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Biochemistry
Biochemistry
2. The graph below shows the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. What
conclusion can be drawn about section X of the graph?
A. The enzyme has started to denature and the reaction slows down.
B. The reaction has finished and the substrate has been used up.
D. Some of the enzyme has been consumed and the reaction has reached a plateau.
(Total 1 mark)
3. Which type of molecule is shown in the diagram below?
A. Peptide
B. Carbohydrate
C. Lipid
D. Nucleic acid
(Total 1 mark)
4. The percentage of thymine in the DNA of an organism is approximately 30%. What is the
percentage of guanine?
A. 70%
B. 30%
C. 40%
D. 20%
(Total 1 mark)
5. What is denaturation?
A. A structural change of a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties
C. A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein causing a disruption of its 3D shape
D. The process by which amino acids are broken down and ammonia is released
(Total 1 mark)
7. What is the source of the oxygen released into the air as a product of photosynthesis?
A. Chlorophyll
C. Water only
C. Volatility
D. Transparency
(Total 1 mark)
9. A number of different proteins are involved in nerve function. Which of the following does not
require a membrane protein?
B. Lactose is the product of anaerobic respiration in humans and galactose is the product of
anaerobic respiration in yeast.
12. Which type of light is least useful for photosynthesis in terrestrial plants?
A. Blue
B. Green
C. White
D. Red
(Total 1 mark)
13. How many molecules of water are required to completely hydrolyse a polypeptide made up of
23 amino acids?
A. 11
B. 22
C. 23
D. 44
(Total 1 mark)
14. Which of the following is part of the process of cellular respiration?
D. Glycolysis
(Total 1 mark)
A. Temperature
B. Light intensity
C. pH
D. Substrate concentration
(Total 1 mark)
16. PanI is a gene in cod fish that codes for an integral membrane protein called pantophysin.
Two alleles of the gene, PanIA and PanIB, code for versions of pantophysin, that differ by four
amino acids in one region of the protein. Samples of cod fish were collected from 23 locations
in the north Atlantic and were tested to find the proportions of PanIA and PanIB alleles in each
population. The results are shown in pie charts, numbered 1–23, on the map below. The
proportions of alleles in a population are called the allele frequencies. The frequency of an
allele can vary from 0.0 to 1.0. The light grey sectors of the pie charts show the allele frequency
of PanIA and the black sectors show the allele frequency of PanIB.
[RAJ Case et al. 2005. “Macro- and micro-geographic variation in pantophysin (PanI) allele frequencies in NE
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.” MEPS. Vol 301. Pp 267–278. Figs 1 and 3.]
(a) (i) State the two populations with the highest PanIB allele frequencies.
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(1)
(ii) State the population in which the allele frequencies were closest to 0.5.
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(1)
(b) Deduce the allele frequencies of a population in which half of the cod fish had the
genotype PanIA PanIA, and half had the genotype PanIA PanIB.
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(1)
The graphs below show the latitude and the mean surface sea temperature in June of the
sampling locations and the frequency of the PanIA allele.
[RAJ Case et al. 2005. “Macro- and micro-geographic variation in pantophysin (PanI) allele frequencies in NE
Atlantic cod Gadus morhua.” MEPS. Vol 301. Pp 267–278. Figs 1 and 3.]
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(1)
(ii) mean surface sea temperature in June and the frequency of the PanIA allele.
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(1)
(d) Suggest how natural selection could have caused the relationships shown in the graphs.
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(2)
(e) The sites close to Iceland, at a latitude of 60–65°, had very varied allele frequencies, with
both PanIA and PanIB occurring. The water at these sample sites was highly stratified,
with much warmer water at the surface and much colder water below. Suggest reasons
for both PanIA and PanIB alleles occurring at these sites.
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(2)
(f) Using the data in this question, predict the effects of global warming on cod fish
populations.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
17. (a) State the missing source, optimum pH requirement, substrate and product of the human
enzymes in the table below.
(2)
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(2)
(c) Draw a labelled diagram to show the interconnections between the gall bladder, pancreas
and small intestine.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
18. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Living organisms at every trophic level are part of the carbon cycle. Draw a labelled
diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved.
(9)
(b) Explain, using an example of a food chain, how trophic levels can be deduced.
(4)
(c) Explain methods that can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
(5)
(Total 20 marks)
19. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Escherichia coli is a unicellular organism, so each cell must carry out all of the processes
required for life. Outline the functions of each of the structures in the cells of
Escherichia coli.
(9)
(c) Compare how pyruvate is used in human cells when oxygen is available and when
oxygen is not available.
(5)
(Total 20 marks)
20. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Outline condensation and hydrolysis reactions using a different example for each.
(5)
(b) Outline the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes.
(4)
(c) Explain methods by which the rate of photosynthesis can be measured, including
conditions that affect the rate.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
21. The rate of photosynthesis in the marine seagrass, Zostera marina, was investigated under a
range of pH conditions. After a period of darkness, the plants were illuminated at a constant
light intensity at 15°C and the rate of photosynthesis was measured. Zostera marina can use
both dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen carbonate ions for photosynthesis. The rate
of photosynthesis is plotted on the y-axis on the left. In addition, the concentration of carbon
dioxide was measured for each pH investigated and is plotted on the y-axis on the right.
[Source: Plant physiology by AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS. Copyright 2008 Reproduced
with permission of AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT BIOLOGISTS in the format CD ROM via Copyright
Clearance Center.]
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(1)
(b) Calculate the percentage decrease in the rate of photosynthesis from pH 7 to pH 7.5.
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(1)
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(2)
(d) Suggest how Zostera marina can perform photosynthesis even at very low carbon
dioxide concentrations.
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(1)
(e) Based on the information and data provided, discuss the role of one limiting factor, other
than carbon dioxide, and suggest how this would affect the rate of photosynthesis.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
22. (a) State one example of a fibrous protein and one example of a globular protein.
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(2)
(c) Amino acid polarity is an important factor in determining the functions of proteins.
Explain the importance of polar and non-polar amino acids in membrane proteins.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
23. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of a mitochondrion.
(3)
(b) Explain how the structure of a mitochondrion is adapted for its function.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
24. The effect of temperature on photosynthesis was studied in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) using
leaf discs. The production of oxygen was used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
Gross photosynthesis refers to the sum of net photosynthesis and respiration. Net
photosynthesis was calculated by subtracting the rate of respiration in the dark from gross
photosynthesis.
[Source: Adapted from R Ribeiro et al. 2006. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. Vol 30. Pp 670–678.]
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(1)
(b) Determine the difference between gross photosynthesis and net photosynthesis at 40°C
and 50°C.
40°C: ..........................................................................................................................
50°C: ..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Deduce what happens to the rate of respiration as the temperature increases between
40°C and 50°C.
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(1)
(d) (i) Describe the general pattern of change in photosynthesis in sweet orange as the
temperature increases.
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
25. (a) Distinguish between fibrous proteins and globular proteins giving one example of each.
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(3)
(b) Outline the differences between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
26. Explain the link reaction that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
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(Total 4 marks)
A. The atoms within a molecule of water are held together by hydrogen bonds.
B. Water has a low heat capacity allowing enzymatic reactions to happen at a wide range of
temperatures.
D. Ice has a higher density than liquid water, therefore some organisms can live under the
ice.
(Total 1 mark)
28. What does a nucleosome consist of ?
C. Nucleotides added by DNA polymerase I in the same direction as the replication fork
D. Sections of RNA removed by DNA polymerase III and replaced with DNA
(Total 1 mark)
GCCAUACGAUCG
A. CGGUAUGCUAGC
B. GCCATACGATCG
C. CGGTATGCTAGC
D. GCCAUACGAUCG
(Total 1 mark)
31. The electron micrograph below shows an organelle in a eukaryotic cell. What is the area
labelled X and what is the type of reaction occurring there?
[Source: http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/11/cell_structure.php]
X Reaction
A. matrix photolysis
B. stroma Krebs cycle
C. stroma photolysis
D. matrix Krebs cycle
(Total 1 mark)
A. Thylakoid membranes
B. Stroma
C. Matrix
D. Cristae
(Total 1 mark)
33. What is produced by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and used in the Calvin
cycle?
34. Which base is connected to its complementary base in a base pair by three hydrogen bonds?
A. Uracil
B. Thymine
C. Guanine
D. Adenine
(Total 1 mark)
35. This question refers to the following micrograph of a liver cell.
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
(Total 1 mark)
36. Which molecule is found in both DNA and RNA?
A. Ribose
B. Uracil
C. Phosphate
D. Amino acid
(Total 1 mark)
37. The photosynthetic activity of desert plants is often reduced in the middle of the day. What is
the most reasonable explanation for this fact?
38. Which of the following is true of the link reaction of aerobic respiration?
A. The polysome
B. The operator
C. The promoter
D. The initiator
(Total 1 mark)
C. Only cohesion involves the interaction of water with soil mineral particles.
41. The diagram below shows one DNA nucleotide and part of a second nucleotide.
I. ..................................................................................................................................
II. .................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) On the diagram above, draw the structures that are missing from the second nucleotide.
(1)
(c) The two nucleotides would be permanently separated during DNA replication. State one
process during which they would be temporarily separated.
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(1)
(d) Outline the method that can be used to amplify small quantities of DNA to obtain large
enough quantities for DNA profiling.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
42. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Membrane proteins vary in their positions within the membrane and in their functions.
Outline the positions and functions of proteins in membranes.
(8)
(b) Explain how polar and non-polar amino acids help channel proteins and enzymes carry
out their functions.
(5)
43. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) All organisms in an ecosystem are involved in the carbon cycle. Outline the roles of
living organisms in the carbon cycle.
(8)
(b) Explain how triose phosphate is produced and used in the chloroplasts of a plant.
(5)
(c) Explain the conditions that are needed to allow a seed to germinate.
(5)
(Total 20 marks)
44. Investigators carried out experiments to find the relationship between the energy used by mice
(the metabolic rate) and their activity. They found that the amount of time mice are active
depends on the time of day, whether they are single or in groups and on the temperature of their
surroundings. The bar chart below shows the percentage of time mice were active during
three-hour periods at three different temperatures.
[Source: L E Mount and J V Willmott. 1967. Journal of Physiology. Vol 190. Pp 371–380. Published by
Wiley-Blackwell. Used with permission]
(a) Calculate how many minutes the group mice are active between 21:00 and 00:00 at 8 °C.
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(1)
(b) Outline the relationship between activity and temperature from 21:00 to 03:00 in all of
the mice.
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(1)
(c) Animals which are active at night are nocturnal. Suggest one advantage for mice being
nocturnal.
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(1)
The investigators also found that the metabolic rate of the mice changed at different times of
the day. Mice were kept at one of the three constant temperatures for 24 hours and their oxygen
consumption was measured. The graph below shows the results for single mice and the mean
values for group mice.
[Source: L E Mount and J V Willmott. 1967. Journal of Physiology. Vol 190. Pp 371–380. Published by
Wiley-Blackwell. Used with permission]
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(1)
(e) Compare the results for the single mice at 15 °C with those for the group mice at 15 °C.
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(2)
(f) Suggest one reason why the results differ for single mice and group mice.
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(1)
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(2)
(h) Using the data from both graphs, evaluate the hypothesis that increased activity causes an
increase in metabolic rate in mice.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
45. The diagram below shows two nucleotides linked together to form a dinucleotide.
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(1)
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(1)
(b) Distinguish between the sense and antisense strands of DNA during transcription.
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(1)
(c) Compare the DNA found in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
A. DNA
B. Phospholipids
C. Proteins
D. Antibiotics
(Total 1 mark)
47. Which describes these molecules correctly?
I II
A. ribose amino acid
B. glucose amino acid
C. ribose fatty acid
D. glucose fatty acid
(Total 1 mark)
48. What sequence of processes is carried out by the structure labelled X during translation?
A. I is fat.
B. II is pyruvate.
C. III is lactate.
D. IV is carbon dioxide.
(Total 1 mark)
50. The following diagram shows a short stretch of DNA. What bases are indicated by labels Y and
Z?
Y Z
A. thymine adenine
B. thymine guanine
C. uracil guanine
D. uracil adenine
(Total 1 mark)
51. A plant is exposed to increasing light intensity from very dim to bright light, while the carbon
dioxide concentration and temperature are kept at an optimum level. What will happen to the
rate of oxygen production?
52. In some people, hemoglobin always contains the amino acid valine in place of a glutamic acid
at one position in the protein. What is the cause of this?
A. Formation of proteins
B. Formation of carbohydrates
C. Formation of teeth
[Source: image from W K Purves, et al., (2003) Life: The Science of Biology, 4, Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and W H Freeman (www.whfreeman.com)]
A. RNA polymerase
B. Helicase
C. DNA polymerase
D. Ligase
(Total 1 mark)
A. Storage of fat
B. Formation of mitochondria
C. Storage of energy
A. A process needed to use energy, in the form of ATP, to produce organic compounds
C. A controlled release of energy, in the form of ATP, from organic compounds in cells
A. When the temperature reaches 85°C there are no more double-stranded DNA molecules.
B. When the temperature reaches 85°C the DNA strands start separating rapidly.
D. The separation of the DNA strands is directly proportional to the increase in temperature.
(Total 1 mark)
59. (a) Glucose and galactose are examples of monosaccharides. State one other example of a
monosaccharide.
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(1)
(b) The equation below shows the production of glucose and galactose from lactose.
(i) There are several different types of carbohydrate. State which type of carbohydrate
lactose is.
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(1)
(ii) State the type of chemical reaction that occurs when lactose is digested into
glucose and galactose.
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(1)
(c) Lactase is widely used in food processing. Explain three reasons for converting lactose
to glucose and galactose during food processing.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
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2. ..................................................................................................................................
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3. ..................................................................................................................................
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(3)
(d) Simple laboratory experiments show that when the enzyme lactase is mixed with lactose,
the initial rate of reaction is highest at 48°C. In food processing, lactase is used at a much
lower temperature, often at 5°C. Suggest reasons for using lactase at relatively low
temperatures.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
60. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Explain why DNA must be replicated before mitosis and the role of helicase in DNA
replication.
(4)
(b) Explain how the base sequence of DNA is conserved during replication.
(5)
61. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Plants are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. Describe the different characteristics
of the bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.
(9)
(b) Plants store carbohydrate in the form of starch. Explain the reasons for starch being
digested by the human digestive system.
(4)
Four successive sets of experiments were performed under similar conditions of temperature
and humidity. In each set, equal samples of sand were spread out evenly on trays and then
treated differently. Except for one dry sample (in the first set), all others were saturated with a
different liquid. Results of the observations are given in the table below.
[Source: adapted from K Arms et al., “Sodium: Stimulus for Puddling Behaviour by Tiger Swallowtail Butterflies,
Papilio glaucus” (1974) Science, 185: 5 (5 July–27 Sept) #4148, pp. 372–374. Reprinted with permission from
AAAS]
(a) Identify the dissolved element always present in the three samples with most puddling
time.
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(1)
(b) Discuss the relationship between sampling visits (V) and puddling time (T) in
experiments 1, 2 and 3.
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(2)
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(2)
Study of the male moth Gluphisia septentrionis revealed that their puddling behaviour can last
for hours. Though drinking results in the uptake of hundreds of gut-loads of fluid, this fluid
becomes rapidly expelled from the digestive system through frequent anal ejections. In this
experiment, the ion concentration change was calculated by subtracting ions ejected from ions
taken in. The following data was collected from males drinking laboratory solutions and from
natural puddles.
[Source: adapted from SR Smedley and T Eisner “Sodium Uptake by Puddling in a Moth” (1995) Science, 270 (15
Dec) #5243, pp. 1816–1818. Reprinted with permission from AAAS]
(d) (i) Identify which ion the moths are retaining in their body from the laboratory
solutions.
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(1)
(ii) Compare the gain and loss of ions in the male moths which have drunk from
laboratory solutions with the changes in those that have drunk from natural
puddles.
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(3)
The diagram below shows the digestive system anatomy of the male and female moth.
[Source: adapted from SR Smedley and T Eisner “Sodium Uptake by Puddling in a Moth” (1995) Science, 270 (15
Dec) #5243, pp. 1816–1818. Reprinted with permission from AAAS]
(e) Using the diagram above, evaluate the hypothesis that male moths are better adapted than
female moths to benefit from puddling behaviour.
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(2)
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
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(2)
(b) Explain how chemical bonding between water molecules makes water a valuable coolant
in living organisms.
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(2)
(c) Describe the movement of water across membranes.
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(2)
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
64. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
The graph below shows daily patterns of CO2 exchange at three different temperatures.
Open shapes (○, Δ, □) represent current atmospheric CO2 levels and closed shapes (●, ▲, ■)
represent elevated CO2 levels.
[Reprinted from: Kim, S H et al. 2007. “Temperature dependence of growth, development, and photosynthesis in
maize under elevated CO2”. Environmental and Experimental Botany. Vol 61. Pp 224–236.]
(a) (i) State the time at which carbon dioxide exchange rate is maximal.
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(1)
(ii) Explain the reasons for maximum carbon dioxide exchange rate at this time.
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(2)
(b) State the temperature that resulted in the highest rate of photosynthesis under current
atmospheric conditions.
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(1)
(c) Using the data in the graph, discuss whether rising carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere will increase growth rates in maize.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
66. (a) State two functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
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(2)
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
67. The diagram below shows part of the respiratory pathway. The number of carbon atoms in each
molecule is indicated.
(a) (i) Label pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A on the diagram above.
(1)
(iii) List one product other than carbon dioxide formed in this stage of respiration.
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
68. Explain the control of metabolic pathways.
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(Total 3 marks)
69. Primary production is directly related to the amount of photosynthesis that occurs in a cubic
metre of water. In the waters around Bermuda (32° N) in the Atlantic Ocean, microscopic
phytoplankton are the producers. They use trace nutrients from seawater in their metabolism.
These nutrients are a limiting factor in total population size. A dense phytoplankton population
makes the water cloudy. The data shows primary production per day for each month for the
year 2000 at different water depths.
[Source: DataStreme Ocean, American Meteorological Society (2004). Reprinted with permission.]
(a) State the month when total photosynthesis was greatest.
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(1)
(b) Identify, with a reason, the water depth that receives no light.
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(1)
(c) In the upper 40 m there is a drop in photosynthesis from March to June. This is probably
due to lack of nutrients, reducing the population density.
Suggest, with a reason other than nutrient levels, what might have increased
photosynthesis at 100 m from April to August.
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(1)
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
70. (a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron
micrographs.
(4)
(b) Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
71. (a) List three functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
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(3)
(b) Explain the significance of polar amino acids and non-polar amino acids in membranes.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
A. DNA
B. Phospholipids
C. Proteins
D. Antibiotics
(Total 1 mark)
73. What is the reason for Okazaki fragments being formed during DNA replication?
A. Exons
B. Introns
C. Codons
D. Nucleosomes
(Total 1 mark)
76. During glycolysis a hexose sugar is broken down to two pyruvate molecules. What is the
correct sequence of stages?
77. Where are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions taking place in the diagram
below?
Light-dependent Light-independent
A. I IV
B. II III
C. III II
D. IV I
(Total 1 mark)
78. The table below shows the codons that determine different amino acids in protein translation.
What is the sequence of the amino acids that is being translated from the following mRNA
sequence?
5´ AUGGGUGCUUAUUGGUAA 3´
A. Met-Pro-Arg-Ile-Thr
B. Met-Cys-Ser-Tyr-Trp
C. Met-Gly-Ala-Tyr-Trp
D. Met-Gly-Tyr-Ala-Thr
(Total 1 mark)
79. What does the universal nature of the genetic code allow?
C. Formation of clones
D. Infection by bacteria
(Total 1 mark)
B. DNA only
[Source: image from W K Purves, et al., (2003), Life: The Science of Biology, 4, Sinauer Associates
(www.sinauer.com) and W H Freeman (www.whfreeman.com)]
A. Ribosome
B. Stroma
C. Inner membrane
D. Thylakoid
(Total 1 mark)
86. During aerobic cell respiration, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced inside
cells. This generates concentration gradients between respiring cells and the environment,
which cause diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are
soluble in water. As the temperature rises, water becomes saturated at a lower concentration of
the gas.
Laternula elliptica is a mollusc that lives on the sea bed in Antarctica. Its body temperature is
always similar to that of the environment around it. To investigate the effect of temperature on
Laternula elliptica, specimens were kept in temperature-controlled aquaria. The oxygen
concentrations of water near the gills and in the body fluids were measured, at a range of
temperatures from 0°C to 9°C. The graph below shows the mean results.
[With kind permission from Springer Science+Business Media and the author.]
(a) (i) Outline the relationship between temperature and oxygen concentration in the
body fluids in Laternula elliptica.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the relationship.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) In its natural environment, Laternula elliptica buries itself in the mud on the sea bed.
In this investigation, it was found that above 6°C it is unable to bury itself. Suggest a
reason for this.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
The world’s oceans can absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide. This process has been studied
in the Pacific Ocean near Hawaii, by measuring carbon dioxide concentrations in the
atmosphere and in surface water every month, from October 1988 onwards. The graph below
shows the carbon dioxide concentration expressed as partial pressures (Pco2).
[Source: Nature by Nature Publishing Group. Reproduced with permission of Nature Publishing Group in the format
Journal via Copyright Clearance Centre.]
(c) (i) Describe the trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, shown in the
graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the trends that you have described.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) (i) Diffusion of carbon dioxide only occurs when there is a concentration gradient.
Deduce the pattern of carbon dioxide diffusion, between water and atmosphere,
from 1988 to 2002.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The graph provides evidence for the hypothesis that there will be no net diffusion
of carbon dioxide between water and atmosphere by 2020. Explain this evidence.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is currently 385 ppm (parts per million).
Variations in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be studied using
ice-cores. An ice-core record covering the last 400 000 years has been obtained from Vostok in
the Antarctic. The graph below shows the carbon dioxide concentrations that were measured at
different depths in the ice. Atmospheric temperatures are also shown on the graph. These were
deduced from ratios of oxygen isotopes. The upper line on the graph shows CO2 concentrations
and the lower line shows temperature.
[Source: Nature by Nature Publishing Group. Reproduced with permission of Nature Publishing Group in the format
Journal via Copyright Clearance Centre.]
(e) (i) State the highest carbon dioxide concentration shown on the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) Using the data in the graph, deduce the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide
concentration and temperature.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(g) Using the data in this question, explain reasons for concern about the long-term survival
of Antarctic species, such as Laternula elliptica.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 18 marks)
87. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Eukaryotic cells have intracellular and extracellular components. State the functions of
one named extracellular component.
(4)
(c) Translation occurs in living cells. Explain how translation is carried out, from the
initiation stage onwards.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
88. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Most of the DNA of a human cell is contained in the nucleus. Distinguish between
unique and highly repetitive sequences in nuclear DNA.
(5)
(b) Draw a labelled diagram to show four DNA nucleotides, each with a different base,
linked together in two strands.
(5)
(c) Explain the methods and aims of DNA profiling.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
89. Migrating birds must refuel along the way in order to continue flying. A field study was
conducted among four different species of migrating birds known to stop at high quality and
low quality food sites. Two techniques were used to assess food quality in the stopover sites.
Birds were captured and weighed at the two sites. Blood samples were taken from the birds to
determine nutrient levels in their blood. The two techniques were compared for their
effectiveness.
The table below shows data collected from the two sites during one season.
Site 1 Site 2
Species N N
Mean bird Mean bird
(number (number
mass / g mass / g
captured) captured)
Hermit thrush 46 29.8 28 28.3
White-throated sparrow 47 27.9 48 27.2
American robin 8 78.3 10 77.6
Magnolia warbler 30 8.4 10 8.2
[Source: adapted from C Guglielmo, et al., (2005), Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(1), pages 116–125]
(a) Considering all the birds sampled, identify which species was sampled the most and
which was sampled the least.
Most: ...........................................................................................................................
Least: ...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Using the data from the table, calculate the percentage difference in mean bird mass for
the hermit thrushes refueling at Site 1 compared to those refueling at Site 2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
A method was used to determine the average mass change in grams per hour (g h–1) during the
study. Graph A represents a summary of data collected during one season whereas Graph B
represents a summary of data collected over 17 years.
[Source: adapted from C Guglielmo, et al., (2005), Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(1), pages 116–125]
(c) Compare the 17-year summary data for the hermit thrush and the magnolia warbler.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Evaluate the one season data for the hermit thrush and the American robin with regard to
average mass change per hour at Site 1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
Among birds, high triglyceride concentration in blood plasma indicates fat deposition whereas
high butyrate concentration in blood plasma indicates fat utilization and fasting.
The following data summarizes triglyceride levels and butyrate levels measured for the same
groups of birds.
[Source: adapted from C Guglielmo, et al., (2005), Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, 78(1), pages 116–125]
(e) Describe, using the triglyceride levels graph, the results at Site 1 and Site 2 for all of the
birds.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Explain the differences in the triglyceride level and butyrate level for the hermit thrush at
Site 1 and Site 2.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) Scientists have hypothesized that the food quality is better at Site 1 than at Site 2.
Evaluate this hypothesis using the data provided.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(h) Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage for blood sampling rather than weighing
birds to assess food quality at stopover sites.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 13 marks)
90. (a) Outline the bonding between DNA nucleotides.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Explain how chemical bonding between water molecules makes water a valuable coolant
in living organisms.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
91. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(b) Distinguish between fibrous and globular proteins with reference to one example of each
protein type.
(6)
(c) Explain the role of auxin in phototropism.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
92. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(b) Describe how pancreatic cells directly affect blood glucose levels.
(5)
(c) Explain why diabetes could be detected through the analysis of urine.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
93. A group of non-smoking men and women were studied for the effects of environmental
contamination with cadmium, a toxic metal. A study was conducted to see the effect of
cadmium exposure on the metabolism of the liver, as measured by the activity of a cytochrome
enzyme that metabolizes drugs, and on renal tubular damage in the kidney as indicated by the
excretion of a substance, NAG.
[Source: Satarug, S et al. 2004. Environmental Health Perspectives. Vol 111, issue 15. Pp 1512–1518. Reproduced
with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives.]
(a) (i) Identify the highest hepatic cytochrome activity value in women.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Compare the correlation between hepatic and renal functions for men and for women.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The scientists who conducted the study hypothesized that exposure to cadmium causes
toxicity in both hepatic and renal functions. Using the data, evaluate the hypothesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
94. Which diagram best illustrates the interactions between water molecules?
(Total 1 mark)
95. What chemical reaction is taking place when a dipeptide becomes two amino acids?
A. Condensation
B. Hydrolysis
C. Denaturation
D. Polymerization
(Total 1 mark)
96. The base ratios in the DNA and RNA for an onion (Allium cepa) are given below.
A. DNA is only found in the nucleus but RNA is found throughout the cell.
C. In DNA, bases A and T are complementary but in RNA, bases A and C are
complementary.
D. RNA comes in three forms but DNA only comes in one form.
(Total 1 mark)
97. Which of the following will cause an enzyme to permanently lose its properties?
I. Hydrolysis
II. Freezing to –20°C
III. Dissolving it in water
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
100. What is true of the source, products and optimum pH of the lipase found in the human digestive
system?
Three genetically modified forms of O. sativa japonica, GMFA, GMFB and GMFC, were made
using different fragments of DNA taken from O. sativa indica.
The plants were then submerged for a period of 11 days. The heights of all the plants were
measured at the beginning and at the end of the submergence period.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. “Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like
gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice.” Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705–708. Copyright 2006.
http://www.nature.com/]
(a) (i) State which group of rice plants were the shortest at the beginning of the
experiment.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the percentage change in height for the O. sativa japonica unmodified
variety during the submergence period. Show your working.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) Explain how the error bars can be used to compare the results for O. sativa indica.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Deduce the general relationship between the growth of all the japonica varieties and their
stated tolerance level.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Outline the use of the binomial system of nomenclature in Oryza sativa.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
In the same experiment, the researchers hypothesized that the capacity to survive when
submerged is related to the presence of three genes very close to each other on rice
chromosome number 9; these genes were named Sub1A, Sub1B and Sub1C. The photograph
below of part of a gel shows relative amounts of messenger RNA produced from these three
genes by the submergence-intolerant variety, O. sativa japonica, and by the
submergence-tolerant variety, O. sativa indica, at different times of a submergence period,
followed by a recovery period out of water.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. “Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like
gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice.” Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705–708. Copyright 2006.
http://www.nature.com/]
(e) (i) Determine which gene produced the most mRNA on the first day of the
submergence period for variety O. sativa japonica.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Outline the difference in mRNA production for the three genes during the
submergence period for variety O. sativa indica.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Compare the mRNA production for the three genes during the submergence period
between the two varieties.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(f) Deduce, using all the data, which gene was used to modify GMFC.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) Evaluate, using all the data, how modified varieties of rice could be used to overcome
food shortages in some countries.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 17 marks)
102. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) State four elements that are needed by living organisms, other than carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen, giving one role of each.
(4)
(b) Outline how light energy is used and how organic molecules are made in photosynthesis.
(6)
(c) Explain the significance of complementary base pairing for replication, transcription and
translation.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
I. Water
II. ATP
III. Ethanol
A. I only
B. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
104. Which graph best represents the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis of a plant?
(Total 1 mark)
105. Which of the following correctly shows a peptide bond between two amino acids?
(Total 1 mark)
A. A ribosome that is synthesizing proteins from several mRNA molecules at the same time
C. Several ribosomes using a mRNA molecule to synthesize protein at the same time
D. Several ribosomes that are synthesizing different proteins for use in the cytoplasm
(Total 1 mark)
107. What does oxidation involve?
A. A loss of electrons
B. A gain of electrons
C. A loss of oxygen
D. A gain of hydrogen
(Total 1 mark)
B. ATP synthesis
C. Reduction of NADP
D. Reduction of CO2
(Total 1 mark)
110. Which two tissues of a leaf are photosynthetic?
111. Gibberellin promotes both seed germination and plant growth. Researchers hypothesize that the
gene GID1 in rice (Oryza sativa) codes for the production of a cell receptor for gibberellin.
The mutant variety gid1-1 for that gene leads to rice plants with a severe dwarf phenotype and
infertile flowers when homozygous recessive. It is suspected that homozygous recessive gid1-1
plants fail to degrade the protein SLR1 which, when present, inhibits the action of gibberellin.
The graphs show the action of gibberellin on the leaves and α-amylase activity of wild-type rice
plants (WT) and their gid1-1 mutants.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Ltd, Ueguchi-Tanaka, M et al. 2005. “Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf1
encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellins”. Nature. Vol 437. Pp 693–698. Copyright (2005).]
(a) (i) State which variety of rice fails to respond to gibberellin treatment.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) The activity of α-amylase was tested at successive concentrations of gibberellin.
Determine the increment in gibberellin concentration that produces the greatest
change in α-amylase activity in wild-type rice plants (WT).
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Discuss the consequence of crossing gid1-1 heterozygous rice plants amongst themselves
for food production.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
Most rice varieties are intolerant to sustained submergence under water and will usually die
within a week. Researchers have hypothesized that the capacity to survive when submerged is
related to the presence of three genes very close to each other on rice chromosome number 9;
these genes were named Sub1A, Sub1B and Sub1C. The photograph below of part of a gel
shows relative amounts of messenger RNA produced from these three genes by the
submergence-intolerant variety, O. sativa japonica, and by the submergence-tolerant variety, O.
sativa indica, at different times of a submergence period, followed by a recovery period out of
water.
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd, Xu et al. 2006. Nature. Vol 442. Pp 705–708. Copyright
2006. http://www.nature.com/]
(c) (i) Determine which gene produced the most mRNA on the first day of the
submergence period for variety O. sativa japonica.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Outline the difference in mRNA production for the three genes during the
submergence period for variety O. sativa indica.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Using only this data, deduce which gene confers submersion resistance to rice plants.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
The OsGI gene causes long-day flowering and the effect of its overexpression has been
observed in a transgenic variety of rice. Some wild-type rice (WT) and transgenic plants were
exposed to long days (14 hours of light per day) and others to short days (9 hours of light per
day).
The shades of grey represent the genotypes of the transgenic plants, where:
[Adapted by permission from Macmillan Ltd, Ueguchi-Tanaka, M et al. 2005. “Gibberellin-insensitive dwarf1
encodes a soluble receptor for gibberellins”. Nature. Vol 437. Pp 693–698. Copyright (2005).]
(e) (i) State the overall effect of overexpression of the OsGI gene in plants treated with
short-day light.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Compare the results between the plants treated with short-day light and the plants
treated with long-day light.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State, giving one reason taken from the data opposite, if unmodified rice is a
short-day plant or a long-day plant.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(f) Discuss, using only the data opposite, if OsGI+ and OsGI– behave as codominant alleles.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(g) Evaluate, using all the data, how modified varieties of rice could be used to overcome
food shortages in some countries.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 19 marks)
112. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
113. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(b) Describe the events that occur in the four phases of mitosis in animals.
(6)
(c) Explain the process of aerobic cell respiration after glycolysis has occurred.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
114. Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme used by cells to protect themselves against oxidative
damage. These enzymes can have different metals as part of their structure.
A study to compare two dismutases from Escherichia coli bacteria and two dismutases from
eukaryotic cells was undertaken. The following enzymes were used:
• E. coli dismutase with iron (Fe)
• E. coli dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic mitochondrial dismutase with manganese (Mn)
• eukaryotic cytoplasmic dismutase with copper-zinc (Cu-Zn).
The following shows part of the amino acid sequences of these enzymes. Boxes enclose
identical amino acids in the sequence of the two E. coli and mitochondrial dismutases.
[Steinman, H M and Hill, R L. 1973. “Sequence homologies among bacterial and mitochondrial superoxide
dismutases”. PNAS. Vol 70, issue 12. Pp 3725–3729. Used with the permission of the authors.]
(a) State how many amino acids are in the same position in the E. coli (Fe), E. coli (Mn) and
the mitochondrial dismutase sequences shown.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State the amino acids which are present in the same position in at least one bacterial
dismutase and in both eukaryotic dismutases.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(d) Using the diagram, suggest whether the evolution of bacterial dismutase and cytoplasmic
dismutase is convergent or divergent.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(e) The sequences of the two bacterial dismutases and the mitochondrial dismutase show a
high degree of homology. Discuss how this supports the endosymbiotic theory for the
origin of mitochondria.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
(Total 1 mark)
116. Which of these molecules is a disaccharide?
A. Galactose
B. Sucrose
C. Cellulose
D. Ribose
(Total 1 mark)
C. To produce ATP
A. Glucose
B. Galactose
C. Ribose
D. Sucrose
(Total 1 mark)
122. Blood is a water-based transport medium. Which property of water makes it a good transport
medium?
B. Transparency
C. Versatility as a solvent
D. DNA only
(Total 1 mark)
I. Glycolysis
II. Alcohol (ethanol) fermentation
III. Lactic acid production
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
125. Which of the following colours of light is absorbed the most by chlorophyll?
A. Blue
B. Green
C. Yellow
D. Orange
(Total 1 mark)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
127. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show how two nucleotides are joined together in a single
strand of DNA.
(3)
128. (a) State the property of stem cells that makes them useful in medical treatment.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Outline some of the outcomes of the sequencing of the human genome.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
[Boris U. Stambuk. 1999. “A simple experiment illustrating metabolic regulation: induction versus repression of
yeast α-glucosidase”. Biochemical Education. Vol 27, issue 3. Pp 177–180.]
(a) Calculate the difference in α-glucosidase activity at two hours in yeast grown with 2 %
maltose compared to yeast grown with 1 % of both.
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Distinguish between α-glucosidase activity in yeast incubated only with glucose and
yeast incubated only with maltose.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Suggest the effect of incubating the yeast cells with both maltose and glucose in terms of
metabolic pathways.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
130. (a) (i) Explain the primary structure of proteins and secondary structure of proteins.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) Using named examples, distinguish between fibrous protein and globular protein.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
......................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
131. (a) State the location in the chloroplast of the following reactions of photosynthesis.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
132. In the model of the DNA molecule shown below, which arrows point to covalent bonds?
D. I, II and IV only
(Total 1 mark)
133. The antisense strand on the DNA molecule coding for three codons of a gene is
TATCGCACG
What are the anticodons of the three tRNA molecules that correspond to this sequence?
D. The structure formed from interactions between the amino acid side groups
(Total 1 mark)
136. Where is carbon dioxide produced in the mitochondrion?
(Total 1 mark)
137. In the mitochondrial electron transport chain, what is the last electron acceptor?
A. CO2
B. H2O
C. O2
D. NAD
(Total 1 mark)
B. In the stroma
(Total 1 mark)
140. Which of the following is true about a polar amino acid and cellulose?
142. Where in the cell does the Calvin cycle take place?
A. Stroma of chloroplast
B. Mitochondrial matrix
C. Cytoplasm
D. Inside thylakoid
(Total 1 mark)
143. Blood is a water-based transport medium. Which property of water makes it a good transport
medium?
B. Transparency
C. Versatility as a solvent
144. What is the distinction between highly repetitive DNA sequences and single-copy genes?
B. Cell adhesion
C. Enzyme synthesis
A. Monosaccharide
B. Triglyceride
C. Fatty acid
D. Amino acid
(Total 1 mark)
148. Genetic engineering allows genes for resistance to pest organisms to be inserted into various
crop plants. Bacteria such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produce proteins that are highly toxic
to specific pests.
Stem borers are insects that cause damage to maize crops. In Kenya, a study was carried out to
see which types of Bt genes and their protein products would be most efficient against three
species of stem borer. The stem borers were allowed to feed on nine types of maize (A–I),
modified with Bt genes. The graph below shows the leaf areas damaged by the stem borers after
feeding on maize leaves for five days.
[Source: S Mugo et al., Figure 3 from “Developing Bt maize for resource-poor farmers—Recent advances in the
IRMA project”, African Journal of Biotechnology (2005), volume 4, number 13, pp. 1490-1504]
(a) Calculate the percentage difference in leaf area damaged by Sesamia calamistis between
the control and maize type H. Show your working.
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(2)
(b) Discuss which species of stem borer was most successfully controlled by the genetic
engineering of the maize plants.
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(3)
Before the use of genetically modified maize as a food source, risk assessment must be carried
out. A 90-day study was carried out in which adult male and female rats were fed either:
[Source: Linda A. Malley et al. 2007. “Subchronic feeding study of DAS-59122-7 maize grain in Sprague-Dawley
rats”. Food and Chemical Toxicology. Vol 45, issue 7. Pp 1277–1292]
(c) Calculate the change in mean mass of male and of female rats fed on Bt maize from day
14 to 42.
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(2)
(d) Evaluate the use of Bt maize as a food source on the growth of the rats.
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(2)
(e) Comment on the use of Bt maize as a food source compared to the other diets tested.
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(1)
Studies have shown that Bt proteins are released by plant roots and remain in the soil.
One study looked at the biomass of microorganisms in soil surrounding the roots of:
• Bt maize
• non-Bt maize
• non-Bt maize with an insecticide (I).
The graph below shows the biomass of microorganisms at two different times in the growth
cycle of the plants (Flower and Harvest). Error bars represent standard error of the mean.
[Source: Devare, M et al. “Neither transgenic Bt maize (MON863) nor tefluthrin insecticide adversely affect soil
microbial activity or biomass: A 3-year field analysis”. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Vol 39, issue 6. Pp 2038-
–2047. © Elsevier. Reproduced with permission.]
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(1)
(g) Compare the biomass of microbes in the soils surrounding the roots of Bt maize and
non-Bt maize.
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(2)
(h) The researchers’ original hypothesis stated that microorganisms would be negatively
affected by the Bt protein released by the plant roots. Discuss whether the data supports
the hypothesis.
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(2)
Bt proteins act as toxins to insects, primarily by destroying epithelial cells in the insect’s
digestive system. Below is the three-dimensional structure of one such protein.
[Reprinted from Mario Soberón. 2007. “Mode of action of mosquitocidal Bacillus thuringiensis toxins”. Toxicon.
Vol 49, issue 5. Pp 597–600. Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier and the International Society on
Toxicology.]
(i) (i) State the type of structure shown in the region marked A in the diagram above.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
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(2)
(iii) Region A inserts into the membrane. Deduce, with a reason, the nature of the
amino acids that would be expected to be found in this region.
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(2)
(Total 20 marks)
149. (a) Draw a labelled diagram of the structure of a chloroplast as seen with an electron
microscope.
(4)
151. (a) Draw a labelled diagram showing two different complementary pairs of nucleotides in a
molecule of DNA.
(4)
(b) Outline the structure of nucleosomes.
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(2)
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
152. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the tissues present in a dicotyledonous leaf.
(4)
(c) Explain the effect of light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
153. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
154. Which of the following chemical elements are part of biochemical molecules in living
organisms?
A. Carbon dioxide
B. DNA
C. Lactose
D. Oxygen
(Total 1 mark)
156. Which of the following graphs shows the relationship between substrate concentration and
enzyme activity with a fixed concentration of enzyme?
(Total 1 mark)
157. Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis. What is the source of this oxygen inside the plant?
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Glucose
D. Water
(Total 1 mark)
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(1)
(ii) link DNA nucleotides into a single strand.
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(1)
(b) Distinguish between DNA and RNA nucleotides by giving two differences in the
chemical structure of the molecules.
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(2)
(c) Explain the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in the process of translation.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
159. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Draw a labelled diagram to show the fluid mosaic structure of a plasma membrane,
indicating the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
(5)
(b) Distinguish between active and passive movements of materials across plasma
membranes, using named examples.
(4)
(c) Explain how the properties of water are significant to living organisms.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
160. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(c) Explain the concept of homeostasis, using the control of blood sugar as an example.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
161. The graph below shows the results of an experiment to determine the effect of salt (NaCl)
concentration on photosynthesis of the freshwater green alga Chlorella vulgaris. The
experiment attempted to determine the effect of salt concentration on the light-dependent
reactions overall and separately on photosystem I and photosystem II.
[Source: M M El-Sheekh, “Inhibition of the water splitting system by sodium chloride stress in the green alga
Chlorella vulgaris”, Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, Volume 16, Issue 1, Figure 1, (2004)]
(a) Describe the effect of salt concentration on the activity of the light-dependent reactions
overall.
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(1)
(b) Compare the effect of increasing salt concentration on photosystem I with the effect on
photosystem II.
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(1)
(c) When salt concentration is increased, some algal cells increase their rates of cyclic
photophosphorylation. Deduce the reasons for this.
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(2)
(d) Using the graph, predict the effect of high salt concentration on the growth of Chlorella
vulgaris. Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
162. (a) State one example of a fibrous protein.
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(1)
(b) Distinguish between the secondary structure and tertiary structure of proteins.
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(3)
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
163. (a) State the location of high proton concentration caused by electron transport in the
mitochondrion.
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(1)
(b) Outline the role of oxygen in cellular respiration.
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(2)
(c) Explain how any two structural features of the mitochondrion are related to its function.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
164. Which of the following chemical elements are part of biochemical molecules in living
organisms?
I II III
A. hydrogen bond base deoxyribose
B. hydrogen bond deoxyribose phosphate group
C. covalent bond base deoxyribose
D. covalent bond deoxyribose phosphate group
(Total 1 mark)
166. What principle is necessary to preserve the sequence of DNA during replication?
D. Polypeptide synthesis
(Total 1 mark)
168. Which equation shows a chemical reaction that occurs during anaerobic cell respiration?
(Total 1 mark)
169. The diagram below shows part of a DNA molecule that is being replicated.
Where would DNA polymerase link the next nucleotide during replication?
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
(Total 1 mark)
170. The graph below shows energy changes during a chemical reaction that occurs without a
catalyst.
What would change if the reaction was catalysed by an enzyme?
A. The initial energy level (I) would be higher, speeding up the reaction.
B. The maximum energy level (II) would be higher, speeding up the reaction.
C. The maximum energy level (II) would be lower, speeding up the reaction.
D. The final energy level (III) would be lower, speeding up the reaction.
(Total 1 mark)
B. Two glycerate 3-phosphates are linked together to form one hexose phosphate.
173. What is the advantage of having a small volume inside the thylakoids of the chloroplast?
174. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(c) Explain the role of the kidney in maintaining water balance in humans.
(9)
(Total 20 marks)
175. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur are elements found in living cells. Which is the least
common?
A. Carbon
B. Hydrogen
C. Nitrogen
D. Sulphur
(Total 1 mark)
176. Which of the following terms correctly describe the molecule below?
H
H OH
C
C O
H H
H
C C
OH H
OH OH
C C
H OH
I. Monosaccharide
II. Ribose
III. Carbohydrate
A. I only
D. I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)
177. A certain gene in a bacterium codes for a polypeptide that is 120 amino acids long. How many
nucleotides are needed in the mRNA to code for this polypeptide?
A. 30
B. 40
C. 360
D. 480
(Total 1 mark)
A. DNA polymerase
B. Helicase
C. Protease
D. RNA polymerase
(Total 1 mark)
179. Humans can respire aerobically and anaerobically. Which are products of both aerobic cell
respiration and anaerobic cell respiration in humans?
181. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
Key:
COX-1
Enzyme activity / arbitrary units 120 COX-2
COX-3
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 10 100 1000 10 000
Dipyrone concentration / μmol dm–3
[Source: Adapted from N V Chandrasekharan, et al, (2002), Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 99, (21),
pages 1392613931]
(a) Outline the relationship between dipyrone concentration and COX-3 activity.
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(2)
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(2)
(c) Evaluate the potential of dipyrone as an analgesic using the data in the graph.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
1. .................................................................................................................................
2. .................................................................................................................................
(1)
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
184. (a) Explain why carbon dioxide concentration is a limiting factor of photosynthesis.
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(3)
(b) Explain the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function.
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(3)
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
185. The diagram shows part of a molecule produced by replication of DNA. What is the
significance of the shaded and the unshaded regions?
A. The shaded parts are DNA and the unshaded parts are mRNA.
B. The shaded parts contain adenine and thymine and the unshaded parts contain guanine
and cytosine.
D. One of the parts has been newly synthesized and the other was part of a pre-existing
DNA molecule.
(Total 1 mark)
186. If mRNA has a codon CAU, what is the corresponding anticodon on the tRNA molecule?
A. CAT
B. GUA
C. CAU
D. GTA
(Total 1 mark)
187. Which graph shows the relationship between the substrate concentration and the rate of an
enzyme controlled reaction?
A. B.
reaction
Rate of
reaction
Rate of
Substrate Substrate
concentration concentration
C. D.
(Total 1 mark)
A. Types of nucleotides
C. Types of sugars
D. Types of bases
(Total 1 mark)
189. Which enzyme removes the RNA primer during replication?
A. RNA primase
B. DNA polymerase I
C. DNA ligase
D. Helicase
(Total 1 mark)
1 2 3 4
V WXYZ
Product Enzyme
A. X 4
B. W 3
C. W 2
D. Z 1
(Total 1 mark)
191. What is the net production of ATP, per molecule of glucose during the fermentation of glucose
to lactate?
A. 36 molecules
B. 4 molecules
C. 2 molecules
D. None
(Total 1 mark)
192. The diagram below summarizes the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. What is
occurring at X?
Electrons
X
Electrons
Light
Photosystem I
Light
Photosystem II
B. NADP+NADPH + H+
D. NADPH + H+ NADP+
(Total 1 mark)
193. What is the first identifiable product of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis?
B. Glycerate3-phosphate (GP)
D. Acetyl CoA
(Total 1 mark)
194. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(b) Outline the role of chlorophyll and the effects of temperature, light intensity and carbon
dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
(6)
(c) Explain the production of energy during aerobic respiration from pyruvate that has been
produced by glycolysis.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)
195. Up to two additional marks are available for the construction of your answers.
(2)
(a) Draw a labelled diagram showing the structure of the digestive system.
(4)
(b) Outline the need for enzymatic hydrolysis in the digestive process.
(6)
(c) Explain how the kidney prevents the body from losing important materials absorbed from
the digestive system.
(8)
(Total 20 marks)