAVES 226
IV. ABSORPTION OF RAYLEIGH WAVES 250
V. APPLICATIONS 263
REFERENCES 270

Interaction of Light with Ultrasound: Phenomena and Applications

R. W DAMON, W. T. MALONEY, AND D. H. MCMAHON

I~ GENERAL INTRODUCTION 273

II. BASIC CONCEPT 275
III. THEORY 287
IV. SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE ELASTOOPTICAL EFFECT 295
V. ULTRASONICS IN INFORMATION PROCESSING 328
REFERENCES 363

AUTHOR INDEX 367

SUBJECT INDEX 377
 Contents of Volume 8

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Spin-Phonon Spectrometer
CHARLES H. ANDERSON AND EDWARD S. SABISKY

I. INTRODUCTION 2
II. SPIN-PHONON INTERACTION 3
III. OPTICAL DETECTION OF THE SPIN POPULATION 12
IV. DIVALENT THULIUM 18
V. DETECTION OF MONOCHROMATIC ACOUSTIC WAVES 27
VI. PHONON GENERATION BY SPINS 33
VII. HEATERS AS BROAD-BAND PHONON SOURCES 44
VIII. PHONON INTERFERENCE IN THIN LIQUID HELIUM FILMS 49
APPENDIX. DERIVATION OF DIFFUSION EQUATION 55
REFERENCES 56

Landau Quantum Oscillations of the Velocity of Sound and the Strain Dependence
of the Fermi Surface
L. R. TESTARDI AND J. H. CONDON

I. INTRODUCTION 59
II. THEORYOF LANDAU QUANTUM EFFECTS 61
III. EXPERIMENTALMETHODS 74
IV. EXPERIMENTALRESULTS 79
V. COMPARISONWITH EXISTING DATA 92
WI. SUMMARY 93
REFERENCES 94

260
Contents of Volume 8 261

High-Frequency Continuous Wave Ultrasonics

D. I. BOLEF AND J. G. MILLER

Io INTRODUCTION 96
II. THEORY: PROPAGATING WAVE MODEL 105
III. CW ULTRASONIC RESONATOR ASSEMBLIES AND PROBES 120
IV. CW SPECTROMETER SYSTEMS 129
V. SAMPLED-CW TECHNIQUE AND SPECTROMETERS 155
VI. ACOUSTIC MOSSBAUER EFFECT SPECTROMETER 163
VII. APPLICATIONS 170
APPENDIX. TRANSMISSION-LINE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
COMPOSITE RESONATOR 196
REFERENCES 198

Ultrasonic Measurements at Very High Pressures

P. HEYDEMANN

I~ INTRODUCTION 203
II. REVIEW OF ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS AT HIGH PRESSURES 204
III. ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS IN PISTON AND DIE SYSTEMS 211
IV. SUMMARY 233
REFERENCES 234

Third-Order Elastic Constants and Thermal Equilibrium Properties of Solids

J. HOLDER AND A. V. GRANATO

I~ INTRODUCTION 237
II. THERMODYNAMICS OF IMPERFECT CRYSTALS 239
III. DISLOCATIONS 244
IV. POINT DEFECTS 252
V. PHONONS 262
REFERENCES 275
262 Contents of Volume 8

Interaction of Sound Waves with Thermal Phonons in Dielectric Crystals

HUMPHREY J. MARIS

Io INTRODUCTION 280
II. LANDAU-RUMER THEORY 283
III. BOLTZMANN EQUATION METHOD 291
IV. COMPARISON OF APPROACHES 297
V. ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY FOR ~x << 1 301
VI. ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY FOR ~T << 1 319
VII. MISCELLANEOUSPROBLEMS 336
APPENDIX 337
SYMBOLS 339
REFERENCES 340

Internal Friction at Low Frequencies Due to Dislocations" Applications

to Metals and Rock Mechanics
WARREN P. MASON

I. INTRODUCTION 347
II. MEASUREMENT OF INTERNAL FRICTION FOR THREE ROCKS 352
III. GRAIN BOUNDARY INTERNAL FRICTION AND DISLOCATION
PARAMETERS 355
IV. DERIVATION OF THE LOW- AND HIGH-FREQUENCY
COMPONENTS OF DISLOCATION ATTENUATION 358
V. APPLICATION OF THEORY TO ALLOYS AND IMPURE METALS 364
VI. APPLICATION OF DISLOCATION THEORY TO THE INTERNAL
FRICTION IN MOON AND EARTH ROCKS 368
REFERENCES 371

AUTHOR INDEX 373

SUBJECT INDEX 381
 Contents of Volume 9

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Difference in Electron Drag Stresses on Dislocation Motion in the Normal and the
Superconducting States for Type I and Type II Superconductors
M. SUENAGA AND J. M. GALLIGAN

I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. EXPERIMENTAL 4
III. THEORY 14
IV. DISCUSSION 26
V. SUMMARY 30
APPENDIX 30
REFERENCES 31

Elastic Wave Propagation in Thin Layers

G. W. FARLNELL AND E. L. ADLER

I. INTRODUCTION 35
II. WAVEEQUATION AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 37
III. ISOTROPICPROBLEM 44
IV. CRYSTALSYMMETRY 88
V. ANISOTROPICEXAMPLES 109
REFERENCES 126

263
264 Contents of Volume 9

Solid State Control Elements Operating on Piezoelectric Principles

E L. N-NAGY AND G. C. JOYCE

I. INTRODUCTION 129
II. BASIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY 131
III. ELECTROSTATIC DEVICES 132
THE BIMORPH ACTUATOR IN A CONTROL LOOP 145
V. DERIVATION OF TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CANTILEVER BIMORPH
ACTUATOR 149
VI. PIEZOELECTRIC STEPPING MOTOR IN CONTROL LOOP 153
VII. A LASER BEAM DEFLECTOR SYSTEM 156
VIII. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 163
REFERENCES 165

Monolithic Crystal Filters

W. J. SPENCER

Io INTRODUCTION 167
II. THICKNESS VIBRATIONS IN THIN PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES 171
III. EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL NETWORKS FOR THICKNESS VIBRATIONS
IN THIN PIEZOELECTRIC PLATES 191
IV. PROCESS TECHNOLOGY 201
V. MCF APPLICATIONS 213
REFERENCES 219

Design and Technology of Piezoelectric Transducers for Frequencies

Above 100 MHz
E. K. SITTIG

I. INTRODUCTION 221
II. THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A TRANSDUCER AND ITS TERMINAL
PARAMETERS 224
III. MASON'S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 229
IV. THE TRANSDUCER WITH A SINGLE PIEZOELECTRIC LAYER 233
Contents of Volume 9 265

W. TRANSDUCERSWITH MULTIPLE PIEZOELECTRIC LAYERS AND

INTERLACED COMB SURFACE WAVE TRANSDUCERS 254
VI. MATERIALS 258
VII. TECHNOLOGICALMETHODS 263
VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 271
REFERENCES 272

AUTHOR INDEX 277

SUBJECT INDEX 282
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 289
 Contents of Volume 10

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Surface Waves in Acoustics

H. OBERALL

Io INTRODUCTION
II. SURFACE WAVES ON FLAT SURFACES: LATERALWAVES
III. SURFACE WAVES GENERATED BY SOUND SCATTERING ON
IMPENETRABLE, SIMPLE CURVED SURFACES 21
IV. SURFACE WAVES IN SOUND SCATTERING FROM GENERAL,
SMOOTH, CONVEX SURFACES 29
V. SURFACE WAVES ON SIMPLE CURVED TRANSPARENT OBJECTS 37
VI. MORE-GENERAL EXCITATION MECHANISMS FOR SURFACE WAVES 56
REFERENCES 57

Observation of Acoustic Radiation from Plane and Curved Surfaces

WERNER G. NEUBAUER

Io INTRODUCTION 61
II. ACOUSTIC VISUALIZATION BY SCHLIEREN 62
III. RADIATION FROM SOLID CYLINDERS 68
IV. RADIATION FROM CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 96
V. REFLECTION AND RADIATION FROM PLANE INTERFACES 104
REFERENCES 125

266
Contents of Volume 10 267

Electromagnetic Generation of Ultrasonic Waves

E. ROLAND DOBBS

I~ INTRODUCTION 127
II. CLASSICAL THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATION 131
III. HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESULTS 135
IV. MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC GENERATION 148
V. LoW-TEMPERATURE RESULTS 170
VI. CONCLUSION 185
APPENDIX 186
REFERENTCES 189

Elastic Behavior and Structural Instability of High-Temperature A-15 Structure

Superconductors
LOUIS R. TESTARDI

I~ INTRODUCTION 194
II. THE BATTERMAN-BARRETT TRANSFORMATION IN A-15
MATERIALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES 205
III. ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A-15 MATERIALS ABOVE Tc 214
IV. ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF HIGH- Te SUPERCONDUCTORS AT THE
SUPERCONDUCTING TRANSITION 242
V HIGH-FREQUENCY PHONON BEHAVIOR 259
VI. ANHARMONICITY, INSTABILITY, AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 270
VII. THEORETICALMODELS OF THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPER-
CONDUCTORS 278
VIII. STRUCTURAL INSTABILITYAND HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPER-
CONDUCTIVITY 290
REFERENCES 292

Acoustic Holography
WINSTON E. KOCK

I. INTRODUCTION 297
II. HOLOGRAMS AND ZONE PLATES 301
268 Contents of Volume 10

III. HOLOGRAM THEORY 312

IV. EARLY ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAMS 312
V. COHERENCE 318
VI. REFLECTION ZONE PLATES 321
VII. HOLOGRAM SPECKLE 327
VIII. THE SYNTHETIC-APERTURE CONCEPT 332
IX. STATIONARY SYNTHETIC-APERTURE SYSTEMS 340
X. EARLY EXPERIMENTS 1N ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY 348
XI. ACOUSTIC SYNTHETIC-APERTURE SYSTEMS 353
XII. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY 358
XIII. UNDERWATER APPLICATIONS OF ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHY 361
XIV. ACOUSTIC KINOFORMS 366
XV. ACOUSTIC HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY 370
XVI. HOLOGRAM PULSE COMPRESSION 374
XVII. SEISMIC APPLICATIONS OF HOLOGRAPHY 378
XVIII. FURTHER READING SUGGESTIONS 380
REFERENCES 381

AUTHOR INDEX 385

SUBJECT INDEX 393
CUMULATIVE AUTHOR INDEX VOLUMES 1-10 400
 Contents of Volume 11

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Third Sound in Supeffluid Helium Films

DAVID J. BERGMAN

I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. THE THEORY OF THIRD SOUND IN FLAT FILMS 3
III. THE PROPERTIES OF THIRD SOUND IN FLAT FILMS-THEORY 23
IV. EXPERIMENTTS ON THIRD SOUND 32
V. THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF THE SUBSTRATE 38
VI. THIRD SOUIND RESONATORS 41
VII. THIRD SOUND IN MIXED He3-He 4 FILMS 49
VIII. ENERGY IN THIRD SOUND 52
IX. THE NORMAL FLUID MOTION AND ATTENUATION 55
X. MICROSCOPICTHEORIES 57
GLOSSARY OF KEY SYMBOLS AND PHRASES 64
REFERENCES 66

Physical Acoustics and the Method of Matched Asymptotic Expansions

M. B. LESSER AND D. G. CRIGHTON
I. INTRODUCTION AND ELEMENTARY ILLUSTRATIONS 70
II. SCATTERING AND DIFFRACTION PROBLEMS 93
III. ACOUSTIC WAVEGUIDES 110
IV. NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS 125
V. CONCLUSIONS 143
REFERENCES 147

269
270 Contents of Volume 11

Ultrasonic Diffraction from Single Apertures with Application to Pulse

Measurements and Crystal Physics
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

I. INTRODUCTION 152
II. THEORY 153
III. COMPUTATIONS 160
IV. EXPERIMENTS 165
V. DIFFRACTIONCORRECTIONS 173
VI. INPUTAMPLITUDE PROFILE 186
VII. BROADBANDPULSES 191
VIII. SPECIMENS OF FINITE WIDTH 205
IX. SURFACEWAVES 206
X. SUMMARY 208
REFERENCES 208
APPENDIX 211

Elastic Surface Wave Devices

J. DE KLERK

Io INTRODUCTION 213
II. PHASE CODED SIGNALS 215
III. 13 BIT BARKER CODE CORRELATOR 223
IV. PROGRAMMABLE SEQUENCE GENERATOR 231
V. PULSE COMPRESSION FILTERS 236
REFERENCES 242

Nonlinear Effects in Piezoelectric Quartz Crystals

J. J. GAGNEPAIN AND R. BESSON

I. INTRODUCTION 245
II. FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS OF QUARTZ 247
III. CHARACTERISTIC COEFFICIENTS 252
IV. NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN SHEAR VIBRATING QUARTZ CRYSTAL
RESONATORS 266
Contents of Volume 11 271

V. EQUIVALENT ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS OF A QUARTZ RESONATOR 278

VI. INFLUENCE OF AN APPLIED DC ELECTRIC FIELD 283
VII. CONCLUSION 287
REFERENCES 288

Acoustic Emission
ARTHUR E. LORD, JR.

I. INTRODUCTION 290
II. HISTORICAL WORK 291
III. EARLY WORK AND GENERAL BACKGROUND 294
IV.. MATERIALS INVESTIGATEDWITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION 301
V. PROCESSES STUDIED WITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION 320
VI. STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY 330
VII. POTPOURRI OF TOPICS (BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS) 333
VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHERWORK 336
IX. APPENDIX 338
REFERENCES 339
BIBLIOGRAPHY 345

SUBJECT INDEX 355

CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 362
 Contents of Volume 12

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

The Anomalous Elastic Properties of Materials Undergoing Cooperative

Jahn-Teller Phase Transitions
R. L. MELCHER

Io INTRODUCTION
II. THE JAHN-TELLER EFFECT
III. THEORY OF ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF COOPERATIVE JAHN-TELLER
SYSTEMS 9
IV. APPLICATION TO RARE EARTH CRYSTALS 25
V. TRANSITION METAL ION COMPOUNDS 67
VI. SUMMARY 73
REFERENCES 75

Superconducting Tunneling Junctions as Phonon Generators and Detectors

W. EISENMENGER

I. INTRODUCTION 80
II. BASICASPECTS OF PHONON GENERATION AND DETECTION BY
SINGLE-PARTICLE TUNNELING IN SUPERCONDUCTORS 82
III. BASIC EXPERIMENTS 87
IV. QUANTITATIVEPHONON DETECTION MODEL 98
V. PHONONEMISSION SPECTRA 113
VI. APPLICATIONS 137
VII. FURTHER APPLICATIONS AND FINAL REMARKS 149
REFERENCES 151

272
Contents of Volume 12 273

Ultrasonic Properties of Glasses at Low Temperatures

S. HUNKLINGER AND W. ARNOLD

I~ INTRODUCTION 155
II. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF GLASSES 156
III. ULTRASONIC PROPERTIES OF GLASSES ABOVE HELIUM
TEMPERATURE 160
IV. ANOMALOUS ACOUSTIC AND THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF GLASSES
BELOW HELIUM TEMPERATURE 170
V. PHENOMENOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF THE LoW-TEMPERATURE
BEHAVIOR 177
VI. MICROSCOPIC MODEL 203
VII. CONCLUSION 210
REFERENCES 212

Acoustical Response of Submerged Elastic Structures Obtained through

Integral Transforms
H. UBERALL AND H. HUANG

I. INTRODUCTION 217
II. NORMAL-MODE SOLUTION OF THE PULSE PROBLEM 232
III. EXPERIMENTSAND NUMERICAL MODE CALCULATIONS 244
IV. 9 WATSON-SOMMERFELD TRANSFORM 254
V. GEOPHYSICALAND MATERIALS-TESTING PROBLEMS 270
REFERENCES 272
NOTE ADDED IN PROOF 275

Ultrasonic Velocity and Attenuation: Measurement Methods with Scientific

and Industrial Applications
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

I~ INTRODUCTION 277
II. VELOCITY 279
III. ABSOLUTE ACCURACY OF THE PULSE-ECHO-OVERLAP METHOD AND
THE PULSE SUPERPOSITION METHOD FOR ULTRASONIC VELOCITY 319
274 Contents of Volume 12

IV. ATTENUATION 323

V. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS 335
VI. SUMMARY 371
REFERENCES 371
BIBLIOGRAPHY 374

AUTHOR INDEX 375

SUBJECT INDEX 383
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 390
 Contents of Volume 13

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Anelasticity: An Introduction
A. S. NOWICK

I. INTRODUCTION
II. FORMAL THEORY OF ANELASTICITY
III. INTERNAL VARIABLES AND THE THERMODYNAMIC BASIS FOR
RELAXATION SPECTRA 12
IV. PHYSICAL, ORIGINS OF ANELASTICITY 14
REFERENCES 27

Structural Instability of A-15 Superconductors

L. R. TESTARDI

I. INTRODUCTION 29
II. METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL STUDIES 29
III. MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, NMR, AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY 30
IV. THE BATTERMAN BARRETT TRANSFORMATION 31
V. X-RAY STUDIES 32
VI. ELASTIC MODULI 32
VII. STRESS BEHAVIOR 34
VIII. COMPOSITION, DISORDER, AND DEFECTS: THEIR EFFECTS
ON TC AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY 36
IX. HIGH FREQUENCY PHONON BEHAVIOR 41

275
276 Contents of Volume 13

X. THEORY 41
REFERENCES 45

Plate Modes in Surface Acoustic Wave Devices

R. S. WAGERS

I. INTRODUCTION 49
II. ANALYSIS OF PLATE MODE PROPAGATION 51
III. EXCITATION OF PLATE MODES IN PIEZOELECTRIC SUBSTRATES 64
REFERENCES 78

Anisotropic Surface Acoustic Wave Diffraction

THOMAS L. SZABO

I~ INTRODUCTION 79
II. THEORY 82
III. DIFFRACTION LOSS AND PHASE EFFECTS 93
IV. EFFECT OF DIFFRACTION ON DEVICE DESIGN 98
V. MININIAL DIFFRACTION CUTS 105
VI. DIFFRACTION FOR ACOUSTIC ANALOGUES OF OPTICAL
COMPONENTS 107
VII. MISCELLANEOUS EFFECTS 110
VIII. CONCLUSION 111
REFERENCES 111

Doubly Rotated Thickness Mode Plate Vibrators

ARTHUR BALLATO

I~ INTRODUCTION 115
II. WAVES AND VIBRATIONS IN PIEZOELECTRIC MEDIA 117
III. CRITICAL PLATE FREQUENCIES 121
IV. STATIC FREQUENCY-TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR 129
V. PROPERTIES OF DOUBLY ROTATED CUTS 134
VI. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATE VIBRATORS 162
Contents of Volume 13 277

VII. ANALOG ELECTRIC NETWORK MODELS 173

REFERENCES 179

The Generalized Ray Theory and Transient Responses of Layered Elastic Solids
YIH-HSING PAO AND RALPH R. GAJEWSKI

I. INTRODUCTION 184
II. EQUATIONS OF ELASTICITY AND SOLUTIONS 186
III. THE THEORY OF GENERALIZED RAY 197
IV. THE CAGNIARD METHOD AND TRANSIENT WAVES DUE TO A LINE
LOAD 207
V. AXISYMMETRIC WAVES DUE TO A POINT LOAD 218
VI. GENERAL SOLUTIONS FOR A POINT SOURCE 231
VII. TRANSIENT RESPONSES AND NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 246
REFERENCES 264

AUTHOR INDEX 267

SUBJECT INDEX 273
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 279
 Contents of Volume 14

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Acoustic Microscopy
R o s s A. LEMONS AND CALVIN F. QUATE

I. INTRODUCTION 2
II. TECHNIQUESOF ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY 3
III. ABERRATIONOF A SINGLE SURFACE LENS 20
IV. RESOLUTIONPERFORMANCE OF THE SCANNING ACOUSTIC
MICROSCOPE 26
V. ACOUSTICLENS TRANSFER FUNCTIONS 39
VI. ANTIREFLECRIONCOATINGS FOR ACOUSTIC LENSES 51
VII. TRANSMISSIONACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY 59
VIII. REFLECTION ACOUSTIC MICROSCOPY 80
LIST OF SYMBOLS 88
REFERENCES 90

Sound Propagation in Liquid Crystals

K. MIYANO AND J. B. KETTERSON
Io INTRODUCTION 93
II. THEORY 96
III. EXPERIMENTS 146
APPENDIX A: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARAMETERS APPEARING
IN OTHER HYDRODYNAMIC FORMULATIONS 173
APPENDIX B: THE DE GENNES ELASTICITY THEORY FOR A
SMECTIC A 174
LIST OF SYMBOLS 175
REFERENCES 176

278
Contents of Volume 14 279

Electromagnetic-Ultrasound Transducers: Principles, Practice, and Applications

H. M. FROST

Io INTRODUCTION 179
II. TRANSDUCTION WITH PLANE WAVES 185
III. SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE TRANSDUCTION 190
IV. BULK ACOUSTIC WAVE TRANSDUCTION 219
V. OTHER TRANSDUCTION CONSIDERATIONS 228
VI. TRANSDUCER FABRICATION AND OPERATION 235
VII. APPLICATIONS 248
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS 269
REFERENCES 270

Ultrasonic Transducers for Materials Testing and Their Characterization

WOLFGANG SACHSE AND NELSON N. HSU

I~ INTRODUCTION 277
II. THE TRANSDUCER AS AN ELEMENT IN AN ULTRASONIC SYSTEM 282
III. ULTRASONIC TRANSDUCTION METHODS AND DEVICES 295
IV. ULTRASONIC SYSTEM RESPONSE 341
V. TRANSDUCER CHARACTERIZATION 349
REFERENCES 394

Ultrasonic Flowmeters
LAWRENCE C. LYNNWORTH

Io INTRODUCTION 408
II. ULTRASONIC FLOW VELOCIMETER PRINCIPLES AND METHODS 414
III. AREA AVERAGING FOR NONUNIFORM FLOW PROFILES 487
IV. ULTRASONIC MASS FLOWMETERS 503
V. HYBRID DESIGNS 510
VI. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 513
REFERENCES 516

AUTHOR INDEX 527

SUBJECT INDEX 542
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 558
 Contents of Volume 15

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii

PREFACE ix

A History of Ultrasonics
KARL E GRAFF
I. INTRODUCTION 2
II. HIGH-FREQUENCYACOUSTICS IN THE 19TH CENTURY 3
III. EARLYWORK IN THE 20TH CENTURY (1900-1915) 20
IV. BIRTHAND GROWTH OF ULTRASONICS (1916-1926) 28
V. INTENSEULTRASOUND AND OTHER DEVELOPMENTS (1927-1939) 41
VI. ULTRASONICSCOMES OF AGE (1940-1955) 60
VII. TO THE PRESENT 89
REFERENCES 90

Circuit-Model Analysis and Design of Interdigital Transducers for Surface

Acoustic Wave Devices
W. RICHARD SMITH

Io INTRODUCTION 100
II. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF INTERDIGITALTRANSDUCERS AS FILTER
ELEMENTS 102
III. RELATION OF TRANSDUCER RESPONSE TO GEOMETRY 110
IV. "SECOND-ORDER" EFFECTS AND THEIR COMPENSATION 122
V. THREE-PORT CIRCUIT MODEL DESCRIPTION OF INTERDIGITAL
TRANSDUCERS 132
VI. MATCHING-CIRCUIT-CONTROLLED TRADE-OFFS AMONG INSERTION
LOSS, BANDWIDTH, TRIPLE TRANSIT SUPPRESSION, AND VOLTAGE
STANDING-WAVE RATIO 160

280
Contents of Volume 15 281

VII. SPECIFIC TRANSDUCER GEOMETRIES (ARRAY FACTORS) FOR

TYPICAL FILTER APPLICATIONS 177
REFERENCES 187

Theory of Resonance Scattering

LAWRENCE FLAX, GUILLERMO C. GAUNAURD, AND HERBERT UBERALL
I. INTRODUCTION 191
II. ACOUSTIC=WAVE SCATTERINGFROM ELASTIC TARGETS 193
III. ELASTIC=WAVE SCATTERINGFROM CAVITIES AND INCLUSIONS 240
IV. THE INVERSE SCATTERINGPROBLEM 281
V. RESONANCES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING 285
REFERENCES 292

Acoustic Emission--An Update

ARTHUR E. LORD, JR.

INTRODUCTION 295
Io DETERMINATION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS 297
II. OPTICAL DETECTION OF ACOUSTIC EMISSIONS 334
III. SIGNAL ANALYSIS 334
IV. ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING VARIOUS TRANSFORMATIONS 335
V. DISLOCATION EFFECTS 340
VI. MAGNETOMECHANICAL ACOUSTIC EMISSION 342
VII. MONITORING FATIGUE DAMAGE WITH ACOUSTIC EMISSION 348
VIII. PRACTICALAPPLICATIONS 350
IX. DISCUSSION 353
REFERENCES 355

AUTHOR INDEX 361

SUBJECT INDEX 369
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 379
 Contents of Volume 16

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

Relaxation Processes in Sound Propagation in Fluids: A Historical Survey

R. BRUCE LINDSAY

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. ATTENUATIONOF SOUND IN A VISCOUS AND HEAT-CONDUCTING
FLUID AS A CLASSICAL RELAXATION PROCESS 3
3. SOUND PROPAGATION AS A MOLECULAR PROCESS 6
4. JEANS' THEORY OF PROPAGATION OF SOUND THROUGH A GAS
COMPOSED OF LOADED SPHERES 10
5. EINSTEIN'S INVESTIGATION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN PARTIALLY
DISSOCIATED GASES 13
6. APPLICATIONOF THE RELAXATION CONCEPT TO SOUND DISPERSION
AND ABSORPTION BY HERZFELD AND RICE 18
7. THE INVESTIGATIONS OF BOURGIN ON THE PROPAGATION OF SOUND
IN GASES 21
8. KNESER'S RESEARCH ON THE DISPERSION OF SOUND DUE TO
RELAXATION PROCESSES 21
9. HENRY'S INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY EXCHANGES BETWEEN
MOLECULES 26
10. KNESER'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE MOLECULAR RELAXATION
THEORY OF SOUND ABSORPTION 26
11. THE COLLABORATION OF KNUDSEN AND KNESER IN
STUDIES OF ANOMALOUS SOUND ABSORPTION IN GASES 28
12. RELAXATIONAL THEORIES FOR THE EXCESS ABSORPTION OF
SOUND IN LIQUIDS 30
13. RELAXATION IN THE THEORY OF SOUND ATTENUATION IN SOLIDS 34
REFERENCES 35

282
Contents of Volume 16 283

Acoustic Vibrational Modes in Quartz Crystals: Their Frequency, Amplitude,

and Shape Determination
HARISH BAHADUR AND R. PARSHAD

1. INTRODUCTION 38
2. VIBRATIONALMODES OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS 38
3. SURVEYOF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF
MODE SHAPES, FREQUENCIES, AND AMPLITUDES OF VIBRATIONS
OF QUARTZ CRYSTALS 67
4. CONCLUSION 165
REFERENCES 165

Electron and Phonon Drag on Mobile Dislocations in Metals at Low Temperatures

J. M. GALLIGAN

~ INTRODUCTION 173
2. REVIEW OF PRIOR EXPERIMENTALWORK ON ELECTRON DRAG IN
SUPERCONDUCTORS 176
o RECENT EXPERIMENTALWORK ON MOBILE DISLOCATION
DENSITIES AND DISLOCATION DRAG IN SUPERCONDUCTORS AND
NORMAL-STATE METALS 180
o DISCUSSION 209
REFERENCES 214

Two-Pulse Phonon Echoes in Solid-State Acoustics

K. FOSSHEIM AND R. M. HOLT

~ INTRODUCTION 218
2. BACKWARD-WAVE ECHOES 221
3. ACOUSTIC SPIN ECHOES 259
4. POWDER ECHOES 263
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 292
REFERENCES 292
284 Contents of Volume 16

Dynamic Polarization Echoes in Powdered Materials

KOJI KAJIMURA

o INTRODUCTION 295
2. ANHARMONIC OSCILLATOR MODEL 299
3. PARAMETRIC FIELD-MODE INTERACTION MODEL 321
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY 325
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 337
REFERENCES 339

Memory Echoes in Powders

R. L. MELCHER AND N. S. SHIREN

lo INTRODUCTION 341
2. GENERAL SURVEY OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA 343
3. THE PARTICLE ROTATION MODEL 345
4. INTERNAL DEFORMATION MODELS 349
5. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 354
6. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 356
7. CONCLUSIONS 376
APPENDIX m. DERIVATION OF TORQUE EQUATION FROM THE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL MOTION OF A PARTICLE IN A FIELD 376
APPENDIX B. FIELD ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE FOR THE
ROTATION MODEL 379
APPENDIX C. FIELD ORIENTATION DEPENDENCE FOR THE
INTERNAL DEFORMATION MODEL 381
REFERENCES 382

Fiber Optic Acoustic Transduction

J. A. BUCARO, N. LAGAKOS, J. H. COLE, AND T. G. GIALLORENZI

~ INTRODUCTION 385
2. OPTICAL FIBER TYPES 386
3. MACH-ZEHNDER FIBER INTERFEROMETER 389
Contents of Volume 16 285

~ SINGLE-FIBER INTERFEROMETER 415

5. POLARIZATION SENSORS 420
6. OPTICAL INTENSITY FIBER SENSORS 424
7. EVANESCENT FIELD FIBER COUPLER SENSORS 436
8. HYBRID FIBER SENSORS 439
9. PRACTICAL SENSOR IMPLEMENTATION 445
REFERENCES 455

AUTHOR INDEX 459

SUBJECT INDEX 468
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 477
 Contents of Volume 17

CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix

Determination of Third-Order Elastic Constants from Ultrasonic Harmonic

Generation Measurements
M. A. BREAZEALE AND JACOB PHILIP

INTRODUCTION
HARMONIC GENERATION OF LONGITUDINAL WAVES IN CUBIC
CRYSTALS
THE CAPACITIVE RECEIVER AS A TOOL FOR ABSOLUTE-
AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENTS 12
THE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 18
RESULTS FOR SOME SOLIDS 27
TEMPERATURE VARIATION OF THE THIRD-ORDER ELASTIC
CONSTANTS OF SILICON AND GERMANIUM 50
CONCLUSIONS 56
REFERENCES 57

Acoustoelasticity and Ultrasonic Measurements of Residual Stresses

YIH-HSING PAD, WOLFGANG SACHSE, AND HIDEKAZU FUKUOKA

. INTRODUCTION 62
2. WAVE MOTION IN A PRESTRESSED BODY 64
3. THEORY OF ACOUSTOELASTIC BIREFRINGENCE 71
4. SURFACE WAVES IN A PRESTRESSED HALF-SPACE 84
5. RESIDUAL STRESSES AND INELASTIC EFFECTS 89

286
Contents o f Volume 17 287

~ EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR ACOUSTOELASTICITY 101

7. ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF APPLIED STRESSES 109
8. ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS OF RESIDUAL STRESSES 121
9. CONCLUSION 137
REFERENCES 140

Absorption of Sound by the Atmosphere

H. E. BASS, L. C. SUTHERLAND, JOE PIERCY, AND LANDON EVANS

~ INTRODUCTION 145
2. THEORY OF ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION OF SOUND 147
3. A COMPARISON OF PREDICTED ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION LOSS
WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA 174
APPENDIX. SYMBOLS, DEFINITIONS, AND UNITS 224
REFERENCES 228

Statistical Properties of Random Wave Fields

KARL JOACHIM EBELING

o INTRODUCTION 234
2. STATISTICAL PROPFRTIES OF SIMPLE SOUND FIELD VARIABLES 236
3. PROBABILITY DENSITIES OF QUANTITIES CONTAINING DERIVATIVES 246
4. STATISTICS OF TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRADIENTS 254
5. THE SPATIAL FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF RANDOM WAVE FIELDS 265
6. SCATTERING AT ROUGH SURFACES 287
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 303
APPENDIX. IMPORTANT SYMBOLS 307
REFERENCES 309

AUTHOR INDEX 311

SUBJECT INDEX 317
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 322
 Contents of Volume 18

CONTRIBUTORS ix
IN MEMORIAM xi
PREFACE xix

Number-Theoretic Phase Arrays and Diffraction Gratings with Broad Radiation

(Scattering) Characteristics
MANFRED R. SCHROEDER

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. THE CONCEPT OF SPATIAL FREQUENCY 3
3. QUADRATIC-RESIDUEARRAYS 4
~ Two-DIMENSIONAL QUADRATIC-RESIDUE ARRAYS 7
5. QUADRATIC-RESIDUE PHASE GRATINGS 8
6. SPREAD-SPECTRUM SEQUENCES 10
7. GALOIS ARRAYS 11
8. PHASE GRATINGS BASED ON p = 2 12
9. PHASE GRATINGS FOR p > 2 14
10. PRIMITIVE-ROOT GRATINGS 14
11. COMPLEX LEGENDRE GRATINGS 16
12. ZECH GRATINGS 17
13. CONCLUSION 19
REFERENCES 20

Ultrasonic Generation by Pulsed Lasers

D. A. HUTCHINS

o INTRODUCTION 21
2. GENERATION IN GASES AND VAPORS 25
3. GENERATION IN LIQUIDS 29

288
Contents of Volume 18 289

~ GENERATION IN SOLIDS 56
5. APPLICATIONS 96
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 118
REFERENCES 118

Electron Beam-Acoustic Imaging

G. S. CARGILL III

1. INTRODUCTION 125
2. BASICPHENOMENA 126
3. EQUIPMENT 132
4. APPLICATIONS-MICROELECTRONICS 137
5. APPLICATIONS-GRAINSTRUCTURES 144
6. APPLICATIONS-PLASTICDEFORMATION 149
7. APPLICATIONS-VIBRATIONALMODES 151
8. APPLICATIONS-CRACKSAND DELAMINATIONS 160
9. APPLICATIONS-MISCELLANEOUS 161
10. FUTUREDEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 163
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 164
REFERENCES 164

Theory of Photothermal and Photoacoustic Effects in Condensed Matter

E ALAN MCDONALD AND GROVER C. WETSEL, JR.

1. INTRODUCTION 168
2. BASICPHOTOTHERMALTHEORY 169
3. THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT 184
4. ENCLOSED-CELLPHOTOACOUSTICS 211
5. PHOTOTHERMALLASER-BEAM DEFLECTION 248
6. PHOTOACOUSTIC/PHOTOTHERMALIMAGING 254
7. CONCLUSIONSAND OPEN QUESTIONS 273
REFERENCES 274
290 Contents of Volume 18

Opto/Photoacoustics: Vibrational Relaxation: Theory and Experiment

M. REBELO DA SILVA AND E LEPOUTRE

o INTRODUCTION 279
2. 9 ENERGY TRANSFER MECHANISMS 281
3. RATE EQUATIONS FOR INTERMOLECULAR COLLISIONS 291
4. APPLICATION TO PHOTOACOUSTICS 305
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 336
REFERENCES 343

6
Analytical Applications of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy to Condensed Phase
Substances
TSUGUO SAWADA AND TAKEHIKO KITAMORI

l~ INTRODUCTION 348
2. BASIS OF ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS 348
3. WEAK ABSORBANCE DETECTION 366
4. TRACE ANALYSES 369
5. CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PAS 377
6. CHARACTERIZATION OF TURBID AND COLLOIDAL SAMPLES 382
7. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 389
8. REVIEW OF OTHER PHOTOACOUSTIC AND PHOTOTHERMAL
SPECTROSCOPIES FOR ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS 393
REFERENCES 399

Imaging with Optically Generated Thermal Waves

G. BUSSE

Io INTRODUCTION 403
2. GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 407
3. OPTOACOUSTIC THERMAL IMAGING WITH MICROPHONE AND
PIEZOELECTRIC DETECTION 416
o REMOTE THERMAL WAVE IMAGING 441
5. DISCUSSION 473
Contents of Volume 18 291

o CONCLUSION 474
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 475
REFERENCES 475

AUTHOR INDEX 479

SUBJECT INDEX 487
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 498
 Contents of Volume 19

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi
~

INTRODUCTION Xlll

Radiated Fields of Ultrasonic Transducers

D. A. HUTCHINS AND G. HAYWARD

lo INTRODUCTION 1
2. FIELDS OF CONTINUOUS-WAVE (CW) TRANSDUCERS 5
3. TRANSIENT FIELD CHARACTERISTICS 21
4. CONTROL OF TRANSDUCER SPATIAL FIELD CHARACTERISTICS 60
REFERENCES 79

The Measurement of Ultrasonic Velocity

EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

o INTRODUCTION 81
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE PULSE-ECHO-OVERLAP MEASUREMENT 83
3. VERSATILE CONFIGURATIONS 94
4. MODERN EQUIPMENT 100
5. DIFFRACTION CORRECTIONS 101
6. ABSOLUTE ACCURACY 103
7. SUMMARY 105
REFERENCES 105

292
Contents of Volume 19 293

The Measurement of Ultrasonic Attenuation

EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

~ INTRODUCTION 108
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF MEASUREMENT 110
3. EXPERIMENTAL SITUATIONS TO BE AVOIDED 123
4. DIFFRACTION CORRECTIONS TO TRANSFORM RAW DATA INTO
ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS 129
~ BUFFER ROD METHOD 134
6. BEYOND THE FUNDAMENTALS 148
7. SUMMARY 154
REFERENCES 154

Physical Principles of Measurements with EMAT Transducers

R. B. THOMPSON

~ INTRODUCTION 157
2. GENERAL FORMALISM FOR DISCUSSION OF MEASUREMENT
PRINCIPLES 159
, RADIATION INTO HALF-SPACES 164
4. COUPLING TO GUIDED MODES 184
5. OPERATION 1N MAGNETIC MATERIALS 191
6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 197
REFERENCES 199

5
Optical Detection of Ultrasound
JAMES W WAGNER
~ INTRODUCTION 201
2. ENCODING AND DECODING ULTRASONIC INFORMATION ON AN
OPTICAL BEAM 212
,, DETECTION SENSITIVITY 248
4. SUMMARY 263
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 264
REFERENCES 264
294 Contents of Volume 19

Measuring the Electrical Characteristics of Piezoelectric Devices

WARREN L. SMITH

1. GENERALREMARKS 267
2. STANDARDMETHODS FOR DEVICE MEASUREMENT 272
3. RECOMMENDEDSCATTERING PARAMETER METHODS 275
4. ESTIMATIONOF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS 284
5. SUMMARYOF RESONATOR MEASUREMENT CONSIDERATIONS 289
REFERENCES 290

Photoelastic Visualization and Theoretical Analyses of Scatterings of Ultrasonic

Pulses in Solids
C. E YING

~ INTRODUCTION 291
2. THE DYNAMIC PHOTOELASTIC VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUE 292
3. REFLECTION OF BULK WAVES FROM THE PLANE BOUNDARY
SURFACE OF A SEMI-INFINITE SOLID MEDIUM 300
~ SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES BY A Two-DIMENSIONAL PLANE
CRACK 308
o SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES BY A CYLINDRICAL CAVITY 327
6. SCATTERING OF BULK WAVES AND RALEIGH WAVES BY FREE
CORNERS 332
. VISUALIZATION OF LAMB WAVES AND STUDY OF THEIR
REFLECTION FROM A PLATE-FREE EDGE 337
. CONCLUSION 342
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 342
REFERENCES 342

AUTHOR INDEX 345

SUBJECT INDEX 349
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 355
 Contents of Volume 20

CONTRIBUTORS xiii
PREFACE xv

Ultrasonic Attenuation in Conventional Superconductors

MOISES LEVY
~ INTRODUCTION 1
2. TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE 2
3. MAGNETIC FIELD DEPENDENCE 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 21
REFERENCES 21

Sound Propagation and Collective Modes in Superfluid 3He

BIMAL K. SARMA, J. B. KETTERSON, S. ADENWALLA, AND Z. ZHAO
~ INTRODUCTION 23
2. NORMAL STATE OF 3HE 27
3. SUPERFLUID 3HE 33
4. COLLECTIVE MODES 43
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 53
6. CONCLUSIONS 101
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 102
REFERENCES 103

295
296 Contents of Volume 20

Sound Propagation in the Heavy Fermion Superconductors

BIMAL K. SARMA, MOISES LEVY, S. ADENWALLA AND J. B. KETTERSON

1. INTRODUCTION 108
2. SOUNDPROPAGATION IN CONVENTIONAL SUPERCONDUCTORS 114
3. UNCONVENTIONALSUPERCONDUCTIVITY 118
4. HEAVYFERMION SYSTEMS 140
5. UPT3 143
6. UBE13 176
7. URUESI2 179
8. CE CU 6 181
9. CONCLUSIONS 185
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185
REFERENCES 185

Ultrasonic Attenuation in the Magnetic Superconducting System Erl_xHoxRh4B4

KEUN JENN SUN AND MOISES LEVY

1. INTRODUCTION 191
2. EXPERIMENTALDETAILS AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 194
3. COMMONATTENUATION BEHAVIOR 196
4. SPECIALATTENUATION BEHAVIOR 198
5. SUMMARY 230
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 232
REFERENCES 233

Ultrasonic Propagation in Sintered High-Tc Superconductors

MOISES LEVY, MIN-FENG Xu, BIMAL K. SARMA AND KEUN JENN SUN

1. INTRODUCTION 237
2. ATTENUATIONAND VELOCITY IN LA2_xSRxCUO4 238
3. ORDINARYSINTERED YBA2CU307_~i 243
4. ORIENTEDYBA2CU307_~5 254
5. SOUNDPROPAGATION IN GDBA2CU3OT_~5 AND ERBA2CU307_ 8 271
6. BISRCACUO AND TI BACACUO SUPERCONDUCTING COMPOUNDS 274
7. SOUNDPROPAGATION IN BAI_xKxBIO3 280
8. SUMMARY 289
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 292
Contents of Volume 20 297

APPENDIX A. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH=Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS 292

APPENDIX B. SELECTED VELOCITIES AND ELASTIC CONSTANTS FOR
HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS 295
APPENDIX C. TEMPERATURE POSITION OF ATTENUATION PEAKS
FOR SINTER-FORGED YBA2CU307 SAMPLES 297
APPENDIX D. ACTIVATION ENERGIES FOR RELAXATION TIMES
ASSOCIATED WITH RELAXATION ATTENUATION PEAKS 297
REFERENCES 298

Sound Velocity Studies of Ceramic High-Temperature Superconductors

S. BHATTACHARYA

I. INTRODUCTION 303
2. THEORY 306
3. SOUNDVELOCITY IN CERAMIC SAMPLES 311
4. RESULTSNEAR Tc 328
5. MAGNETICFIELD DEPENDENCE 337
6. CONCLUSIONS 342
REFERENCES 345
BIBLIOGRAPHY 346

Acoustic Studies of Single-Crystal High-Tc Superconductors

BRAGE GOLDING

1. INTRODUCTION 349
2. THE HIGH=Tc SUPERCONDUCTORS 351
3. ACOUSTICMETHODS FOR SMALL SINGLE CRYSTALS 352
4. SINGLE-CRYSTALEXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS 357
5. SUMMARYAND OUTLOOK 376
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 378
REFERENCES 378

Ultrasonic Measurements of Elastic Constants in Single. Crystals of LA2Cu04

J. D. MAYNARD, M. J. MCKENNA, A. MIGLIORI AND WILLIAM M. VISSCHER

1. INTRODUCTION 381
2. DEVELOPMENTOF THE SMALL=SAMPLE RESONANT ULTRASOUND
TECHNIQUE 382
298 Contents of Volume 20

. MEASUREMENTS ON SINGLE=CRYSTAL SAMPLES OF LA2CUO4 397

4. MEASUREMENTS IN SUPERCONDUCTING LA1.86SRo.14CuO4 401
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 407
REFERENCES 407

A Rationalisation of the Diversity in the Elastic Response of Polycrystalline

Superconducting Oxides
D. E ALMOND

~ INTRODUCTION 409
2. REVIEW OF INITIAL WORK 410
3. A COMPARISON OF THE ULTRASONIC CHARACTERISTICS OF
SUPERCONDUCTING AND NON-SUPERCONDUCTING MATERIAL 418
o HIGH-TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES 428
5. CONCLUSIONS 429
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 431
REFERENCES 431

10

High-Tc Superconductivity and UltrasonicsmTheoretical Aspects

VLADIMIR Z. KRESIN

~ INTRODUCTION 435
2. SOUND ATTENUATION AND CONVENTIONAL SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 436
3. EXOTIC SUPERCONDUCTORS (ORGANIC MATERIALS;
HEAVY FERMIONS) 440
o HIGH-Tc OXIDES 441
5. ULTRASONIC ATTENUATION IN HIGH-Tc OXIDES 446
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 452
REFERENCES 452

INDEX 455
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES 461
 Contents of Volume 21

CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix

Geometrical and Catastrophe Optics Methods in Scattering

PHILIP L. MARSTON

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 2

INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRICAL AND PHYSICAL OPTICS METHODS
RELEVANT TO SCATTERING 5
o CAUSTICS AND ASSOCIATED DIFFRACTION CATASTROPHES 52
4. WAVES TRANSMITTED THROUGH FLUID AND ELASTIC SCATTERERS
AND GLORY SCATTERING 148
~ SURFACE RAY REPRESENTATIONS OF SCATTERING BY SHELLS AND
OTHER SMOOTH OBJECTS 205
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 220
APPENDIX: POLAR AND CARTESIAN EXPRESSIONS FOR PRINCIPAL
CURVATURES 220
REFERENCES 221

Scattering of Sound Pulses and the Ringing of Target Resonances

SUSAN K. NUMRICH AND HERBERT UBERALL

o INTRODUCTION 235
2. THEORY OF THE SCATTERING OF SOUND PULSES FROM
IMPENETRABLE OBJECTS 239
THEORY OF THE SCATTERING OF SOUND PULSES FROM ELASTIC
OBJECTS 247

299
300 Contents of Volume 21

, EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH SOUND PULSES SCATTERED BY

ELASTIC OBJECTS 257
TARGET RESONANCES AND THE SINGULARITY EXPANSION METHOD 264
THEORY OF SURFACE WAVE PULSES, THE RINGING OF RESONANCES,
AND THE DETERMINATION OF THE EIGENFREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF
ELASTIC SCATTERERS 275
DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 301
REFERENCES 313

SUBJECT INDEX 319

CONTENTS OF VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES 325
 Contents of Volume 22

CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix

Acoustic Scattering from Elastic Solids

ROGER H. HACKMAN

~ INTRODUCTION 1
2. SPHERICAL SOLIDS 3
3. INFINITE CYLINDRICAL SOLIDS 46
4. THE T-MATRIX FORMALISM 61
5. FINITE CYLINDERS 81
6. PROLATE SPHEROIDS 137
7. SURFACE WAVES AND QUASICYLINDRICAL MODES 174
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 185
REFERENCES 185

Variational Formulations in Acoustic Radiation and Scattering

ALLAN D. PIERCE

1. BASICFEATURES OF VARIATIONAL STATEMENTS 196

2. HAMILTON'SPRINCIPLE 210
3. PLATES 217
4. SHELLS 227
5. ENERGYCOROLLARIES 251
6. QUOTIENTPRINCIPLES AND RAYLEIGH'S PRINCIPLE 254
7. MINIMUMAND MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES 259
8. METHODOF GERJUOY, RAU, AND SPRUCH 262

301
302 Contents of Volume 22

, THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF INTEGRAL COROLLARIES 267

10. INTEGRAL EQUATIONS BASED ON THE HELMHOLTZ-KIRCHHOFF
INTEGRAL COROLLARIES 273
11. VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES DERIVED FROM INTEGRAL EQUATIONS 301
12. VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES AND NON-SELF-ADJOINT OPERATORS 312
13. APPLICATION OF THE GERJUOY-RAO-SPRUCH TECHNIQUE 319
14. UNIQUENESS AND VARIATIONAL PRINCIPLES 327
15. NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS 331
16. AN ASSESSMENT 350
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 354
REFERENCES 355

INDEX 373
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 379
 Contents of Volume 23

CONTRIBUTORS vii
PREFACE ix

The Process of Technology Transfer and Commercialization

ESSAY I ACHIEVINGSUCCESSFULTECHNOLOGY TRANSFER,
AARON J. GELLMAN
ESSAY II DIFFICULTIESIN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER,
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS
ESSAY III COMMERCIALIZATION: FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO SALES TO
PROFITS, NEIL J. GOLDFINE 15
ESSAY IV PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND NDT
MARKETS, STEPHEN R. RINGLEE 20
ESSAY V TEAMINGmA SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATING
SOFT SKILLS AND INDUSTRIAL INTERACTION INTO
ENGINEERING CURRICULA, W. LORD, S. UDPA, AND
ROBERT S. HARRIS 24
ESSAY VI INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES,
ARTHUR BALLATO AND RICHARD STERN 33

Medical Ultrasonic Diagnostics

ALBERT GOLDSTEIN AND RAYMOND L. POWIS

Io INTRODUCTION 46
II. BASIC IMAGING PRINCIPLES 49
III. ANALOG GRAY-SCALE IMAGING 83
IV. DIGITAL GRAY-SCALE IMAGING 102

303
304 Contents of Volume 23

V. DOPPLER 147
VI. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 176
VII. SUMMARY 184

3
Nondestructive Testing
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS

I~ INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION 194

II. PRINCIPLES OF NDT 196
III. INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS 215
IV. SUMMARY 272

Industrial Process Control Sensors and Systems

LAWRENCE C. LYNNWORTH AND VALENTIN MAGORI

GENERAL REMARKS ON ULTRASONIC VS NONULTRASONIC

TECHNOLOGIES AND SENSORS; CLAMP-ON VS WETTED
TRANSDUCERS AND SENSORS; WIRELESS REMOTE SENSING 276
II. INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL AND SIMILAR APPLICATIONS 289
III. ANALYZER APPLICATIONS 436
IV.. CONTACTLESS (WIRELESS) ULTRASONIC SENSORS INCLUDING
REMOTE SAW SENSORS 443

INDEX 471
 Contents of Volume 24

CONTRIBUTORS ix
PREFACE xi

The Process of Technology Transfer and Commercialization

ESSAY I ACHIEVINGSUCCESSFUL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER,
AARON J. GELLMAN
ESSAY II DIFFICULTIESIN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER,
EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS
ESSAY III COMMERCIALIZATION:FROM BASIC RESEARCH TO SALES
TO PROFITS, NElL J. GOLDFINE 15
ESSAY IV PERSPECTIVES ON TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND NDT
MARKETS, STEPHEN R. RINGLEE 20
ESSAY V TEAMING---A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF INTEGRATING
SOFT SKILLS AND INDUSTRIAL INTERACTION INTO
ENGINEERING CURRICULA, WILLIAM LORD, SATISH UDPA,
AND ROBERT S. HARRIS 24
ESSAY VI INNOVATIVETECHNOLOGY TRANSFER INITIATIVES,
ARTHUR BALLATO AND RICHARD STERN 33

Fabrication and Characterization of Transducers

EMMANUEL P. PAPADAKIS, CLYDE G. OAKLEY, ALAN SELFRIDGE,
AND BRUCE MAXFIELD

I~ INTRODUCTION 44
II. MONOLITHIC PIEZOELECTRIC PLATE TRANSDUCERS 45
III. COMPOSITE TRANSDUCERS 76

305
306 Contents of Volume 24

IV. PVDF FILM TRANSDUCERS 107

V. ELECTROMAGNETIC ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS (EMATs) 116
VI. SUMMARY 129

Surface Acoustic Wave Technology: Macrosuccess through Microseisms

FRED S. HICKERNELL

I~ INTRODUCTION 136
II. MEASURES OF SUCCESS 138
III. SURFACE ELASTIC WAVES 141
IV. PRELUDE TO THE SAW ERA (THE EARLY RUMBLINGS) 145
V. THE INTERDIGITALTRANSDUCER, MATERIALS AND FABRICATION 148
VI. INTERDIGITAL TRANSDUCER CONTROLLED SAW DEVICES 156
VII. ELECTRODECONFIGURED MATCHED FILTER DEVICES 170
VIII. SIGNAL PROCESSING THROUGH THE PASSIVE CONTROL OF SAW
PROPAGATION 174
IX. ACOUSTOELECTRICSIGNAL PROCESSING 183
X. ACOUSTO-OPTICS 186
XI. SAW SENSORS 186
XII. FUTURE SUCCESS 187
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 189
REFERENCES 190
APPENDIX A. SAW PUBLICATIONS 194
APPENDIX B. SAW CONFERENCES 197
APPENDIX C. SAW APPLICATIONS 203
APPENDIX D. WORLDWIDE SAW ACTIVITIES 204
APPENDIX E. THE SAW ENGINEER'S ROLE AS AN ARTISAN 206

Frequency Control Devices

JOHN R. VIG AND ARTHUR BALLATO

to INTRODUCTION 209
II. APPLICATIONS 210
III. FREQUENCY CONTROL DEVICE FUNDAMENTALS 222
IV. RELATED DEVICES 267
V. FOR FURTHER READING 269
REFERENCES 269
Contents of Volume 24 307

Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging/Microscopy

ROBERT S. GILMORE

to SUMMARY 275
II. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL REVIEW 277
III. LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 288
IV. DESCRIPTION AND THEORY OF ACOUSTIC IMAGING/MICROSCOPY 289
V. ROLE OF IMAGED MATERIAL: PERMITTED RESOLUTION 295
VI. APPLICATIONS 323
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 343
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 344
REFERENCES 344

Research Instruments and Systems

BRUCE B. CHICK
Io HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 347
II. ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS 348
III. VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 348
IV. ATTENUATION AND VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS 351
V. NONLINEAR MEASUREMENTS 355
VI. THIN FILM MEASUREMENTS 357
VII. ACOUSTIC EMISSION MEASUREMENTS 358
REFERENCES 361

SUBJECT INDEX 363