English Course PDF

ENGLISH COURSE
Prof: Ma. Begoña Aguilar B.

Guillermo Rivera P.
CONTENTS
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.......................................................................................................................................3
Exercises................................................................................................................................................................5
Possessive Pronouns .................................................................................................................................................7
Exercises................................................................................................................................................................9
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE / PRONOUNS.........................................................................................................11
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................13
VERB TO BE SIMPLE PRESENT.......................................................................................................................15
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................17
VERB TO BE INTERROGATIVE .......................................................................................................................19
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................20
VERB TO BE SIMPLE PAST...............................................................................................................................22
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................24
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFIRMATIVE - NEGATIVE ................................................................................26
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................28
PRESENT CONTINUOUS INTERROGATIVE .................................................................................................30
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................31
PAST CONTINOUS ..............................................................................................................................................33
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................34
THERE IS / ARE ....................................................................................................................................................36
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................38
SIMPLE PRESENT AFIRMATIVE .....................................................................................................................40
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................42
SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE..........................................................................................................................44
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................46
SIMPLE PRESENT INTERROGATIVE .............................................................................................................48
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................49
SIMPLE PAST AFIRMATIVE .............................................................................................................................51
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................53
SIMPLE PAST NEGATIVE - INTERROGATIVE.............................................................................................55
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................56
SIMPLE FUTURE..................................................................................................................................................57
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................58
FUTURE..................................................................................................................................................................60
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................61
PASSIVE VOICE ...................................................................................................................................................63
Exercises..............................................................................................................................................................65
Ejercicios extraídos de
“Essential Grammar in Use, Edición en Español”,
By Raymond Murphy
Cambridge University Press, 1994
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PERSONAL PRONOUNS
 Personas
Sujeto objeto
I know Ann Ann knows me Conozco a Ann. / Ann me conoce
We know Ann Ann knows us Conocemos a Ann. / Ann nos conoce
You know Ann Ann knows you Conoces a Ann. / Ann te conoce
He knows Ann Ann knows him Conoce a Ann. / Ann lo conoce
She knows Ann Ann knows her Conoce a Ann. / Ann la conoce
they know Ann Ann knows them Conocen a Ann. / Ann los(las) conoce
 You (sujeto y objeto) se puede referir a tú / vosotros(as) / usted /ustedes.
En inglés los pronombres objeto van detrás del verbo (Ann knows him) mientras que en español
muchas veces van delante (Ann lo conoce).
Detrás de las preposiciones (for / to / with etc.) se usan los pronombres objeto (me / him / her etc.).
Examples:
- This letter isn’t for you. It’s for me. …para ti. Es para mí.
- Where’s Alan? I want to talk to him. …hablar con él.
- Why are you looking at her? ¿Por qué la miras?
- Do you want to come with us? ¿… venir con nosotros (as)?
- Do you want to go with them? ¿… ir con ellos (as)?
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 Cosas
Examples
- I want that book. Please give it to me. …Por favor dámelo
- I want those books. Please give them to me. ...dámelos.
- Diana doesn’t like that watch. She never wears it. … Nunca lo usa.
- I don´t like sausages. I never eat them. …Nunca las como.
- ‘Where’s the newspaper?’ ‘You’re sitting on it.’ …’Estás sentado encima.’
En ingles es necesario usar el pronombre Sujeto. En español se omite con frecuencia.

- ‘What does your sister do?’ ‘She works in a bank.’ (Works in a bank) …’Trabaja…’
- I can’t do it. It’s too difficult. (Is too difficult) ...Es demasiado difícil.
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Exercises
I Completa las preguntas con him / her / them.
1 I don’t know those girls. Do you know them ?
2 I don’t know that man. Do you know ?
3 I don’t know those people. Do you know ?
4 I don’t know Fred’s wife. Do you know ?
5 I don’t know his friends. Do you know ?
6 I don’t know the woman in the black coat. Do you know ?
7 I don’t know Mr. Stevens. Do you know ?
8 I don’t know those students. Do you know ?
II Completa las frases usando I / me / we / us / he / him etc.
1 I want to see her but she doesn’t want to see me .
2 I want to see him but doesn’t want to see .
3 They want to see me but don’t want to see .
4 We want to see them but don’t want to see .
5 She wants to see him but doesn’t want to see .
6 They want to see her but doesn’t want to see .
7 I want to see them but don’t want to see .
8 He wants to see us but don’t want to see .
9 You want to see her but doesn’t want to see .
III Completa las frases usando me / us / him / her / it / them.
1 Who is that woman? Why are you looking at her ?
2 ‘Do you know that man?’ ‘Yes, I work with .
3 I’m talking to you. Please listen to .
4 These photographs are nice. Do you want to look at ?
5 I like that camera. I’m going to buy .
6 Where are the tickets? I can’t find .
7 We’re going out. You can come with .
8 I don’t like dogs. I’m afraid of .
9 Where is she? I want to talk to .
IV Completa las frases con it / them + me / us / him / her / them

1 I want those books. Please give them to me .
2 He wants the key. Please give to .
3 She wants the keys. Please give to .
4 I want the letter. Please give to .
5 They want the money. Please give to .
6 We want the photographs. Please give to .
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V Traduce al inglés:
1 Nunca como plátanos. No me gustan.
2 A Sue no le cae bien Tom. No quiere salir con él.
3 Dile que no quiero verlo.
4 Es muy fácil. Puedes hacerlo.
5 Conozco a Sam y él me conoce a mí.
6 ¿Dónde está mi diccionario?’ ‘Se lo prestaste a Tom.
7 Juan necesitaba el dinero, por eso se lo di.
8 No tenemos la dirección de Jane. No nos la dio.
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POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
I my I like my job
you your you like your job
he her he likes her job
she his she likes his job
It its Oxford is famous for its university (its = su, de Oxford)
we our we like our jobs
they their they like their jobs
 My / your / his / her etc. Van seguidos de un sustantivo.

my hands mis manos his mother su madre her new car su auto nuevo
our house nuestra casa Your best friend Tu mejor amigo their room su habitación
 Your equivale en español a tu / tus/ vuestro(a) /vuestros(as) y también a su / sus (cuando el

poseedor es Uds / Uds.).
- Excuse me, is this your handbag? ¿…su bolso?
- Sue, Bruce, tell us about your trip to India. …… vuestro /tu viaje a la India.
 His / her / their, que corresponden al español su / sus, se refieren al poseedor (masculino /
femenino / plural) y NO a lo poseído.
 Its es diferente de it’s

Its = su / sus (de cosa o animal) - Oxford is famous for its university …. Por su univeridad.
It’s = it is - I like Oxford. It’s a nice city. (= It is a nice city.)
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 En inglés se usan con frecuencia los posesivos al hablar de partes del cuerpo, prendas de vestir y
objetos personales. Observa las diferencias entre inglés y español:
 Ejemplo
- Have you cleaned your teeth? ¿Te has lavado los dientes?
-She fell and broke her leg. Se cayó y se rompió la pierna
- He put his hands in his pockets. Se metió las manos en los bolsillos.
- Please, take off your coat. Por favor, quítese el abrigo.
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Exercises
I Completa las frases siguientes:
1 He _______________________ . 5 I ________________________ parents.

2 They live __________________ parents. 6 John ______________________ .
3 We ______________________ parents. 7 Do you live _________________?
4 Ann lives __________________ . 8 Most children________________.
II Completa las frases siguientes:
1 I’m going to wash ___ . 4 He’s going to .

2 She’s going to wash . 5 They’re going to .
3 We’re going to . 6 Are you going ?
III Observa el árbol genealógico (family tree) y completa las frases
1 I saw Liz with her husband, Philip.

2 I saw Ann and Ted with ______children.
3 I saw Ted with ______ wife, Ann.
4 I saw George with _______ brother, Bill.
5 I saw Ann with _________ brother, Bill.
6 I saw Liz and Phillip with _______ son, Bill.
7 I saw Ann with _________ parents.
8 I saw Diana and Robert with _________ parents.
IV Completa las frases con my / our / your / his / her / their / its .
1 I like job.
2 Do you like job?
3 Does your family like jobs.
4 Sally is married. ______ husband works in a bank.
5 I know Mr. Watson but I don’t know ______wife.
6 Put on ______ coat when you go out. It’s very cold.
7 ______ favorite sport is tennis. I play a lot in summer.
8 My sister plays tennis too but ______ favorite sport is athletics.
9 We’re staying at a very nice hotel. ______ room is very comfortable.
10 Mr. and Mrs. Baker live in London but ______ son lives in Australia.
11 Thank you for _______ letter. I was good to hear from you again.
12 We are going to invite all _______ friends to the party.
13 John is a teacher but _______ sister is a nurse.
14 Do you think that most people are happy in _______ jobs?
15 I gave the money to my mother and she put it _______ her bag.
16 I often see that man but I don’t know _________ name.
17 They’ve got two children but I don’t remember _________ names.
18 The company has offices in many places but ________ head office is in New York.
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V Traduce al inglés
1 Mi coche es muy Viejo. ______________________________________________________
2 ¿Tienes tus libros acá? _______________________________________________________
3 Vi a Clara y a su hermano el lunes. _____________________________________________
4 ¿Puede mostrarme su pasaporte? ______________________________________________
5 Los niños se lavaron las manos antes de comer. ___________________________________
6 Quítese la chaqueta, por favor. ________________________________________________
7 Pablo y su madre perdieron el tren. ____________________________________________
8 Voy a lavarme el pelo.________________________________________________________
9 Nuestra casa no está lejos de la estación. ________________________________________
10 Estuvimos con John y su esposa. _______________________________________________
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POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE / PRONOUNS
I my mine It’s my money. It’s mine.

you your yours It’s your money. It’s yours.
he his his It’s his money . It’s His.
she her hers It’s her money . It’s hers.
we our ours It’s our money . It’s ours.
they their theirs It’s theirmoney . It’s theirs.
 my / our / your / her / their + sustantivo (my hands / your book etc.)
- My hands are cold. Tengo las manos frías.
- Is this your book? ¿Es éste tu libro?
- Ann gave me her umbrella. Ann me dio su paraguas.
- It’s their problem, not our problem. Es su problema, no nuestro problema.
 Mine / ours / yours / hers / theirs no llevan sustantivo detrás. Tampoco van precedidos de the:
- These books are mine but this newspaper is yours.
Estos libros son míos, pero este periódico es tuyo.
- I didn’t have an umbrella, so Ann gave me hers.
No tenía paraguas, así que Ann me dio el suyo.
- It’s their problem, not ours. (…the ours) Es su problema no el nuestro.
- ‘Is that their car?’ ‘No, theirs is green.’ (…the theirs…)
‘¿Es ese su coche?’ ‘No, el suyo es verde.’
 His puede ir seguido o no de un sustantivo

- Is this his camera? ¿Es ésta su cámara?
- It’s a nice camera. Is it his? Es una cámara bonita. ¿Es (la) suya?
 En inglés se dice:
a friend of mine / a friend of his (o hers) / some friends of our etc.
un amigo mío / un amigo suyo / unos amigos nuestros etc.
- I went out to meet a friend of mine. …a un amigo(a) mío(a)
- Are those people friends of yours? (friends of you) ¿…amigos tuyos?
 Whose…? = ¿De quién…?

- Whose book is this? ¿De quién es este libro?
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Whose puede ir seguido o no de un sustantivo:
- Whose money is this? ¿De quién es este dinero?
It’s mine.
Whose is this? ¿De quién es esto?
- Whose shoes are these? ¿De quién son estos zapatos?

- Whose are these? ¿De quién son éstos? They’re John’s.
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Exercises
I Completa las frases con mine / yours etc.
1 It’s your Money. It’s _________________________________________________________
2 It’s my bag. It’s _____________________________________________________________
3 It’s our car. It’s _____________________________________________________________
4 They’re her shoes. They’re ____________________________________________________
5 It’s their house. ____________________________________________________________
6 They’re your books. _________________________________________________________
7 They’re my glasses. _________________________________________________________
8 It’s his coats. _______________________________________________________________
II Escoge la palabra correcta.
1 Is this your/yoours book? (your es la palabra correcta)
2 It’s their/theirs problema, not our/ours. (their y ours son las palabras correctas)
3 Are these your/yours shoes?
4 Is this camera your/yours?
5 That’s not my/mine umbrella. My/mine is yellow.
6 They know our/ours address but I don’t know their/theirs names.
7 My/mine room is bigger than her/hers, but her/hers is nicer.
III Completa las frases siguientes con …friend(s) of mine/yours etc.
1 I went to the cinema with a ________ 5 I played tennis with a _____________

2 They went on holiday with some ____ 6 He’s going to meet a _____________
3 She’s going out with a friend _______ 7 Do you know that man? Is he a _____
4 We had dinner with some _________
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IV Observa los dibujos. Escribe preguntas usando whose…?
1 Whose book is this_ ______________ ? 7 _______________________________ ?

2 Whose ________________________ ? 8 _______________________________ ?
3 _______________________________ ? 9 _______________________________ ?
4 _______________________________ ? 10 _______________________________ ?
5 _______________________________ ? 11 _______________________________ ?
6 _______________________________ ? 12 _______________________________ ?
1 ‘¿De quién son estos zapatos?’ ‘Son míos? _______________________________________
2 Luisa está usando mi libro. Ha perdido el suyo. ____________________________________
3 ‘Son tuyos estos abrigos? _____________________________________________________
4 Tom y Jenny viven aquí. Esa casa es la suya. ______________________________________
5 Un amigo tuyo es también amigo mío. __________________________________________
6 He terminado mi cena pero John no ha terminado la suya. __________________________
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VERB TO BE SIMPLE PRESENT
AFIRMATIVE – NEGATIVE
 am / is / are son formas del presente del verbo be (=ser / estar):

I’m tall but I’m not thin. Soy…pero no soy…
Jane isn’t at home at the moment. She’s at work. …no está… Está…
You’re Spanish. You aren’t French. …Eres /Sois… o eres /sois…
It’s dark but it isn’t late. Está…no está…
Ann and I are cousins. We aren’t sisters. …somos… No somos…
My shoes are very dirty. I must clean them. …están….
En inglés es necesario usar los pronombres personales (I/he/she/it etc.)

- It’s late. (Is late)
 Algunas expresiones con am/is/are corresponden a formas del español con ‘tener’
- I’m hot/cold. Tengo calor/frío. - I’m right. Tengo razón
- I’m hungry/thirsty. Tengo hambre/sed. - I’m in a hurry. Tengo prisa.
- I’m afraid. Tengo miedo.
- I’m hungry but I’m not cold. Tengo hambre pero no tengo frío.
- John is afraid of dogs. John tiene miedo de los perros.
- The children are thirsty. Los niños tienen de sed.
- We’re not in a hurry. No tenemos prisa.
- You’re right. Tienes razón
En inglés se usa am/is/are para hablar de la edad de alguien:

- I’m 19. o I’m 19 years old. Tengo 19 años.
- My grandmother is 72. Mi abuela tien 72.
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Observa también las diferencias siguientes entre el inglés y el español:
- It’s hot. / It’s cold. / it’s sunny. Hace calor. / Hace frio. / Hace sol.
- It’s 1 o’clock. / It’s 8.15. (etc.) Es la una / Son las 8.15. (etc.)
- I’m interested in politics. Me interesa la política.
- Tom isn’t interested in football. A Tom no le interesa el fútbol.
 That’s = that is there’s = there is here’s = here is

- Thank you. That’s very kind of you. Gracias. Es muy amable de tu parte.
- Look! There’s George. ¡Mira! Ahí está George.
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Exercises
I Escribe las contractions (she’s/ we aren’t)
1 he is __________________ 4 it is ___________________
2 they are _______________ 5 I am not _______________
3 she is not ______________ 6 you are not _____________
II Escribe la forma completa (she is / we are not)
1 we aren’t ______________ 4 they aren’t _____________

2 I’m ___________________ 5 it isn’t _________________
3 you’re _________________ 6 she’s __________________
III Completa las frases con am, is o are:

1 The weather _________ very nice today.
2 I ______ not tired.
3 This case _______ very heavy.
4 These cases _______ very heavy.
5 Look! There _______ Carol.
6 I______ hot. Can you open the window?
7 This castle ________ one thousand years old.
8 My brother and I __________ good tennis player.
9 Ann ___ at school but her children ____ at school.
10 I _______ a student. My sister _____ an architect.
IV Escribe frases completas usando am / is / are:

1 (my shoes very dirty)_________________________________________________________
2 (my bed very comfortable) ___________________________________________________
3 (your cigarettes in your bag) __________________________________________________
4 (I not very happy today) ______________________________________________________
5 (this restaurant very expensive) _______________________________________________
6 (the shops not open today)____________________________________________________
7 (my Kelly’s daughter six years old) ______________________________________________
8 (the houses in this street very old) ______________________________________________
9 (the examination not difficult) _________________________________________________
10 (those flowers very beautiful)__________________________________________________
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V Escribe frases afirmativaas o negativas usando am/ am not / is / isn’t / are / aren’t.
1 (Paris / the capital of France) __________________________________________________
2 (I/ interested in football) _____________________________________________________
3 (I / hungry) ________________________________________________________________
4 (it / warm today)____________________________________________________________
5 (Rome / Spain) _____________________________________________________________
6 (I / afraid of dogs) ___________________________________________________________
7 (my hands / cold) __________________________________________________________
8 (Canada / a very big country) __________________________________________________
9 (the Amazon / in Africa) ______________________________________________________
10 (diamonds / cheap) _________________________________________________________
11 (motor-racing / dangerous sport)_______________________________________________
12 (cats / big animals) __________________________________________________________
VI Traduce al inglés
1 Mi hermano está en Londres.__________________________________________________
2 Mi madre es Inglesa._________________________________________________________
3 Esta sopa está fría. __________________________________________________________
4 Carmen tiene 16 años. _______________________________________________________
5 Hace calor._________________________________________________________________
6 Son las 6. _________________________________________________________________
7 Es tarde. __________________________________________________________________
8 Tienes razón. ______________________________________________________________
9 No hace sol hoy. ____________________________________________________________
10 Tenemos prisa. _____________________________________________________________
11 No tengo frio. ______________________________________________________________
12 Ricardo es alto y delgado._____________________________________________________
13 Mis padres no son españoles.__________________________________________________
14 Este vaso no está limpio. _____________________________________________________
15 ¡Mira! Aquí está tu hermana. _________________________________________________
16 No me interesa el tenis. ______________________________________________________
17 Mi padre está en el jardín. ____________________________________________________
18 José está cansado y tiene hambre. ______________________________________________
19 No tengo miedo de las arañas. ________________________________________________
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VERB TO BE INTERROGATIVE
 Is it important? ¿Es importante?

 Those shoes are nice. Are they new? ...¿Son nuevos?
 Is your mother at home? ¿Está en casa tu madre?
 Are books expensive in Spain? ¿Son caros los libros en España?
 ‘How old is Joe?’ ‘He is 24’ ‘¿Cuántos años tiene Joe?’ ‘Tiene 24’
 What color is your car? ¿De qué color es tu auto?
 Where are you from? ¿De dónde eres?
 How much are these postcards? ¿Cuánto cuestan/valen estas postales?
am/is/are + sujeto
Is she at home?
Is your mother at home? (Is at home your mother?)
Are they expensive?
Are books Expensive in Spain? (Are expensive books in Spain?)
 What’s = what is who’s = who is how’s = how is where’s = where is

- What’s the time? ¿Qué hora es? - Who’s that man? ¿Quién es….?
- Where’s Jill? ¿Dónde está Jill? - How’s your father? ¿Cómo está …?
 Respuestas breves
Estas respuestas se usan con mucha frecuencia en inglés (además de las simples respuestas Yes o No):
- ‘Are you tired?’ ‘Yes, I am?
- ‘Are you hungry?’ ‘No, I’m not but I’m thirsty.
- ‘Is he English?’ ‘Yes, he is’
- ‘Is Ann at work today?’ ‘No, she isn’t.’
- ‘Is this seat free?’ ‘Yes, it is’
- ‘Are these your shoes?’ ‘Yes, they are’
- ‘Am I late?’ ‘No, you aren’t.’
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Exercises
I Escribe preguntas usando am/is/are.
1 (your mother at home?) ____________________________________________________at home?
2 (your parents at home?) __________________________________________________ at home?
3 (this hotel expensive?) __________________________________________________________ ?
4 (you interested in art?) __________________________________________________________?
5 (the shops open today?) _________________________________________________________?
6 (the park open today?) __________________________________________________________?
II Escribre preguntas con what/who/how/why…? Usa am/is/are.
1 (what color your car) _________________________________________________________?
2 (where my key?) Where _______________________________________________________?
3 (where my socks?) ___________________________________________________________?
4 (how old your father?) How ____________________________________________________?
5 (what color his eyes?) What ____________________________________________________?
6 (why John angry with me?)_____________________________________________________?
7 (how much these shoes?) ______________________________________________________?
8 (who your favorite actor?)______________________________________________________?
9 (why you always late?)_________________________________________________________?
III Escribe preguntas apropiadas para las respuestas.
1 (your name?) ______________________ Paul.

2 (marreid or single?) _________________ I’m married.
3 (British?) _________________________ No, I’m not.
4 (where/from?) _____________________ From Australia.
5 (how old?) ________________________ I’m 25.
6 (a student?) _______________________ No, I’m a teacher.
7 (your wife a teacher?) _______________ No, she’s a lawyer.
8 (where/from?) _____________________ She’s Italian.
9 (her name?) _______________________ Anna.
10 (how old?) ________________________ She’s 25.
IV Escribe respuestas breves afirmativas o negativas (Yes, I am/No, he isn’tetc.)
1 Are you married? ______________ 6 Is it dark now? _________________

2 Are you tall? __________________ 7 Are your hands cold? ___________
3 Is it cold today? ________________ 8 Are you hungry? _______________
4 Are you a teacher? _____________ 9 Is your father tall? ______________
5 Are you tired? _________________ 10 Is it sunny?____________________
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1 ¿Es difícil este ejercicio? ______________________________________________________
2 ¿Está tu hermano en Londres?’ ‘No. Está en Manchester.’ ___________________________
3 ¿Cómo están tus padres? _____________________________________________________
4 ¿Qué hora es? ______________________________________________________________
5 ‘¿Dónde está Jane y Brian?’ ‘Están en Bristol.’ _____________________________________
6 ¿Cuántos años tienes? _______________________________________________________
7 ¿De qué color son tus guantes? ________________________________________________
8 ¿De dónde es Susan? ________________________________________________________
9 ¿Tienes frio? _______________________________________________________________
10 ‘¿Tienes hambre?’ ‘No, pero tengo sed.’ _________________________________________
11 ¿Hace frio en la calle?’ _______________________________________________________
12 ¿Te interesa el fútbol? _______________________________________________________
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VERB TO BE SIMPLE PAST
Now Charlie is at work.
At midnight last night he wasn’t at

work.
He was in bed.
He was asleep.
am/is (present) was (past)
- I am tired. I was tired last night
Estoy cansado(a) Estaba cansado(as) anoche.
- Is she a student? Was she a student when you met her?
¿Es estudiante? ¿Era estudiante cuando la conociste?
- It isn’t cold today. It wasn’t cold yesterday morning.
No hace frío hoy No hizo frío ayer por la mañana.
are (present) were (past)
- They aren’t here. They weren’t here last Sunday.
No están aquí. No estuvieron aquí el domingo pasado.
- We are hungry. We were hungry yesterday morning.
Tenemos hambre Teníamos hambre ayer por la tarde.
afirmación negación interrogación
I I I?
he he was not he?
she was she (wasn’t) was she?
it it it?
we we we?
you were you were not were you?
they they (weren’t) they?
 Was/were corresponden normalmente al Pretérito imperfecto o al Pretérito perfecto simple( o

Pretérito indefinido) de ‘ser’ o ‘estar’ en español:
- The hotel was very comfortable and it wasn’t expensive. …era… no fue…
- Where were you at 3 o’clock yesterday afternoon? ¿…estabas…?
- Those shoes are nice. Were they expensive? ¿Fueron…?
- Why was he angry yesterday? ¿…estaba…?
 Pero observa que en algunas expresiones pueden corresponder a ‘tener’ o ’hacer’:
- When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs. …era niño… tenía miedo…
- We were tired after the journey but we weren’t hungry. Estabamos cansados…no teníamos hambre.
- Was the weather good when you were on holidays? ¿Hizo buen tiempo…estabas…?
- Last year she was 22, so she is 23 now. …tenía 22 años…tiene…
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Respuestas breves
Yes, I/he/she/it was. No, I/he/she/it wasn’t.
we/you/they were. we/you/they weren’t.
- ‘Were you late?’ ‘No, I wasn’t.

- Was Ted at work yesterday?’ ‘Yes, he was.’
- ‘Were they at the party?’ ‘No, they weren’t.
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Exercises
I Observa los dibujos y responde a la pregunta: Where were these people at 3 o’clock yesteray
afternoon?
1 George ___________________________________________________________________
2 Carol and Jack ______________________________________________________________
3 Sue_______________________________________________________________________
4 Mr. and Mrs. Baker __________________________________________________________
5 Ben ______________________________________________________________________
6 And you? I ________________________________________________________________
II Completa las frases am/is/are/was/was/were. Algunas están en presente y otras en pasado.
1 Last year she __________ 22 so, she _________ 23 now.
2 Today the weather ________ nice, but yesterday it ___________ cold.
3 I ___________ hungry. Can I have something to eat?
4 I ___________ hungry last night, so I had something to eat.
5 Where _________ you at 11 o’clock last Friday morning?
6 Don’t buy those shoes. They _______ too expensive.
7 Why ____________ so angry yesterday?
8 We must go now. It __________ very late.
9 This time last year I ________ in Paris.
10 We ___________ tired when we arrived home, so we went to bed.
11 Charlie Chaplin died 1978. He ____________ a famous film star.
12 ‘Where ________ the children?’ ‘ I don’t know. They ________ in the garde ten minutes ago.
III Completa las frases con was/wasn’t/were/weren’t.

1 We didn’t like our room. It ______ very small and it _________ very clean.
2 Kate got married when she __________ 24 years old.
3 I phoned you yesterday evening but you __________ at home. Wher _______you?
4 George ________ at work last week because he ___________ ill. He’s better now.
5 The shops __________ open yesterday because it_____________ a public holiday.
6 ‘________ you at home at 9.30?’ ‘No, I ____________ . I ________ at work.’
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IV Escribe preguntas apropiadas.
1 I saw a film (good?) _______________________

2 I met some people (friendly) ______________________
3 I did an examination. (difficult?) _____________________
4 I bought some boots. (expensive) ____________________
5 I went to a museum. (interesting?) ___________________
V Traduce al Inglés
1 Estuve en la oficina hasta alas 7 ________________________________________________ .
2 ¿Dónde estabas esta mañana a las 10? __________________________________________
3 Tus padres fueron muy amables. _______________________________________________
4 Era tarde, teníamos hambre y hacía frío. _________________________________________
5 ¿A qué hora era el concierto?__________________________________________________
6 ’ ¿Hizo buen tiempo?’ ‘Estuvo nublado.’ _________________________________________
25
PRESENT CONTINUOUS AFIRMATIVE - NEGATIVE
 El presente continuo se forma así:

am/is/are -ing (doing/eating/ raining/running/writing etc)
 El presente continuo expresa un hecho o una acción en curso:
I’m working/playing/eating etc. Equivale a ‘estoy trabajando/jugando/comiendo’ etc., PERO en español

también se usa a veces con el mismo valor el presente indicativo (trabajo/juego/como).
 Please be quiet. I’m working. Estoy trabajando

 The children are playing in the garden. …juegan/están jugando…
 Don’t go out now. It’s raining. …lluev. /esta lloviendo…
 You can turn the TV off. I’m not watching it. …no la veo/estoy viendo.
 The sun is shining today. Hoy brilla el sol
 I’m feeling better now. Me siento/encuentro mejor ahora.
 She’s wearing a new shirt. Lleva una blusa nueva.
 Observa las siguientes diferencias entre inglés y español:

They are sitting. Están sentados.
She’s stanging. Está de pie
Brian’s lying in the sun. Brian está tumbado al sol.
26
Spelling
come Coming run Running lie Lying
smoke smoking sit Sitting die dying
write writing swim swimming
27
Exercises
I Completa las frases usando am/is/are + uno de los verbos siguientes:

building coming having playing cooking standing swimming
1 Listen! Pat _________________ the piano.

2 They __________________ a new hotel in the city centre at the moment.
3 Look! Somebody ____________________ in the river.
4 ‘You ____________________ on my foot.’ ‘Oh, I’m sorry.’
5 Hurry up! The bus _________________.
6 ‘Where are you, George?’ ‘In the kitchen. I________________ a meal.’
7 (on the phone) ‘Hello. Can I speak to Ann, please?’ ‘She _______________a shower at the moment.
Can you phone again later?’
II ¿Qué está ocurriendo ahora? Escribe frases verdaderas.

1 (I/wash/my hair) ____________________________________________________________
2 (it/snow) __________________________________________________________________
3 (I/sit/on a chair) ____________________________________________________________
4 (I/eat) ____________________________________________________________________
5 (it/rain) ___________________________________________________________________
6 (I/learn/English) ____________________________________________________________
7 (I/listen/to the radio) ________________________________________________________
8 (the sun/shine) _____________________________________________________________
9 (I/wear/shoes)______________________________________________________________
10 (I/smoke/a cigarette) ________________________________________________________
11 (I/read/a newspaper) ________________________________________________________
28
III ¿Qué diferencia hay entre el dibuja A y el B? Escribe dos frases en cada caso usando is/are (not) –ing
1 In A the man ____________________________. In B-________________________________

2 In A the man ____________________________. In B ________________________________
3 In A ___________________________________. In B ________________________________
4 ______________________________________ . ___________________________________
5 _______________________________________ . ___________________________________
6 _______________________________________ . ___________________________________
IV Traduce al inglés:
1 Marta está tocando el piano. __________________________________________________
2 Pablo está sentado en el rincón.________________________________________________
3 Llueve. Toma tu paraguas. ____________________________________________________
4 Mi hermana lleva un suéter y una falda. _________________________________________
5 Estoy hablando desde un teléfono público. _______________________________________
6 Apaga la radio. No la escuchas. ________________________________________________
7 Ana no se encuentra bien y se va a casa. _________________________________________
29
PRESENT CONTINUOUS INTERROGATIVE
 ‘Is it raining?’ ‘Yes, take an umbrella.’ ‘¿Llueve? /Está lloviendo?’

 Why are you wearing a coat? It’s not cold today. ¿Por qué llevas abrigo?
 ‘What’s Roy doing?’ ‘He’s cooking the dinner? ‘¿Qué hace/está hacienda Roy?’
 ‘What are the children doing?’ ‘They’re playing in the garden.’ ‘¿Qué hacen/están haciendo los
niños?’
 ‘Look, there’s Jan. Where’s she going? ¿Dónde va?
 ‘Are you feeling OK?’ ‘Yes, I’m fine’ ¿Te sientes bien?’ ‘Sí, estoy bien.’
Al hacer preguntas con este tiempo el Sujeto va detrás de is/are:

am/is/are + Sujeto
Is He working today?
Is Mr. Smith working today? (Is working Mr. Smith today?)
Where are they going?
Where are Those people going? (Where are going those people?)
Respuestas breves
 ‘Are you listening to the radio?’ ‘Yes, I am.’

 ‘Is Tom working today?’ ‘Yes, he is?
 ‘Is it raining?’ ‘No, it isn’t.’
 ‘Are your friends staying at a hotel?’ ‘No, they aren’t?’
30
Exercises
I Observa los dibujos y escribe preguntas usando los verbos siguientes:
crying eating going lauging looking at reading
1 What ____________________________? 4 What ___________________________ ?

2 Where ___________________________? 5 What ___________________________ ?
3 Why ____________________________? 6 Why ___________________________ ?
II Escribe la pregunta ‘What … doing?’ con diferentes sujetos.
1 (he) What __________________? 3 (you) What__________________?

2 (they) What ________________? 4 (your wife) __________________?
Ahora escribe la pregunta ‘Where … going?’ con estos sujetos:

5 (we) ______________________________________________________________________?
6 (those children) _____________________________________________________________?
7 (the girl with long hair) _______________________________________________________?
8 (the man on the bicycle)_______________________________________________________?
III Escribe preguntas apropiadas par a las respuestas:
31
IV Escribe respuestas breves afirmativas o negativas (Yes, I’m / No, it isn’t etc.)
1 Are you watching TV? ______________ 5 Are you eating something? __________
2 Are you wearing shoes? _____________ 6 Are you feeling well?_______________
3 Are you wearing a hat? ______________ 7 Is the sun shining?_________________
4 Is it raining?_______________________ 8 Is your mother watching you? _______
1 ¿Estás viéndola televisión? ____________________________________________________
2 ‘¿Qué hace Marta?’ ‘Duerme.’ _________________________________________________
3 ¿Estás escribiendo una carta?__________________________________________________
4 ¿Trabaja hoy tu hermana? ____________________________________________________
5 ¿Por qué estás de pie? _______________________________________________________
6 ¿Dónde va Luis? ¿Por qué corre? _______________________________________________
7 ¿Qué lees? Estoy leyendo una carta de mis padres. ________________________________
32
PAST CONTINOUS
Now it is 6 o’clock.
Sarah is at home.
She is watching television.
Está viendo…
At 4 oclock she wasn’t at home.

She was at the sports club.
She was playing tennis.
Estaba jugando…
She wasn’t watching television.
No estaba viendo…
La forma was/were –ing (doing/playing/working etc.) es el PAST CONTINUOUS y se usa para expresar lo
que ocurrió o estaba ocurriendo en el pasado.
 ‘What were you doing at 11:30 yesterday?’ ‘I was working.’

 ‘¿Qué estabas haciendo/hacías…?’ ‘Estaba trabajando/trabajaba… .’
 ‘What did he said?’ ‘I don’t know I wasn’t listening.’ ‘ …No estaba escuchando/No escuchaba.’
 It was raining, so we didn’t go out.
 In 1980 they were living in Canada
 Today she’s wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was wearing trousers.
 I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning. The sun was shining and the birds were
singing.
Observa las diferencias entre el Present Continuous (am/is/are – ing) y el Past Continuous (was/were – ing)
así como su equivalencia en español,
I am doing = hago/estoy haciendo I was doing = hacía/estaba haciendo
- I’m working - I was working at 10:3 last night.
Trabajo/estoy trabajando Trabajaba/Estaba trabajando…
- It isn’t raining - It wasn’t raining when we went out.
No llueve/No está lloviendo No llovía/No estaba lloviendo…
- What are you doing? - What were you doing a 3 o’clock?
¿Qué haces/estás haciendo? ¿Qué hacías/estabas hacienda…
Spelling
(make making, run running, lie lying, etc.)
33
Exercises
I Observa los dibujos. ¿Dónde estaban estas personas ayer a las 3? ¿Qué estaban haciendo? Escribe
dos frases acerca de ellos.
1 Ann ___________________________. She ____________________________________.

2 Carol and Jack __________________. They ____________________________________.
3 Tom _________________________ . _________________________________________.
4 _____________________________ . _________________________________________.
5 _____________________________ . ________________________________________ .
6 And you? I ____________________. I ________________________________________.
II Sarah hizo muchas cosa ayer por la mañana. Observa los dibujos y escribe una frase sobre cada uno.
1 At 9.45 ________________________ . 4 At 12.50 _______________________ .

2 At 11.45 she ____________________ . 5 At 8.15 ________________________ .
3 At 9 o’clock _____________________ . 6 At 10.30 _____________________
III Escribe preguntas usando was/were –img y las palabras entre paréntesis:
1 (what/Tim/do/when yousaw him?) What _____________________________________ ?
2 (what/you/do/at 11 o’clock?) What _________________________________________ ?
3 (what/she/wear/ yesterday?) ______________________________________________ ?
4 (it/rain/when you went out?) ______________________________________________ ?
5 (where/you/live/in 1981?) ________________________________________________ ?
IV Observa el dibujo. Ayer por la tarde encontraste a Joe en la calle. ¿Qué estaba haciendo? Escribe
frases afirmativas o negativas.
1 (he/wear/a jacket) _______________________________________
2 (he/smoke/a pipe) _______________________________________
3 (he/carry/a bag) _________________________________________
4 (he/carry /an umbrella) ___________________________________
5 (he/go/to the dentist) ____________________________________
6 (he/wear/a hat) _________________________________________
34
1 En 1989 vivíamos en Sevilla. _________________________________________________________
2 ¿Qué hacían los estudiantes en el laboratorio? ___________________________________________
3 Sandra llevaba una falda y una blusa.___________________________________________________
4 ‘¿Qué hacías ayer a las 12?’ ‘Estaba durmiendo.’ _________________________________________
5 No estaban estudiando. Estaba viendo la televisión._______________________________________
6 Tom estaba en la cocina. Estaba haciendo un pastel. ______________________________________
35
THERE IS / ARE
singular
there is … (theres’s) = hay…

there is not … (there isn’t o there’s not) = no hay…
is there…? =¿hay…?
 There’s a big tree in the garden. Hay un árbol grande…

 There’s a good film on TV this evening. Hay una Buena pelicula …
 Excuse me, is there a hotel near here. …¿hay un hotel…?
 ‘Have you got any money?’ ‘Yes, there’s some in my bag.’ …hay…
 We can’t go skiing. There isn’t any snow. … No hay nieve…
plural
there are … = hay…

there are not … (there aren’t) = no hay…
are there…? =¿hay…?
 There are some big trees in the garden. Hay algunos árboles grandes…
 Are there any letters dor me today? ¿Hay cartas…?
 This is a modern town. There aren’t many old buildings here. …No hay…
 How many players are there in a football team? ¡Cuántos jugadores hay…?
 There are 11 players in a footbaoll team. Hay 11 jugadores …
36
No confundas there is con it is:
- ‘What’s that noise?’ It’s a train’ (it = that noise) ¿Qué es ese ruido?’ ‘Es un tren.’
- There’s a train at 10.30. It’s a fast train. (it = the 10.30 train) Hay un tren a las 10.30. Es un tren
rápido.
- There is a lot of salt in this soup. Hay mucha sal en esta sopa
I don´t like this soup. It’s too salty. (it = this soup) No me gusta esta sopa. Está demasiado salada.
It’s cold and there’s a lot of snow. Hace frio y hay mucha nieve.
37
Exercises
I What’s in the box? Escribe preguntas con Is there…? y Are there…?
1 (any cigarettes?) ______________________________in the box?
2 (any bookks? _________________________________________?
3 (a man?) ____________________________________________?
4 (any Money?) ________________________________________?
5 (any clothes?)________________________________________?
6 (a key?) ____________________________________________?
II Dunford es una ciudad pequeña. Observa la información de cuadro y escribe frases con There
is/isn’t/are/ aren’t…
___________________________________________ in Dunford.
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
III Completa las frases con there is / theres isn’t / is there? / there are / there aren’t / are there?
1 Dunford is a modern town. ________________________________ many old buildings.
2 Look! _________________a photograph of George in the newspaper!
3 Excuse me. __________________a restaurant near here?
4 ______________ five people in my family: my parents, my two sisters and me.
5 We can’t take any photograph. ______________________ a film in the camera.
6 How many students _______________ in your class?
7 Where can we sit? ___________ any chairs.
8 ____________________ a bus from the city centre to the airport?
IV Escribe frases con There are… Escoge el número correcto: 7 - 9 - 15 - 26 - 30 – 50
1 (days / a week) ___________________________________________________
2 (states / the USA) _________________________________________________
3 (players / a rugby team)____________________________________________
4 (planets / the solar system)__________________________________________
5 (letters / the English alphabet) _______________________________________
6 (days / September) ________________________________________________
V Completa las frases con there o it.

1 _______‘s a train at 1.30. _______‘s a fast train.
2 I’m not going to buy this shirt. ____________‘s very expensive.
3 ‘What’s wrong?’ ‘ ________‘s something in my eye:’
4 ________‘s a car in front of the house. Is ______ your car?
5 ‘Is _____________ anything on TV?’ ‘Yes, ______________‘s a film at 8.15.’
6 ____________‘s a letter on the floor. Is _____________ for you?
38
VI Traduce al inglés
1 ¿Hay una librería en esta calle?’ ‘Sí, hay una junto al cine.’ _________________________________
2 ¿Cuántos hospitales hay en esta ciudad?________________________________________________
3 ¿Hay muchas habitaciones en ese hotel? ______________________________________ _________
4 No hay muchos estudiantes en esta clase. ______________________________________________
5 ‘¿Hay leche?’ ‘Sí, en la nevera. ________________________________________________________
6 ¿Hay una tolla en el baño?___________________________________________________________
7 Hay seis tazas, pero sólo hay una cuchara._______________________________________________
8 ‘¿Hay café?’ ‘Sí, hay un poco en la cafetera, pero está frío.’ _________________________________
39
SIMPLE PRESENT AFIRMATIVE
They read / I live / he Works etc. son formas del Presente Simple:
I/we/you/they do read like work play watch
he/she/it does reads likes works plays watches
Recuerda:
he/she/it –s: he lives (he live) my sister plays it rains
have has: I have he /she/it has
Spelling:
-es detrás de –s/-ch/-sh pass passes watch watches finish finishes
también do does go goes
study studies carry carries
El presente simple se usa para expresar cosas que son verdaderas en general, o bien que ocurren con cierta
frecuencia o habitualmente. El equivalente en español es normalmente el Presente de indicativo:
 The shops open at 9 o’clock and close at 5.30. … abren … cierran …

 He works very hard. He starts at 7.30 and finishes at 8 in the evening. Trabaja … empieza … termina …
 The earth goes round the sun. La Tierra gira alrededor del sol.
 We do a lot of different things in our free time. Hacemos …
 She’s very clever. She speaks four languages. Habla …
 It costs a lot of money to stay at luxury hotels. Cuesta …
 I read the newspaper every day. Leo el periódico todos los días.
Observa que I like / he likes equivalen a ‘me gusta / le gusta’ etc.:

 I like football. (Football likes me) Me gusta el fútbol.
 I don’t like big cities. No me gustas las grandes ciudades.
 John likes our house. A John le gusta nuestra casa.
40
El presente simple se usa con always/never/often/sometimes/usually:
 He always gets up at 7 o’clock. Se levanta siempre a las 7.
 I usually go to work by car but I sometimes walk. Generalmente voy al trabajo en auto, pero a veces
voy a pie.
 Jack never has breakfast. Jack no desayuna nunca.
 It often rains here in spring. Aquí llueve a menudo en primavera.
41
Exercises
I Escribe la forma de estos verbos que acompaña a he/she/it
1 read 4 listen 7 push 10 kiss
2 repair 5 love 8 do 11 buy
3 watch 6 have 9 think 12 go
II Completa las frases usando la forma correcta de estos verbos

boil close Cost cost go have like meet open smoke
speak wash teach
1 She’s very clever. She ______________________ four languages.

2 Steve _____________ ten cigarettes a day.
3 We usually __________________ dinner at 7 o’clock.
4 I films. I often _____________ to the cinema.
5 Water ________________ at 100 degrees Celsius.
6 In Britain the banks _________________ at 9.30 in the morning.
7 The City Museum _______________ at 5 o’clock every evening.
8 Food is expensive. It ______________ a lot of money.
9 Shoes are expensive. They _____________ a lot of money.
10 Tina is a teacher. She ___________________ mathematics to young children.
11 Your job is very interesting. You ___________ a lot of people.
12 Peter ________________________ his hair twice a week.
13
III Observa la información del siguiente cuadro:
IV Ahora escribe frases acerca de Bob y Ann, de George y de ti mismo. Usa always / usually / often
/sometimes / never.
1 Bob and Ann ____________________ in the morning.
George ________________ in the morning.
I ________________________________________
2 Bob and Ann _______________________ newspaper.
George _________________________________________
I ____________________________________________________
3 _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
42
1 Estudio inglés todos los días. _________________________________________________________
2 Susana trabaja en un hospital ________________________________________________________
3 Me gusta esquiar. __________________________________________________________________
4 Mis padres viven en Valencia, pero yo vivo en Madrid._____________________________________
5 Siempre cenamos a las 8. ____________________________________________________________
6 A Liz le gusta la música clásica. ________________________________________________________
7 Voy al cine a menudo._______________________________________________________________
43
SIMPLE PRESENT NEGATIVE
En la negación del Presente Simple se usa don’t / doesn’t:
 I drink coffee but I don’t drink tea. Bebo… no bebo…

 Sue drinks tea but she doesn’t drink coffee. …bebe … no bebe…
 You don’t speak English very well. No hablas…
 Rice doesn’t grow in cold countries. El arroz no crece …
 We don’t know many people in this town. No conocemos a muchas personas…
 They like coffee but they don’t like tea. Les gusta el café, pero no les gusta el té.
Se usa don’t / doesn’t + infinitivo sin to (live / do / speak/ work etc.):

 Bruce doesn’t live in Cambridge ( … doesn’t llives …) …no vive …
 My parents don’t go out very much. Mis padres no salen mucho.
Observa que en los siguientes ejemplos don’t / doesn’t son la negación y do el verbo ‘hacer’:
 I don’t do any homework on Saturday. No hago deberes los sábados.
 He’s very lazy. He doesn’t do anything. …No hace nada…
44
Recuerda:
I/we/you/they don’t - I don’t like football.
He/she/it doesn’t - He doesn’t like football.
 I don’t like Fred and Fred doesn’t like me. (Fred don’t like me)
 My car doesn’t use much petrol. (My car don’t use …)
 Sometimes he is late but it doesn’t happen very often.
45
Exercises
I Escribe la forma negativa

1 I play the piano very well. I ______________________________________ very well.
2 Jack plays the piano very well. Jack _______________________________________.
3 You know the answer. _________________________________________________ .
4 She works very hard. __________________________________________________ .
5 They do the same thing every day. _______________________________________ .
II Escribe lo contrario (afirmativo o negativo)
1 I understand. I _______________ 5 They speak English. ____________

2 He doesn’t smoke. He _________ 6 I don’t want it. ________________
3 They know. They ______________ 7 She doesn’t want them. ________
4 She loves him. _______________ 8 He lives in Rome.______________
III Observa la información del cuadro y escribe frases con like.
1 Bill and Rose __________classical music.

Carol _________________ classical music.
I ________________________________________
2 Bill and Rose __________boxing.
Carol ____________________________________
I _________________________________________
3 Bill and Rose _______________________________
__________________________________________
_____________________________________ Dogs.
46
IV Completa las frases. Todas son negativas. Usa don’t / doesn’t + uno de los siguientes verbos:
cost drive go know play see sell smoke wash wear
1 ‘Have a cigarette.’ ‘No, thanks you, I __________________.’

2 They ________________ newspaper in that shop.
3 She has a car but she ____________________ very often.
4 I like films but I _________________ to the cinema very often.
5 He smells because he __________________ very often.
6 It’s a cheap hotel. It _______________ much to stay there.
7 He likes football but he _________________very often.
8 I __________________ much about politics.
9 She is married but she _______________ wear a ring.
10 He lives near our house but we ________________ him very often.-
1 No voy de compras muy a menudo. ____________________________________________________
2 No conocemos a nuestros vecinos. ____________________________________________________
3 Luis no trabaja en España. ___________________________________________________________
4 Mi padre conduce un camión, pero no le gusta su trabajo.__________________________________
5 Mi hermano no fuma y no come carne. _________________________________________________
6 Teresa habla francés, pero no inglés. __________________________________________________
7 Viven en un piso grande, pero no les gusta.______________________________________________
8 Normalmente no salimos por la noche. _________________________________________________
47
SIMPLE PRESENT INTERROGATIVE
Se usa do / does en la forma interrogativa del Presente Simple:
Where do they work? ¿Dónde trabajan?

Do you play chess? ¿Juegas al ajedres?
What sort of films does she like? ¿Qué películas le gustan?
Observa el orden de las palabras en estas frases interrogativas:

do / does + sujeto + infinitivo
Do you work on Saturday?
Where do your parents live?
Do they like music?
How often do you wash your hair?
What do you usually do at weekends?
Does Chris often play tennis?
How much does it cost To fly to Rome?
What does this word mean?
Observa que en la pregunta What do yo do? = ¿Qué haces (de profesión)? El primer do es para la
interrogación y el otro es el verbo ‘hacer’:
 ‘What do you do?’ I work in a bank.
 What does your father do?
Recuerda
do I / you / we / they - Do they like music?
does he / she / it - Does he like music?
Respuestas breves
I/you/we/they do. I/you/we/they don’t.
Yes, No,
he/she/it does. he/she/it doesn’t.
 ‘Do you smoke?’ ‘No, I don’t.’

 ‘Do they speak English?’ ‘Yes, they do.’
 ‘Does he work hard?’ ‘Yes, he does.’
 ‘Does your sister live in London?’ ‘No, she doesn’t.’
48
Exercises
I Imagina que estás hablando con alguien. Hazle preguntas usando Do/Does…?
1 I work hard. And you? ______ you ______________________?
2 I play tennis. And you? ______ you _____________________?
3 I play tennis. And you? ______ Ann_____________________?
4 I know the answer. And you? ________________ the answer?
5 I like hot weather. And you? __________________________?
6 I smoke. And your father? ______________________________________________________?
7 I do exercises every morning. And you? ___________________________________________?
8 I speak English. And your friends? ________________________________________________?
9 I want to be famous. And you? __________________________________________________?
II Escribe ahora preguntas empezando por Where / What / How…?

1 I wash my hair twice a week. (how often /you?) How often ____________________________?
2 I live in London. (where / you?) Where ____________________________________________?
3 I watch TV every day. (how often/ you?) How_______________________________________?
4 I have lunch at home. (where / you?)______________________________________________?
5 I get up at 7.30. (what time / you?) _______________________________________________ ?
6 I go to the cinema a lot. (how often / you?) _________________________________________?
7 I go to work by bus. (how / you?) _________________________________________________?
III Escribe preguntas usando los verbos de la lista y las palabras entre paréntesis.
cost do do go have like play rain smoke speak
1 (he) _____ often _______ play volleyball? Yes, he’s a very good player.
2 (you) Excuse me, _______________________English. Yes, a little.
3 (you) What _________________________________? I’m a secretary.
4 (your sister) _________________________________? She works in a shop.
5 (she) ______________________________________? Yes, 20 cigarettes a day.
6 (it) How often ______________________ in summer? Not often. It’s usually dry.
7 (you) ________________________________dancing? Yes, I love it.
10 o’clock.
8 (they) What time ____________usually ____ to bed?
Toast and coffee.
9 (you) What _______ usually _________ for breakfast?
£30 a night.
10 (it) How much ________________ to stay at this
49
IV Escribe respuestas breves afirmativas o negativas (Yes, he does / No, I don’t)
1 Do you smoke? ____________________________________________________________________
2 Do you live ina big city? _____________________________________________________________
3 Do you drink a lot of coffee?__________________________________________________________
4 Does your mother speak English?______________________________________________________
5 Do you play a musical instrument?_____________________________________________________
6 Does it rain a lot where you live? ______________________________________________________
1 ¿Dónde trabajan? __________________________________________________________________
2 ¿Habla Ud. español? ________________________________________________________________
3 ¿Le gusta su trabajo a Pilar? _________________________________________________________
4 ¿A qué hora te acuestas? ____________________________________________________________
5 ¿Te gusta el café o prefieres té? _______________________________________________________
6 ‘¿Qué hace tu madre?’ ‘Es profesora.’ _________________________________________________
7 ¿Con qué frecuencia vas a l teatro? ____________________________________________________
8 ¿Cuánto cuesta esta cámara? ________________________________________________________
50
SIMPLE PAST AFIRMATIVE
I watch television every evening.

SIMPLE PRESENT: todas las noches
I watched television yesterday evening.
SIMPLE PAST: ayer por la noche
El SDIMPLE PAST tiene la misma forma forma detrás de

I/you/he/she etc.:
I/we/you/they watched
He/she/it
La forma afirmativa del SIMPLE PAST de los verbos regulares termina en –ed:
work worked clean cleaned start started
stay stayed live lived dance danced
 I usually start work at 9 but yesterday I started at 9.30.

 Normalmente empiezo a trabajar a las 9, pero ayer empecé a las 9.3.
 Terry worked in a bank from 1981 to 1986. …trabajó…
 Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. …llovió… Paró…
 They enjoyed the party last night. They danced a lot and talked to a lot of people. The party finished
at midnight. Se divirtieron en la fiesta …Bailaron … hablaron … terminó…
SPELLING
study studied marry married
stop stopped plan palnned
Algunos verbos son irregulares (no forman el SIMPLE PAST con –ed) Acá están los más frecuentes:
begin (empezar) began get got ring (telefonear) rang
break (romper) broke give (dar) gave say (decir) said
bring (traer) brought go (ir) went see (ver) saw
build (construir) built have (tener) had sell (vender) sold
buy (comprar bought hear (oir) heard sit (sentarse) sat
catch (atrapar) caught know (saber) knew sleep (dormir) slept
comer (venir) came leave (dejar /irse) left speak (hablar) spoke
do (hacer) did lose (perder) lost stand (estar de pie) stood
drink (beber) drank make (hacer) made take(tomar/llevar) took
eat (comer) ate meet (encontrar) met tell (decir) told
fall (caer) fell Pay (pagar) paid think (pensar) Tthought
find (encontrar) founf Put (poner) put win (ganar) won
fly (volar) flew Read (read) read write (escribir) wrote
forget (olvidar) forgot
51
 I usually get up early but last Saturday I got up at 10. …me levanté…
 We did a lot of housework yesterday. Hicimos…
 Caroline went to the cinema three times last week. …fue…
 Mr. Todd came into the room, took off his coat and sat down. …entró ….se quitó … se sentó.
El SIMPLE PAST (I drank/I sat) equivale normalmente al Pretérito perfecto simple (o Pretérito indefinido)
del español (bebí /me senté etc.), pero en algunos casos equivale al Pretérito imperfecto:
 She wanted to speak to you. Quería hablar contigo.
 Nobody knew the way. Nadie sabía /conocía el camino.
52
Exercises
I Completa las frases con el SIMPLE PAST de los siguientes verbos:

clean die enjoy Finish happen live open play rain smoke
start stay want watch
1 Yesterday evening I _______________________________ televisión.

2 I ___________________________ my teeth three time yesterday.
3 Bernard _____________________ 20 cigarettes yesterday evening.
4 The concert last night _____________ at 7.30 and _______________ at 10 oclock.
5 The accident _______________________ last Sunday afternoon.
6 When I was a child, I ___________________ to be a doctor.
7 Mozart __________________ from 1756 to 1791.
8 We _______________ our holiday last year. We _________________ at a very good hotel.
9 Today the weather is nice but yesterday it ___________________.
10 It was hot in the room, so I __________________ the window.
11 The weather was good yesterday afternoon, so we __________________ tennis.
12 William Shakespeare ________________________ in 1616.
II Escribe el SIMPLE PAST de los siguientes verbos.

1 get _________ 5 give ______ 9 hear _________ 13 stand_________ 17 tell _________
2 eat _________ 6 leave _____ 10 find _________ 14 take _________ 18 lose_________
3 pay_________ 7 see _______ 11 buy_________ 15 do ________ 19 think _______
4 make_________ 8 go _______ 12 know_________ 16 put _________ 2 get _________
III Escribe frases sobre el pasado (yesterday/last week etc.).

1 He always goes to work by car. Yesterday ___________________________________________
2 They always get up early. This morning they ________________________________________
3 Bill often loses his keys. He ___________________________________________ last Saturday.
4 I write a letter to Jane every week. Last week _______________________________________
5 She meets her friends every evening. She ____________________________ yesterday evening.
6 I usually read two newspapers every day. ___________________________________ yesterday.
7 They come to my house every Friday. Last Friday ____________________________________
8 We usually go to the cinema on Sunday. ___________________________________ last Sunday.
9 Tom always has a shower in the morning. __________________________________ this morning.
10 They buy a new car every year. Last year _____________________________________________
11 I eat an orange every day. Yesterday ________________________________________________
12 We usually do our shopping on Monday. ___________________________________ last Monday.
13 Ann often takes photographs. Last weekend ________________________________________
14 We leave home at 8.30 every morning. ___________________________________ this morning.
53
IV Escribe frases contando qué hiciste ayer o qué ocurrió ayer.
1 _____________________________________________________________________________
2 _____________________________________________________________________________
3 _____________________________________________________________________________
4 _____________________________________________________________________________
1 Ayer fui al cine. _______________________________________________________________
2 Ayer vinieron dos policías. Querían verte. __________________________________________
3 Viví en Argentina desde 1988 hasta 1991. __________________________________________
4 Laura sabía tu dirección. _______________________________________________________
5 Andrés se sentó, abrió el sobre y leyó la carta. ______________________________________
6 Pagamos la cuenta y nos fuimos del restaurante. ____________________________________
7 Jugaban tenis todos los lunes. ___________________________________________________
54
SIMPLE PAST NEGATIVE - INTERROGATIVE
Se usa did en las formas negativas e interrogativas del SIMPLE PAST

infinitivo afirmativo negación interrogación
watch I watched I watch I watch?
clean we cleaned we clean we clean?
play you Played you did not play you play?
do they did they (didn’t) do Did they do?
go he went he go he go?
have she Had she have she have?
begin it began it begin it begin?
do y does del SIMPLE PRESENT se convierten en did en el SIMPLE PAST

 I don’t watch TV very often. I didn’t watch TV yesterday.
No veo televisión a menudo. Ayer no vi televisión.
 Does she often go out? Did she go out last night?
¿Sale a menudo? ¿Salió anoche?
En la interrogación y en la negación del SIMPLE PAST se usa did/didn’t + infinitivo si ‘to’

(watch/clean/have etc.):
I watched pero I didn’t watch (I didn’t watched)
he went pero did he go? (did he went?)
 I palyed tennis yesterday but I didn’t win. Jugué… no gané.

 Don didn’t have breakfast this morning (Don hadn’t breakfast…)
 They went to the cinema but they didn’t enjoy the film. Fueron…pero no les gusto.
Observa que en siguiente ejemplo didn’t es la negación y do es el verbo ‘hacer’:

 We didn’t do much work yesterday. No hicimos …
Observa el orden de las palabras en la spreguntas con did:

did + Sujeto + infinitivo
Did Sue give you a birthday present?
What did you do yesterday evening?
How did the accident happen?
Where did your parents go for their holidays?
Respuestas breves
I/you/we/they I/you/we/they
Yes, did No, didn’t
he/she/it he/she/it
 ‘Did you see Joe yesterday?’ ‘No. I didn’t.’

 ‘Did it rain on Sunday? ‘Yes, it did.’
 ‘Did Helen come to the party?’ ‘No, she didn’t.’
 ‘Did your friends have a good holiday?’ ‘Yes, they did.’
55
Exercises
I Complete estas frases con el verbo en forma negativa.
1 I saw John But I __________________________ Mary.
2 They worked on Monday but they ________________________ on Tuesday.
3 We went to the shop but we ____________________ to the bank.
4 She had a pen but she _______________________ any paper.
5 Jack did French at school but he ________________________ German.
II Estás haciéndole preguntas a alguien. Escribe usando Did …?

1 I watch TV last night. And you? ___________________________________________________
2 I enjoyed the party. And you? ___________________________________________________
3 I had a good holiday. And you? __________________________________________________
4 I got up early this morning. And you?______________________________________________
5 I slept well last night. And you? __________________________________________________
III ¿Qué hiciste ayer? Tus frases pueden ser afirmativas o negativas.
1 (watch TV) ___________________________________________________________________
2 (get up before 7.30) ___________________________________________________________
3 (have a shower) ______________________________________________________________
4 (buy a magazine)______________________________________________________________
5 (speak English) _______________________________________________________________
6 (do an examination) ___________________________________________________________
7 (eat meat) ___________________________________________________________________
8 (go to bed before 10.30)________________________________________________________
IV Escribe preguntas usando Who/what/How/ Why …?

1 I met somebody. Who _________________________________________________________ ?
2 Harry arrived. What time _______________________________________________________ ?
3 I saw somebody. Who _________________________________________________________ ?
4 They wanted something. What __________________________________________________ ?
5 The meeting finished. What time _________________________________________________ ?
6 Pat went home early. Why ______________________________________________________ ?
7 We had dinner. What __________________________________________________ for dinner?
8 It cost a lot of money. How much ________________________________________________ ?
1 ¿Limpiaste la cocina ayer? ______________________________________________________
2 Ayer no cenamos en casa. ______________________________________________________
3 ‘¿Viste la televisión anoche?’ ‘No salí con mis amigos.’ ________________________________
4 ¿A qué hora empezó la reunión? _________________________________________________
5 ¿Por qué llegaste tan tarde? ____________________________________________________
6 No compré aquella camisa porque me gustaba. _____________________________________
7 Joaquín y Lucía pasaron el fin de semana juntos. ____________________________________
8 Marta llegó tuvo un accidente.___________________________________________________
56
SIMPLE FUTURE
Bill works every day from 8.30 until 4.30.

It’s 11 o’clock Bill is at work.
Son las 11. Bill está en el trabajo.
At 11 o’clock yesterday, he was at work.

Ayer a las 11 estaba en el trabajo.
At 11 o’clock tomorrow he will be at work.

Mañana a las 11 estará en el trabajo.
Will + infinitivo sin ‘to’ (will be / will win / will come etc.):
afirmación y negación
be be?
I/we/you/they will (‘ll) win will I/we/you/they win?
he /she/it will not (won’t) come he /she/it come?
eat eat?
will se contrae en ‘ll: I’ll (=I will) / you’ll /she’ll etc.

will not se contrae en won’t: I won’t (=I will not) / you won’t / it won’t etc.
Se usa will para hablar del future (tomorrow / next week etc.)
 She travels a lot. Today she is in London. Tomorrow she’ll be in Paris. Next week she’ll be in Tokyo.
 Telephone me this evening I’ll be at home. …estaré…
 He’s 24 years old. Next year he’ll be 25. Tiene 24 años. El próximo tendrá/cumplirá 24.
 Leave the old bread in the garden. The birds will eat it. …se lo comerán.
 We’ll probably go out this evening. …saldremos…
 Will you be at home this evening? ¿Estarás…?
 I won’t be here tomorrow. No estaré …

 Don’t drink coffee before you go to bed. You won’t sleep. …No dormirás.
Con frecuencia se dice I think … will…:

 I think Diana will pass the exam. Creo que Diana aprobará el examen.
 Do you think the examination will be difficult? ¿Crees que … será…?
Observa la siguiente diferencia entre el inglés y español:

 I don’t think it will rain this afternoon. (I think it will not rain…)
 No creo que llueva esta tarde o Creo que no lloverá esta tarde.
No se usa will para hablar de cosas ya acordadas o decididas

 We’re going to the theatre on Sunday. (We will go…)
 Are you working tomorrow? (Will you work…?)
57
Exercises
I El mes que viene Helen viaja a Europa. Observa suplan de viaje y escribe dónde estará en la fechas
entre paréntesis.
1 (8th) She ___________________________________________________________________
2 (10th) ______________________________________________________________________
3 (25th)_______________________________________________________________________
4 (14th) ______________________________________________________________________
5 (20th)_______________________________________________________________________
II Where will you be? Responde hablando de ti y usando I’ll be… / I’ll probably be … /I don’t know
where I’ll be.
1 (tomorrow at 10 o’clock) _______________________________________________________
2 (one hour from now) __________________________________________________________
3 (at midnight) ________________________________________________________________
4 (at 3 o’clock tomorrow afternoon) ________________________________________________
5 (two years from now) __________________________________________________________
III Escribe la negación de estas frases.

1 You’ll sleep. _________________________________________________________________
2 I’ll forget.____________________________________________________________________
3 It will happen. ________________________________________________________________
4 You’ll find it. _________________________________________________________________
IV Escribe frases sobre el futuro con I think …

1 (Diana / pass the exam) ________________________________________________________
2 (Jack /win the game) __________________________________________________________
3 (Sue / like her present) _________________________________________________________
4 (the weather / be nice tomorrow) ________________________________________________
V Ahora escribe frases con I don’t think…

1 (they / get married) ___________________________________________________________
2 (I / be at home this evening) ____________________________________________________
VI En cada frase hay dos verbos subrayados, decide cual es el correcto.

1 We’ll go / We are going to the theatre tonight. We’ve got the tickets.
2 ‘What will you do / are you doing tomorrow evening?’ ‘Nothing. I’m free.’
3 I’ll go / I’m going away tomorrow morning. My train is at 8.40.
4 I’m sure he’ll lend / he’s lending you some money. He’s very rich.
5 ‘Why are you putting on your coat?’ I’ll go out / I’m going out.’
6 Do think Claire will phone / is phoning us tonight?
7 She can’t meet us on Saturday. She’ll work / She’s working.
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VII Traduce al inglés:
1 LLámala a las 8. Estará en casa. __________________________________________________
2 No creo que llueva este fin de semana. ____________________________________________
3 Estoy seguro de que conseguirán entradas para el concierto.___________________________ ____
4 ¿Crees que llegaremos a la estación a tiempo? ______________________________________
5 No creo que Ricardo tenga tiempo para vernos. _____________________________________
6 ¿Quién crees que ganará la carrera? ______________________________________________
7 Creo que aprobaré el examen de conducir. ________________________________________
8 ¿Cuándo sabrás el resultado de tu examen? ________________________________________
9 La radio está muy alta. Los vecinos se quejarán. _____________________________________
59
FUTURE
GOING TO
She is going to watch TV this evening. Va a ver televisión esta noche
I am going to do something = voy a hacer algo
am/is/are going to + infinitivo

I am going to do…
he/she/it is (not) going to drink…
you/we/they are going to watch…
am I going to buy…?
is he/she/it going to eat…?
are you/we/they going to wear…?
am/is/are going to … equivalen al español ‘voy/vas/va/vamos/vais/van a …’ y se usan para expresar una

intención:
 I’m going to buy some books tomorrow. Voy a comprar…
 Sarah is going to sell her car. …va a vender…
 I’m not going to have breakfast this morning No voy a desayunar…
 What are you going to wear to the party on Saturday? ¿Qué vas a ponerte para la fiesta el sábado?
 Are you going to invite John to your party? ¿Vas a inviter…?
Observa que se dice I’m going to … (I go to…):

 My hair is dirty. I’m going to wash it. (I go to wash it.)
Se usa también am/is/are going to … cuando parece evidente que algo va a sucedes:
 Look at the sky! It’s going to rain. …Va a llover.
 It’s 9 o’clock and I’m not ready. I’m going to be late. …Voy
a llegar trade.
 Sue is going to have a baby. …va a tener un bebé.
También se usa el PRESENT CONTINUOUS (I am –ing) para hablar del futuro, normalmente expresando
planes fijo.
 I am playing tennis with Jack tomorrow. Mañana juego tenis con Jack.
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Exercises
I What are these people going to do? Observa los dibujos y responde a la pregunta.
1 2
3 4
5 6
II Are you going to do these things tomorrow? Escribe respuestas usando las palabras entre
paréntesis:
1 (buy a car) __________________________________________________________________
2 (get up before 6.30) ___________________________________________________________
3 (have breakfast) ______________________________________________________________
4 (watch TV in the morning) ______________________________________________________
5 (cook a meal) ________________________________________________________________
6 (ride a bicycle)________________________________________________________________
III Escribe preguntas usando …going to… y las palabras entre paréntesis:
1 (what/you/wear/to the party?) __________________________________________________ ?
2 (when/you/visit me again?) _____________________________________________________ ?
3 (what time/Tom phone you tonight?) _____________________________________________ ?
4 (how long/your friends/stay here?) _______________________________________________ ?
5 (what time/you/get up tomorrow?) ______________________________________________ ?
61
IV Completa Las frases usando …going to … + uno de los siguientes verbos:
eat give lie rain study walk wash
1 My hair is dirty. I _______________it.

2 I don’t want to go home by bus. I ________________________________.
3 John’s university course begins in October. He _____________________engineering.
4 Take an umbrella with you. It ______________________.
5 I’m hungry. I ________________________this sandwich.
6 It’s Val’s birthday next week. We ________________________ her a present.
7 I feel tired. I _________________________________ down for an hour.
1 Manolo va a comprar una casa en el campo. _______________________________________
2 ¿Vas a jugar tenis el sábado? ____________________________________________________
3 Estoy cansado. No voy a cocinar esta noche.________________________________________
4 ¿Van a comprarse un auto Lucía y Carlos? _________________________________________
5 Son las 10. Vamos a perder el tren. _______________________________________________
6 Cuando llegue a casa voy a tomar una ducha. _______________________________________
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PASSIVE VOICE
The room is cleaned every day.

La habitación se limpia/es limpiada todos los días.
The room was cleaned yesterday.

La habitación se limpió/fue limpiada ayer.
Compara: Somebody cleans the room every day. (voz activa)
The room is cleaned every day. (voz pasiva)
Somebody cleaned the room yesterday. (voz activa)
The room was cleaned yesterday. (voz pasiva)
Como en español, la voz pasiva se forma en inglés con be (= ‘ser’) y el participio pasado:
be
PRESENT am/is/are cleaned done
(not) + exported made
PAST was/were damaged broke
El participio pasado de los verbos regulares termina en –ed.
La voz pasiva se suele utilizar cuando se desconoce o no interesa mencionar quién o qué realiza la acción.
En español se prefiere usar formas con ‘se’ (‘se hace’ / ‘se venden’ etc.)o verbos en plural (‘venden’ /
‘limpian’ etc.) Observa los siguientes ejemplos:
 Butter is made from milk. …se hace…

 Oranges are imported into Britain. …se important/son importadas…
 How often are these room cleaned? …se limpia /son limpiadas…
 I am never invited to parties. Nunca me invitan a fiestas.
 This house was built 100 years ago. … fue construida / se

construyó…
 When was the telephone invented? ¿…se inventó / fue
inventado…?
 I wasn’t invited to the party last week. No me invitaro…
 The child was left alone in the room. Dejaron…
Two trees were blown down in the storm.
…fueron abatidos (por el viento)
63
En inglés se dice was/wer born (=’nací/naciste’ etc.)
 I was born in London in 1980. (I borned/ I born)
 Where were you born?
Cuando se menciona el agente, en inglés viene introducido por by = ‘por’:

 We were woken up by the noise.
 ‘Las Meninas’ was painted by Velásquez in 1656.
 My brother was bitten by a dog last week.
64
Exercises
I Escribe frases en presente usando las palabras entre paréntesis
1 (this room / clean / every day) ___________________________________________________
2 (how often / the room / clean?) __________________________________________________ ?
3 (glass / make / from sand) ______________________________________________________
4 (stamps / sell / in a post office) __________________________________________________
5 (football / play / in most countries) _______________________________________________
6 (this machine / not / use / very often) _____________________________________________
7 (what language / speak / in Ethiopia?) What _______________________________________ ?
8 (what /this machine / use / for?) _________________________________________________ ?
II Escribe frases en pasado usando las palabras entre paréntesis

1 (the room / clean / yesterday) ___________________________________________________
2 (when / the room / clean?)______________________________________________________ ?
3 (this room / paint / last month) __________________________________________________
4 (these houses / build / about 50 years ago) ________________________________________
5 (Ann’s bicycle / steal / last week) ________________________________________________
6 (three people / injure / in the accident) ___________________________________________
7 (when / this church /build?) ____________________________________________________ ?
8 (when / televion / invented?) ___________________________________________________ ?
9 (how / the window / break?) ____________________________________________________ ?
10 (anybody / injure / in the accident?) ______________________________________________ ?
11 (why / the letter / send / to the wrong address?) ____________________________________ ?
III Completa las frases con los siguientes verbos en voz pasiva (en presente o en pasado):
blow build clean damage find Invent
make make pay show speak steal
1 The room ________________ every day.
2 Two trees _________________________ down in the storm last night.
3 Paper _______________________ from wood.
4 There was a fire at the hotel last night. Two rooms ___________________________ .
5 Many different languages _________________ in India.
6 These houses are very old. They ___________________ about 500 years ago.
7 Many American programmes ______________________ on British television.
8 ‘Is this a very old film?’ ‘Yes, it ______________________ in 1949.’
9 My car _________________ last week. The next day it __________________by the police.
10 The transistor__________________________in 1948.
11 She has a very good job. She _________________________£3000 a month.
65
IV Where were they born?
1 (Jane / Edinburgh) Jane ________________________________________________________
2 (Sally / Birmingham) Sally ______________________________________________________
3 (her parents / Ireland) Her ______________________________________________________
4 (you / ???) I _________________________________________________________________
5 (your mother / ???) My ________________________________________________________
1 Rompieron esta ventana ayer. ___________________________________________________
2 No invitaron a Brian a la boda. ___________________________________________________
3 Muchos coches se importan del Japón. ____________________________________________
4 ¿Cuándo se construyó este puente? ______________________________________________
5 Mis padres nacieron en Madrid, pero yo nací en Sevilla._______________________________
6 Hamlet fue escrito por Shakespeare. ______________________________________________
7 ¿Cómo se hace la cerveza? _____________________________________________________
8 El correo se reparte todos los días. _______________________________________________
66
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Past Past Gerund
Participle
1.- To be (ser o estar) was/were been being
2.- To beat (golpear) beat beaten beating
3.- To become(convertir) became become becoming
4.- To begin (comenzar) began begun beginning
5.- To bend (doblar) bent bent bending
6.- To bet (apostar) bet bet betting
7.- To bite (morder) bit bitten biting
8.- To bleed (sangrar) bled bled bleeding
9.- To blend (mezclar) blend blend blending
10.- To blow (soplar) blew blown blowing
11.- To break (quebrar) broke broken breaking
12.- To breed (respirar) bred bred breeding
13.- To bring (traer) brought brought bringing
14.- To build (construir) built built building
15.- To burn (quemar) burnt burnt burning
16.- To burst (reventar) burst burst bursting
17.- To buy (comprar) bought bought buying
18.- To catch (agarrar) caught caught catching
19.- To come (venir) came come coming
20.- To cut (cortar) cut cut cutting
21.- To choose (elegir) chose chosen choosing
22.- To deal (tratar) dealt dealt dealing
23.- To die (morir) died died dying
24.- To do (hacer) did done doing
25.- To draw (dibujar) drew drawn drawing
26.- To dream (soñar) dreamt dreamt dreaming
27.- To drink (tomar) drank drunk drinking
28.- To drive (conducir) drove driven driving
29.- To eat (comer) ate eaten eating
30.- To fall (caerse) fell fallen falling
31.- To feed (alimentar) fed fed feeding
32.- To feel (sentir) felt felt feeling
33.- To fight (pelear) fought fought fighting
34.- To find (encontrar) found found finding
35.- To fly (volar) flew flown flying
36.- To forbid (prohibir) forbade forbidden forbidding
37.- To forget (olvidar) forgot forgotten forgetting
38.- To forgive (perdonar) forgave forgiven forgiving
39.- To freeze (congelar) froze frozen freezing
40.- To get (recibir) got gotten getting
41.- To give (dar) gave given giving
67
42.- To go (ir) went gone going
43.- To grow (crecer) grew grown growing
44.- To hang (colgar) hung hung hanging
45.- To have (tener) had had having
46.- To hear (oir) heard heard hearing
47.- To hide (esconder) hid hidden hiding
48- To hit (golpear) hit hit hitting
49.- To hold (sostener) held held holding
50.- To hurt (doler) hurt hurt hurting
51.- To keep (mantener) kept kept keeping
52.- To kneel (arrodillarse) knelt knelt kneeling
53.- To knit (tejer) knit knit knitting
54.- To know (saber) knew known knowing
55.- To lie (acostarse) laid laid lying
56.- To lead (guiar) led led leading
57.- To learn (aprender) learnt learnt learning
58.- To leap (saltar) leapt leapt leaping
59.- To leave (dejar) left left leaving
60.- To lend (prestar) lent lent lending
61.- To let (dejar/permitir) let let letting
62.- To light (encender) lit lit lighting
63.- To lose (perder) lost lost losing
64.- To make (hacer) made made making
65.- To mean (significar) meant meant meaning
66.- To meet (encontrar) met met meeting
67.- To mistake (equivocar) mistook mistaken mistaking
68.- To pay (pagar) paid paid paying
69.- To put (poner) put put putting
70.- To quit (renunciar) quit quit quitting
71.- To read (leer) read read reading
72.- To ring (llamar) rang rung ringing
73.- To rise (levantar) rose risen rising
74.- To run (correr) ran run running
75.- To say (decir) said said saying
76.- To see (ver) saw seen seeing
77.- To sell (vender) sold sold selling
78.- To send (enviar) sent sent sending
79.- To set (poner) set set setting
80.- To sew (coser) sewed sewn sewing
81.- To shake (agitar) shook shaken shaking
82.- To shine (brillar) shone shone shining
83.- To shoot (patear) shot shot shooting
84.- To show (mostrar) showed shown showing
85.- To shut (cerrar) shut shut shutting
86.- To sing (cantar) sang sung singing
87.- To sink (hundir) sank sunk sinking
88.- To sit (sentarse) sat sat sitting
68
89.- To sleep (dormir) slept slept sleeping
90.- To smell (oler) smelt smelt smelling
91.- To speak (hablar) spoke spoken speaking
92.- To speed (acelerar) sped sped speeding
93.- To spell (deletrear) spelt spelt spelling
94.- To spend (gastar) spent spent spending
95.- To spin (girar) spun spun spinning
96.- To spread (esparcir) spread spread spreading
97.- To spring (brincar) sprang sprung springing
98.- To stand (pararse) stood stood standing
99.- To steal (robar) stole stolen stealing
100.- To stick (pegar) stuck stuck sticking
101.- To strike (golpear) struck struck striking
102.- To swear (jurar) swore sworn swearing
103.- To sweep (barrer) swept swept sweeping
104- To swim (nadar) swam swum swimming
105.- To swing (mecer) swung swung swinging
106.- To take (tomar) took taken taking
107.- To teach (enseñar) taught taught teaching
108.- To tear (rasgar) tore torn tearing
109.- To tell (contar) told told telling
110.- To think (pensar) thought thought thinking
111- To throw (tirar) threw throw throwing
112.- To understand (entender) understood understood understanding
113.- To wake (despertar) woke waken waking
114.- To wear (usar ropa) wore worn wearing
115.- To wet (mojar) wet wet wetting
116.- To win (ganar) won won winning
117.- To withdraw (retirar) withdrew withdrawn withdrawing
118.- To write (escribir) wrote written writing
119.- To wring (estrujar) wrung wrung wringing
69
Regular Verbs
Infinitive Past Past Gerund
Participle
1.- To answer (contestar) answered answered answering
2.- To apply (solicitar) applied applied applying
3.- To arrive (llegar) arrived arrived arriving
4.- To beg (rogar) begged begged begging
5.- To believe (creer) believed believed believing
6.- To carry (cargar) carried carried carrying
7.- To close (cerrar) closed closed closing
8.- To contain (contener) contained contained containing
9.- To check (revisar) checked checked checking
10.- To create (crear) created created creating
11.- To develop (desarrollar) developed developed developing
12.- To dial (discar) dialed dialed dialing
13.- To discover (descubrir) discovered discovered discovering
14.- To drop (dejar caer) dropped dropped dropping
15.- To enter (entrar) entered entered entering
16.- To finish (terminar) finished finished finishing
17.- To help (ayudar) helped helped helping
18.- To hope (esperar) hoped hoped hoping
19.- To improve (mejorar) improved improved improving
20.- To inspect (inspeccionar) inspected inspected inspecting
21.- To invite (invitar) invited invited inviting
22.- To issue (emitir) issued issued issuing
23.- To land (aterrizar) landed landed landing
24.- To lie (mentir) lied lied lying
25.- To like (gustar) liked liked liking
26.- To listen (escuchar) listened listened listening
27.- To live (vivir) lived lived living
28.- To lock (cerrar) locked locked locking
29.- To look (mirar) looked looked looking
30.- To love (amar) loved loved loving
31.- To manage (administrar) managed managed managing
32.- To mend (enmendar) mended mended mending
33.- To need (necesitar) needed needed needing
34.- To open (abrir) opened opened opening
35.- To order (ordenar) ordered ordered ordering
36.- To pick (recoger) picked picked picking
37.- To play (jugar) played played playing
38.- To place (colocar) placed placed placing
39.- To prepare (preparar) prepared prepared preparing
40.- To receive (recibir) received received receiving
41.- To remind (recordar) reminded reminded reminding
42.- To remember (recordar) remembered remembered remembering
43.- To repair (reparar) repaired repaired repairing
70
44.- To repeat (repetir) repeated repeated repeating
45.- To return (volver) returned returned returning
46.- To serve (servir) served served serving
47.- To show (mostrar) showed showed showing
48.- To start (empezar) started started starting
49.- To stay (permanecer) stayed stayed staying
50.- To study (estudiar) studied studied studying
51.- To talk (hablar) talked talked talking
52.- To travel (viajar) traveled traveled traveling
53.- To try (tratar) tried tried trying
54.- To type (tipiar) typed typed typing
55.- To use (usar) used used using
56.- To visit (visitar) visited visited visiting
57.- To wait (esperar) waited waited waiting
58.- To walk (caminar) walked walked walking
59.- To want (querer) wanted wanted wanting
60.- To wash (lavar) washed washed washing
61.- To watch (mirar) watched watched watching
62.- To wish (desear) wished wished wishing
63.- To work (trabajar) worked worked working
71
UTFSM
J M C – VIÑA DEL MAR
Energy-saving schemes in distillation
Distillation systems can add up to a significant amount of the total energy

requirements of a processing scheme, and there are many techniques that can be
used to reduce such energy consumption. But before applying any technique, it is
necessary to recognize the working relationships between capital, operating costs,
and plant operability.
Designing strictly for energy conservation is as ill-advised as ignoring trends in

energy prices. Capital is equally critical; it must be effectively used to purchase
reliable systems. Gross margins in the chemical process industries (CPI) are such
that most potential energy saving cannot offset product loss resulting from an
unreliable system.
Here, some basic-chemical engineering techniques are discussed, which are being
applied to distillation sequences in light-hidrocarbon (i.e, olefins) recovery plants to
72
reduca energy consumption, while maintaining high levels of flexibility and
operability.
Utility values
Specification of utility values for a particular evaluation has a controlling effect on

the conclusions that are drawn, because one must consider the use of the utility as it
relates to the entire pattern of the unit. For the purpose of following our discussion,
the stipulations listed below will be used to develop utility values:
- The plant is highly “work-oriented,” with extensive use of high-pressure steam

turbines. Low-pressure steam is supplied by turbine exhaust to the low-pessure
steam header. The relationship between low-pressure and high-presure steam costs
must account for the work extracted in the turbine in reaching the low-pressure
header. It will be assumed that the startup steam requirements for the unit prescribe
a high-pressure boiler in excess of any normal steam-combination capacity. The
utility-cost factor for steam levels will contain no capital charges for indremental
production.
- The cooling-water system capacity is a direct function of anticipated normal

operation. Therefore, incrementel water-cooling comsumption must be included in
capital charges.
Interreboilers and intercondensers
Interreboilers and intercondensers – when applied in accordance with typical

economic and operating criteria – can produce significant reductions in teh operation
cost of a distillation system.
The generally accepted approach of applying heat only at the bottom of the tower,
and withdrawing heat only at the top, is most often directed by the economic and
73
aperability requirements imposed on the design. In situations where energy costs are
low, the thermody-
namic inefficiencies inherent with this approach are usualy not worth reducing.
However, in multistage distillation, it is possible to add and remove heat at numerous

locations in the distillation column. It is theoretic-
ally possible – but seldom practical – to apply this concept to each equilibrium stage
in the column by adding finite quantities of heat to every stripping stage, and
removing finite quantities of heat from every rectification stage.
For a specific case where the feed and product rates and purities are constant, and
for a particular condenser duty, the total heat applied to the stripping section has a
unique value, regardless of the number of places where it is put into the stripping
section. The economics of multiple reboiling lie in the ability of the system to utilize
multiple levels of heat. In a single reboiler system, the entire load must be applied to
the base of the column and, therefore, must have a high temperature. Since the cost
of heat energy is usually a function of departure from ambient temperature, this
single input of high-temperature energy is the most expensive method of reboiling a
distillation system.
When the same amount of energy is divided up and added to several intermediate
points – between the feed tray and the bottom tray – the temperature levels of the
energy can be progressively lower as the feed tray is approached. The temperature
of the energy source at a particular location must be higher than the tower liquid at
that point, but only by the amount that results in an economic quantity of heat-
transfer area in the intermediate reboiler. The same concepts aplly to the rectification
section, where instead of using a single low-temperature energy sink, heat can be
removed at several locations, which use successively warmer heat sinks as the feed
tray is approached.
74
Using multiple condensers and multiple reboilers can have significant effects on the
design of a distillation column itself. The number of distillation stages required to
achieve a particular separation is determined by the ratio of liquid-to-vapor flowrates
in the column. The column diameter is set by the magnitude of these flows.
Figure 1 shows a McCabe-Thiele diagram for a binary system, which employs an

intermediate condenser and an intermediate reboiler. This diagram shows the
significant changes in the liquid-to-vapor ratio that occur above the intercondenser
and below the interreboiler. These changes cause an increase in the number of
distillation stages required in both the stripping and rectification sections. These
increases are a function of the location of the intermediate level systems, and the
percentage of the total duty requirements satisfied by these systems.
There is also a potential opportunity to reduce the column diameter above the
intercondenser and below the interreboiler, because of the reduced vapor and liquid
traffic in these sections. The application of these systems to a distillation column
should be studied and optimized
considering the following points:
1. The applicable levels of heat or cooling sources determine the point of application of
intercondensers and interboilers. The magnitude of the potential energy savings
dictates their applicability to a particular system.
2. The increased loading of the intermediate systems causes changes in the overall
tower height and diameter, as well as in the heat-transfer area.
3. The use of less-expensive energy levels reduces the overall operating cost of a
particular distillation system. This changes the capital end energy cost relationship
which shifts the optimum operating point to greater percentages above the minimum
reflux.
75
4. The reliability of the heat sources, and the accurate determination to the column
internal loading and conditions, must be considered when designing for different
levels of flexibility and reliability. The
effects of alternate feed composition must also be carefully evaluated, before

committing the system to a particular configuration.
Heat Pumps
Distillation systems that use heat pumps have long been used in chemical
processing. The recent upsurge in popularity is attributable to potential savings in
operating expenses. In a conventional distillation system, energy is used on a once-
through basis, entering from a high-temperature heat source and exiting to a low-
temperature heat sink.
The cost of separation is very high, because the gross energy is totally degraded
from a combustion of over 3,500º F in the steam-generation system to ambient
temperature in the cooling-water air exhaust. This system owes its existence to
simplicity, low investment and cheap energy.
The heat pump, on the other hand, takes the energy from the condenser and uses
work to elevate it to a level high enough to be transferred to the column reboiler. This
energy – that is totally de-
graded – is the net work that is required to transfer the energy from
the overhead to the reboiler (work of separation), plus the lost work resulting from
converting fuel to steam, and then to the work of separation.
The heat pump represents a significant reduction in energy consumption, but at the
sacrifice of capital and simplicity. It is important to note that the heat pump
configuration is the is most advantageous when the fractionation system has a low-
temperature difference across the column. When the temperature difference
76
expands, the cost of recycling energy increases, and the heat pump loses some of
its attractiveness.
Figures 2 and 3 are a comparison between a conventional distillation system –

which utilizes steam in the reboiler and cooling water as a condensing medium – and
the same separation carried carried out in an “open” heat pump. In the open heat-
pump system, the gross tower overhead is compressed to a pressure at which its
dewpoint temperature is high enough to provide a satisfactory temperature approach
in the reboiler, where the overhead is condensed while supplying heat to the reboiler.
When there is concern with possible product contamination by compressor oils, the
system can be closed by simply providing a conventional overhead condenser to
isolate the tower system from the refrigerant system. The closed system imposes the
additional thermodynamic inefficiency of a temperature difference between the
condensing-tower overhead vapors and the vaporizing refrigerant liquid. The
condensed liquid leaving the reboiler – which serves as reflux for the tower – is
subcooled against the tower overhead vapors.
This reduces flash vapors when the reflux is introduced into the column. In most
applications, the saving in the reduction of flash vapor recycle is greater than the
expense of a superheated compressor suction, but the system should be evaluated
for each application.
The heat pump system requires a certain balance of thermal loads to minimize the
use of external heat or refrigeration sources. The thermal balance of the system is
particularly sensitive to the thermal condition of the feed and products. For instance,
the requirement for a vapor feed and liquid overhead product may impose a case
where insufficient reboiler duty is available to condense the necessary reflux plus the
product. An external refrigeration source would be required to make up the
difference.
77
However, the existence of an alternative free-energy source is not an uncommon
occurrence when critically examining an integrated process for energy conservation
when a temperature of 175º F is available. This temperature might be too low to
provide an attractive heat source in other applications and would, therefore, require
cooling by air or cooling water to 110º F before reintroduction to the processing
scheme.
As is usually the case, waste-heat recovery represents a very significant

improvement in any system when it can be used as a direct replacement for steam.
The results of this brief analysis indicate the advisability of using waste heat to its
fullest advantage. However, in situations when this option is not feasible, then the
heat pump can be an attractive substitution for steam heat, in spite of the higher
capital cost and increased complexity. There are several variations of heat-pump and
tower configurations; a brief literature survey will yield several practical techniques
and guidelines for their applications.
Extract from
“Separation Techniques 1: liquid-liquid systems.”
Edited by Larry Ricci and the Staff of Chemical Engineering,
McGraw-Hill Publications Co., New York, N.Y
1980
78
79
80
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ENGLISH COURSE

Prof: Ma. Begoña Aguilar B.

 You (sujeto y objeto) se puede referir a tú / vosotros(as) / usted /ustedes.

En ingles es necesario usar el pronombre Sujeto. En español se omite con frecuencia.

IV Completa las frases con it / them + me / us / him / her / them

 My / your / his / her etc. Van seguidos de un sustantivo.

 Your equivale en español a tu / tus/ vuestro(a) /vuestros(as) y también a su / sus (cuando el

 Its es diferente de it’s

1 He _______________________ . 5 I ________________________ parents.

1 I’m going to wash ___ . 4 He’s going to .

III Observa el árbol genealógico (family tree) y completa las frases

1 I saw Liz with her husband, Philip.

I my mine It’s my money. It’s mine.

 His puede ir seguido o no de un sustantivo

 Whose…? = ¿De quién…?

- Whose shoes are these? ¿De quién son estos zapatos?

III Completa las frases siguientes con …friend(s) of mine/yours etc.

1 I went to the cinema with a ________ 5 I played tennis with a _____________

1 Whose book is this_ ______________ ? 7 _______________________________ ?

 am / is / are son formas del presente del verbo be (=ser / estar):

En inglés es necesario usar los pronombres personales (I/he/she/it etc.)

En inglés se usa am/is/are para hablar de la edad de alguien:

 That’s = that is there’s = there is here’s = here is

II Escribe la forma completa (she is / we are not)

1 we aren’t ______________ 4 they aren’t _____________

III Completa las frases con am, is o are:

IV Escribe frases completas usando am / is / are:

 Is it important? ¿Es importante?

 What’s = what is who’s = who is how’s = how is where’s = where is

1 (your name?) ______________________ Paul.

IV Escribe respuestas breves afirmativas o negativas (Yes, I am/No, he isn’tetc.)

1 Are you married? ______________ 6 Is it dark now? _________________

Now Charlie is at work.

At midnight last night he wasn’t at

 Was/were corresponden normalmente al Pretérito imperfecto o al Pretérito perfecto simple( o

- ‘Were you late?’ ‘No, I wasn’t.

III Completa las frases con was/wasn’t/were/weren’t.

1 I saw a film (good?) _______________________

 El presente continuo se forma así:

 El presente continuo expresa un hecho o una acción en curso:

I’m working/playing/eating etc. Equivale a ‘estoy trabajando/jugando/comiendo’ etc., PERO en español

 Please be quiet. I’m working. Estoy trabajando

 Observa las siguientes diferencias entre inglés y español:

I Completa las frases usando am/is/are + uno de los verbos siguientes:

1 Listen! Pat _________________ the piano.

II ¿Qué está ocurriendo ahora? Escribe frases verdaderas.

1 In A the man ____________________________. In B-________________________________

 ‘Is it raining?’ ‘Yes, take an umbrella.’ ‘¿Llueve? /Está lloviendo?’

Al hacer preguntas con este tiempo el Sujeto va detrás de is/are:

 ‘Are you listening to the radio?’ ‘Yes, I am.’

1 What ____________________________? 4 What ___________________________ ?

II Escribe la pregunta ‘What … doing?’ con diferentes sujetos.

1 (he) What __________________? 3 (you) What__________________?

Ahora escribe la pregunta ‘Where … going?’ con estos sujetos:

At 4 oclock she wasn’t at home.

 ‘What were you doing at 11:30 yesterday?’ ‘I was working.’

1 Ann ___________________________. She ____________________________________.

1 At 9.45 ________________________ . 4 At 12.50 _______________________ .

1 He _ . 5 I __ parents.

1 I went to the cinema with a 5 I played tennis with a _____

1 Whose book is this_ ? 7 _________________ ?

1 we aren’t __ 4 they aren’t _

1 Are you married? 6 Is it dark now? ___

1 In A the man . In B-____

1 What __? 4 What _ ?

1 (he) What ? 3 (you) What?

1 Ann _. She __________.

1 At 9.45 __ . 4 At 12.50 _ .

1 I understand. I ___ 5 They speak English.