AN ASSIGNMENT ON

IMPORTANT VIRAL DISEASES OF DOG AND CAT

BY

MD. SALAUDDIN
REGISTRATION NO.: 1705429
SUBJECT TITLE: SYSTEMATIC VIROLOGY
SUBJECT CODE: MIC- 604
SEMESTER: JULY- DECEMBER, 2017
SESSION: JULY- DECEMBER, 2017

SUBMITTED TO
Dr. Mst. NAZMI ARA RUMI
Assistant Professor
Department of Microbiology
Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur

MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.)

IN
MICROBIOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

HAJEE MOHAMMAD DANESH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY, DINAJPUR-5200

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 1. Introduction:
The prevalence of viral diseases in case of dog and cat are very important. There are so many
viral diseases which are commonly appear all the year round. Some of them are fatal even
causing death. If the pet owner very much aware about the health of their pets then prevalence
will less. Regular consulting with veterinarian as well schedule vaccination will reduce the
prevalence of such type of viral diseases.

2. Overview of viral Disease in Dog & Cat:

In recent developments in the field of viral diseases of the dog and the cat are discussed. In the
dog, infection with the coronavirus type 2 is associated with respiratory signs, while infection of
a highly pathogenic strain of the coronavirus type 1 has been identified as the cause of mortality
in puppies. A new strain of the canine parvovirus is identified, from which the pathogenicity is
not yet completely clarified. Infection with West Nile virus is associated with progressive
neurological disease and subclinical infections in dogs. Infection with equine influenza A
(H3N8) or a highly related influenza virus can cause severe respiratory disease and mortality in
greyhounds and other dogs. Infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) can cause disease and
mortality in cats and is mostly subclinical in dogs. A number of outbreaks of highly virulent
strains of the calicivirus in cats also canine distemper, canine viral hepatitis Feline panleukopania
have been described.

3. List of Important viral Diseases:

There are so many viral diseases of dog and cat. Some of them life threatening and some of them
less than that. These diseases are finely classified as follows-

i. Parvoviruses – canine parvovirus, panleukopenia.

ii. Coronaviruses – canine coronavirus, FIP (Feline

Infectious Peritonitis).

iii. Paramyxoviruses – canine parainfluenza, canine

distemper, mumps, measles.

iv. Retroviruses – Feline leukemia, FIV (Feline

immunodeficiency virus). Also known as feline AIDS.

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 v. Herpesviruses – CHV (Canine herpesvirus), FHV
(Feline herpesvirus), chickenpox, fever blisters, herpes
simplex.
vi. Caliciviruses – feline calicivirus.

vii. Adenoviruses – CAV-2, common cold.

4. Discussion:
4.1 Canine parvoviral Infection:

Classification:

Virus classification

Group: Group II (ssDNA)

Family: Parvoviridae

Subfamily: Parvovirinae

Genus: Protoparvovirus

Species: Canine parvovirus 2

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 Properties of virus:

Host:
Cat, Mink, Ferret, Fox and Dog.
Life Cycle:

Incubation:

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 The incubation period is about 5-7 days, until the onset of symptoms.

Transmission:

Clinical signs:
 Dogs that develop the disease show signs of the illness within 3 to 7 days.
 Generally, the first sign of CPV is lethargy.
 Secondary signs are loss of weight and appetite or diarrhea followed by vomiting.
dehydration that upsets the electrolyte balance and this may affect the dog critically.
 Secondary infections occur as a result of the weakened immune system also
anemia, endotoxemia.
 In the later stage white blood cell level falls, shock and death

Pathogenesis:

The virus enters the body through the mouth as the puppy cleans itself or eats food off the
ground or floor. There is a 3–7 day incubation period before the puppy seems obviously

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ill. Canine parvovirus is an intestinal disease. The virus has an affinity for mitotically active
cells, and it is capable of replicating in a large number of tissues in neonatal animals. CPV may
infect the hearts of neonatal pups causing myocarditis. In older animals, the virus replicates
primarily in the primary and secondary lymphoid tissues, as well as the in the replicating cells of
the small intestinal crypts. Loss of the intestinal barrier allows bacterial invasion of potentially
the entire body.
Cultivation of Virus:
 Supplemental Assay Method for the Titration of Canine Parvovirus in Cell Culture
 Minimum essential medium (MEM); Act as a Growth Medium
 Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)
 Cell culture glass slides, 8-well (Lab-Tek® Slides)

Diagnosis:

 A presumptive diagnosis of CPV enteritis can be made based on the clinical signs such as
depression, vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia and fever.

 The tests should be performed on any dog with diarrhoea that is also exhibiting signs of
systemic disease: vomiting, lethargy, fever, loss of appetite, dehydration or dogs with
unusually copious, smelly/bloody diarrhoea, or any dog with known exposure to
parvovirus within the preceding 14 days of developing diarrhoea.

The diagnostic tests which were employed earlier include

 HA (Haemagglutination)
 Electron Microscopy (EM) virus isolation using in MDCK, CRFK or A 72 cell line,
 Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
 Latex Agglutination Test (LAT)
 Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT), CIE test
 Virus neutralization test
 PCR and RE digestion
 Real time PCR
 Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)
 Nucleic acid hybridization or dot blot, in situ hybridization, nucleic acid sequencing etc.
but they have varying degree of sensitivity and specificity and sometimes yielding false
positive cases.

Immunity:

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  The biggest problem in protecting a puppy against canine parvovirus infection
ironically stems from the natural mechanism of protection that has evolved.
 Puppies obtain their immunity from their mother’s first milk, the colostrum, on the
first day of life.
 There is a strong correlation between HI or serum neutralizing antibody titers and
resistance to infection with CPV.
Also immunity developed by -

 Killed and Modified CPV Vaccine

 Recombinant Vaccine
 DNA Vaccine
 Peptide Vaccine
4.2 Canine Viral Hepatitis:

Classification:

Group: Group I (dsDNA)

Family: Adenoviridae

Genus: Mastadenovirus

Species: Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)

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 Properties of virus:

Canine hepatitis (ICH) is an uncommonly recognized disease of

dogs that is caused by canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), a non-
enveloped, icosahedral double-stranded DNA virus.

Host:
Dogs, wolves, coyotes, and bears, fox.

Incubation:
The incubation period is 4 to 7 days.

Transmission:
The virus is spread in the faeces, urine, blood, saliva, and nasal discharge of infected dogs

Clinical signs:

 Fever, depression, loss of appetite, coughing, and a tender abdomen, nausea, vomiting,
sorethroat, polydipsia, jaundice, abdominal pain and inflammation, lethargy

 The virus infects the liver and kidneys.

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 Pathogenesis:

Tonsil and Peyer’s Patche’s get infected and cause viraemia.The virus has got affinity for
epithelial, mesolethelial and hepatic cells. The virus damages these cells.
There is haemorrhages and necrosis of hepatic cells. The liver and spleen are congested and
enlarged. The superficial lymph nodes are congested, oedematous, and haemorrhagic.
Mortality is about 10% but the mortality is expected to be more if it occurs with or shortly
after distemper.

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 Histopathology:
 Left side intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrow) are seen in the nucleus of hepatocytes.
 Right side intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrow) are seen in the nucleus of Mesangial
cells.

Cultivation of Virus:
VIRUS hepatitis of dogs was described by Rubarth in 1947 in Sweden, and since then a natural
epidemic of the disease has been observed in Britain. From the organs of two dogs dying during
this epidemic, the infective agent has been cultivated by the inoculation into the yolk sac of
embryonated hen's eggs for twelve successive passages, after which it was passaged back to dogs
with reproduction of the disease.

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Cell culture models:
• Infection of primary hepatocytes
• Stable transfection of hepatocyte cell lines
• Replicons: full-length or subgenomic
• Surrogate models:Tamarin hepatocytes for GBV-B (HCV surrogate)

In vivo models:
• Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
• Tupaia belangeri cinensis
• Transgenic mice
• Immunodeficient mice or tolerized rats
transplanted with human hepatocytes
• Surrogate model:Tamarins for GBV-B

Diagnosis:
 Diagnosis for canine virus is normally done through taking a thorough medical history,
physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies.
 Knowing if the canine was exposed to the CAV-1 virus is important for the veterinarian to
determine if viral hepatitis is causing the symptoms, or if other conditions are present.
 Currently, a new test called ELISA is used by taking a fecal sample to test for viral hepatitis,
which reduces the amount of additional testing.
Immunity:
 Treatment is symptomatic. Most dogs recover spontaneously without treatment.
 Prevention is through vaccination (ATCvet code QI07AA05 (WHO) and various
combination vaccines).
 Most combination vaccines for dogs contain a modified canine adenovirus type-
2. CAV-2 is one of the causes of respiratory infections in dogs, but it is similar
enough to CAV-1 that vaccine for one creates immunity for both. CAV-2 vaccine is
much less likely to cause side effects than CAV-1 vaccine.
 One study has shown the vaccine to have a duration of immunity of at least four
years.
Treatment:
 There is no specific treatment. Symptomatic treatments are to be rendered. Antiserum
may be tried
 Severely affected case may require blood transfusion. Dose is 5-8 ml / lb of body weight,
by slow intravenous infusion. More than one transfusion will be required.
 Broad spectrum antibiotics are to be given to control secondary bacterial infection.

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  Fluid and electrolytes are to be extended to restore the fluid and electrolyte deficits.
Protein hydrolysate is required to restore vitality. Careful nursing is of great importance.

4.3 Feline panleukopania:

Classification:

Feline panleukopenia virus

Virus classification

Group: Group II (ssDNA)

Family: Parvoviridae

Subfamily: Parvovirinae

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 Genus: Protoparvovirus

Species: Feline panleukopenia virus

Properties of virus:

Host:
Cat, rare in human.
Transmission:

The feline Panleukopenia virus (FVP) is extremely hardy and may survive for months, and even
years. It is easily transmitted through contact, either cat-to-cat, or by human-to-cat :

 Shared food and water bowls, litter pans, bedding

 Mutual grooming
 Fleas, during the active stage
 In utero, from an infected queen
 Human handling can transfer the FVP virus from one cat to another, by contact through
hands, clothing, and shoes.

Clinical signs:

The initial symptoms are also found with many other diseases, and always indicate the need for a
veterinary examination.

 Vomiting
 diarrhea

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  Depression
 Disinterest in food and water
 Appearance of the “third eyelid,” or haw, in the inner corner of the eye
 Lack of grooming, evidenced by dull, rough coat
 Evidence of abdominal pain
 A “hunched over” postural appearance
Isolation of virus:

Pathogenesis:
Pathogenesis of feline panleukopenia is given bellow-

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 Another looks like-

Histopathology:
Enteric lesion found like this,

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 Cultivation of Virus:
Virus is cultivated by the inoculation into the yolk sac of embryonated hen's eggs for twelve
successive passages.
Diagnosis:
The veterinarian will take into account the medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and
laboratory testing to make a diagnosis of panleukopenia. Panleukopenia must be differentiated
from feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection, salmonellosis, and perforation of the intestine, as
can be seen with a linear foreign body. On a physical exam, the veterinarian would find fever,
dehydration, depression, and when palpating (feeling) the abdomen, find that the intestines were
thickened and the lymph nodes in the abdomen are enlarged. The abdomen is often painful. Cats
with panleukopenia (which actually means a decrease in all types of white blood cells) will have
a low white blood cell count, although this can be seen in diseases other than panleukopenia.
Some cats will also show a decrease in the number of platelets (the components of the blood
which help it to clot). Test kits are available to detect the virus in the feces. Recent vaccination
against panleukopenia may cause the test to appear positive. Blood tests to look for antibodies
(proteins produced by the body to destroy foreign invaders such as bacteria and
Immunity:
 Treated by FPV vaccine & immunity developed.
 the initial series of vaccinations should begin at 6–8 weeks of age and be repeated ever 3–
4 weeks(or 2–3 weeks in shelters) until 16–20 weeks of age. However, in some countries
vaccines are only licensed for use from 8–9 weeks of age. Revaccination should take
place at 1 year of age after kitten vaccination or 1 year after the primary course in older
cats.
Recovery:
If a cat is lucky enough to recover from this infection, generally no permanent damage is
retained and the cat goes on with lifetime immunity.
 Virus is shed for up to 6 weeks after recovery.
There is no way to adequately disinfect the environment; a new cat should simply be vaccinated.

4.4 Canine Distemper:

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 (sometimes termed hardpad disease in canine)

Classification:

Group: Group V ((−)ssRNA)

Order: Mononegavirales

Family: Paramyxoviridae

Genus: Morbillivirus

Species: Canine morbillivirus

Structural Properties of virus:

Staining properties:

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 Incubation Period:
The incubation period is usually 1-2 weeks from the time of exposure to development of initial clinical
signs, but it can be as long as 4-5 weeks or even more.

Host:
Dogs, ferrets, skunks, raccoons, and foxes.
Transmission:

 Direct contact or possibly contact of contaminated objects

 Shed through feces and urine of infected animals
 Some evidence shows transplacental transmission

Clinical signs:
 Anorexia; depression; listlessness; fever
 Upper respiratory tract infections
 A thick, yellow discharge from the nose and eyes
 Coughing; dyspnea.
 Vomiting; and diarrhea.
 Hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads of the paws can occur.
 In young dogs, enamel hypoplasia of the teeth is seen in neonatal infections.
 Neurological disease can occur and often includes,
seizures, paraparesis or tetraparesis, hyperesthesia, myoclonus, and death.

Pathogenesis:

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 Cultivation of Virus:
CANINE distemper virus was cultivated in dog kidney tissue culture with a clear
cytopathogenic effect and the 56th passage of the virus was tested in ferrets. Each of four non-
immune ferrets were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 ml. of tissue culture fluid
(105.5 TCID 50). Three non-immune ferrets were kept in the same laboratory as control animals
and a further two in a neighbouring room in order to test for possible air-borne contamination
from the inoculated animals. During an observation period of 25 days no animal showed any
signs of disease. Blood was drawn from all the animals before the experiment and 17 days
after inoculation. Tissue culture neutralization tests were performed with the sera, inactivated
for half an hour at 56°C., against 300 TCID 50 of canine distemper virus after incubation at
room temperature for one hour. The 50 per cent neutralizing titre of sera from inoculated
animals was more than 10−2 (final dilution of serum) on day 17, while neutralizing antibodies
were not found, either in the pre-inoculation sera or in the sera from the control animals on
day 17.

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 Diagnosis:

The variability of signs makes clinical diagnosis relatively difficult. Myoclonus appears to be
the only neurological sign highly suggestive of distemper infection. Laboratory detection
methods in use are time-consuming and include virus neutralization assay, ELISA and nucleic
acid hybridization assays. PCR detection of viral nucleic acids is also widely employed but it
is highly dependent on the quality of sample source, nucleic acid extraction, and primer
specificity .
Immunity:
 Immunity developed by Distemper vaccine.
 The virus is easily inactivated by disinfectants. Ensuring fomites and environmental
surfaces are properly disinfected can help limit the transmission of the virus.
 However, the most important prevention method for dogs is through vaccination,
particularly when they are young and can build their immunity.

5. Conclusion:
From the above discussion it is said that these four diseases are very much dangerous for dog and
cat. Feline paleukemia is more threatening among above those diseases. So it is said that,
Vaccination of kittens at regular intervals is the most important way to protect cats from
acquiring a panleukopenia virus
infection. Killed virus vaccines may be administered to pregnant cats or kittens less than 4 weeks
of age if exposure to the
panleukopenia virus is likely (e.g., in a animal shelter). The disadvantage to these vaccines is that
the cat is not really

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protected until 3 to 7 days after the second vaccination. Modified live vaccines produce more
rapid and effective immunity,
but a series of at least two vaccinations 2-4 weeks apart should still be given. Pregnant cats and
kittens who are younger than
4 weeks of age should NOT be given a modified live vaccine since it could cause abortion or
damage to the cerebellum of the
kitten.
The environment of cats with panleukopenia should be considered contaminated with the virus.
A 1:32 dilution of household
bleach should be used to disinfect floors, dishes, litter boxes, cages, and other items. Remember
that this virus can last for
years in the environment. A kitten should not be introduced into a cattery or household unless he
has received his series of
vaccinations
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